Various resting-state fMRI(R-fMRI) measures have been developed to characterize intrinsic brain activity. While each of these measures has gained a growing presence in the literature, questions remain regarding the co...Various resting-state fMRI(R-fMRI) measures have been developed to characterize intrinsic brain activity. While each of these measures has gained a growing presence in the literature, questions remain regarding the common and unique aspects these indices capture. The present work provided a comprehensive examination of inter-individual variation and intra-individual temporal variation for commonly used measures, including fractional amplitude of low frequency fluctuations, regional homogeneity,voxel-mirrored homotopic connectivity, network centrality and global signal correlation. Regardless of whether examining intra-individual or inter-individual variation, we found that these definitionally distinct R-fMRI indices tend to exhibit a relatively high degree of covariation, which doesn't exist in phase randomized surrogate data. As a measure of intrinsic brain function, concordance for R-fMRI indices was negatively correlated with age across individuals(i.e., concordance among functional indices decreased with age). To understand the functional significance of concordance, we noted that higher concordance was generally associated with higher strengths of R-fMRI indices, regardless of whether looking through the lens of inter-individual(i.e., high vs. low concordance participants) or intra-individual(i.e., high vs.low concordance states identified via temporal dynamic analyses) differences. We also noted a linear increase in functional concordance together with the R-fMRI indices through the scan, which may suggest a decrease in arousal. The current study demonstrated an enriched picture regarding the relationship among the R-fMRI indices, as well as provided new insights in examining dynamic states within and between individuals.展开更多
Objective The purpose of this study was to screen for frequencies of different CYP450 genotypes in the Chinese population and explore the relationship between sorafenib toxicity and CYP450 polymorphism. Methods A tota...Objective The purpose of this study was to screen for frequencies of different CYP450 genotypes in the Chinese population and explore the relationship between sorafenib toxicity and CYP450 polymorphism. Methods A total of 600 peripheral blood samples were obtained from two groups for this study. The first group of 300 samples were from Chinese patients with HBV/HCV-associated HCC, while the remaining 300 samples were from a healthy population of recruited subjects. Allele-specific PCR and long-fragment gene sequencing was used to identify the frequencies of CYP450 polymorphism. Aflatoxin-induced HCC rat models expressing CYP3A4*1, CYP3A5*3, CYP2C19*2, and CYP2D6*10 were established and treated with sorafenib at certain time points. Hepatic and renal function, along with plasma concentration of sorafenib, were monitored regularly. Results The most common forms of CYP mutations in the Chinese population were identified. The levels of sorafenib plasma concentration, as well as damage to hepatic and renal function in aflatoxin-induced HCC rat models varied significantly across the different CYP genotypes. Conclusion The mutational frequencies of CYP3A5, CYP3A4, CYP2C19, and CYP2D6 genotypes varied among different ethnic groups and populations. Individuals with CYP3A5*3 demonstrated minimal sorafenib metabolism, which led to severe hepatic and renal damage. Inter-individual variability in sorafenib-toxicity may be interpreted by CYP450 genetic polymorphisms, suggesting that identification of CYP polymorphism within a certain population should be considered in sorafenib therapy.展开更多
Inter-individual responses to medicinal drugs vary widely in clinic,which drives the urgent need of precision medicine for minimizing adverse reactions and maximalizing therapeutic effects among patients[1].In additio...Inter-individual responses to medicinal drugs vary widely in clinic,which drives the urgent need of precision medicine for minimizing adverse reactions and maximalizing therapeutic effects among patients[1].In addition to genetic factors,increasing evidence suggests that gut microbiome plays a crucial role in affecting either pharmacodynamics or pharmacokinetics[2].In recent years,at least two ways have been demonstrated through which gut microbiome jointly affects drug metabolism or efficacy with host.One is the microbial metabolism on drugs.Zimmermann et al.[3]systematically studied the direct interaction between microorganisms and drugs.They found that 2/3 of the 271 selected orally administered drugs could be metabolized by at least one strain.They also verified that 30 enzymes encoded by microorganisms have the ability to transform 20 drugs into 59 candidate metabolites.The direct interaction between gut microbiota and drugs,including chemical modification(such as sulfasalazine[4]),inactivation(such as digoxin[5])or changes in toxicity(such as irinotecan[6]).Another way is the bioaccumulation of drugs in gut bacteria that alters drug availability and metabolism.Klünemann et al.[7]investigated the depletion of 15 drugs with different structures by 25 representative strains.This study reveals 70 interactions between bacteria and drugs,of which 29 have not been reported in previous studies,and more than half of the new interactions can be attributed to bioaccumulation.展开更多
Background and Objectives:Postprandial variations in plasma triacylglycerol(TAG)responses to vegetable oils are well established,but their origins remain unclear.This study examined the variability of postprandial pla...Background and Objectives:Postprandial variations in plasma triacylglycerol(TAG)responses to vegetable oils are well established,but their origins remain unclear.This study examined the variability of postprandial plasma long-chain omega-3 fatty acids(LC omega-3)in response to commonly used supplements and foods and considers the biological implications of this variability.Methods and Study Design:A literature review was conducted to identify postprandial studies that reported variability in plasma LC omega-3 responses to supple-mentation.Studies were included if variability could be expressed as the coefficient of variation(CV)for the area under the curve(AUC).Results:Twenty-one studies encompassing 36 different treatments were identified.Supplements included LC omega-3 in the form of TAG,monoacylglycerols(MAG),free fatty acids(FFA),ethyl es-ters(EE),EE with emulsification agents,and whole foods.Variability was consistently observed across all forms;65%of treatments showed a CV>50%for the AUC.Gastrointestinal(GI)symptoms were reported in some stud-ies,suggesting possible malabsorption.Conclusions:Substantial inter-individual variability existed in postpran-dial LC omega-3 responses,independent of the chemical form of supplementation.This variability likely reflects differences in absorption,enterocyte metabolism,and including malabsorption.Postprandial variability may therefore contribute significantly to observed differences in tissue LC omega-3 status following LC omega-3 sup-plementation.展开更多
The precision and the extent of behavioral thermoregulation are likely to provide fitness benefits to ectotherms.Yet the factors driving variation in selected or preferred body temperature(T_(set))and its usefulness a...The precision and the extent of behavioral thermoregulation are likely to provide fitness benefits to ectotherms.Yet the factors driving variation in selected or preferred body temperature(T_(set))and its usefulness as a proxy for optimal physiological temperature(Topt)are still debated.Although T_(set)is often conserved among closely related species,substantial variation at the individual,population and species level has also been reported.However,the repeatability(calculated as the intra-class correlation coefficient)of T_(set)is generally low.One factor that influences T_(set)is feeding status,with fed reptiles typically showing higher T_(set),a process thought to aid meal digestion.Here,using experiments simulating realistic feeding and fasting regimes in Agama atra,a heliothermic lizard from southern Africa,we test if T_(set)and its repeatability under these 2 states significantly differ.Daily T_(set)ranged from 33.7 to 38.4℃,with a mean(±SE)of 36.7±0.1℃ for fed and 36.6±0.1℃ for unfed individuals.Comparisons of repeatability showed that females tend to be more consistent in the selection of body temperature than males,but not significantly so regardless of feeding status.We report some of the highest repeatability estimates of T_(set)to date(full range:0.229–0.642),and that the weak positive effects of feeding status on T_(set)did not increase its repeatability.In conclusion,one of the major prerequisites for natural selection,consistent among-individual variation,is present,making the adaptive significance of T_(set)considerably more plausible.展开更多
Ecological networks,usually depicting interactions among species,have been recently down-scaled to the individual level,permitting description of patterns of inter-individual resource variation that are usually hinder...Ecological networks,usually depicting interactions among species,have been recently down-scaled to the individual level,permitting description of patterns of inter-individual resource variation that are usually hindered at the species level.Optimal diet theory(ODT)models,applied to prey–predator systems,predict different patterns of nestedness and modularity in the network,depending on the available resources and intra-specific competition.The effect of resource availability on the emergence of networks structures,and ODT framework,has not yet fully been clarified.Here,we analyzed the structural patterns of individual-resource networks in 3 species of Mediterranean salamanders,in relation to changes in prey availability.We used weighted individual-resource network metrics to interpret the observed patterns,according to 3 ODT models.We found significant nestedness recurring in our study system,indicating that both selective and opportunistic individuals occur in the same population.Prey diversity,rather than abundance,was apparently related to inter-individual resource variation and promoted the emergence of significant modularity within all networks.The observed patterns of nestedness and modularity,together with the variation in resource diversity and intra-specific competition,are in agreement with the distinct preferences model of ODT.These findings suggest that in the focal prey–predator systems,individuals were able to perceive changes in prey diversity and to exploit in different ways the variations in composition of available resources,shifting their diet assembly rules accordingly.Our findings also confirm that the use of weighted individual-resource networks,in prey–predator systems,allows to disclose dynamics that are masked at the species or population level.展开更多
Aims Individual growth constitutes a major component of individual fitness.However,measuring growth rates of herbaceous plants non-destructively at the individual level is notoriously difficult.This study,based on an ...Aims Individual growth constitutes a major component of individual fitness.However,measuring growth rates of herbaceous plants non-destructively at the individual level is notoriously difficult.This study,based on an accurate non-destructive method of aboveground biomass estimation,aims to assess individual relative growth rates(RGRs)of some species,identify its environmental drivers and test its consequences on community patterning.We specifically address three questions:(i)to what extent environmental conditions explain differences in individual plant growth between sites,(ii)what is the magnitude of intraspecific variability of plant individual growth within and between sites and(iii)do species-averaged(dis-)advantage of individual growth compared with the whole vegetation within a site correlate with species ranking at the community level?Methods We monitored the growth of individuals of four common perennial species in 18 permanent grasslands chosen along a large pedoclimatic gradient located in the Massif Central,France.We measured soil properties,levels of resources and meteorological parameters to characterize environmental conditions at the site level.This design enables us to assess the influence of environmental conditions on individual growth and the relative extent of inter-individual variability of growth explained within and between sites.We determined the ranking of each of the four species in each site with botanical surveys to assess the relationship between species-averaged growth(dis-)advantage relative to the whole community and species rank in the community.Important Findings We found that environmental conditions explain a significant proportion of individual growth variability,and that this proportion is strongly variable between species.Light availability was the main driver of plant growth,followed by rainfall amount and potential evapotranspiration,while soil properties had only a slight effect.We further highlighted a moderate to high within-site inter-individual variability of growth.We finally showed that there was no correlation between species ranking and species-averaged individual growth.展开更多
There is a recent and growing interest in assessing differential responders to resistance training(RT)for diverse outcomes.Thus,the individual ability to respond to an intervention for a specific measurement,called re...There is a recent and growing interest in assessing differential responders to resistance training(RT)for diverse outcomes.Thus,the individual ability to respond to an intervention for a specific measurement,called responsiveness,remains to be better understood.Thus,the current study aimed to summarize the available information about the effects of RT on functional performance and muscle strength,power,and size in healthy adults,through the prevalence rate in different responsiveness classifications models.A systematic review was conducted according to the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses(PRISMA)and was registered at the International Prospective Register of Systematic Reviews(PROSPERO,CRD42021265378).PubMed/MEDLINE,Scopus,and Embase databases were systematically searched in October 2023.A total of 13 studies were included,totaling 921 subjects.Only two studies presented a low risk of bias.Regarding the effectiveness of RT,the prevalence rate for non-responders ranged from 0%to 44%for muscle strength,from 0%to 84%for muscle size,and from 0%to 42%for functional performance,while for muscle power,the only study found showed a responsiveness rate of 37%.In conclusion,a wide range of differential responders is described for all variables investigated.However,the evidence summarized in this systematic review suggested some caution while interpreting the findings,since the body of evidence found seems to be incipient,and widely heterogeneous in methodological and statistical aspects.展开更多
Vaccines are one of the biggest successes in modern history and are particularly important in light of the multiple ongoing epidemics.Recently,vaccines have protected peoples’health and lives around the world during ...Vaccines are one of the biggest successes in modern history and are particularly important in light of the multiple ongoing epidemics.Recently,vaccines have protected peoples’health and lives around the world during the coronavirus disease 2019 pandemic.Different types of vaccines have their own characteristics and advantages and are used in the context of different epidemics.Responses to vaccination are also different,and can include adverse reactions and absent responses.These individual differences are thought to be influenced by host genes.In this review,we first discuss vaccine types and characteristics.Second,we discuss different responses to vaccination,primarily focusing on the association between genetic variation and inter-individual differences.展开更多
基金supported by the National Key R&D Program of China (2017YFC1309902 to CGY)National Basic Research Program (2015CB351702 to XNZ)+4 种基金the Natural Science Foundation of China (81671774 and 81630031 to CGY, 81471740, 81220108014 to XNZ)the Hundred Talents Program of the Chinese Academy of Sciences (Y5CX072006 to CGY)Beijing Municipal Science & Technology Commission (Z161100000216152 to CGY)the National Institutes of Health (U01MH099059 to MPM)the Child Mind Institute (1FDN2012-1 to MPM)
文摘Various resting-state fMRI(R-fMRI) measures have been developed to characterize intrinsic brain activity. While each of these measures has gained a growing presence in the literature, questions remain regarding the common and unique aspects these indices capture. The present work provided a comprehensive examination of inter-individual variation and intra-individual temporal variation for commonly used measures, including fractional amplitude of low frequency fluctuations, regional homogeneity,voxel-mirrored homotopic connectivity, network centrality and global signal correlation. Regardless of whether examining intra-individual or inter-individual variation, we found that these definitionally distinct R-fMRI indices tend to exhibit a relatively high degree of covariation, which doesn't exist in phase randomized surrogate data. As a measure of intrinsic brain function, concordance for R-fMRI indices was negatively correlated with age across individuals(i.e., concordance among functional indices decreased with age). To understand the functional significance of concordance, we noted that higher concordance was generally associated with higher strengths of R-fMRI indices, regardless of whether looking through the lens of inter-individual(i.e., high vs. low concordance participants) or intra-individual(i.e., high vs.low concordance states identified via temporal dynamic analyses) differences. We also noted a linear increase in functional concordance together with the R-fMRI indices through the scan, which may suggest a decrease in arousal. The current study demonstrated an enriched picture regarding the relationship among the R-fMRI indices, as well as provided new insights in examining dynamic states within and between individuals.
基金supported by a grant from the National Key Basic Research Program of China 973 Program [2012CB526706]National Natural Science Foundation of China [81271694]+2 种基金International Science and Technology Cooperation Program of the Ministry of Science and Technology [2011DFA32980]The Innovation Program of Shanghai Municipal Education Commission [2013ZZ060]One Hundred Person Project of the Shanghai Health [XBR2013117]
文摘Objective The purpose of this study was to screen for frequencies of different CYP450 genotypes in the Chinese population and explore the relationship between sorafenib toxicity and CYP450 polymorphism. Methods A total of 600 peripheral blood samples were obtained from two groups for this study. The first group of 300 samples were from Chinese patients with HBV/HCV-associated HCC, while the remaining 300 samples were from a healthy population of recruited subjects. Allele-specific PCR and long-fragment gene sequencing was used to identify the frequencies of CYP450 polymorphism. Aflatoxin-induced HCC rat models expressing CYP3A4*1, CYP3A5*3, CYP2C19*2, and CYP2D6*10 were established and treated with sorafenib at certain time points. Hepatic and renal function, along with plasma concentration of sorafenib, were monitored regularly. Results The most common forms of CYP mutations in the Chinese population were identified. The levels of sorafenib plasma concentration, as well as damage to hepatic and renal function in aflatoxin-induced HCC rat models varied significantly across the different CYP genotypes. Conclusion The mutational frequencies of CYP3A5, CYP3A4, CYP2C19, and CYP2D6 genotypes varied among different ethnic groups and populations. Individuals with CYP3A5*3 demonstrated minimal sorafenib metabolism, which led to severe hepatic and renal damage. Inter-individual variability in sorafenib-toxicity may be interpreted by CYP450 genetic polymorphisms, suggesting that identification of CYP polymorphism within a certain population should be considered in sorafenib therapy.
基金supported by the Program of Shanghai Academic/Technology Research Leader(No.21XD1403500).
文摘Inter-individual responses to medicinal drugs vary widely in clinic,which drives the urgent need of precision medicine for minimizing adverse reactions and maximalizing therapeutic effects among patients[1].In addition to genetic factors,increasing evidence suggests that gut microbiome plays a crucial role in affecting either pharmacodynamics or pharmacokinetics[2].In recent years,at least two ways have been demonstrated through which gut microbiome jointly affects drug metabolism or efficacy with host.One is the microbial metabolism on drugs.Zimmermann et al.[3]systematically studied the direct interaction between microorganisms and drugs.They found that 2/3 of the 271 selected orally administered drugs could be metabolized by at least one strain.They also verified that 30 enzymes encoded by microorganisms have the ability to transform 20 drugs into 59 candidate metabolites.The direct interaction between gut microbiota and drugs,including chemical modification(such as sulfasalazine[4]),inactivation(such as digoxin[5])or changes in toxicity(such as irinotecan[6]).Another way is the bioaccumulation of drugs in gut bacteria that alters drug availability and metabolism.Klünemann et al.[7]investigated the depletion of 15 drugs with different structures by 25 representative strains.This study reveals 70 interactions between bacteria and drugs,of which 29 have not been reported in previous studies,and more than half of the new interactions can be attributed to bioaccumulation.
文摘Background and Objectives:Postprandial variations in plasma triacylglycerol(TAG)responses to vegetable oils are well established,but their origins remain unclear.This study examined the variability of postprandial plasma long-chain omega-3 fatty acids(LC omega-3)in response to commonly used supplements and foods and considers the biological implications of this variability.Methods and Study Design:A literature review was conducted to identify postprandial studies that reported variability in plasma LC omega-3 responses to supple-mentation.Studies were included if variability could be expressed as the coefficient of variation(CV)for the area under the curve(AUC).Results:Twenty-one studies encompassing 36 different treatments were identified.Supplements included LC omega-3 in the form of TAG,monoacylglycerols(MAG),free fatty acids(FFA),ethyl es-ters(EE),EE with emulsification agents,and whole foods.Variability was consistently observed across all forms;65%of treatments showed a CV>50%for the AUC.Gastrointestinal(GI)symptoms were reported in some stud-ies,suggesting possible malabsorption.Conclusions:Substantial inter-individual variability existed in postpran-dial LC omega-3 responses,independent of the chemical form of supplementation.This variability likely reflects differences in absorption,enterocyte metabolism,and including malabsorption.Postprandial variability may therefore contribute significantly to observed differences in tissue LC omega-3 status following LC omega-3 sup-plementation.
基金The research was conducted with the approval of the Animal Ethics Committee of Stellenbosch University(SU-ACUD14-00110)the Cape Nature permit 0056-AAA007-00206Funding was provided by an NRF Competitive Programme for Rated Researchers’grant to SCT.
文摘The precision and the extent of behavioral thermoregulation are likely to provide fitness benefits to ectotherms.Yet the factors driving variation in selected or preferred body temperature(T_(set))and its usefulness as a proxy for optimal physiological temperature(Topt)are still debated.Although T_(set)is often conserved among closely related species,substantial variation at the individual,population and species level has also been reported.However,the repeatability(calculated as the intra-class correlation coefficient)of T_(set)is generally low.One factor that influences T_(set)is feeding status,with fed reptiles typically showing higher T_(set),a process thought to aid meal digestion.Here,using experiments simulating realistic feeding and fasting regimes in Agama atra,a heliothermic lizard from southern Africa,we test if T_(set)and its repeatability under these 2 states significantly differ.Daily T_(set)ranged from 33.7 to 38.4℃,with a mean(±SE)of 36.7±0.1℃ for fed and 36.6±0.1℃ for unfed individuals.Comparisons of repeatability showed that females tend to be more consistent in the selection of body temperature than males,but not significantly so regardless of feeding status.We report some of the highest repeatability estimates of T_(set)to date(full range:0.229–0.642),and that the weak positive effects of feeding status on T_(set)did not increase its repeatability.In conclusion,one of the major prerequisites for natural selection,consistent among-individual variation,is present,making the adaptive significance of T_(set)considerably more plausible.
基金by the Italian Ministry of Environment(DPN–2008–0008213 and PNM–II–2012–0015691)by the Prefecture of Haute Corse,France(2B–2018–01–92–004).
文摘Ecological networks,usually depicting interactions among species,have been recently down-scaled to the individual level,permitting description of patterns of inter-individual resource variation that are usually hindered at the species level.Optimal diet theory(ODT)models,applied to prey–predator systems,predict different patterns of nestedness and modularity in the network,depending on the available resources and intra-specific competition.The effect of resource availability on the emergence of networks structures,and ODT framework,has not yet fully been clarified.Here,we analyzed the structural patterns of individual-resource networks in 3 species of Mediterranean salamanders,in relation to changes in prey availability.We used weighted individual-resource network metrics to interpret the observed patterns,according to 3 ODT models.We found significant nestedness recurring in our study system,indicating that both selective and opportunistic individuals occur in the same population.Prey diversity,rather than abundance,was apparently related to inter-individual resource variation and promoted the emergence of significant modularity within all networks.The observed patterns of nestedness and modularity,together with the variation in resource diversity and intra-specific competition,are in agreement with the distinct preferences model of ODT.These findings suggest that in the focal prey–predator systems,individuals were able to perceive changes in prey diversity and to exploit in different ways the variations in composition of available resources,shifting their diet assembly rules accordingly.Our findings also confirm that the use of weighted individual-resource networks,in prey–predator systems,allows to disclose dynamics that are masked at the species or population level.
基金supported by the Region Auvergne-Rhône-Alpes and the European Regional Development Fund(FEDER)(grant no.AV0008781).
文摘Aims Individual growth constitutes a major component of individual fitness.However,measuring growth rates of herbaceous plants non-destructively at the individual level is notoriously difficult.This study,based on an accurate non-destructive method of aboveground biomass estimation,aims to assess individual relative growth rates(RGRs)of some species,identify its environmental drivers and test its consequences on community patterning.We specifically address three questions:(i)to what extent environmental conditions explain differences in individual plant growth between sites,(ii)what is the magnitude of intraspecific variability of plant individual growth within and between sites and(iii)do species-averaged(dis-)advantage of individual growth compared with the whole vegetation within a site correlate with species ranking at the community level?Methods We monitored the growth of individuals of four common perennial species in 18 permanent grasslands chosen along a large pedoclimatic gradient located in the Massif Central,France.We measured soil properties,levels of resources and meteorological parameters to characterize environmental conditions at the site level.This design enables us to assess the influence of environmental conditions on individual growth and the relative extent of inter-individual variability of growth explained within and between sites.We determined the ranking of each of the four species in each site with botanical surveys to assess the relationship between species-averaged growth(dis-)advantage relative to the whole community and species rank in the community.Important Findings We found that environmental conditions explain a significant proportion of individual growth variability,and that this proportion is strongly variable between species.Light availability was the main driver of plant growth,followed by rainfall amount and potential evapotranspiration,while soil properties had only a slight effect.We further highlighted a moderate to high within-site inter-individual variability of growth.We finally showed that there was no correlation between species ranking and species-averaged individual growth.
文摘There is a recent and growing interest in assessing differential responders to resistance training(RT)for diverse outcomes.Thus,the individual ability to respond to an intervention for a specific measurement,called responsiveness,remains to be better understood.Thus,the current study aimed to summarize the available information about the effects of RT on functional performance and muscle strength,power,and size in healthy adults,through the prevalence rate in different responsiveness classifications models.A systematic review was conducted according to the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses(PRISMA)and was registered at the International Prospective Register of Systematic Reviews(PROSPERO,CRD42021265378).PubMed/MEDLINE,Scopus,and Embase databases were systematically searched in October 2023.A total of 13 studies were included,totaling 921 subjects.Only two studies presented a low risk of bias.Regarding the effectiveness of RT,the prevalence rate for non-responders ranged from 0%to 44%for muscle strength,from 0%to 84%for muscle size,and from 0%to 42%for functional performance,while for muscle power,the only study found showed a responsiveness rate of 37%.In conclusion,a wide range of differential responders is described for all variables investigated.However,the evidence summarized in this systematic review suggested some caution while interpreting the findings,since the body of evidence found seems to be incipient,and widely heterogeneous in methodological and statistical aspects.
基金This work was supported by grants from the Shanghai Science and Technology Innovation Fund(No.20DZ2202000)National Natural Science Foundation of China(Nos.81773818,81273596,30900799,and 81671326)+1 种基金National Key Research and Develop-ment Programs(Nos.2016YFC0905000,2016YFC0905002,2016YFC1200200,and 2016YFC0906400)111 Project,Shanghai Pujiang Program(No.17PJD020),and Shanghai Key Laboratory of Psychotic Disorders(No.13dz2260500)。
文摘Vaccines are one of the biggest successes in modern history and are particularly important in light of the multiple ongoing epidemics.Recently,vaccines have protected peoples’health and lives around the world during the coronavirus disease 2019 pandemic.Different types of vaccines have their own characteristics and advantages and are used in the context of different epidemics.Responses to vaccination are also different,and can include adverse reactions and absent responses.These individual differences are thought to be influenced by host genes.In this review,we first discuss vaccine types and characteristics.Second,we discuss different responses to vaccination,primarily focusing on the association between genetic variation and inter-individual differences.
