This study aims to construct a virtual twin testing framework for the safety of the intended functionality of intelligent connected vehicles to address the safety requirements of intelligent driving and transportation...This study aims to construct a virtual twin testing framework for the safety of the intended functionality of intelligent connected vehicles to address the safety requirements of intelligent driving and transportation systems.The research methods include the construction of a theoretical model of safety for intelligent connected vehicles based on the concept of virtual twins,the correlation study between key concepts and functional safety,and the application research of virtual twin technology in the safety testing of intelligent connected vehicles.The results reveal that the virtual twin testing framework can effectively enhance the functional safety of intelligent connected vehicles,reduce development costs,and shorten the product launch cycle.The conclusion suggests that this framework provides strong support for the healthy development of the intelligent connected vehicle industry and has a positive impact on the safety and efficiency of intelligent transportation systems.展开更多
This study aimed to investigate various regimens of antihypertensive agents for different groups of patients and the outcomes in the real world. We retrospectively collected 974 prescriptions for hypertension from thr...This study aimed to investigate various regimens of antihypertensive agents for different groups of patients and the outcomes in the real world. We retrospectively collected 974 prescriptions for hypertension from three hospitals in Beijing, along with medical records of 219 hypertensive patients from one of the hospitals to study the regimens and their effects on patients. The antihypertensive regimens were classified by different combinations of subclasses of antihypertensive agents. Nearly all prescriptions can be classified into 11 different antihypertensive regimens, and most of them are combination therapy. Grade III hypertension patients significantly （P〈0.001） tend to be treated with regimens containing calcium channel blocker （CCB） and RAAS inhibitors, angiotensin II receptor blocker （ARB） or angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitor （ACEI）. β-Blockers are more likely to be combined with CCB than with other categories of antihypertensive agents. Hydrochlorothiazide is less widely used than recommended.展开更多
The method of extracting and describing the intended behavior of software precisely has become one of the key points in the fields of software behavior＇s dynamic and trusted authentication. In this paper, the author ...The method of extracting and describing the intended behavior of software precisely has become one of the key points in the fields of software behavior＇s dynamic and trusted authentication. In this paper, the author proposes a specified measure of extracting SIBDS （software intended behaviors describing sets） statically from the binary executable using the software＇s API functions invoking, and also introduces the definition of the structure used to store the SIBDS in detail. Experimental results demonstrate that the extracting method and the storage structure definition offers three strong properties： （i） it can describe the software＇s intended behavior accurately; （ii） it demands a small storage expense; （iii） it provides strong capability to defend against mimicry attack.展开更多
As the complexity of autonomous vehicles(AVs)continues to increase and artificial intelligence algorithms are becoming increasingly ubiquitous,a novel safety concern known as the safety of the intended functionality(S...As the complexity of autonomous vehicles(AVs)continues to increase and artificial intelligence algorithms are becoming increasingly ubiquitous,a novel safety concern known as the safety of the intended functionality(SOTIF)has emerged,presenting significant challenges to the widespread deployment of AVs.SOTIF focuses on issues arising from the functional insufficiencies of the AVs’intended functionality or its implementation,apart from conventional safety considerations.From the systems engineering standpoint,this study offers a comprehensive exploration of the SOTIF landscape by reviewing academic research,practical activities,challenges,and perspectives across the development,verification,validation,and operation phases.Academic research encompasses system-level SOTIF studies and algorithm-related SOTIF issues and solutions.Moreover,it encapsulates practical SOTIF activities undertaken by corporations,government entities,and academic institutions spanning international and Chinese contexts,focusing on the overarching methodologies and practices in different phases.Finally,the paper presents future challenges and outlook pertaining to the development,verification,validation,and operation phases,motivating stakeholders to address the remaining obstacles and challenges.展开更多
Spar hopes to establish a long-term strategic alliance with China Aerospace Corporation (CASC) toward the next century. This was reiterated by J. C. Mackay, Senior Vice President and General Manager of Spar Space Syst...Spar hopes to establish a long-term strategic alliance with China Aerospace Corporation (CASC) toward the next century. This was reiterated by J. C. Mackay, Senior Vice President and General Manager of Spar Space Systems, when he met April 4 with Bai Baier, Vice President of CASC. During the meeting Spar briefed their Chinese counterparts on the status of Radarsat-1, launched last November aboard Delta-2 rocket., the satellite, with Synthetic Aperture Radar (SAR) as its principal instrument, has just finished its commissioning phase and been declared operational by its user, the Canadian Space Agency (CSA). The quality of the images it generates exceeds their specifications with the highest resolution of展开更多
It is learned from the Special Meeting of Leaders on Cloths of Humen Garment Market by the journalist that, Humen Garment will, upon the construction of business circle, launch a big event and mainly intend to create ...It is learned from the Special Meeting of Leaders on Cloths of Humen Garment Market by the journalist that, Humen Garment will, upon the construction of business circle, launch a big event and mainly intend to create three garment business circles as follows:展开更多
With the rapid expansion of unmanned system capabilities,integrating and sharing computing resources has become essential.In addition to enhancing resource utilization efficiency,this architecture may also introduce c...With the rapid expansion of unmanned system capabilities,integrating and sharing computing resources has become essential.In addition to enhancing resource utilization efficiency,this architecture may also introduce conflicts related to resource competition.Therefore,effective resource-sharing configurations are crucial to ensure the Safety of the Intended Functionality(SOTIF).This paper proposes a computing resource configuration analysis and optimization methods for SOTIF.First,four SOTIF requirements are explored using the computing resource-sharing architecture for unmanned systems,encompassing computing time,computing power,energy consumption restrictions,and mutual exclusion and correlation.Secondly,the computing resource configuration model and its SOTIF constraints are formalized based on the graph and set theories.Subsequently,this study divides the design process of computing resource configuration schemes into resource selection and allocation.It introduces a resource selection optimization method based on Forward Checking and a resource allocation optimization method based on NSGA-II.Finally,a typical unmanned driving scenario is considered as an example,and the optimal resource selection and allocation schemes are sequentially determined using the proposed method on the computing platform.展开更多
The recent Conference of the Parties of the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change has resulted in the submission of the Intended Nationally Determined Contributions (INDCs) of 190 countries. This study...The recent Conference of the Parties of the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change has resulted in the submission of the Intended Nationally Determined Contributions (INDCs) of 190 countries. This study aims to provide an analysis of the ambitiousness and fairness of the mitigation components of the INDCs submitted by various parties. We use a unified framework to assess 23 INDCs that cover 50 countries, including European Union (EU)-28 countries as parties to the Convention, which represent 87.45% of the global greenhouse gas emissions in 2012. First, we transform initial INDC files into reported reduction targets. Second, we create four schemes and six scenarios to determine the required reduction effort, which considers each nation's reduction responsibility, capacity, and potential, thereby reflecting their historical and current development status. Finally, we combine the reported reduction target and the required reduction effort to assess INDCs. Evaluation results of the 23 emitters indicate that 2 emitters (i.e., EU and Brazil) are rated as "sufficient," 7 emitters (e.g., China, the United States, and Canada) are rated as "moderate," and 14 emitters (e.g., India, Russia, and Japan) are rated as "insufficient." Most pledges exhibit a considerable distance from representing a fair contribution.展开更多
SAIC SAIC saw its total sales reach 1,340,000 units last year, including 911,000 passenger cars (413,400 from Shanghai GM and 352,000 by Shanghai VW). It is going to consolidate its leading role by perfecting brand ma...SAIC SAIC saw its total sales reach 1,340,000 units last year, including 911,000 passenger cars (413,400 from Shanghai GM and 352,000 by Shanghai VW). It is going to consolidate its leading role by perfecting brand management and strengthening the R& D.展开更多
Electronic control suspension(ECS)systems are of significance to ride comfort and handling stability of ground vehicles.However,ECS systems may pose unreasonable safety risks due to performance inadequacies or imprope...Electronic control suspension(ECS)systems are of significance to ride comfort and handling stability of ground vehicles.However,ECS systems may pose unreasonable safety risks due to performance inadequacies or improper use by drivers,which are referred to as safety of the intended functionality(SOTIF)issues.Aiming to address the inadequate performance of the ECS system,this study proposes a model predictive control(MPC)method,with a particular focus on ensuring SOTIF.First,Systems theoretic process analysis(STPA)is utilized to assess the SOTIF of the ECS system and the ECS system control architecture is built.Then,Models including the input model,lateral and vertical coupled dynamics model,and nonlinear actuator model are established.In addition,an MPC strategy with explicit dynamic constraints is designed,incorporating the dynamic mechanical performance boundaries of ECS actuators into the constraints of the controller.Subsequently,a hardware-in-the-loop testing platform is constructed for the ECS system to conduct simulation experiments under various operating conditions.Results demonstrate that the designed control strategy effectively mitigates performance inadequacies of the suspension system,significantly enhancing its overall functionality and safety.展开更多
文摘This study aims to construct a virtual twin testing framework for the safety of the intended functionality of intelligent connected vehicles to address the safety requirements of intelligent driving and transportation systems.The research methods include the construction of a theoretical model of safety for intelligent connected vehicles based on the concept of virtual twins,the correlation study between key concepts and functional safety,and the application research of virtual twin technology in the safety testing of intelligent connected vehicles.The results reveal that the virtual twin testing framework can effectively enhance the functional safety of intelligent connected vehicles,reduce development costs,and shorten the product launch cycle.The conclusion suggests that this framework provides strong support for the healthy development of the intelligent connected vehicle industry and has a positive impact on the safety and efficiency of intelligent transportation systems.
文摘This study aimed to investigate various regimens of antihypertensive agents for different groups of patients and the outcomes in the real world. We retrospectively collected 974 prescriptions for hypertension from three hospitals in Beijing, along with medical records of 219 hypertensive patients from one of the hospitals to study the regimens and their effects on patients. The antihypertensive regimens were classified by different combinations of subclasses of antihypertensive agents. Nearly all prescriptions can be classified into 11 different antihypertensive regimens, and most of them are combination therapy. Grade III hypertension patients significantly （P〈0.001） tend to be treated with regimens containing calcium channel blocker （CCB） and RAAS inhibitors, angiotensin II receptor blocker （ARB） or angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitor （ACEI）. β-Blockers are more likely to be combined with CCB than with other categories of antihypertensive agents. Hydrochlorothiazide is less widely used than recommended.
基金the National Natural Science Foundation of China (60673071, 60743003, 90718005, 90718006)the National High Technology Research and Development Program of China (863 Program) (2006AA01Z442, 2007AA01Z411)
文摘The method of extracting and describing the intended behavior of software precisely has become one of the key points in the fields of software behavior＇s dynamic and trusted authentication. In this paper, the author proposes a specified measure of extracting SIBDS （software intended behaviors describing sets） statically from the binary executable using the software＇s API functions invoking, and also introduces the definition of the structure used to store the SIBDS in detail. Experimental results demonstrate that the extracting method and the storage structure definition offers three strong properties： （i） it can describe the software＇s intended behavior accurately; （ii） it demands a small storage expense; （iii） it provides strong capability to defend against mimicry attack.
基金supported by the National Science Foundation of China Project(52072215,U1964203,52242213,and 52221005)National Key Research and Development(R&D)Program of China(2022YFB2503003)State Key Laboratory of Intelligent Green Vehicle and Mobility。
文摘As the complexity of autonomous vehicles(AVs)continues to increase and artificial intelligence algorithms are becoming increasingly ubiquitous,a novel safety concern known as the safety of the intended functionality(SOTIF)has emerged,presenting significant challenges to the widespread deployment of AVs.SOTIF focuses on issues arising from the functional insufficiencies of the AVs’intended functionality or its implementation,apart from conventional safety considerations.From the systems engineering standpoint,this study offers a comprehensive exploration of the SOTIF landscape by reviewing academic research,practical activities,challenges,and perspectives across the development,verification,validation,and operation phases.Academic research encompasses system-level SOTIF studies and algorithm-related SOTIF issues and solutions.Moreover,it encapsulates practical SOTIF activities undertaken by corporations,government entities,and academic institutions spanning international and Chinese contexts,focusing on the overarching methodologies and practices in different phases.Finally,the paper presents future challenges and outlook pertaining to the development,verification,validation,and operation phases,motivating stakeholders to address the remaining obstacles and challenges.
文摘Spar hopes to establish a long-term strategic alliance with China Aerospace Corporation (CASC) toward the next century. This was reiterated by J. C. Mackay, Senior Vice President and General Manager of Spar Space Systems, when he met April 4 with Bai Baier, Vice President of CASC. During the meeting Spar briefed their Chinese counterparts on the status of Radarsat-1, launched last November aboard Delta-2 rocket., the satellite, with Synthetic Aperture Radar (SAR) as its principal instrument, has just finished its commissioning phase and been declared operational by its user, the Canadian Space Agency (CSA). The quality of the images it generates exceeds their specifications with the highest resolution of
文摘It is learned from the Special Meeting of Leaders on Cloths of Humen Garment Market by the journalist that, Humen Garment will, upon the construction of business circle, launch a big event and mainly intend to create three garment business circles as follows:
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(Grant Nos.72301296,72471192,72101270 and U2341213).
文摘With the rapid expansion of unmanned system capabilities,integrating and sharing computing resources has become essential.In addition to enhancing resource utilization efficiency,this architecture may also introduce conflicts related to resource competition.Therefore,effective resource-sharing configurations are crucial to ensure the Safety of the Intended Functionality(SOTIF).This paper proposes a computing resource configuration analysis and optimization methods for SOTIF.First,four SOTIF requirements are explored using the computing resource-sharing architecture for unmanned systems,encompassing computing time,computing power,energy consumption restrictions,and mutual exclusion and correlation.Secondly,the computing resource configuration model and its SOTIF constraints are formalized based on the graph and set theories.Subsequently,this study divides the design process of computing resource configuration schemes into resource selection and allocation.It introduces a resource selection optimization method based on Forward Checking and a resource allocation optimization method based on NSGA-II.Finally,a typical unmanned driving scenario is considered as an example,and the optimal resource selection and allocation schemes are sequentially determined using the proposed method on the computing platform.
文摘The recent Conference of the Parties of the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change has resulted in the submission of the Intended Nationally Determined Contributions (INDCs) of 190 countries. This study aims to provide an analysis of the ambitiousness and fairness of the mitigation components of the INDCs submitted by various parties. We use a unified framework to assess 23 INDCs that cover 50 countries, including European Union (EU)-28 countries as parties to the Convention, which represent 87.45% of the global greenhouse gas emissions in 2012. First, we transform initial INDC files into reported reduction targets. Second, we create four schemes and six scenarios to determine the required reduction effort, which considers each nation's reduction responsibility, capacity, and potential, thereby reflecting their historical and current development status. Finally, we combine the reported reduction target and the required reduction effort to assess INDCs. Evaluation results of the 23 emitters indicate that 2 emitters (i.e., EU and Brazil) are rated as "sufficient," 7 emitters (e.g., China, the United States, and Canada) are rated as "moderate," and 14 emitters (e.g., India, Russia, and Japan) are rated as "insufficient." Most pledges exhibit a considerable distance from representing a fair contribution.
文摘SAIC SAIC saw its total sales reach 1,340,000 units last year, including 911,000 passenger cars (413,400 from Shanghai GM and 352,000 by Shanghai VW). It is going to consolidate its leading role by perfecting brand management and strengthening the R& D.
基金Supported by Anhui Provincial Key Research and Development Projects(Grant No.202304a05020087)the National Natural Science Foundation of China(Grant No.52272392)the Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities(Grant No.JZ2023YQTD0073).
文摘Electronic control suspension(ECS)systems are of significance to ride comfort and handling stability of ground vehicles.However,ECS systems may pose unreasonable safety risks due to performance inadequacies or improper use by drivers,which are referred to as safety of the intended functionality(SOTIF)issues.Aiming to address the inadequate performance of the ECS system,this study proposes a model predictive control(MPC)method,with a particular focus on ensuring SOTIF.First,Systems theoretic process analysis(STPA)is utilized to assess the SOTIF of the ECS system and the ECS system control architecture is built.Then,Models including the input model,lateral and vertical coupled dynamics model,and nonlinear actuator model are established.In addition,an MPC strategy with explicit dynamic constraints is designed,incorporating the dynamic mechanical performance boundaries of ECS actuators into the constraints of the controller.Subsequently,a hardware-in-the-loop testing platform is constructed for the ECS system to conduct simulation experiments under various operating conditions.Results demonstrate that the designed control strategy effectively mitigates performance inadequacies of the suspension system,significantly enhancing its overall functionality and safety.
