Atomically dispersed catalysts exhibit significant influence on facilitating the sluggish oxygen reduction reaction(ORR)kinetics with high atom economy,owing to remarkable attributes including nearly 100%atomic utiliz...Atomically dispersed catalysts exhibit significant influence on facilitating the sluggish oxygen reduction reaction(ORR)kinetics with high atom economy,owing to remarkable attributes including nearly 100%atomic utilization and exceptional catalytic functionality.Furthermore,accurately controlling atomic physical properties including spin,charge,orbital,and lattice degrees of atomically dispersed catalysts can realize the optimized chemical properties including maximum atom utilization efficiency,homogenous active centers,and satisfactory catalytic performance,but remains elusive.Here,through physical and chemical insight,we review and systematically summarize the strategies to optimize atomically dispersed ORR catalysts including adjusting the atomic coordination environment,adjacent electronic orbital and site density,and the choice of dual-atom sites.Then the emphasis is on the fundamental understanding of the correlation between the physical property and the catalytic behavior for atomically dispersed catalysts.Finally,an overview of the existing challenges and prospects to illustrate the current obstacles and potential opportunities for the advancement of atomically dispersed catalysts in the realm of electrocatalytic reactions is offered.展开更多
目的探讨不同地区金钗石斛Dendrobium nobile居群间的遗传多样性及遗传分化关系。方法基于引物结合位点间扩增(inter-primer binding site,iPBS)分子标记对广西5个县共35份金钗石斛进行遗传关系、遗传多样性和种群间遗传分化分析,并构...目的探讨不同地区金钗石斛Dendrobium nobile居群间的遗传多样性及遗传分化关系。方法基于引物结合位点间扩增(inter-primer binding site,iPBS)分子标记对广西5个县共35份金钗石斛进行遗传关系、遗传多样性和种群间遗传分化分析,并构建能区分35份金钗石斛种质的DNA指纹图谱。数据分析使用NTSYS-pc 2.10e统计软件计算遗传相似系数并构建聚类分析图谱,采用Popgene 1.32软件计算遗传多样性指数与居群遗传分化系数。结果8条iPBS引物共扩增出158条条带,多态性条带为143条,多态条带百分率(percentage of polymorphic bands,PPB)为90.51%;在遗传距离0.70处,35份种质分为7大类群,居群在分子水平上出现明显分化;遗传相似系数(genetic similarity coefficient,Gs)变化范围为0.5590~0.9759,变幅为0.4169;平均观测等位基因数(observed number of alleles,Na)、平均有效等位基因数(effective number of alleles,Ne)、Nei’s基因多样性指数(Nei’s gene diversity index,He)、Shannon多样性信息指数(Shannon information index,I)分别为1.8987、1.5050、0.3007、0.4542,居群间存在丰富遗传多样性;基因多样度(total genetic diversity,Ht)、各居群基因分化系数(gene diversity within population,Hs)、居群间遗传分化系数(coefficient of gene differentiation,Gst)分别为0.2998、0.2149、0.2830,居群间遗传变异占总变异的28.30%,居群内的遗传变异占总变异的71.70%,遗传变异主要来源于居群内部;基因流(gene flow,Nm)为1.2665,居群间存在较高水平的基因交流。引物2219和2399可单独鉴别出35份种质,试验基于引物2399的“0,1”矩阵构建35份种质的指纹图谱,此图谱可为金钗石斛品种的分类与鉴定提供参考。结论金钗石斛居群间遗传多样性较丰富,总变异主要来源于居群内变异,居群间存在较高水平的基因交流。揭示了金钗石斛种质间的遗传关系及其居群遗传多样性,为野生金钗石斛种质的保护工作的开展奠定基础。展开更多
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(22234005,21974070)the Natural Science Foundation of Jiangsu Province(BK20222015)。
文摘Atomically dispersed catalysts exhibit significant influence on facilitating the sluggish oxygen reduction reaction(ORR)kinetics with high atom economy,owing to remarkable attributes including nearly 100%atomic utilization and exceptional catalytic functionality.Furthermore,accurately controlling atomic physical properties including spin,charge,orbital,and lattice degrees of atomically dispersed catalysts can realize the optimized chemical properties including maximum atom utilization efficiency,homogenous active centers,and satisfactory catalytic performance,but remains elusive.Here,through physical and chemical insight,we review and systematically summarize the strategies to optimize atomically dispersed ORR catalysts including adjusting the atomic coordination environment,adjacent electronic orbital and site density,and the choice of dual-atom sites.Then the emphasis is on the fundamental understanding of the correlation between the physical property and the catalytic behavior for atomically dispersed catalysts.Finally,an overview of the existing challenges and prospects to illustrate the current obstacles and potential opportunities for the advancement of atomically dispersed catalysts in the realm of electrocatalytic reactions is offered.
文摘目的探讨不同地区金钗石斛Dendrobium nobile居群间的遗传多样性及遗传分化关系。方法基于引物结合位点间扩增(inter-primer binding site,iPBS)分子标记对广西5个县共35份金钗石斛进行遗传关系、遗传多样性和种群间遗传分化分析,并构建能区分35份金钗石斛种质的DNA指纹图谱。数据分析使用NTSYS-pc 2.10e统计软件计算遗传相似系数并构建聚类分析图谱,采用Popgene 1.32软件计算遗传多样性指数与居群遗传分化系数。结果8条iPBS引物共扩增出158条条带,多态性条带为143条,多态条带百分率(percentage of polymorphic bands,PPB)为90.51%;在遗传距离0.70处,35份种质分为7大类群,居群在分子水平上出现明显分化;遗传相似系数(genetic similarity coefficient,Gs)变化范围为0.5590~0.9759,变幅为0.4169;平均观测等位基因数(observed number of alleles,Na)、平均有效等位基因数(effective number of alleles,Ne)、Nei’s基因多样性指数(Nei’s gene diversity index,He)、Shannon多样性信息指数(Shannon information index,I)分别为1.8987、1.5050、0.3007、0.4542,居群间存在丰富遗传多样性;基因多样度(total genetic diversity,Ht)、各居群基因分化系数(gene diversity within population,Hs)、居群间遗传分化系数(coefficient of gene differentiation,Gst)分别为0.2998、0.2149、0.2830,居群间遗传变异占总变异的28.30%,居群内的遗传变异占总变异的71.70%,遗传变异主要来源于居群内部;基因流(gene flow,Nm)为1.2665,居群间存在较高水平的基因交流。引物2219和2399可单独鉴别出35份种质,试验基于引物2399的“0,1”矩阵构建35份种质的指纹图谱,此图谱可为金钗石斛品种的分类与鉴定提供参考。结论金钗石斛居群间遗传多样性较丰富,总变异主要来源于居群内变异,居群间存在较高水平的基因交流。揭示了金钗石斛种质间的遗传关系及其居群遗传多样性,为野生金钗石斛种质的保护工作的开展奠定基础。
