In this paper an intensional concept theory based on an intensional containment relation is presented, which, in turn, is then generalized in order to define the complete concept of God. We are following Leibniz＇s de...In this paper an intensional concept theory based on an intensional containment relation is presented, which, in turn, is then generalized in order to define the complete concept of God. We are following Leibniz＇s definition of God as a most perfect Being, by which he meant a subject of all perfections. As a consequence of this definition of God, two different complete concepts of the Devil（s） can be defined. However, these two complete concepts of the Devil（s） are not only incoherent with Leibniz＇s philosophy, but they introduce the problem of the Devil（s） as well, which seems to originate from a problem of an adequate definition of the concept of God on one hand, and the logical problem of the intensional negation of a concept on the other hand.展开更多
Trademark is developing rapidly nowadays,it has direct effects on people’s daily life in many aspects.Translation of trademark plays a very important role in this highly competitive society.This paper tries to approa...Trademark is developing rapidly nowadays,it has direct effects on people’s daily life in many aspects.Translation of trademark plays a very important role in this highly competitive society.This paper tries to approach the the translation of the descriptions of import and export goods and the trademarks from the angle of cultural differences.Translation of trademarks can transmit plentiful information from the commodities effectively.Here is the summary of some important principles and six methods on how to translate the trademarks.展开更多
Alien species from the Asteraceae family frequently invade native plant communities.This study aims to determine how the number of Asteraceae species(i.e.,Erigeron canadensis,E.annuus,and Solidago canadensis)in a co-i...Alien species from the Asteraceae family frequently invade native plant communities.This study aims to determine how the number of Asteraceae species(i.e.,Erigeron canadensis,E.annuus,and Solidago canadensis)in a co-invasion affects plant taxonomic diversity and invasibility in plant communities in China.We found that co-invasions by one or two Asteraceae species decreased plant diversity and increased community invasibility.However,co-invasion by three Asteraceae species increased plant diversity and community invasibility.We also found that plant taxonomic diversity was negatively correlated with total coverage of invasive Asteraceae species.Conversely,community invasibility was positively correlated with total coverage of invasive Asteraceae species.These findings indicate that the number of Asteraceae invasive species positively correlates with total coverage,diversity,dominance,evenness,and invasibility.Our study shows that co-invasion by three IAS may increase plant taxonomic diversity but also community invasibility,which may further facilitate subsequent invasion.展开更多
This study presents a comprehensive evaluation of tropical cyclone(TC)forecast performance in the western North Pacific from 2013 to 2022,based on operational forecasts issued by the China Meteorological Administratio...This study presents a comprehensive evaluation of tropical cyclone(TC)forecast performance in the western North Pacific from 2013 to 2022,based on operational forecasts issued by the China Meteorological Administration.The analysis reveals systematic improvements in both track and intensity forecasts over the decade,with distinct error characteristics observed across various forecast parameters.Track forecast errors have steadily decreased,particularly for longer lead times,while error magnitudes have increased with longer forecast lead times.Intensity forecasts show similar progressive enhancements,with maximum sustained wind speed errors decreasing by 0.26 m/s per year for 120 h forecasts.The study also identifies several key patterns in forecast performance:typhoon-grade or stronger TCs exhibit smaller track errors than week or weaker systems;intensity forecasts systematically overestimate weaker TCs while underestimating stronger systems;and spatial error distributions show greater track inaccuracies near landmasses and regional intensity biases.These findings highlight both the significant advances in TC forecasting capability achieved through improved modeling and observational systems,and the remaining challenges in predicting TC changes and landfall behavior,providing valuable benchmarks for future forecast system development.展开更多
Rowlands et al.1present an analysis of accelerometer data from the UK Biobank cohort,examining variations in the duration,intensity,and accumulation of moderate-intensity physical activity(MPA)and vigorous-intensity p...Rowlands et al.1present an analysis of accelerometer data from the UK Biobank cohort,examining variations in the duration,intensity,and accumulation of moderate-intensity physical activity(MPA)and vigorous-intensity physical activity(VPA)sufficient to reduce the risk of all-cause mortality.In this study,the authors questioned if shorter durations(i.e.,1,2,3,4,5,10,15,and 20 min/day)of MPA and VPA performed continuously or accumulated throughout the day would equally reduce the risks of all-cause mortality as longer duration MPA and VPA recommended in the physical activity(PA)guidelines.展开更多
The connection between climatic factors and grazing is essential for maintaining ecosystem function and vegetation productivity.This study examined the impact of grazing intensity on vegetation across a broad climatic...The connection between climatic factors and grazing is essential for maintaining ecosystem function and vegetation productivity.This study examined the impact of grazing intensity on vegetation across a broad climatic gradient spanning the Espinal,Argentine Low Monte,and Patagonian Steppe ecoregions of Argentina.The research was carried out at eight sampling sites with radial grazing gradients generated around artificial water sources(piospheres),exhibiting two contrasting response patterns of vegetation to grazing pressure.One of the response patterns shows a typical vegetation response to grazing that the vegetation productivity increases with the distance to the water sources(decreasing grazing intensity).The second pattern is found in drier regions,where vegetation presents an inverse productivity response that vegetation productivity is higher near water sources(high grazing intensity)due to increased shrub cover.Vegetation productivity was measured using the Normalized Difference Vegetation Index(NDVI).Vegetation patch structure and cover were determined for each site with high,medium,and low grazing intensities.Results indicated that shrub cover is the primary driver of vegetation productivity,showing contrasting responses to grazing intensity between the two identified patterns.While NDVI proved to be a reliable proxy for shrub cover and total vegetation cover(R2>0.70),it failed to reflect grass cover dynamics.Furthermore,mean annual temperature was more strongly correlated with vegetation cover changes,while grazing intensity significantly altered vegetation patch structure and soil cover distribution.Specifically,in drier regions,high grazing intensity led to larger patches while,in wetter regions,it led to smaller patches(fragmentation).Shrubs,with their deeper roots and drought tolerance,were less preferred and more resistant to grazing in arid environments and thrived under grazing pressure in these arid conditions.Our results underscored the need for adaptive management strategies in grazing systems.Traditional approaches may require significant adjustments,as the efficacy of management hinges on the interplay of specific climatic conditions and the varied responses of vegetation.Furthermore,effective conservation efforts should prioritize the recognition and protection of shrubs given their critical contribution to ecosystem function and biodiversity.Ultimately,this research provides a valuable framework to understand the complex dynamics between grazing and vegetation in arid and semi-arid environments,highlighting that sustainable grazing practices should be tailored to account for both climatic variables and the unique characteristics of different plant communities.展开更多
Objectives This study aimed to explore and clarify the concept of reflective supervision as a professional self-care strategy to create a positive Intensive Care Unit(ICU)practice environment.Methods Walker and Avant...Objectives This study aimed to explore and clarify the concept of reflective supervision as a professional self-care strategy to create a positive Intensive Care Unit(ICU)practice environment.Methods Walker and Avant’s eight-step concept analysis approach was utilized to identify and define the attributes,antecedents,and consequences of reflective supervision in the ICU.An extensive literature search was conducted across various databases,including Google Scholar,CINAHL,PubMed.Articles published from 2005 to 2025 were identified.We followed the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses(PRISMA)2020 statement to indicate the included articles and extract related data based on relevance.Results Forty articles were included in the analysis.The identified attributes included the supervisor-supervisee relationship,effective communication,teamwork,collaborations,reflection,competencies,feedback,continuous support,and autonomous choice.The identified antecedents included participation,supportive supervision,flexibility,open-door policy,training,and motivation.Consequences impacting the success of reflective supervision were identified as promotion of resiliency,autonomy,work-life balance,self-awareness,increased self-esteem,professional development,critical thinking,increased job satisfaction,and enhanced commitment.Conclusions Reflective supervision is a complex professional self-care strategy that enhances ICU practice,by promoting nurses’well-being,self-awareness,therapeutic skills,and professional development.展开更多
Sustainable energy systems will entail a change in the carbon intensity projections,which should be carried out in a proper manner to facilitate the smooth running of the grid and reduce greenhouse emissions.The prese...Sustainable energy systems will entail a change in the carbon intensity projections,which should be carried out in a proper manner to facilitate the smooth running of the grid and reduce greenhouse emissions.The present article outlines the TransCarbonNet,a novel hybrid deep learning framework with self-attention characteristics added to the bidirectional Long Short-Term Memory(Bi-LSTM)network to forecast the carbon intensity of the grid several days.The proposed temporal fusion model not only learns the local temporal interactions but also the long-term patterns of the carbon emission data;hence,it is able to give suitable forecasts over a period of seven days.TransCarbonNet takes advantage of a multi-head self-attention element to identify significant temporal connections,which means the Bi-LSTM element calculates sequential dependencies in both directions.Massive tests on two actual data sets indicate much improved results in comparison with the existing results,with mean relative errors of 15.3 percent and 12.7 percent,respectively.The framework has given explicable weights of attention that reveal critical periods that influence carbon intensity alterations,and informed decisions on the management of carbon sustainability.The effectiveness of the proposed solution has been validated in numerous cases of operations,and TransCarbonNet is established to be an effective tool when it comes to carbon-friendly optimization of the grid.展开更多
Objectives This study aimed to design and evaluate a detection system for the accidental dislodgement of head-and-neck medical supplies through hand position recognition and tracking in Intensive Care Unit(ICU)patient...Objectives This study aimed to design and evaluate a detection system for the accidental dislodgement of head-and-neck medical supplies through hand position recognition and tracking in Intensive Care Unit(ICU)patients.Methods We conducted a single-center,prospective,parallel-group feasibility randomized controlled trial.We recruited 80 participants using convenience sampling from the ICU of a hospital in Ningbo City,Zhejiang Province,between March 2025 and June 2025,and they were randomly assigned to either the control group(routine care)or the intervention group(routine care plus image recognition-based detection system).The system continuously tracked patients’hand positions via bedside cameras and generated real-time alarms when hands entered predefined risk zones,notifying on-duty nurses to enable early intervention.System stability was assessed by continuous system uptime;system performance and clinical feasibility were evaluated by the frequencies of risk actions and accidental dislodgement of medical supplies(ADMS).Results All 80 participants completed the intervention,with 40 patients in each group.The baseline characteristics and median observation time of the two groups were balanced(intervention group:48 h/patient vs.control group:49 h/patient).Compared with the control group,the intervention group showed fewer ADMS(2/40 vs.9/40)and detected more risk actions per 100 h(36 vs.25);all system-detected events had corroborating images with complete concordance on manual review,and all nurse-recorded hand-contact events were accurately captured.Conclusions The study demonstrated that the image recognition-based detection system can function stably in clinical settings,providing accurate and continuous surveillance while supporting the early detection of risk actions.By reducing the observation burden and offering real-time cognitive support,the system complements routine nursing care and serves as an additional safety measure in ICU practice.With further optimization and larger multicenter validation,this approach could have the potential to make a significant contribution to the development of smart ICUs and the broader digital transformation of nursing care.展开更多
Experiments with interacting high-velocity flows in a laser plasma can help answer fundamental questions in plasma physics and improve understanding of the mechanisms behind some astrophysical phenomena,such as the fo...Experiments with interacting high-velocity flows in a laser plasma can help answer fundamental questions in plasma physics and improve understanding of the mechanisms behind some astrophysical phenomena,such as the formation of collisionless shock waves,deceleration of accretion flows,and evolution of solar and stellar flares.This work presents the first direct experimental observations of stagnation and redirection of counterstreaming flows(jets)of laser plasma induced by intense laser pulses with intensity I~2×10^(18) W/cm^(2).Hybrid particlein-cell-fluid modeling,which takes into account the kinetic effects of ion motion and the evolution of the pressure tensor for electrons,demonstrates the compression of counterdirected toroidal self-generated magnetic fields embedded in counterstreaming plasma flows.The enhancement of the toroidal magnetic field in the interaction region results in plasma flow stagnation and redirection of the jets across the line of their initial propagation.展开更多
The available heat content (stored heat energy) of hot dry rock (HDR) at a depth of 1–10 km in the global land crust is estimated to be 5.06×10~8 EJ,attracting considerable global attention.This paper presents a...The available heat content (stored heat energy) of hot dry rock (HDR) at a depth of 1–10 km in the global land crust is estimated to be 5.06×10~8 EJ,attracting considerable global attention.This paper presents a comprehensive analysis of the geological framework,HDR resource potential,exploration advancements,and the development of enhanced geothermal systems (EGSs) in China.HDR resources are extensively distributed across China.Within the depth range of 3–10 km,China’s estimated potential approximates2.29×10~7 EJ,with a theoretical power generation capacity of approximately 1.67×10^(16) k Wh.Replacing coal power with HDR can help to achieve a net emission reduction of 1.34×10^(16) kg CO_(2) (approximately1.34×10^(13) t),representing an emission reduction efficiency of 94.4%.Based on a development cycle of100 years,the average annual emission reduction reaches 1.34×10^(10) t CO_(2),equivalent to 117%of China’s annual carbon emissions in 2022.Furthermore,in the context of global warming,the development and utilization of HDR,which is feasible in virtually any region worldwide,offers significant potential to support global carbon reduction efforts.China has made substantial progress in HDR exploration in recent years.This paper systematically classifies China’s HDR resources into four genetic types—highly radioactive heat-producing,sedimentary basin,active volcanic,and intensely tectonic zones—and offers detailed exploration insights for each category.Each classification exhibits distinct geological and tectonic characteristics that influence heat source mechanisms and resource distribution.Furthermore,this paper documents significant advances in EGS construction,particularly in the Gonghe Basin on the northeastern margin of the Qianghai-Xizang Plateau and the Matouying uplift in the North China Basin,where successful reservoir stimulation,microseismic monitoring,and experimental power generation have been achieved.Despite these developments,challenges persist,including technical adaptability under complex geological conditions and the economic viability of large-scale HDR development.This paper suggests that future initiatives should emphasize resource exploration,technological research,and policy support to foster sustainable HDR resource development in China,thereby contributing to the global energy transition and environmental sustainability.展开更多
BACKGROUND: This study aimed to explore the risk factors associated with intensive care unitacquired weakness(ICU-AW) in critically ill patients at risk of malnutrition and to evaluate the efficacy of early enteral nu...BACKGROUND: This study aimed to explore the risk factors associated with intensive care unitacquired weakness(ICU-AW) in critically ill patients at risk of malnutrition and to evaluate the efficacy of early enteral nutrition(EEN) and the role of biomarkers in managing ICU-AW.METHODS: This retrospective, observational cohort study included 180 patients at risk of malnutrition admitted to the emergency intensive care unit of the First Affiliated Hospital of Xiamen University Hospital from January 2022 to December 2023. Patients were divided into ICU-AW group and non-ICU-AW group according to whether they developed ICU-AW, or categorized into EEN and parenteral nutrition(PN) groups according to nutritional support. ICU-AW was diagnosed using the Medical Research Council score. The primary outcome was the occurrence of ICU-AW.RESULTS: The significant factors associated with ICU-AW included age, sex, type of nutritional therapy, mechanical ventilation(MV), body mass index(BMI), blood urea nitrogen(BUN), and creatinine(Cr) levels(P<0.05). The PN group developed ICU-AW earlier than did the EEN group, with a significant difference observed(log-rank P<0.001). Among biomarkers for ICU-AW, the mean prealbumin(PAB)/C-reactive protein(CRP) ratio had the highest diagnostic accuracy(area under the curve [AUC] 0.928, 95% confidence interval [95% CI] 0.892–0.946), surpassing the mean Cr/BUN ratio(AUC 0.740, 95% CI 0.663–0.819) and mean transferrin levels(AUC 0.653, 95% CI 0.574–0.733).CONCLUSION: Independent risk factors for ICU-AW include female sex, advanced age, PN, MV, lower BMI, and elevated BUN and Cr levels. EEN may potentially delay ICU-AW onset, and the PAB/CRP ratio may be an effective diagnostic marker for this condition.展开更多
Dispatched by the Chinese government,a multidisciplinary team of 30 researchers collaborated with a team from Myanmar to conduct a 14-day on-site investigation.The work encompassed seismic intensity assessments,field ...Dispatched by the Chinese government,a multidisciplinary team of 30 researchers collaborated with a team from Myanmar to conduct a 14-day on-site investigation.The work encompassed seismic intensity assessments,field surveys,and loss evaluations.The paper focuses on the intensity distribution and structural damage characteristics of the 2025 M7.9 Myanmar earthquake,yielding the following key findings.(1)The seismogenic fault rupture propagated in a nearly N-S direction,with a surface rupture length of approximately 450 km.The seismic impact zone exhibited an elongated N-S distribution and a shorter E-W span,distributed like a belt around the seismogenic fault.(2)Within the seismic impact zones,existing buildings comprised five primary structural types,with timber(bamboo)structures constituting the largest proportion(≈80%in rural areas,≈50%in urban areas).The relatively low disaster losses and casualties were primarily attributable to the good seismic performance and low damage ratio of timber(bamboo)structures across varying intensity zones.(3)An anomalous zone of intensityⅨwas located at the boundary between intensityⅥandⅦregions in Nay Pyi Taw.Here,ridge topography combined with soft soil layers significantly amplified ground motion,exacerbating structural damage.(4)Directional effects of ground motion were observed,with the structural damage phenomena and peak ground acceleration(PGA)values in the N-S direction exceeding those in the E-W direction.This validates that the maximum PGA distribution of strike-slip fault earthquakes aligns with the fault strike.The research is expected to provide technical support for post-disaster reconstruction planning,site selection,and disaster mitigation strategies in Myanmar.展开更多
Energy poverty in developing countries is a critical issue characterized by the lack of access to modern energy services,such as electricity and clean cooking facilities,as marked in SDG 7.This study explores the corr...Energy poverty in developing countries is a critical issue characterized by the lack of access to modern energy services,such as electricity and clean cooking facilities,as marked in SDG 7.This study explores the correlations between energy poverty,energy intensity,resource abundance,and income inequality,as these factors have been theorized to play important roles in influencing energy poverty in developing countries.By observing that the dataset is heterogeneous across the countries and over the time frame,we use the Method of Moments Quantile Regression(MMQR)to analyze our developing countries’data from 2000 to 2019.Our findings indicate that energy intensity is a significant factor influencing energy poverty,suggesting that higher energy consumption relative to the sample countries can exacerbate this issue.Additionally,we observe that income inequality within the sample countries is a critical determinant of energy poverty levels,highlighting the dynamics between economic disparity and access to energy resources.Interestingly,our study reveals that resource abundance acts as a blessing rather than a curse in terms of energy poverty,implying that countries rich in natural resources may have better opportunities to combat energy deprivation.Finally,we emphasize the vital role of financial markets in addressing energy poverty on a global scale,suggesting that robust financial systems can facilitate investments and innovations aimed at improving energy access for vulnerable populations.The results from the robustness analysis support the empirical results obtained from the main estimation.The empirical findings of the present study advance important comprehensions for policymakers to adopt energy policies that address the complex challenges of energy poverty and promote inclusive energy access.展开更多
High-density planting increases maize yield but also canopy crowding and stalk lodging.Aiming this contradiction,a wavy canopy was created using interlaced chemical application(IC)of a plant growth retardant at the V1...High-density planting increases maize yield but also canopy crowding and stalk lodging.Aiming this contradiction,a wavy canopy was created using interlaced chemical application(IC)of a plant growth retardant at the V14 stage with three densities(60,000,75,000,and 90,000 plants ha-1,indicated by D1,D2,and D3,respectively)for two seasons.The results showed that the IC-treated wavy canopy featuring both natural height(IC-H)and dwarfed(IC-L)plants,improved light transmission by 8.54%,8.49%,and 16.49%on average than the corresponding controls(CK)at D1,D2,and D3,respectively.The alleviation of canopy crowding stimulated leaf photosynthesis,sugar availability,basal-internode strength,and decreased plant lodging ratios in both IC-H and IC-L,particularly under higher densities.Meanwhile,the IC populations produced significantly higher yield than CK,with an average increase of 3.38%,16.70%,and 15.28%at D1,D2,and D3,respectively.Collectively,this study proposed a new wavy canopy strategy using plant growth retardant to simultaneously increase yield performance and lodging resistance,thus offering a sustainable solution for further development of high-density maize production.展开更多
BACKGROUND The need for an emergency upgrade of a hospitalized trauma patient from the floor to the trauma intensive care unit(ICU)is an unanticipated event with possible life-threatening consequences.Unplanned ICU ad...BACKGROUND The need for an emergency upgrade of a hospitalized trauma patient from the floor to the trauma intensive care unit(ICU)is an unanticipated event with possible life-threatening consequences.Unplanned ICU admissions are associated with increased morbidity and mortality and are an indicator of trauma service quality.Two different types of unplanned ICU admissions include upgrades(patients admitted to the floor then moved to the ICU)and bounce backs(patients admitted to the ICU,discharged to the floor,and then readmitted to the ICU).Previous studies have shown that geriatric trauma patients are at higher risk for unfavorable outcomes.AIM To analyze the characteristics,management and outcomes of trauma patients who had an unplanned ICU admission during their hospitalization.METHODS This institutional review board approved,retrospective cohort study examined 203 adult trauma patients with unplanned ICU admission at an urban level 1 trauma center over a six-year period(2017-2023).This included 134 upgrades and 69 bounce backs.Analyzed variables included:(1)Age;(2)Sex;(3)Comorbidities;(4)Mechanism of injury(MOI);(5)Injury severity score(ISS);(6)Glasgow Coma Scale(GCS);(7)Type of injury;(8)Transfusions;(9)Consultations;(10)Timing and reason for unplanned admission;(11)Intubations;(12)Surgical interventions;(13)ICU and hospital lengths of stay;and(14)Mortality.RESULTS Unplanned ICU admissions comprised 4.2%of total ICU admissions.Main MOI was falls.Mean age was 70.7 years,ISS was 12.8 and GCS was 13.9.Main injuries were traumatic brain injury(37.4%)and thoracic injury(21.7%),and main reason for unplanned ICU admission was respiratory complication(39.4%).The 47.3%underwent a surgical procedure and 46.8%were intubated.Average timing for unplanned ICU admission was 2.9 days.Bounce backs occurred half as often as upgrades,however had higher rates of transfusions(63.8%vs 40.3%,P=0.002),consultations(4.8 vs 3.0,P<0.001),intubations(63.8%vs 38.1%%,P=0.001),longer ICU lengths of stay(13.2 days vs 6.4 days,P<0.001)and hospital lengths of stay(26.7 days vs 13.0 days,P<0.001).Mortality was 25.6%among unplanned ICU admissions,31.9%among geriatric unplanned ICU admissions and 11.9%among all trauma ICU patients.CONCLUSION Unplanned ICU admissions constituted 4.2%of total ICU admissions.Respiratory complications were the main cause of unplanned ICU admissions.Bounce backs occurred half as often as upgrades,but were associated with worse outcomes.展开更多
This study examines the evolving use of synthetic chemicals in intensive agriculture over the past decade.It highlights the negative impacts of chemical inputs on soil health and ecosystem integrity and recommends kno...This study examines the evolving use of synthetic chemicals in intensive agriculture over the past decade.It highlights the negative impacts of chemical inputs on soil health and ecosystem integrity and recommends knowledge-sharing platforms,soil protection laws,and collaborative efforts between regulatory agencies and agricultural experts.The study emphasizes the need for a balanced approach that includes natural methods alongside synthetic chemicals,particularly herbicides.Ten years ago,farmers primarily used urea,DAP,and potassium for nutrients.However,increased awareness,market forces,and government subsidies have led to a significant rise in herbicide use as a cost-effective weed management strategy.Over the past decade,synthetic fertilizer use for cotton cultivation has increased by 80%,leading to deteriorating soil quality.Paddy cultivation has decreased by 23%,while cotton cultivation has increased by 20.4%due to higher economic incentives.Currently,89.1%of farmers use herbicides,compared to 97.2%who did not a decade ago.Insecticide use has also surged,with 97.8%of farmers applying 1.5 liters or more per acre.The excessive use of chemicals threatens soil fertility and disrupts the ecosystem’s balance.This article explores the reasons behind the adoption of chemical-intensive farming practices and offers insights into farmers’decision-making processes.The careful use of synthetic chemicals is essential to safeguard soil health and maintain ecological balance.展开更多
BACKGROUND Diabetic gastroparesis(DGP)disrupts gastric motility.Electroacupuncture(EA)at Zusanli(ST36)may alleviate DGP symptoms via neural pathways.AIM To investigate how EA current intensities at ST36 regulate neura...BACKGROUND Diabetic gastroparesis(DGP)disrupts gastric motility.Electroacupuncture(EA)at Zusanli(ST36)may alleviate DGP symptoms via neural pathways.AIM To investigate how EA current intensities at ST36 regulate neural pathways and improve gastric motility in DGP models.METHODS A DGP model was established using intraperitoneal injection of streptozotocin.Gastrointestinal motility was measured in rats after 2 weeks of continuous EA at ST36.Current intensity was selected as 0.5 mA,1 mA,and 3 mA.Gastric electrodynamics were detected by recording and analyzing the number of gastric discharges.The gastric emptying rate and propulsion rate of the small intestine were measured to assess dynamic gastrointestinal function.Hematoxylin-eosin staining was conducted to measure histopathological changes in the gastric sinus.Reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction was conducted to determine mRNA levels of Rho guanine nucleotide-binding protein A and Rho-associated coiled-coil forming protein kinase.Western blotting was conducted to determine the expression levels of choline acetyltransferase,tyrosine hydroxylase,Rho guanine nucleotide-binding protein A,and Rho-associated coiled-coil forming protein kinase.Immunofluorescence staining in the stomach was conducted to detect the distribution of C-kit,an interstitial cell of Cajal marker.An enzymelinked immunosorbent assay was conducted to detect serum levels of acetylcholine and norepinephrine.RESULTS Treatment with EA improved gastric emptying and gastric smooth muscle disorders in rats with DGP,mitigated pathological damage,and restored the function of interstitial cells of Cajal.In addition,different current intensities of EA affected gastrointestinal function of rats with DGP.The 0.5 mA,1 mA,and 3 mA EA groups all improved gastrointestinal function.0.5 mA EA increased acetylcholine levels by increasing protein expression of choline acetyltransferase(P<0.05),thereby upregulating vagus nerve activity and enhancing parasympathetic nerve regulation.3 mA EA increased norepinephrine levels(P<0.05)by increasing protein expression of tyrosine hydroxylase,thereby activating the sympathetic nervous pathway.1 mA coordinated the function of the vagus and sympathetic nerves to improve gastrointestinal motility.CONCLUSION EA with ST36 improved gastric motility in rats with DGP.0.5 mA EA activated the vagus nerve,while 3 mA EA regulated gastrointestinal motility by activating the sympathetic nerves.展开更多
文摘In this paper an intensional concept theory based on an intensional containment relation is presented, which, in turn, is then generalized in order to define the complete concept of God. We are following Leibniz＇s definition of God as a most perfect Being, by which he meant a subject of all perfections. As a consequence of this definition of God, two different complete concepts of the Devil（s） can be defined. However, these two complete concepts of the Devil（s） are not only incoherent with Leibniz＇s philosophy, but they introduce the problem of the Devil（s） as well, which seems to originate from a problem of an adequate definition of the concept of God on one hand, and the logical problem of the intensional negation of a concept on the other hand.
文摘Trademark is developing rapidly nowadays,it has direct effects on people’s daily life in many aspects.Translation of trademark plays a very important role in this highly competitive society.This paper tries to approach the the translation of the descriptions of import and export goods and the trademarks from the angle of cultural differences.Translation of trademarks can transmit plentiful information from the commodities effectively.Here is the summary of some important principles and six methods on how to translate the trademarks.
基金funded by the following sources:State Key Research Development Program of China(2024YFF1307500)Open Science Research Fund of Key Laboratory of Ocean Space Resource Management Technology,Marine Academy of Zhejiang Province,China(KF-2024-112)+2 种基金Special Research Project of School of Emergency Management,Jiangsu University(KY-C-01)Jiangsu Collaborative Innovation Center of Technology and Material of Water Treatment(no grant number)Research project on the application of invasive plants in soil ecological restoration in Jiangsu(20240110).
文摘Alien species from the Asteraceae family frequently invade native plant communities.This study aims to determine how the number of Asteraceae species(i.e.,Erigeron canadensis,E.annuus,and Solidago canadensis)in a co-invasion affects plant taxonomic diversity and invasibility in plant communities in China.We found that co-invasions by one or two Asteraceae species decreased plant diversity and increased community invasibility.However,co-invasion by three Asteraceae species increased plant diversity and community invasibility.We also found that plant taxonomic diversity was negatively correlated with total coverage of invasive Asteraceae species.Conversely,community invasibility was positively correlated with total coverage of invasive Asteraceae species.These findings indicate that the number of Asteraceae invasive species positively correlates with total coverage,diversity,dominance,evenness,and invasibility.Our study shows that co-invasion by three IAS may increase plant taxonomic diversity but also community invasibility,which may further facilitate subsequent invasion.
基金supported by the National Key R&D Program of China [grant number 2023YFC3008004]。
文摘This study presents a comprehensive evaluation of tropical cyclone(TC)forecast performance in the western North Pacific from 2013 to 2022,based on operational forecasts issued by the China Meteorological Administration.The analysis reveals systematic improvements in both track and intensity forecasts over the decade,with distinct error characteristics observed across various forecast parameters.Track forecast errors have steadily decreased,particularly for longer lead times,while error magnitudes have increased with longer forecast lead times.Intensity forecasts show similar progressive enhancements,with maximum sustained wind speed errors decreasing by 0.26 m/s per year for 120 h forecasts.The study also identifies several key patterns in forecast performance:typhoon-grade or stronger TCs exhibit smaller track errors than week or weaker systems;intensity forecasts systematically overestimate weaker TCs while underestimating stronger systems;and spatial error distributions show greater track inaccuracies near landmasses and regional intensity biases.These findings highlight both the significant advances in TC forecasting capability achieved through improved modeling and observational systems,and the remaining challenges in predicting TC changes and landfall behavior,providing valuable benchmarks for future forecast system development.
文摘Rowlands et al.1present an analysis of accelerometer data from the UK Biobank cohort,examining variations in the duration,intensity,and accumulation of moderate-intensity physical activity(MPA)and vigorous-intensity physical activity(VPA)sufficient to reduce the risk of all-cause mortality.In this study,the authors questioned if shorter durations(i.e.,1,2,3,4,5,10,15,and 20 min/day)of MPA and VPA performed continuously or accumulated throughout the day would equally reduce the risks of all-cause mortality as longer duration MPA and VPA recommended in the physical activity(PA)guidelines.
基金supported by the Universidad Nacional de Río Negro(PI-UNRN 40C-1088)the Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas(PIP-CONICET 2023-402).
文摘The connection between climatic factors and grazing is essential for maintaining ecosystem function and vegetation productivity.This study examined the impact of grazing intensity on vegetation across a broad climatic gradient spanning the Espinal,Argentine Low Monte,and Patagonian Steppe ecoregions of Argentina.The research was carried out at eight sampling sites with radial grazing gradients generated around artificial water sources(piospheres),exhibiting two contrasting response patterns of vegetation to grazing pressure.One of the response patterns shows a typical vegetation response to grazing that the vegetation productivity increases with the distance to the water sources(decreasing grazing intensity).The second pattern is found in drier regions,where vegetation presents an inverse productivity response that vegetation productivity is higher near water sources(high grazing intensity)due to increased shrub cover.Vegetation productivity was measured using the Normalized Difference Vegetation Index(NDVI).Vegetation patch structure and cover were determined for each site with high,medium,and low grazing intensities.Results indicated that shrub cover is the primary driver of vegetation productivity,showing contrasting responses to grazing intensity between the two identified patterns.While NDVI proved to be a reliable proxy for shrub cover and total vegetation cover(R2>0.70),it failed to reflect grass cover dynamics.Furthermore,mean annual temperature was more strongly correlated with vegetation cover changes,while grazing intensity significantly altered vegetation patch structure and soil cover distribution.Specifically,in drier regions,high grazing intensity led to larger patches while,in wetter regions,it led to smaller patches(fragmentation).Shrubs,with their deeper roots and drought tolerance,were less preferred and more resistant to grazing in arid environments and thrived under grazing pressure in these arid conditions.Our results underscored the need for adaptive management strategies in grazing systems.Traditional approaches may require significant adjustments,as the efficacy of management hinges on the interplay of specific climatic conditions and the varied responses of vegetation.Furthermore,effective conservation efforts should prioritize the recognition and protection of shrubs given their critical contribution to ecosystem function and biodiversity.Ultimately,this research provides a valuable framework to understand the complex dynamics between grazing and vegetation in arid and semi-arid environments,highlighting that sustainable grazing practices should be tailored to account for both climatic variables and the unique characteristics of different plant communities.
文摘Objectives This study aimed to explore and clarify the concept of reflective supervision as a professional self-care strategy to create a positive Intensive Care Unit(ICU)practice environment.Methods Walker and Avant’s eight-step concept analysis approach was utilized to identify and define the attributes,antecedents,and consequences of reflective supervision in the ICU.An extensive literature search was conducted across various databases,including Google Scholar,CINAHL,PubMed.Articles published from 2005 to 2025 were identified.We followed the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses(PRISMA)2020 statement to indicate the included articles and extract related data based on relevance.Results Forty articles were included in the analysis.The identified attributes included the supervisor-supervisee relationship,effective communication,teamwork,collaborations,reflection,competencies,feedback,continuous support,and autonomous choice.The identified antecedents included participation,supportive supervision,flexibility,open-door policy,training,and motivation.Consequences impacting the success of reflective supervision were identified as promotion of resiliency,autonomy,work-life balance,self-awareness,increased self-esteem,professional development,critical thinking,increased job satisfaction,and enhanced commitment.Conclusions Reflective supervision is a complex professional self-care strategy that enhances ICU practice,by promoting nurses’well-being,self-awareness,therapeutic skills,and professional development.
基金funded by the Deanship of Scientific Research and Libraries at Princess Nourah bint Abdulrahman University,through the“Nafea”Program,Grant No.(NP-45-082).
文摘Sustainable energy systems will entail a change in the carbon intensity projections,which should be carried out in a proper manner to facilitate the smooth running of the grid and reduce greenhouse emissions.The present article outlines the TransCarbonNet,a novel hybrid deep learning framework with self-attention characteristics added to the bidirectional Long Short-Term Memory(Bi-LSTM)network to forecast the carbon intensity of the grid several days.The proposed temporal fusion model not only learns the local temporal interactions but also the long-term patterns of the carbon emission data;hence,it is able to give suitable forecasts over a period of seven days.TransCarbonNet takes advantage of a multi-head self-attention element to identify significant temporal connections,which means the Bi-LSTM element calculates sequential dependencies in both directions.Massive tests on two actual data sets indicate much improved results in comparison with the existing results,with mean relative errors of 15.3 percent and 12.7 percent,respectively.The framework has given explicable weights of attention that reveal critical periods that influence carbon intensity alterations,and informed decisions on the management of carbon sustainability.The effectiveness of the proposed solution has been validated in numerous cases of operations,and TransCarbonNet is established to be an effective tool when it comes to carbon-friendly optimization of the grid.
文摘Objectives This study aimed to design and evaluate a detection system for the accidental dislodgement of head-and-neck medical supplies through hand position recognition and tracking in Intensive Care Unit(ICU)patients.Methods We conducted a single-center,prospective,parallel-group feasibility randomized controlled trial.We recruited 80 participants using convenience sampling from the ICU of a hospital in Ningbo City,Zhejiang Province,between March 2025 and June 2025,and they were randomly assigned to either the control group(routine care)or the intervention group(routine care plus image recognition-based detection system).The system continuously tracked patients’hand positions via bedside cameras and generated real-time alarms when hands entered predefined risk zones,notifying on-duty nurses to enable early intervention.System stability was assessed by continuous system uptime;system performance and clinical feasibility were evaluated by the frequencies of risk actions and accidental dislodgement of medical supplies(ADMS).Results All 80 participants completed the intervention,with 40 patients in each group.The baseline characteristics and median observation time of the two groups were balanced(intervention group:48 h/patient vs.control group:49 h/patient).Compared with the control group,the intervention group showed fewer ADMS(2/40 vs.9/40)and detected more risk actions per 100 h(36 vs.25);all system-detected events had corroborating images with complete concordance on manual review,and all nurse-recorded hand-contact events were accurately captured.Conclusions The study demonstrated that the image recognition-based detection system can function stably in clinical settings,providing accurate and continuous surveillance while supporting the early detection of risk actions.By reducing the observation burden and offering real-time cognitive support,the system complements routine nursing care and serves as an additional safety measure in ICU practice.With further optimization and larger multicenter validation,this approach could have the potential to make a significant contribution to the development of smart ICUs and the broader digital transformation of nursing care.
基金supported by Russian Science Foundation Grant No.24-62-00032.
文摘Experiments with interacting high-velocity flows in a laser plasma can help answer fundamental questions in plasma physics and improve understanding of the mechanisms behind some astrophysical phenomena,such as the formation of collisionless shock waves,deceleration of accretion flows,and evolution of solar and stellar flares.This work presents the first direct experimental observations of stagnation and redirection of counterstreaming flows(jets)of laser plasma induced by intense laser pulses with intensity I~2×10^(18) W/cm^(2).Hybrid particlein-cell-fluid modeling,which takes into account the kinetic effects of ion motion and the evolution of the pressure tensor for electrons,demonstrates the compression of counterdirected toroidal self-generated magnetic fields embedded in counterstreaming plasma flows.The enhancement of the toroidal magnetic field in the interaction region results in plasma flow stagnation and redirection of the jets across the line of their initial propagation.
基金supported by the National Key Research and Development Program of China (2021YFB1507401)Qinghai Province Clean Energy Minerals Special Project(2022013004qj004)Geological Survey Project of China Geological Survey (DD20221676, DD20230019)。
文摘The available heat content (stored heat energy) of hot dry rock (HDR) at a depth of 1–10 km in the global land crust is estimated to be 5.06×10~8 EJ,attracting considerable global attention.This paper presents a comprehensive analysis of the geological framework,HDR resource potential,exploration advancements,and the development of enhanced geothermal systems (EGSs) in China.HDR resources are extensively distributed across China.Within the depth range of 3–10 km,China’s estimated potential approximates2.29×10~7 EJ,with a theoretical power generation capacity of approximately 1.67×10^(16) k Wh.Replacing coal power with HDR can help to achieve a net emission reduction of 1.34×10^(16) kg CO_(2) (approximately1.34×10^(13) t),representing an emission reduction efficiency of 94.4%.Based on a development cycle of100 years,the average annual emission reduction reaches 1.34×10^(10) t CO_(2),equivalent to 117%of China’s annual carbon emissions in 2022.Furthermore,in the context of global warming,the development and utilization of HDR,which is feasible in virtually any region worldwide,offers significant potential to support global carbon reduction efforts.China has made substantial progress in HDR exploration in recent years.This paper systematically classifies China’s HDR resources into four genetic types—highly radioactive heat-producing,sedimentary basin,active volcanic,and intensely tectonic zones—and offers detailed exploration insights for each category.Each classification exhibits distinct geological and tectonic characteristics that influence heat source mechanisms and resource distribution.Furthermore,this paper documents significant advances in EGS construction,particularly in the Gonghe Basin on the northeastern margin of the Qianghai-Xizang Plateau and the Matouying uplift in the North China Basin,where successful reservoir stimulation,microseismic monitoring,and experimental power generation have been achieved.Despite these developments,challenges persist,including technical adaptability under complex geological conditions and the economic viability of large-scale HDR development.This paper suggests that future initiatives should emphasize resource exploration,technological research,and policy support to foster sustainable HDR resource development in China,thereby contributing to the global energy transition and environmental sustainability.
文摘BACKGROUND: This study aimed to explore the risk factors associated with intensive care unitacquired weakness(ICU-AW) in critically ill patients at risk of malnutrition and to evaluate the efficacy of early enteral nutrition(EEN) and the role of biomarkers in managing ICU-AW.METHODS: This retrospective, observational cohort study included 180 patients at risk of malnutrition admitted to the emergency intensive care unit of the First Affiliated Hospital of Xiamen University Hospital from January 2022 to December 2023. Patients were divided into ICU-AW group and non-ICU-AW group according to whether they developed ICU-AW, or categorized into EEN and parenteral nutrition(PN) groups according to nutritional support. ICU-AW was diagnosed using the Medical Research Council score. The primary outcome was the occurrence of ICU-AW.RESULTS: The significant factors associated with ICU-AW included age, sex, type of nutritional therapy, mechanical ventilation(MV), body mass index(BMI), blood urea nitrogen(BUN), and creatinine(Cr) levels(P<0.05). The PN group developed ICU-AW earlier than did the EEN group, with a significant difference observed(log-rank P<0.001). Among biomarkers for ICU-AW, the mean prealbumin(PAB)/C-reactive protein(CRP) ratio had the highest diagnostic accuracy(area under the curve [AUC] 0.928, 95% confidence interval [95% CI] 0.892–0.946), surpassing the mean Cr/BUN ratio(AUC 0.740, 95% CI 0.663–0.819) and mean transferrin levels(AUC 0.653, 95% CI 0.574–0.733).CONCLUSION: Independent risk factors for ICU-AW include female sex, advanced age, PN, MV, lower BMI, and elevated BUN and Cr levels. EEN may potentially delay ICU-AW onset, and the PAB/CRP ratio may be an effective diagnostic marker for this condition.
基金National Natural Science Foundation of China under Grant No.U2239252National Natural Science Foundation of China under Grant No.52279128Natural Science Foundation of Heilongjiang Province of China under Grant No.YQ2022E013。
文摘Dispatched by the Chinese government,a multidisciplinary team of 30 researchers collaborated with a team from Myanmar to conduct a 14-day on-site investigation.The work encompassed seismic intensity assessments,field surveys,and loss evaluations.The paper focuses on the intensity distribution and structural damage characteristics of the 2025 M7.9 Myanmar earthquake,yielding the following key findings.(1)The seismogenic fault rupture propagated in a nearly N-S direction,with a surface rupture length of approximately 450 km.The seismic impact zone exhibited an elongated N-S distribution and a shorter E-W span,distributed like a belt around the seismogenic fault.(2)Within the seismic impact zones,existing buildings comprised five primary structural types,with timber(bamboo)structures constituting the largest proportion(≈80%in rural areas,≈50%in urban areas).The relatively low disaster losses and casualties were primarily attributable to the good seismic performance and low damage ratio of timber(bamboo)structures across varying intensity zones.(3)An anomalous zone of intensityⅨwas located at the boundary between intensityⅥandⅦregions in Nay Pyi Taw.Here,ridge topography combined with soft soil layers significantly amplified ground motion,exacerbating structural damage.(4)Directional effects of ground motion were observed,with the structural damage phenomena and peak ground acceleration(PGA)values in the N-S direction exceeding those in the E-W direction.This validates that the maximum PGA distribution of strike-slip fault earthquakes aligns with the fault strike.The research is expected to provide technical support for post-disaster reconstruction planning,site selection,and disaster mitigation strategies in Myanmar.
文摘Energy poverty in developing countries is a critical issue characterized by the lack of access to modern energy services,such as electricity and clean cooking facilities,as marked in SDG 7.This study explores the correlations between energy poverty,energy intensity,resource abundance,and income inequality,as these factors have been theorized to play important roles in influencing energy poverty in developing countries.By observing that the dataset is heterogeneous across the countries and over the time frame,we use the Method of Moments Quantile Regression(MMQR)to analyze our developing countries’data from 2000 to 2019.Our findings indicate that energy intensity is a significant factor influencing energy poverty,suggesting that higher energy consumption relative to the sample countries can exacerbate this issue.Additionally,we observe that income inequality within the sample countries is a critical determinant of energy poverty levels,highlighting the dynamics between economic disparity and access to energy resources.Interestingly,our study reveals that resource abundance acts as a blessing rather than a curse in terms of energy poverty,implying that countries rich in natural resources may have better opportunities to combat energy deprivation.Finally,we emphasize the vital role of financial markets in addressing energy poverty on a global scale,suggesting that robust financial systems can facilitate investments and innovations aimed at improving energy access for vulnerable populations.The results from the robustness analysis support the empirical results obtained from the main estimation.The empirical findings of the present study advance important comprehensions for policymakers to adopt energy policies that address the complex challenges of energy poverty and promote inclusive energy access.
基金supported by the National Key Research and Development Program of China(2023YFD2303302,2022YFD2300803)the National Natural Science Foundation of China(32160445)the China Agriculture Research System of MOF and MARA(CARS-02-16).
文摘High-density planting increases maize yield but also canopy crowding and stalk lodging.Aiming this contradiction,a wavy canopy was created using interlaced chemical application(IC)of a plant growth retardant at the V14 stage with three densities(60,000,75,000,and 90,000 plants ha-1,indicated by D1,D2,and D3,respectively)for two seasons.The results showed that the IC-treated wavy canopy featuring both natural height(IC-H)and dwarfed(IC-L)plants,improved light transmission by 8.54%,8.49%,and 16.49%on average than the corresponding controls(CK)at D1,D2,and D3,respectively.The alleviation of canopy crowding stimulated leaf photosynthesis,sugar availability,basal-internode strength,and decreased plant lodging ratios in both IC-H and IC-L,particularly under higher densities.Meanwhile,the IC populations produced significantly higher yield than CK,with an average increase of 3.38%,16.70%,and 15.28%at D1,D2,and D3,respectively.Collectively,this study proposed a new wavy canopy strategy using plant growth retardant to simultaneously increase yield performance and lodging resistance,thus offering a sustainable solution for further development of high-density maize production.
文摘BACKGROUND The need for an emergency upgrade of a hospitalized trauma patient from the floor to the trauma intensive care unit(ICU)is an unanticipated event with possible life-threatening consequences.Unplanned ICU admissions are associated with increased morbidity and mortality and are an indicator of trauma service quality.Two different types of unplanned ICU admissions include upgrades(patients admitted to the floor then moved to the ICU)and bounce backs(patients admitted to the ICU,discharged to the floor,and then readmitted to the ICU).Previous studies have shown that geriatric trauma patients are at higher risk for unfavorable outcomes.AIM To analyze the characteristics,management and outcomes of trauma patients who had an unplanned ICU admission during their hospitalization.METHODS This institutional review board approved,retrospective cohort study examined 203 adult trauma patients with unplanned ICU admission at an urban level 1 trauma center over a six-year period(2017-2023).This included 134 upgrades and 69 bounce backs.Analyzed variables included:(1)Age;(2)Sex;(3)Comorbidities;(4)Mechanism of injury(MOI);(5)Injury severity score(ISS);(6)Glasgow Coma Scale(GCS);(7)Type of injury;(8)Transfusions;(9)Consultations;(10)Timing and reason for unplanned admission;(11)Intubations;(12)Surgical interventions;(13)ICU and hospital lengths of stay;and(14)Mortality.RESULTS Unplanned ICU admissions comprised 4.2%of total ICU admissions.Main MOI was falls.Mean age was 70.7 years,ISS was 12.8 and GCS was 13.9.Main injuries were traumatic brain injury(37.4%)and thoracic injury(21.7%),and main reason for unplanned ICU admission was respiratory complication(39.4%).The 47.3%underwent a surgical procedure and 46.8%were intubated.Average timing for unplanned ICU admission was 2.9 days.Bounce backs occurred half as often as upgrades,however had higher rates of transfusions(63.8%vs 40.3%,P=0.002),consultations(4.8 vs 3.0,P<0.001),intubations(63.8%vs 38.1%%,P=0.001),longer ICU lengths of stay(13.2 days vs 6.4 days,P<0.001)and hospital lengths of stay(26.7 days vs 13.0 days,P<0.001).Mortality was 25.6%among unplanned ICU admissions,31.9%among geriatric unplanned ICU admissions and 11.9%among all trauma ICU patients.CONCLUSION Unplanned ICU admissions constituted 4.2%of total ICU admissions.Respiratory complications were the main cause of unplanned ICU admissions.Bounce backs occurred half as often as upgrades,but were associated with worse outcomes.
文摘This study examines the evolving use of synthetic chemicals in intensive agriculture over the past decade.It highlights the negative impacts of chemical inputs on soil health and ecosystem integrity and recommends knowledge-sharing platforms,soil protection laws,and collaborative efforts between regulatory agencies and agricultural experts.The study emphasizes the need for a balanced approach that includes natural methods alongside synthetic chemicals,particularly herbicides.Ten years ago,farmers primarily used urea,DAP,and potassium for nutrients.However,increased awareness,market forces,and government subsidies have led to a significant rise in herbicide use as a cost-effective weed management strategy.Over the past decade,synthetic fertilizer use for cotton cultivation has increased by 80%,leading to deteriorating soil quality.Paddy cultivation has decreased by 23%,while cotton cultivation has increased by 20.4%due to higher economic incentives.Currently,89.1%of farmers use herbicides,compared to 97.2%who did not a decade ago.Insecticide use has also surged,with 97.8%of farmers applying 1.5 liters or more per acre.The excessive use of chemicals threatens soil fertility and disrupts the ecosystem’s balance.This article explores the reasons behind the adoption of chemical-intensive farming practices and offers insights into farmers’decision-making processes.The careful use of synthetic chemicals is essential to safeguard soil health and maintain ecological balance.
基金Supported by National Natural Science Foundation of China,No.82205298Natural Science Foundation of Hunan Province,No.2023JJ30462+1 种基金Hunan Provincial Department of Science and Technology,No.2023SK2045,No.22JBZ007,No.Z2023XJYQ07,No.B2024007,and No.Z2023JB012024 Graduate Innovation Topics,No.2024CX031.
文摘BACKGROUND Diabetic gastroparesis(DGP)disrupts gastric motility.Electroacupuncture(EA)at Zusanli(ST36)may alleviate DGP symptoms via neural pathways.AIM To investigate how EA current intensities at ST36 regulate neural pathways and improve gastric motility in DGP models.METHODS A DGP model was established using intraperitoneal injection of streptozotocin.Gastrointestinal motility was measured in rats after 2 weeks of continuous EA at ST36.Current intensity was selected as 0.5 mA,1 mA,and 3 mA.Gastric electrodynamics were detected by recording and analyzing the number of gastric discharges.The gastric emptying rate and propulsion rate of the small intestine were measured to assess dynamic gastrointestinal function.Hematoxylin-eosin staining was conducted to measure histopathological changes in the gastric sinus.Reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction was conducted to determine mRNA levels of Rho guanine nucleotide-binding protein A and Rho-associated coiled-coil forming protein kinase.Western blotting was conducted to determine the expression levels of choline acetyltransferase,tyrosine hydroxylase,Rho guanine nucleotide-binding protein A,and Rho-associated coiled-coil forming protein kinase.Immunofluorescence staining in the stomach was conducted to detect the distribution of C-kit,an interstitial cell of Cajal marker.An enzymelinked immunosorbent assay was conducted to detect serum levels of acetylcholine and norepinephrine.RESULTS Treatment with EA improved gastric emptying and gastric smooth muscle disorders in rats with DGP,mitigated pathological damage,and restored the function of interstitial cells of Cajal.In addition,different current intensities of EA affected gastrointestinal function of rats with DGP.The 0.5 mA,1 mA,and 3 mA EA groups all improved gastrointestinal function.0.5 mA EA increased acetylcholine levels by increasing protein expression of choline acetyltransferase(P<0.05),thereby upregulating vagus nerve activity and enhancing parasympathetic nerve regulation.3 mA EA increased norepinephrine levels(P<0.05)by increasing protein expression of tyrosine hydroxylase,thereby activating the sympathetic nervous pathway.1 mA coordinated the function of the vagus and sympathetic nerves to improve gastrointestinal motility.CONCLUSION EA with ST36 improved gastric motility in rats with DGP.0.5 mA EA activated the vagus nerve,while 3 mA EA regulated gastrointestinal motility by activating the sympathetic nerves.
