A new species of gekkonid,Gekko liui sp.nov.,is described based on six specimens from Dazhou Island,Wanning City,Hainan,China.This new species is distinguished from its congeners by significant genetic divergence(>...A new species of gekkonid,Gekko liui sp.nov.,is described based on six specimens from Dazhou Island,Wanning City,Hainan,China.This new species is distinguished from its congeners by significant genetic divergence(>4.6% in the mitochondrial ND2 gene) and morphological characters,including a small body size(SVL 48.92– 56.67 mm,n = 6),nares in contact with rostral scale,37–42 interorbital scales between anterior corners of the eyes,140–148 ventral scales from mental to cloacal slit,103–118 midbody scale rows,34– 39 ventral scale rows,10–11 subdigital lamellae on the first toe and 12–13 on the fourth toe,webbing present in the fingers and toes,with tubercles on the dorsal surface of the tail,20–23 precloacal pores in males,and dorsal surface of body with six or seven large dark and brown bicolor bands between the nape and sacrum.The discovery of this new species brings the number of Gekko(subgenus Japonigekko) species in China to 23 and in Hainan Province to 4.展开更多
The Odorrana schmackeri sensu la to is a group of cascade frogs that are widely distributed in southern China.However,their taxonomy has long been unresolved and several cryptic species have been reported in the past ...The Odorrana schmackeri sensu la to is a group of cascade frogs that are widely distributed in southern China.However,their taxonomy has long been unresolved and several cryptic species have been reported in the past decade.Previous analyses revealed the existence of three sympatrie species(i.c,O.schmackeri,O.hejiangensis and O.sp2) at the type locality of O.schmackeri(Gaojiayan Town,Yichang City,Hubei Province,China).However,the lack of an original description for the holotype specimen(SMF6241) of O.schmackeri poses a confusing and controversial problem in species nomination within this group.Here,we reevaluate the taxonomic affinities of SMF6241 and examine the distinctness of O.sp2 based on specimens from the type locality.We use integrative approaches that combine morphology with 10 microsatellite loci and bioacoustics.Canonical discriminant analysis of morphological characteristics revealed three distinct groupings(i.e.,O.schmackeri,O.hejiangensis and O.sp2) and attributed SMF6241 to O.schmackeri.Genetic clustering analysis of nuclear DNA also identified three corresponding clusters.In addition,analysis of interspecific variation in morphometrics and acoustics showed divergence between O.sp2 and its sympatric congeners.All lines of evidence from morphological,molecular and bioacoustic approaches suggest the species status of O.sp2,namely Odorrana ichangensis Chen,sp.nov.Overall,this study resolves the taxonomic assignment of the holotype of O.schmackeri and provides an example for species delimitation using integrative approaches.展开更多
Taxonomy plays an important role in understanding the origin, evolution, and ecological functionality of biodiversity. There are large number of unknown species yet to be described by taxonomists, which together with ...Taxonomy plays an important role in understanding the origin, evolution, and ecological functionality of biodiversity. There are large number of unknown species yet to be described by taxonomists, which together with their ecosystem services cannot be effectively protected prior to description. Despite this, taxonomy has been increasingly underrated insufficient funds and permanent positions to retain young talents. Further, the impact factordriven evaluation systems in China exacerbate this downward trend, so alternative evaluation metrics are urgently necessary. When the current generation of outstanding taxonomists retires,there will be too few remaining taxonomists left to train the next generation. In light of these challenges, all co-authors worked together on this paper to analyze the current situation of taxonomy and put out a joint call for immediate actions to advance taxonomy in China.展开更多
This paper explores the integrative utilization of morphology and geometric morphometrics in order to deal with sibling species in Torrenticolidae. The results suggest:(1) Features of anterior margins of coxae, dorsog...This paper explores the integrative utilization of morphology and geometric morphometrics in order to deal with sibling species in Torrenticolidae. The results suggest:(1) Features of anterior margins of coxae, dorsoglandularia 1–4 and infracapitulum can be utilized in landmark-based geometric morphometrics approach;(2) A new species, Torrenticola brevisuturae Gu & Guo, sp. nov., is reported in this paper.展开更多
A new unstriped Ichthyophis is found in Yunnan, China, it is distinguished from its unstriped congeners in morphology by a combination of characters including HL(head length), the number of annuli(369–372), vertebrae...A new unstriped Ichthyophis is found in Yunnan, China, it is distinguished from its unstriped congeners in morphology by a combination of characters including HL(head length), the number of annuli(369–372), vertebrae(114), inner mandibular teeth(36) and premaxillary-maxillary(51). The new species is also distinguished from its closest neighbour congener by a significant genetic divergence which is greater than 5.8% in the mitochondrial COI gene and greater than 6.3% in the mitochondrial cyt-b gene. As the first unstriped Ichthyophis species found in China,it is also the second species of Caecilians(Amphibian:Gymnophiona) found in China.展开更多
Despite the urgent need for conservation consideration,strategic action plans for the preservation of the Asian honeybee,Apis cerana Fabricius,1793,remain lacking.Both the convergent and divergent adaptations of this ...Despite the urgent need for conservation consideration,strategic action plans for the preservation of the Asian honeybee,Apis cerana Fabricius,1793,remain lacking.Both the convergent and divergent adaptations of this widespread insect have led to confusing phenotypical traits and inconsistent infraspecific taxonomy.Unclear subspecies boundaries pose a significant challenge to honeybee conservation efforts,as it is difficult to effectively prioritize conservation targets without a clear understanding of subspecies identities.Here,we investigated genome variations in 362 worker bees representing almost all populations of mainland A.cerana to understand how evolution has shaped its population structure.Whole-genome single nucleotide polymorphisms(SNPs)based on nuclear sequences revealed eight putative subspecies,with all seven peripheral subspecies exhibiting mutually exclusive monophyly and distinct genetic divergence from the widespread central subspecies.Our results demonstrated that most classic morphological traits,including body size,were related to the climatic variables of the local habitats and did not reflect the true evolutionary history of the organism.Thus,such morphological traits were not suitable for subspecific delineation.Conversely,wing vein characters showed relative independence to the environment and supported the subspecies boundaries inferred from nuclear genomes.Mitochondrial phylogeny further indicated that the present subspecies structure was a result of multiple waves of population divergence from a common ancestor.Based on our findings,we propose that criteria for subspecies delineation should be based on evolutionary independence,trait distinction,and geographic isolation.We formally defined and described eight subspecies of mainland A.cerana.Elucidation of the evolutionary history and subspecies boundaries enables a customized conservation strategy for both widespread and endemic honeybee conservation units,guiding colony introduction and breeding.展开更多
We report on a hexactinellid sponge new to science,Walteria demeterae sp.nov.,which was collected from the northwestern Pacific seamounts at depths of 1271–1703 m.Its tubular and basiphytous body,extensive lateral pr...We report on a hexactinellid sponge new to science,Walteria demeterae sp.nov.,which was collected from the northwestern Pacific seamounts at depths of 1271–1703 m.Its tubular and basiphytous body,extensive lateral processes,numerous oval lateral oscula which are irregularly situated in the body wall,the presence of microscleres with oxyoidal,discoidal and onychoidal outer ends,and the absence of anchorate discohexasters,indicate it belongs to the genus Walteria of family Euplectellidae,which is also supported by molecular phylogenetic evidence from 18 S,28 S,16 S rRNA and cytochrome c oxidase subunit I(COI)gene sequences.The unique morphotype,which is structured by a thin and rigid framework of body wall and lateral processes consisting of diactins,characterizes it as a new species.Local aggregations of individuals of this new species coupled with their associated macrofauna in the Suda Seamount are reported,highlighting its functional significance in providing biogenic microhabitats in the deep sea.展开更多
The genus Minervarya is among the most widely distributed,commonly occurring,and taxonomically confusing groups of dicroglossid frogs in India.Recent studies have provided evidence that this genus contains complexes o...The genus Minervarya is among the most widely distributed,commonly occurring,and taxonomically confusing groups of dicroglossid frogs in India.Recent studies have provided evidence that this genus contains complexes of morphologically conserved but genetically divergent taxa—some widely distributed across South and Southeast Asia,and many particularly restricted to the Western Ghats region of the Indian Peninsula—posing several challenges in resolving long-standing taxonomic confusions.Here,we present a systematic review of minervaryan species found in Peninsular India,based on extensive DNA barcoding with nearly 400 samples from the entire range of the genus,including 277 new samples and topotypic material for most available names from the study area,combined with detailed morphological studies.As a result,we recognise 18 species in Peninsular India,including a new species described herein as Minervarya pentali sp.nov.Due to the comprehensive nature of the study,including comparisons with all available types,certain long-standing taxonomic uncertainties on the status of ten previously known taxa are resolved Rana(Tomopterna)parambikulamana Rao,1937(=Minervarya parambikulamana),Rana(Hylorana)sauriceps Rao,1937(=Minervarya sauriceps),and Fejervarya kudremukhensis Kuramoto,Joshy,Kurabayashi,and Sumida,2008"2007"(=Minervarya kudremukhensis),are considered as junior subjective synonyms of Rana(Rana)limnocharis mysorensis Rao,1922(=Minervarya mysorensis);Nyctibatrachus sanctipdustris var.modestus Rao,1920(=Minervarya modesta)is proposed to be a synonym of Rana limnocharis syhadrensis Annandale,1919(=Minervarya syhadrensis);while Rana murthii Pillai,1979(=Minervarya murthii)and Fejervarya mudduraja Kuramoto,Joshy,Kurabayashi,and Sumida,2008"2007"(=Minervarya mudduraja)are considered as junior subjective synonyms of Rana nilagirica Jerdon,1853(=Minervarya nilagirica).At the same time,Rana brevipalmata Peters,1871(=Minervarya brevipalmata),previously known only from its original description and the type specimen,is recognised as a distinct species referable to live populations in the Western Ghats.The study results in taxonomic stability of all the currently recognised members of the genus in Peninsular India.Significant geographical range extensions of species previously known from single localities are also provided based on morphologically and genetically confirmed records.Additionally,we classify all the recognised species into eight species-groups,with the aim of facilitating a better working taxonomy and future systematic studies on minervaryan frogs across their entire known range in Asia.展开更多
Two populations of the kentrurostylid ciliate Pseudokeronopsis erythrina Chen et al.,2011 were isolated from a brackish wastewater treatment plant,Pisa,Italy and from a nutrient-rich freshwater body,the East Lake,Wuha...Two populations of the kentrurostylid ciliate Pseudokeronopsis erythrina Chen et al.,2011 were isolated from a brackish wastewater treatment plant,Pisa,Italy and from a nutrient-rich freshwater body,the East Lake,Wuhan,China.The populations were thoroughly investigated for their morphology,focusing on cell body plasticity.The study was supplemented with 18S rDNA phylogenetic analysis and mitogenome sequencing,following the integrative taxonomy approach.The Italian population possesses a great variation in terms of the frontal area,and the numbers of left marginal rows,and dorsal kineties.Additionally,the number of left marginal anlagen and dorsal kineties anlagen varied.For instance,additional small anlagen appeared in the left marginal rows,and two dorsal kineties anlagen derived from a single dorsal kinety.The Wuhan population resembled the type population(originally isolated from Guangzhou,China),differing only by the presence of an extra dorsal kinety.The existence of giant individuals characterized both new populations of P.erythrina although with some differences in their respective frequency and features.The 18S rDNA sequences of the Italian,Wuhan,and type populations were identical.Phylogenetic analyses showed that these three populations formed a distinct cluster within the clade containing P.songi,P.parasongi,and P.flava.The structure of the P.erythrina mitochondrial genome is also provided.The content of this genome closely resembled Pseudourostyla cristata,except for the absence of genes nadh3 and nadh6.Our findings suggest that the Wuhan population represents an intermediate form between the type and Italian populations.The greater morphological plasticity observed in the Italian population underscores the importance of molecular data and integrative analyses in species identification.展开更多
Astome ciliates live in the digestive tract of a broad spectrum of marine, freshwater, and terricolous annelids. In aquatic lumbriculid and criodrilid oligochaetes collected in Central Europe, we rediscovered three in...Astome ciliates live in the digestive tract of a broad spectrum of marine, freshwater, and terricolous annelids. In aquatic lumbriculid and criodrilid oligochaetes collected in Central Europe, we rediscovered three insufficiently known astomes: Hoplitophrya secans, Mesnilella clavata, and Buchneriella criodrili. Their morphology was studied using in vivo observation, protargol, and dry silver nitrate impregnation. Multiple nuclear and mitochondrial molecular markers were used to determine their phylogenetic positions and reconstruct their evolutionary history. According to our phylogenetic analyses: (1) mouthless ciliates isolated from annelids form a robustly supported monophylum within the class Oligohymenophorea, (2) the progenitor of astomes invaded the digestive tract of marine polychaetes during the Paleozoic era, (3) lumbricid earthworms likely served as a source of astomes for criodrilid, almid, and megascolecid earthworms, (4) the ancestral host of the earthworm-dwelling astome clade led an endogeic lifestyle, and (5) there were multiple independent transfers of astomes from endogeic to epigeic and anecic earthworms. These findings support previous views of the annelid phylogeny, suggesting that astomes reside and evolve in tandem with annelids for several hundred million years.展开更多
How many species of life are there on Earth?This is a question that we want to know but cannot yet answer.Some scholars speculate that the number of species may reach 2.2 billion when considering cryptic diversity and...How many species of life are there on Earth?This is a question that we want to know but cannot yet answer.Some scholars speculate that the number of species may reach 2.2 billion when considering cryptic diversity and that each morphology-based insect species may contain an average of 3.1 cryptic species.With nearly two million described species,such high estimates of cryptic diversity would suggest that cryptic species are widespread.The development of molecular species delimitation has led to the discovery of a large number of cryptic species,and cryptic biodiversity has gradually entered ourfield of vision and attracted more attention.This paper introduces the concept of cryptic species,how they evolve,and methods by which they may be discovered and confirmed,and provides theoretical and methodological guidance for the study of hidden species.A workflow of how to confirm cryptic species is provided.In addition,the importance and reliability of multi-evidence-based integrated taxonomy are reaffirmed as a way to better standardize decision-making processes.Special focus on cryptic diversity and increased funding for taxonomy is needed to ensure that cryptic species in hyperdiverse groups are discoverable and described.An increased focus on cryptic species in the future will naturally arise as more difficult groups are studied,and thereby,we mayfinally better understand the rules governing the evolution and maintenance of cryptic biodiversity.展开更多
The use of the“integrative approach”for classification of organisms since its formal establishment in 2005 has become a recurrent theme of zoosystematics.A bibliometric survey of the publications on integrative taxo...The use of the“integrative approach”for classification of organisms since its formal establishment in 2005 has become a recurrent theme of zoosystematics.A bibliometric survey of the publications on integrative taxonomy of animals,which is aimed at exploring the most popular areas of research and characterizing the practical systematists’attitudes to this new approach,is presented.An analysis of 582 papers,which appeared between 2005 and 2017 in journals indexed by Scopus and the Web of Science Core Collection,has illustrated the gradual growth of the popularity of integrative taxonomy as well as some biases in the representation of higher taxa in“integrated”studies.It has been shown that the“integrative”papers have more chance of appearing in a top-ranking journal and gain relatively more citations as compared with non-integrative papers.The obtained results are discussed in the context of the“taxonomic impediment”problem thought to be a consequence of the institutional crisis of traditional taxonomy,which has been vividly debated over the past decades.展开更多
Bipolaris species are important plant pathogens with a worldwide distribution in tropical and temperate environments.Species recognition in Bipolaris has been problematic due to a lack of molecular data from ex-type c...Bipolaris species are important plant pathogens with a worldwide distribution in tropical and temperate environments.Species recognition in Bipolaris has been problematic due to a lack of molecular data from ex-type cultures,the use of few gene regions for species resolution and overlapping morphological characters.In this study,we evaluate the efficiency of different DNA barcodes in species delimitation in Bipolaris by phylogenetic analyses,Automatic Barcode Gap Discovery and Objective Clustering.GAPDH is determined to be the best single marker for the genus.These approaches are used to clarify the taxonomic placement of all sequences currently named as Bipolaris in GenBank based on ITS and GAPDH gene sequence data.In checking various publications,we found that the majority of new host records of fungal species published in the Plant Disease journal from 2010 to 2019 were based on BLAST searches of the ITS sequences and up to 82%of those records could be erroneous.Therefore,relying on BLAST searches from GenBank to name species is not recommended.Editorial boards of journals and reviewers of new record papers should be aware of this problem.In naming Bipolaris species,whether new or known,it is recommended to perform phylogenetic analyses based on GAPDH using the correct taxon sampling for accurate results and the species relationship should have reliable statistical support.At least two new species are represented by molecular data in GenBank and we provide an updated taxonomic revision of Bipolaris.We accept 45 species in Bipolaris and notes are provided for all the species including hosts and geographic distribution.展开更多
The genus Eois comprises an important part of megadiverse assemblages of geometrid moths in mountain rainforests of southern Ecuador. In this study we report： （i） on the construction of a DNA barcode library of Eoi...The genus Eois comprises an important part of megadiverse assemblages of geometrid moths in mountain rainforests of southern Ecuador. In this study we report： （i） on the construction of a DNA barcode library of Eois for identification purposes; and （ii） the exploration of species diversity through species delimitation by pair-wise distance thresholds. COl barcode sequences were generated from 408 individuals （at least 105 species） collected on a narrow geographic scale （-40 km2） in the Reserva Bioldgica San Francisco. Analyses of barcode sequence divergence showed that species delimitations based solely on external morphology result in broad overlap of intra- and interspecific distances. Species delimitation at a 2% pair-wise distance threshold reveals a clear barcoding gap. Fifty-two previously unrecognized species were identified, 31 of which could only be distinguished by an integrative taxonomy approach. Twelve additional putative species could only be recognized by threshold-based delimitation. Most splits resulted in two or three newly perceived cryptic taxa. The present study increased the number of Eois species recorded from that small area of Andean mountain forest from 102 to 154 （morphology- plus integrative taxonomy-based） or even 166 （sequence-based）, leaving the species accumulation curve still far from reaching an asymptote. Notably, in no case did two or more previously distinguished morphospecies have to be lumped. This barcode inventory can be used to match larvae to known adult samples without rearing, and will therefore be of vital help to extend the currently limited knowledge about food plant relationships and host specialization.展开更多
基金supported by Hainan Wanning Dazhou Island Marine Ecosystem National Natural Reserve Project: Survey of Terrestrial Animal Resources。
文摘A new species of gekkonid,Gekko liui sp.nov.,is described based on six specimens from Dazhou Island,Wanning City,Hainan,China.This new species is distinguished from its congeners by significant genetic divergence(>4.6% in the mitochondrial ND2 gene) and morphological characters,including a small body size(SVL 48.92– 56.67 mm,n = 6),nares in contact with rostral scale,37–42 interorbital scales between anterior corners of the eyes,140–148 ventral scales from mental to cloacal slit,103–118 midbody scale rows,34– 39 ventral scale rows,10–11 subdigital lamellae on the first toe and 12–13 on the fourth toe,webbing present in the fingers and toes,with tubercles on the dorsal surface of the tail,20–23 precloacal pores in males,and dorsal surface of body with six or seven large dark and brown bicolor bands between the nape and sacrum.The discovery of this new species brings the number of Gekko(subgenus Japonigekko) species in China to 23 and in Hainan Province to 4.
基金supported by the National Natural Sciences Foundation of China (NSFC-31872220, 31572245, 31372164)。
文摘The Odorrana schmackeri sensu la to is a group of cascade frogs that are widely distributed in southern China.However,their taxonomy has long been unresolved and several cryptic species have been reported in the past decade.Previous analyses revealed the existence of three sympatrie species(i.c,O.schmackeri,O.hejiangensis and O.sp2) at the type locality of O.schmackeri(Gaojiayan Town,Yichang City,Hubei Province,China).However,the lack of an original description for the holotype specimen(SMF6241) of O.schmackeri poses a confusing and controversial problem in species nomination within this group.Here,we reevaluate the taxonomic affinities of SMF6241 and examine the distinctness of O.sp2 based on specimens from the type locality.We use integrative approaches that combine morphology with 10 microsatellite loci and bioacoustics.Canonical discriminant analysis of morphological characteristics revealed three distinct groupings(i.e.,O.schmackeri,O.hejiangensis and O.sp2) and attributed SMF6241 to O.schmackeri.Genetic clustering analysis of nuclear DNA also identified three corresponding clusters.In addition,analysis of interspecific variation in morphometrics and acoustics showed divergence between O.sp2 and its sympatric congeners.All lines of evidence from morphological,molecular and bioacoustic approaches suggest the species status of O.sp2,namely Odorrana ichangensis Chen,sp.nov.Overall,this study resolves the taxonomic assignment of the holotype of O.schmackeri and provides an example for species delimitation using integrative approaches.
基金mainly supported by National Science Fund for Distinguished Young Scholars (31625024)a grant (2008DP173354) from the Key Laboratory of the Zoological Systematics and Evolution of the Chinese Academy of Sciences。
文摘Taxonomy plays an important role in understanding the origin, evolution, and ecological functionality of biodiversity. There are large number of unknown species yet to be described by taxonomists, which together with their ecosystem services cannot be effectively protected prior to description. Despite this, taxonomy has been increasingly underrated insufficient funds and permanent positions to retain young talents. Further, the impact factordriven evaluation systems in China exacerbate this downward trend, so alternative evaluation metrics are urgently necessary. When the current generation of outstanding taxonomists retires,there will be too few remaining taxonomists left to train the next generation. In light of these challenges, all co-authors worked together on this paper to analyze the current situation of taxonomy and put out a joint call for immediate actions to advance taxonomy in China.
基金supported by National Key R&D Program of China (2017YFD0201000)the National Natural Science Foundation of China (31772421, 31750002)Guizhou Science and Technology Project (Qiankehe Pingtai Rencai [2017]5788)。
文摘This paper explores the integrative utilization of morphology and geometric morphometrics in order to deal with sibling species in Torrenticolidae. The results suggest:(1) Features of anterior margins of coxae, dorsoglandularia 1–4 and infracapitulum can be utilized in landmark-based geometric morphometrics approach;(2) A new species, Torrenticola brevisuturae Gu & Guo, sp. nov., is reported in this paper.
文摘A new unstriped Ichthyophis is found in Yunnan, China, it is distinguished from its unstriped congeners in morphology by a combination of characters including HL(head length), the number of annuli(369–372), vertebrae(114), inner mandibular teeth(36) and premaxillary-maxillary(51). The new species is also distinguished from its closest neighbour congener by a significant genetic divergence which is greater than 5.8% in the mitochondrial COI gene and greater than 6.3% in the mitochondrial cyt-b gene. As the first unstriped Ichthyophis species found in China,it is also the second species of Caecilians(Amphibian:Gymnophiona) found in China.
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation(NSF)of China(32270475)Program of Ministry of Science and Technology of China(2018FY100403)+3 种基金National Special Support Program for High-level Talents(Ten-Thousand Talents Program)2115 Talent Development Program of China Agricultural University through Xin Z.S.L.is supported by Funds for International Cooperation and Exchange of the National Natural Science Foundation of China(3211001043)supported by the NSF of China(31470123)Jilin Science and Technology Program(20030561)through X.L.S.H.P.is supported by the National Mission on Himalayan Studies(NMHS)-Almora,Ministry of Environment,Forest and Climate Change,Government of India,through grant GBPNI/NMHS-2017-18/MG-12。
文摘Despite the urgent need for conservation consideration,strategic action plans for the preservation of the Asian honeybee,Apis cerana Fabricius,1793,remain lacking.Both the convergent and divergent adaptations of this widespread insect have led to confusing phenotypical traits and inconsistent infraspecific taxonomy.Unclear subspecies boundaries pose a significant challenge to honeybee conservation efforts,as it is difficult to effectively prioritize conservation targets without a clear understanding of subspecies identities.Here,we investigated genome variations in 362 worker bees representing almost all populations of mainland A.cerana to understand how evolution has shaped its population structure.Whole-genome single nucleotide polymorphisms(SNPs)based on nuclear sequences revealed eight putative subspecies,with all seven peripheral subspecies exhibiting mutually exclusive monophyly and distinct genetic divergence from the widespread central subspecies.Our results demonstrated that most classic morphological traits,including body size,were related to the climatic variables of the local habitats and did not reflect the true evolutionary history of the organism.Thus,such morphological traits were not suitable for subspecific delineation.Conversely,wing vein characters showed relative independence to the environment and supported the subspecies boundaries inferred from nuclear genomes.Mitochondrial phylogeny further indicated that the present subspecies structure was a result of multiple waves of population divergence from a common ancestor.Based on our findings,we propose that criteria for subspecies delineation should be based on evolutionary independence,trait distinction,and geographic isolation.We formally defined and described eight subspecies of mainland A.cerana.Elucidation of the evolutionary history and subspecies boundaries enables a customized conservation strategy for both widespread and endemic honeybee conservation units,guiding colony introduction and breeding.
基金The National Natural Science Foundation of China under contract No.41706149the Foundation of China Ocean Mineral Resources R&D Association under contract Nos DY135-E2-2-03 and DY135-E2-2-06the Scientific Research Fund of the Second Institute of Oceanography,Ministry of Natural Resources,under contract No.JG1716
文摘We report on a hexactinellid sponge new to science,Walteria demeterae sp.nov.,which was collected from the northwestern Pacific seamounts at depths of 1271–1703 m.Its tubular and basiphytous body,extensive lateral processes,numerous oval lateral oscula which are irregularly situated in the body wall,the presence of microscleres with oxyoidal,discoidal and onychoidal outer ends,and the absence of anchorate discohexasters,indicate it belongs to the genus Walteria of family Euplectellidae,which is also supported by molecular phylogenetic evidence from 18 S,28 S,16 S rRNA and cytochrome c oxidase subunit I(COI)gene sequences.The unique morphotype,which is structured by a thin and rigid framework of body wall and lateral processes consisting of diactins,characterizes it as a new species.Local aggregations of individuals of this new species coupled with their associated macrofauna in the Suda Seamount are reported,highlighting its functional significance in providing biogenic microhabitats in the deep sea.
基金partially supported by the following grants to SDB:Critical Ecosystem partnership Fund,Conservation International,USA(Project 55918/2009)。
文摘The genus Minervarya is among the most widely distributed,commonly occurring,and taxonomically confusing groups of dicroglossid frogs in India.Recent studies have provided evidence that this genus contains complexes of morphologically conserved but genetically divergent taxa—some widely distributed across South and Southeast Asia,and many particularly restricted to the Western Ghats region of the Indian Peninsula—posing several challenges in resolving long-standing taxonomic confusions.Here,we present a systematic review of minervaryan species found in Peninsular India,based on extensive DNA barcoding with nearly 400 samples from the entire range of the genus,including 277 new samples and topotypic material for most available names from the study area,combined with detailed morphological studies.As a result,we recognise 18 species in Peninsular India,including a new species described herein as Minervarya pentali sp.nov.Due to the comprehensive nature of the study,including comparisons with all available types,certain long-standing taxonomic uncertainties on the status of ten previously known taxa are resolved Rana(Tomopterna)parambikulamana Rao,1937(=Minervarya parambikulamana),Rana(Hylorana)sauriceps Rao,1937(=Minervarya sauriceps),and Fejervarya kudremukhensis Kuramoto,Joshy,Kurabayashi,and Sumida,2008"2007"(=Minervarya kudremukhensis),are considered as junior subjective synonyms of Rana(Rana)limnocharis mysorensis Rao,1922(=Minervarya mysorensis);Nyctibatrachus sanctipdustris var.modestus Rao,1920(=Minervarya modesta)is proposed to be a synonym of Rana limnocharis syhadrensis Annandale,1919(=Minervarya syhadrensis);while Rana murthii Pillai,1979(=Minervarya murthii)and Fejervarya mudduraja Kuramoto,Joshy,Kurabayashi,and Sumida,2008"2007"(=Minervarya mudduraja)are considered as junior subjective synonyms of Rana nilagirica Jerdon,1853(=Minervarya nilagirica).At the same time,Rana brevipalmata Peters,1871(=Minervarya brevipalmata),previously known only from its original description and the type specimen,is recognised as a distinct species referable to live populations in the Western Ghats.The study results in taxonomic stability of all the currently recognised members of the genus in Peninsular India.Significant geographical range extensions of species previously known from single localities are also provided based on morphologically and genetically confirmed records.Additionally,we classify all the recognised species into eight species-groups,with the aim of facilitating a better working taxonomy and future systematic studies on minervaryan frogs across their entire known range in Asia.
基金supported by the European Commission H2020-MSCA-RISE 2019(872767)the National Natural Science Foundation of China(32370475)+1 种基金the Biological taxonomist,Chinese Academy of Sciences(CAS-TAX-24-037)by the University of Pisa,PRA_2018_63 project.
文摘Two populations of the kentrurostylid ciliate Pseudokeronopsis erythrina Chen et al.,2011 were isolated from a brackish wastewater treatment plant,Pisa,Italy and from a nutrient-rich freshwater body,the East Lake,Wuhan,China.The populations were thoroughly investigated for their morphology,focusing on cell body plasticity.The study was supplemented with 18S rDNA phylogenetic analysis and mitogenome sequencing,following the integrative taxonomy approach.The Italian population possesses a great variation in terms of the frontal area,and the numbers of left marginal rows,and dorsal kineties.Additionally,the number of left marginal anlagen and dorsal kineties anlagen varied.For instance,additional small anlagen appeared in the left marginal rows,and two dorsal kineties anlagen derived from a single dorsal kinety.The Wuhan population resembled the type population(originally isolated from Guangzhou,China),differing only by the presence of an extra dorsal kinety.The existence of giant individuals characterized both new populations of P.erythrina although with some differences in their respective frequency and features.The 18S rDNA sequences of the Italian,Wuhan,and type populations were identical.Phylogenetic analyses showed that these three populations formed a distinct cluster within the clade containing P.songi,P.parasongi,and P.flava.The structure of the P.erythrina mitochondrial genome is also provided.The content of this genome closely resembled Pseudourostyla cristata,except for the absence of genes nadh3 and nadh6.Our findings suggest that the Wuhan population represents an intermediate form between the type and Italian populations.The greater morphological plasticity observed in the Italian population underscores the importance of molecular data and integrative analyses in species identification.
基金supported by the Slovak Research and Development Agency under contract No.APVV-19-0076 and No.APVV-23-0015by the Grant Agency of the Ministry of Education,Science,Research and Sport of the Slovak Republic and Slovak Academy of Sciences under the Grant VEGA 1/0013/21.provided by The Ministry of Education,Science,Research and Sport of the Slovak Republic in cooperation with Centre for Scientific and Technical Information of the Slovak Republic.
文摘Astome ciliates live in the digestive tract of a broad spectrum of marine, freshwater, and terricolous annelids. In aquatic lumbriculid and criodrilid oligochaetes collected in Central Europe, we rediscovered three insufficiently known astomes: Hoplitophrya secans, Mesnilella clavata, and Buchneriella criodrili. Their morphology was studied using in vivo observation, protargol, and dry silver nitrate impregnation. Multiple nuclear and mitochondrial molecular markers were used to determine their phylogenetic positions and reconstruct their evolutionary history. According to our phylogenetic analyses: (1) mouthless ciliates isolated from annelids form a robustly supported monophylum within the class Oligohymenophorea, (2) the progenitor of astomes invaded the digestive tract of marine polychaetes during the Paleozoic era, (3) lumbricid earthworms likely served as a source of astomes for criodrilid, almid, and megascolecid earthworms, (4) the ancestral host of the earthworm-dwelling astome clade led an endogeic lifestyle, and (5) there were multiple independent transfers of astomes from endogeic to epigeic and anecic earthworms. These findings support previous views of the annelid phylogeny, suggesting that astomes reside and evolve in tandem with annelids for several hundred million years.
基金supported by the Ningxia Hui Autonomous Region Agricultural Science and Technology Independent Innovation Fund(NGSB20211405)Key Laboratory of the Zoological Systematics and Evolution of the Chinese Academy of Sciences(2008DP173354)the Survey of Wildlife Resources in Key Areas of Tibet(ZL202203601).
文摘How many species of life are there on Earth?This is a question that we want to know but cannot yet answer.Some scholars speculate that the number of species may reach 2.2 billion when considering cryptic diversity and that each morphology-based insect species may contain an average of 3.1 cryptic species.With nearly two million described species,such high estimates of cryptic diversity would suggest that cryptic species are widespread.The development of molecular species delimitation has led to the discovery of a large number of cryptic species,and cryptic biodiversity has gradually entered ourfield of vision and attracted more attention.This paper introduces the concept of cryptic species,how they evolve,and methods by which they may be discovered and confirmed,and provides theoretical and methodological guidance for the study of hidden species.A workflow of how to confirm cryptic species is provided.In addition,the importance and reliability of multi-evidence-based integrated taxonomy are reaffirmed as a way to better standardize decision-making processes.Special focus on cryptic diversity and increased funding for taxonomy is needed to ensure that cryptic species in hyperdiverse groups are discoverable and described.An increased focus on cryptic species in the future will naturally arise as more difficult groups are studied,and thereby,we mayfinally better understand the rules governing the evolution and maintenance of cryptic biodiversity.
基金the Russian Foundation for Basic Research(project no.19-04-00270)the Russian Ministry for Higher Education and Science(project no.6.1352.2017/4.6)for financial support of his taxonomic studies.
文摘The use of the“integrative approach”for classification of organisms since its formal establishment in 2005 has become a recurrent theme of zoosystematics.A bibliometric survey of the publications on integrative taxonomy of animals,which is aimed at exploring the most popular areas of research and characterizing the practical systematists’attitudes to this new approach,is presented.An analysis of 582 papers,which appeared between 2005 and 2017 in journals indexed by Scopus and the Web of Science Core Collection,has illustrated the gradual growth of the popularity of integrative taxonomy as well as some biases in the representation of higher taxa in“integrated”studies.It has been shown that the“integrative”papers have more chance of appearing in a top-ranking journal and gain relatively more citations as compared with non-integrative papers.The obtained results are discussed in the context of the“taxonomic impediment”problem thought to be a consequence of the institutional crisis of traditional taxonomy,which has been vividly debated over the past decades.
基金The authors would like to thank Yunnan Provincial Key Programs of Yunnan Eco-friendly Food International Cooperation Research Center Project under Grant 2019ZG00908KD Hyde would like to thank the Thailand Research Fund,grant RDG6130001 entitled“Impact of climate change on fungal diversity and biogeography in the Greater Mekong Subregion”.
文摘Bipolaris species are important plant pathogens with a worldwide distribution in tropical and temperate environments.Species recognition in Bipolaris has been problematic due to a lack of molecular data from ex-type cultures,the use of few gene regions for species resolution and overlapping morphological characters.In this study,we evaluate the efficiency of different DNA barcodes in species delimitation in Bipolaris by phylogenetic analyses,Automatic Barcode Gap Discovery and Objective Clustering.GAPDH is determined to be the best single marker for the genus.These approaches are used to clarify the taxonomic placement of all sequences currently named as Bipolaris in GenBank based on ITS and GAPDH gene sequence data.In checking various publications,we found that the majority of new host records of fungal species published in the Plant Disease journal from 2010 to 2019 were based on BLAST searches of the ITS sequences and up to 82%of those records could be erroneous.Therefore,relying on BLAST searches from GenBank to name species is not recommended.Editorial boards of journals and reviewers of new record papers should be aware of this problem.In naming Bipolaris species,whether new or known,it is recommended to perform phylogenetic analyses based on GAPDH using the correct taxon sampling for accurate results and the species relationship should have reliable statistical support.At least two new species are represented by molecular data in GenBank and we provide an updated taxonomic revision of Bipolaris.We accept 45 species in Bipolaris and notes are provided for all the species including hosts and geographic distribution.
文摘The genus Eois comprises an important part of megadiverse assemblages of geometrid moths in mountain rainforests of southern Ecuador. In this study we report： （i） on the construction of a DNA barcode library of Eois for identification purposes; and （ii） the exploration of species diversity through species delimitation by pair-wise distance thresholds. COl barcode sequences were generated from 408 individuals （at least 105 species） collected on a narrow geographic scale （-40 km2） in the Reserva Bioldgica San Francisco. Analyses of barcode sequence divergence showed that species delimitations based solely on external morphology result in broad overlap of intra- and interspecific distances. Species delimitation at a 2% pair-wise distance threshold reveals a clear barcoding gap. Fifty-two previously unrecognized species were identified, 31 of which could only be distinguished by an integrative taxonomy approach. Twelve additional putative species could only be recognized by threshold-based delimitation. Most splits resulted in two or three newly perceived cryptic taxa. The present study increased the number of Eois species recorded from that small area of Andean mountain forest from 102 to 154 （morphology- plus integrative taxonomy-based） or even 166 （sequence-based）, leaving the species accumulation curve still far from reaching an asymptote. Notably, in no case did two or more previously distinguished morphospecies have to be lumped. This barcode inventory can be used to match larvae to known adult samples without rearing, and will therefore be of vital help to extend the currently limited knowledge about food plant relationships and host specialization.
