This study aims to construct a virtual twin testing framework for the safety of the intended functionality of intelligent connected vehicles to address the safety requirements of intelligent driving and transportation...This study aims to construct a virtual twin testing framework for the safety of the intended functionality of intelligent connected vehicles to address the safety requirements of intelligent driving and transportation systems.The research methods include the construction of a theoretical model of safety for intelligent connected vehicles based on the concept of virtual twins,the correlation study between key concepts and functional safety,and the application research of virtual twin technology in the safety testing of intelligent connected vehicles.The results reveal that the virtual twin testing framework can effectively enhance the functional safety of intelligent connected vehicles,reduce development costs,and shorten the product launch cycle.The conclusion suggests that this framework provides strong support for the healthy development of the intelligent connected vehicle industry and has a positive impact on the safety and efficiency of intelligent transportation systems.展开更多
This study aimed to investigate various regimens of antihypertensive agents for different groups of patients and the outcomes in the real world. We retrospectively collected 974 prescriptions for hypertension from thr...This study aimed to investigate various regimens of antihypertensive agents for different groups of patients and the outcomes in the real world. We retrospectively collected 974 prescriptions for hypertension from three hospitals in Beijing, along with medical records of 219 hypertensive patients from one of the hospitals to study the regimens and their effects on patients. The antihypertensive regimens were classified by different combinations of subclasses of antihypertensive agents. Nearly all prescriptions can be classified into 11 different antihypertensive regimens, and most of them are combination therapy. Grade III hypertension patients significantly （P〈0.001） tend to be treated with regimens containing calcium channel blocker （CCB） and RAAS inhibitors, angiotensin II receptor blocker （ARB） or angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitor （ACEI）. β-Blockers are more likely to be combined with CCB than with other categories of antihypertensive agents. Hydrochlorothiazide is less widely used than recommended.展开更多
The method of extracting and describing the intended behavior of software precisely has become one of the key points in the fields of software behavior＇s dynamic and trusted authentication. In this paper, the author ...The method of extracting and describing the intended behavior of software precisely has become one of the key points in the fields of software behavior＇s dynamic and trusted authentication. In this paper, the author proposes a specified measure of extracting SIBDS （software intended behaviors describing sets） statically from the binary executable using the software＇s API functions invoking, and also introduces the definition of the structure used to store the SIBDS in detail. Experimental results demonstrate that the extracting method and the storage structure definition offers three strong properties： （i） it can describe the software＇s intended behavior accurately; （ii） it demands a small storage expense; （iii） it provides strong capability to defend against mimicry attack.展开更多
As the complexity of autonomous vehicles(AVs)continues to increase and artificial intelligence algorithms are becoming increasingly ubiquitous,a novel safety concern known as the safety of the intended functionality(S...As the complexity of autonomous vehicles(AVs)continues to increase and artificial intelligence algorithms are becoming increasingly ubiquitous,a novel safety concern known as the safety of the intended functionality(SOTIF)has emerged,presenting significant challenges to the widespread deployment of AVs.SOTIF focuses on issues arising from the functional insufficiencies of the AVs’intended functionality or its implementation,apart from conventional safety considerations.From the systems engineering standpoint,this study offers a comprehensive exploration of the SOTIF landscape by reviewing academic research,practical activities,challenges,and perspectives across the development,verification,validation,and operation phases.Academic research encompasses system-level SOTIF studies and algorithm-related SOTIF issues and solutions.Moreover,it encapsulates practical SOTIF activities undertaken by corporations,government entities,and academic institutions spanning international and Chinese contexts,focusing on the overarching methodologies and practices in different phases.Finally,the paper presents future challenges and outlook pertaining to the development,verification,validation,and operation phases,motivating stakeholders to address the remaining obstacles and challenges.展开更多
With the rapid expansion of unmanned system capabilities,integrating and sharing computing resources has become essential.In addition to enhancing resource utilization efficiency,this architecture may also introduce c...With the rapid expansion of unmanned system capabilities,integrating and sharing computing resources has become essential.In addition to enhancing resource utilization efficiency,this architecture may also introduce conflicts related to resource competition.Therefore,effective resource-sharing configurations are crucial to ensure the Safety of the Intended Functionality(SOTIF).This paper proposes a computing resource configuration analysis and optimization methods for SOTIF.First,four SOTIF requirements are explored using the computing resource-sharing architecture for unmanned systems,encompassing computing time,computing power,energy consumption restrictions,and mutual exclusion and correlation.Secondly,the computing resource configuration model and its SOTIF constraints are formalized based on the graph and set theories.Subsequently,this study divides the design process of computing resource configuration schemes into resource selection and allocation.It introduces a resource selection optimization method based on Forward Checking and a resource allocation optimization method based on NSGA-II.Finally,a typical unmanned driving scenario is considered as an example,and the optimal resource selection and allocation schemes are sequentially determined using the proposed method on the computing platform.展开更多
The recent Conference of the Parties of the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change has resulted in the submission of the Intended Nationally Determined Contributions (INDCs) of 190 countries. This study...The recent Conference of the Parties of the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change has resulted in the submission of the Intended Nationally Determined Contributions (INDCs) of 190 countries. This study aims to provide an analysis of the ambitiousness and fairness of the mitigation components of the INDCs submitted by various parties. We use a unified framework to assess 23 INDCs that cover 50 countries, including European Union (EU)-28 countries as parties to the Convention, which represent 87.45% of the global greenhouse gas emissions in 2012. First, we transform initial INDC files into reported reduction targets. Second, we create four schemes and six scenarios to determine the required reduction effort, which considers each nation's reduction responsibility, capacity, and potential, thereby reflecting their historical and current development status. Finally, we combine the reported reduction target and the required reduction effort to assess INDCs. Evaluation results of the 23 emitters indicate that 2 emitters (i.e., EU and Brazil) are rated as "sufficient," 7 emitters (e.g., China, the United States, and Canada) are rated as "moderate," and 14 emitters (e.g., India, Russia, and Japan) are rated as "insufficient." Most pledges exhibit a considerable distance from representing a fair contribution.展开更多
Electronic control suspension(ECS)systems are of significance to ride comfort and handling stability of ground vehicles.However,ECS systems may pose unreasonable safety risks due to performance inadequacies or imprope...Electronic control suspension(ECS)systems are of significance to ride comfort and handling stability of ground vehicles.However,ECS systems may pose unreasonable safety risks due to performance inadequacies or improper use by drivers,which are referred to as safety of the intended functionality(SOTIF)issues.Aiming to address the inadequate performance of the ECS system,this study proposes a model predictive control(MPC)method,with a particular focus on ensuring SOTIF.First,Systems theoretic process analysis(STPA)is utilized to assess the SOTIF of the ECS system and the ECS system control architecture is built.Then,Models including the input model,lateral and vertical coupled dynamics model,and nonlinear actuator model are established.In addition,an MPC strategy with explicit dynamic constraints is designed,incorporating the dynamic mechanical performance boundaries of ECS actuators into the constraints of the controller.Subsequently,a hardware-in-the-loop testing platform is constructed for the ECS system to conduct simulation experiments under various operating conditions.Results demonstrate that the designed control strategy effectively mitigates performance inadequacies of the suspension system,significantly enhancing its overall functionality and safety.展开更多
My childhood and adolescence1were a joyous outpouring2 of energy,a ceaseless3 quest for expression,skill,and experience.School was only a background to the supreme delight of lessons in music,dance,and dramatics,and t...My childhood and adolescence1were a joyous outpouring2 of energy,a ceaseless3 quest for expression,skill,and experience.School was only a background to the supreme delight of lessons in music,dance,and dramatics,and the thrill of sojourns4 in the country,theaters,and concerts.And books,展开更多
The dictum of Hippocrates“Let thy food be thy medicine and medicine be thy food”is potentially both more accurate and more dangerous than ever before.This dictum can only be realistically applied if all foods are kn...The dictum of Hippocrates“Let thy food be thy medicine and medicine be thy food”is potentially both more accurate and more dangerous than ever before.This dictum can only be realistically applied if all foods are known to be safe.Nowadays foods are being produced,which are processed in a variety of ways with ingredients sourced from many different countries and processed in a variety of ways.This processing may include the addition of supplements which are intended to improve health and of adulterants which are potentially harmful.Additionally,foods may be contaminated with pesticides and other materials encountered during production and processing.Thus there is a need to identify“unsafe”foods.The question may be better put as:Which foods are safe?展开更多
Research indicates that high levels of sedentary behavior(sitting or lying with low energy expenditure) are adversely associated with health. A key factor in improving our understanding of the impact of sedentary beha...Research indicates that high levels of sedentary behavior(sitting or lying with low energy expenditure) are adversely associated with health. A key factor in improving our understanding of the impact of sedentary behavior(and patterns of sedentary time accumulation) on health is the use of objective measurement tools that collect date and time-stamped activity information. One such tool is the activP AL monitor. This thigh-worn device uses accelerometer-derived information about thigh position to determine the start and end of each period spent sitting/lying, standing, and stepping, as well as stepping speed, step counts, and postural transitions. The activP AL is increasingly being used within field-based research for its ability to measure sitting/lying via posture. We summarise key issues to consider when using the activP AL in physical activity and sedentary behavior field-based research with adult populations. It is intended that the findings and discussion points be informative for researchers who are currently using activP AL monitors or are intending to use them. Pre-data collection decisions, monitor preparation and distribution, data collection considerations, and manual and automated data processing possibilities are presented using examples from current literature and experiences from 2 research groups from the UK and Australia.展开更多
During the Fifth International Conference onEnvironmental Mutagens which was held in Cleveland,Ohio,USA on July 10-15,1989,the idea of organizing anInternational Symposium on Environmental Mutagenesisand Carcinogenesi...During the Fifth International Conference onEnvironmental Mutagens which was held in Cleveland,Ohio,USA on July 10-15,1989,the idea of organizing anInternational Symposium on Environmental Mutagenesisand Carcinogenesis in China was conceived.The ChineseEnvironmental Mutagen Society and the Institute of Genet-ics of Fudan University accepted the responsibility.展开更多
In English,especially in oral English,there are a large number of verb+particle combinations for us to account for.Among these combinations,many are idiomatic ones,of which the meanings cannot be easily figured out by...In English,especially in oral English,there are a large number of verb+particle combinations for us to account for.Among these combinations,many are idiomatic ones,of which the meanings cannot be easily figured out by simply adding the literal meaning of the verb to that of the particle.Therefore,even quite advanced EFL(English as a Foreign Language)learners get confused from time to time when trying to catch what such combinations are intended to mean.Studied from either the semantic or the syntactic point of view,such combinations show certain linguistic features which are quite different from the assumptions of the EFL learners and therefore worth our efforts to analyze.This paper is supposed to offer a tentative analysis of such combinations,in hope of enhancing EFL learners’mastery of them,practically as well as theoretically.展开更多
文摘This study aims to construct a virtual twin testing framework for the safety of the intended functionality of intelligent connected vehicles to address the safety requirements of intelligent driving and transportation systems.The research methods include the construction of a theoretical model of safety for intelligent connected vehicles based on the concept of virtual twins,the correlation study between key concepts and functional safety,and the application research of virtual twin technology in the safety testing of intelligent connected vehicles.The results reveal that the virtual twin testing framework can effectively enhance the functional safety of intelligent connected vehicles,reduce development costs,and shorten the product launch cycle.The conclusion suggests that this framework provides strong support for the healthy development of the intelligent connected vehicle industry and has a positive impact on the safety and efficiency of intelligent transportation systems.
文摘This study aimed to investigate various regimens of antihypertensive agents for different groups of patients and the outcomes in the real world. We retrospectively collected 974 prescriptions for hypertension from three hospitals in Beijing, along with medical records of 219 hypertensive patients from one of the hospitals to study the regimens and their effects on patients. The antihypertensive regimens were classified by different combinations of subclasses of antihypertensive agents. Nearly all prescriptions can be classified into 11 different antihypertensive regimens, and most of them are combination therapy. Grade III hypertension patients significantly （P〈0.001） tend to be treated with regimens containing calcium channel blocker （CCB） and RAAS inhibitors, angiotensin II receptor blocker （ARB） or angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitor （ACEI）. β-Blockers are more likely to be combined with CCB than with other categories of antihypertensive agents. Hydrochlorothiazide is less widely used than recommended.
基金the National Natural Science Foundation of China (60673071, 60743003, 90718005, 90718006)the National High Technology Research and Development Program of China (863 Program) (2006AA01Z442, 2007AA01Z411)
文摘The method of extracting and describing the intended behavior of software precisely has become one of the key points in the fields of software behavior＇s dynamic and trusted authentication. In this paper, the author proposes a specified measure of extracting SIBDS （software intended behaviors describing sets） statically from the binary executable using the software＇s API functions invoking, and also introduces the definition of the structure used to store the SIBDS in detail. Experimental results demonstrate that the extracting method and the storage structure definition offers three strong properties： （i） it can describe the software＇s intended behavior accurately; （ii） it demands a small storage expense; （iii） it provides strong capability to defend against mimicry attack.
基金supported by the National Science Foundation of China Project(52072215,U1964203,52242213,and 52221005)National Key Research and Development(R&D)Program of China(2022YFB2503003)State Key Laboratory of Intelligent Green Vehicle and Mobility。
文摘As the complexity of autonomous vehicles(AVs)continues to increase and artificial intelligence algorithms are becoming increasingly ubiquitous,a novel safety concern known as the safety of the intended functionality(SOTIF)has emerged,presenting significant challenges to the widespread deployment of AVs.SOTIF focuses on issues arising from the functional insufficiencies of the AVs’intended functionality or its implementation,apart from conventional safety considerations.From the systems engineering standpoint,this study offers a comprehensive exploration of the SOTIF landscape by reviewing academic research,practical activities,challenges,and perspectives across the development,verification,validation,and operation phases.Academic research encompasses system-level SOTIF studies and algorithm-related SOTIF issues and solutions.Moreover,it encapsulates practical SOTIF activities undertaken by corporations,government entities,and academic institutions spanning international and Chinese contexts,focusing on the overarching methodologies and practices in different phases.Finally,the paper presents future challenges and outlook pertaining to the development,verification,validation,and operation phases,motivating stakeholders to address the remaining obstacles and challenges.
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(Grant Nos.72301296,72471192,72101270 and U2341213).
文摘With the rapid expansion of unmanned system capabilities,integrating and sharing computing resources has become essential.In addition to enhancing resource utilization efficiency,this architecture may also introduce conflicts related to resource competition.Therefore,effective resource-sharing configurations are crucial to ensure the Safety of the Intended Functionality(SOTIF).This paper proposes a computing resource configuration analysis and optimization methods for SOTIF.First,four SOTIF requirements are explored using the computing resource-sharing architecture for unmanned systems,encompassing computing time,computing power,energy consumption restrictions,and mutual exclusion and correlation.Secondly,the computing resource configuration model and its SOTIF constraints are formalized based on the graph and set theories.Subsequently,this study divides the design process of computing resource configuration schemes into resource selection and allocation.It introduces a resource selection optimization method based on Forward Checking and a resource allocation optimization method based on NSGA-II.Finally,a typical unmanned driving scenario is considered as an example,and the optimal resource selection and allocation schemes are sequentially determined using the proposed method on the computing platform.
文摘The recent Conference of the Parties of the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change has resulted in the submission of the Intended Nationally Determined Contributions (INDCs) of 190 countries. This study aims to provide an analysis of the ambitiousness and fairness of the mitigation components of the INDCs submitted by various parties. We use a unified framework to assess 23 INDCs that cover 50 countries, including European Union (EU)-28 countries as parties to the Convention, which represent 87.45% of the global greenhouse gas emissions in 2012. First, we transform initial INDC files into reported reduction targets. Second, we create four schemes and six scenarios to determine the required reduction effort, which considers each nation's reduction responsibility, capacity, and potential, thereby reflecting their historical and current development status. Finally, we combine the reported reduction target and the required reduction effort to assess INDCs. Evaluation results of the 23 emitters indicate that 2 emitters (i.e., EU and Brazil) are rated as "sufficient," 7 emitters (e.g., China, the United States, and Canada) are rated as "moderate," and 14 emitters (e.g., India, Russia, and Japan) are rated as "insufficient." Most pledges exhibit a considerable distance from representing a fair contribution.
基金Supported by Anhui Provincial Key Research and Development Projects(Grant No.202304a05020087)the National Natural Science Foundation of China(Grant No.52272392)the Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities(Grant No.JZ2023YQTD0073).
文摘Electronic control suspension(ECS)systems are of significance to ride comfort and handling stability of ground vehicles.However,ECS systems may pose unreasonable safety risks due to performance inadequacies or improper use by drivers,which are referred to as safety of the intended functionality(SOTIF)issues.Aiming to address the inadequate performance of the ECS system,this study proposes a model predictive control(MPC)method,with a particular focus on ensuring SOTIF.First,Systems theoretic process analysis(STPA)is utilized to assess the SOTIF of the ECS system and the ECS system control architecture is built.Then,Models including the input model,lateral and vertical coupled dynamics model,and nonlinear actuator model are established.In addition,an MPC strategy with explicit dynamic constraints is designed,incorporating the dynamic mechanical performance boundaries of ECS actuators into the constraints of the controller.Subsequently,a hardware-in-the-loop testing platform is constructed for the ECS system to conduct simulation experiments under various operating conditions.Results demonstrate that the designed control strategy effectively mitigates performance inadequacies of the suspension system,significantly enhancing its overall functionality and safety.
文摘My childhood and adolescence1were a joyous outpouring2 of energy,a ceaseless3 quest for expression,skill,and experience.School was only a background to the supreme delight of lessons in music,dance,and dramatics,and the thrill of sojourns4 in the country,theaters,and concerts.And books,
文摘The dictum of Hippocrates“Let thy food be thy medicine and medicine be thy food”is potentially both more accurate and more dangerous than ever before.This dictum can only be realistically applied if all foods are known to be safe.Nowadays foods are being produced,which are processed in a variety of ways with ingredients sourced from many different countries and processed in a variety of ways.This processing may include the addition of supplements which are intended to improve health and of adulterants which are potentially harmful.Additionally,foods may be contaminated with pesticides and other materials encountered during production and processing.Thus there is a need to identify“unsafe”foods.The question may be better put as:Which foods are safe?
基金supported by the National Institute for Health Researsch (NIHR) DietLifestyle & Physical Activity Biomedical Research Unit based at University Hospitals of Leicester and Loughborough University+5 种基金the National Institute for Health Research Collaboration for Leadership in Applied Health Research and Care-East Midlands (NIHR CLAHRC- EM)the Leicester Clinical Trials Unitsupported by a National Health and Medical Research Council (NHMRC) Centre for Research Excellence Grant on Sitting Time and Chronic Disease Prevention-Measurement, Mechanisms and Interventions (APP1057608)supported by a Heart Foundation Postdoctoral (PH 12B 7054)NHMRC Career Development (#1086029) Fellowshipsupported by an Australian Research Council Future Fellowship (FTE 100100918)
文摘Research indicates that high levels of sedentary behavior(sitting or lying with low energy expenditure) are adversely associated with health. A key factor in improving our understanding of the impact of sedentary behavior(and patterns of sedentary time accumulation) on health is the use of objective measurement tools that collect date and time-stamped activity information. One such tool is the activP AL monitor. This thigh-worn device uses accelerometer-derived information about thigh position to determine the start and end of each period spent sitting/lying, standing, and stepping, as well as stepping speed, step counts, and postural transitions. The activP AL is increasingly being used within field-based research for its ability to measure sitting/lying via posture. We summarise key issues to consider when using the activP AL in physical activity and sedentary behavior field-based research with adult populations. It is intended that the findings and discussion points be informative for researchers who are currently using activP AL monitors or are intending to use them. Pre-data collection decisions, monitor preparation and distribution, data collection considerations, and manual and automated data processing possibilities are presented using examples from current literature and experiences from 2 research groups from the UK and Australia.
文摘During the Fifth International Conference onEnvironmental Mutagens which was held in Cleveland,Ohio,USA on July 10-15,1989,the idea of organizing anInternational Symposium on Environmental Mutagenesisand Carcinogenesis in China was conceived.The ChineseEnvironmental Mutagen Society and the Institute of Genet-ics of Fudan University accepted the responsibility.
文摘In English,especially in oral English,there are a large number of verb+particle combinations for us to account for.Among these combinations,many are idiomatic ones,of which the meanings cannot be easily figured out by simply adding the literal meaning of the verb to that of the particle.Therefore,even quite advanced EFL(English as a Foreign Language)learners get confused from time to time when trying to catch what such combinations are intended to mean.Studied from either the semantic or the syntactic point of view,such combinations show certain linguistic features which are quite different from the assumptions of the EFL learners and therefore worth our efforts to analyze.This paper is supposed to offer a tentative analysis of such combinations,in hope of enhancing EFL learners’mastery of them,practically as well as theoretically.
