To clarify the determinant factors and inter-group differences of Chinese urban residents' edible vegetable oil consuming behavior is very important for us to understand their consumption features of edible vegeta...To clarify the determinant factors and inter-group differences of Chinese urban residents' edible vegetable oil consuming behavior is very important for us to understand their consumption features of edible vegetable oil,so as to guide their consuming behavior and improve China's vegetable oil industry security.In this article,urban residents of China's three traditional vegetable oil main production areas have been chosen as study objects,and multiple linear regression and one-way ANOVA have been used to do empirical analysis on the determinant factors and inter-group differences of their edible vegetable oil consuming behavior.The results indicate that the edible vegetable oil consuming behavior of urban residents from China's three traditional vegetable oil main production areas show a trend of diversification;" publicity measures"," preference evaluation"," personal characteristics" and " family characteristics" remarkably affect urban residents' edible vegetable oil consuming behavior and show obvious provincial characteristics.In addition,urban residents from different groups show differences in terms of " publicity measures" and " preference evaluation".展开更多
Animals often interact non-randomly with conspecifics,and association preferences can differ across life-history stages to maximize individuals’fitness.Mongolian gerbils(Meriones unguiculatus)are a social roden...Animals often interact non-randomly with conspecifics,and association preferences can differ across life-history stages to maximize individuals’fitness.Mongolian gerbils(Meriones unguiculatus)are a social rodent that live in highly seasonal habitats and display seasonal fluctuations in population density,growth rate and the size of overlapped home ranges.Nevertheless,whether gerbils modify their social relationships at different life-history stages remains unknown.Here,we used social network analysis to examine whether social associations differ between the sexes and between life-history stages in a wild population of Mongolian gerbils.We quantified social attributes at both group level(assortativity)and individual level(social differentiation and degree,closeness and betweenness centrality);these attributes reflect individuals’social preferences and their potential influence on others in the network.We found that both male and female gerbils established fewer inter-group social connections during the food-hoarding season than during the breeding season,revealing constraints on sociality.Similarly,during the food-hoarding season,degree centrality and social differentiation increased significantly whereas closeness and betweenness centrality decreased significantly.Together,these results suggest that gerbils have relatively more partners and preferred associations and decreased influence over others in the network during the food-hoarding season.In addition,we found no significant difference in any of the social attribute between males and females,but there was a significant interaction effect between sex and season on degree,closeness and betweenness centrality.Our results demonstrate that Mongolian gerbils adjust their association strategies to adapt to the changes of life history.Such adjustments may balance the costs/benefits associated with survival and reproduction.展开更多
Inter-group conflicts are common among many group-living animals and involve potentially complex motivations and interactions.Mammals living in multilevel societies offer a good opportunity to study inter-group confli...Inter-group conflicts are common among many group-living animals and involve potentially complex motivations and interactions.Mammals living in multilevel societies offer a good opportunity to study inter-group conflicts.This study is the first to explore the function of sex-specific participation during inter-group conflicts within a multilevel society at the individual level.The Sichuan snub-nosed monkey(Rhinopithecus roxellana)is an endangered seasonal breeding species living in a multilevel society.From Sep 2007 to May 2008 we recorded 290 inter-group conflicts of a free-ranging provisioned band of R.roxellana in the Qinling Mountains of China to investigate the function of individual aggression during inter-group encounters.Our findings show that adult males were the main participants in inter-group conflicts,while females took part in them only occasionally.The male participation rate during the mating season,when adult females were estrous,was significantly higher than that during the non-mating season.Furthermore,males directed their aggression to other males,and directed more intense aggression towards bachelor males than towards other resident males.For both sexes,the participation rate as initiators was higher in the winter than that in the spring;and there was a significant positive correlation between group size and the participation rate as initiators.Our results suggest that inter-group aggression in Sichuan snub-nosed monkeys is linked to both mate defense and resource defense.展开更多
基金Supported by Special Construction Funds for National Rape Industry Technology System(CARS-13)Key Consulting Project of the Chinese Academy of Engineering(4005-35013019)
文摘To clarify the determinant factors and inter-group differences of Chinese urban residents' edible vegetable oil consuming behavior is very important for us to understand their consumption features of edible vegetable oil,so as to guide their consuming behavior and improve China's vegetable oil industry security.In this article,urban residents of China's three traditional vegetable oil main production areas have been chosen as study objects,and multiple linear regression and one-way ANOVA have been used to do empirical analysis on the determinant factors and inter-group differences of their edible vegetable oil consuming behavior.The results indicate that the edible vegetable oil consuming behavior of urban residents from China's three traditional vegetable oil main production areas show a trend of diversification;" publicity measures"," preference evaluation"," personal characteristics" and " family characteristics" remarkably affect urban residents' edible vegetable oil consuming behavior and show obvious provincial characteristics.In addition,urban residents from different groups show differences in terms of " publicity measures" and " preference evaluation".
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(No.31372211)to WLthe Chinese Academy of Sciences(KSCX2-EW-N-005)to DHW.
文摘Animals often interact non-randomly with conspecifics,and association preferences can differ across life-history stages to maximize individuals’fitness.Mongolian gerbils(Meriones unguiculatus)are a social rodent that live in highly seasonal habitats and display seasonal fluctuations in population density,growth rate and the size of overlapped home ranges.Nevertheless,whether gerbils modify their social relationships at different life-history stages remains unknown.Here,we used social network analysis to examine whether social associations differ between the sexes and between life-history stages in a wild population of Mongolian gerbils.We quantified social attributes at both group level(assortativity)and individual level(social differentiation and degree,closeness and betweenness centrality);these attributes reflect individuals’social preferences and their potential influence on others in the network.We found that both male and female gerbils established fewer inter-group social connections during the food-hoarding season than during the breeding season,revealing constraints on sociality.Similarly,during the food-hoarding season,degree centrality and social differentiation increased significantly whereas closeness and betweenness centrality decreased significantly.Together,these results suggest that gerbils have relatively more partners and preferred associations and decreased influence over others in the network during the food-hoarding season.In addition,we found no significant difference in any of the social attribute between males and females,but there was a significant interaction effect between sex and season on degree,closeness and betweenness centrality.Our results demonstrate that Mongolian gerbils adjust their association strategies to adapt to the changes of life history.Such adjustments may balance the costs/benefits associated with survival and reproduction.
基金funded by the Talent Introduction Fund of Tianjin Normal University(5RL115)the Natural Science Foundation of China(31130061,31200293)+1 种基金the Cosmo Oil Eco Card Fund of Japan(2005–2011)supported by JSPS Research Fellowships for Foreign Researchers(P10311).
文摘Inter-group conflicts are common among many group-living animals and involve potentially complex motivations and interactions.Mammals living in multilevel societies offer a good opportunity to study inter-group conflicts.This study is the first to explore the function of sex-specific participation during inter-group conflicts within a multilevel society at the individual level.The Sichuan snub-nosed monkey(Rhinopithecus roxellana)is an endangered seasonal breeding species living in a multilevel society.From Sep 2007 to May 2008 we recorded 290 inter-group conflicts of a free-ranging provisioned band of R.roxellana in the Qinling Mountains of China to investigate the function of individual aggression during inter-group encounters.Our findings show that adult males were the main participants in inter-group conflicts,while females took part in them only occasionally.The male participation rate during the mating season,when adult females were estrous,was significantly higher than that during the non-mating season.Furthermore,males directed their aggression to other males,and directed more intense aggression towards bachelor males than towards other resident males.For both sexes,the participation rate as initiators was higher in the winter than that in the spring;and there was a significant positive correlation between group size and the participation rate as initiators.Our results suggest that inter-group aggression in Sichuan snub-nosed monkeys is linked to both mate defense and resource defense.
