Drug regulation is the most important policy to ensure drug safety.In this article,we analyzed institutional changes and problems in China＇s drug regulation.In addition,suggestions were provided to enhance the capaci...Drug regulation is the most important policy to ensure drug safety.In this article,we analyzed institutional changes and problems in China＇s drug regulation.In addition,suggestions were provided to enhance the capacity of drug regulation,including a clearer functional positioning for drug regulation,increased resource inputs in drug regulation at central level,a more rational allocation of vertical drug regulatory functions,and an improved supervision mechanism for regulatory departments.展开更多
Based on panel data of 17 economies in the G20 from 1995 to 2014,this paper,in terms of the total samples,developed countries and developing countries,explored the impact of national income on outbound tourism and the...Based on panel data of 17 economies in the G20 from 1995 to 2014,this paper,in terms of the total samples,developed countries and developing countries,explored the impact of national income on outbound tourism and the moderating effect of institutional change on the relationship between national income and outbound tourism.The results showed that:(1)for the total samples,developed countries and developing countries,national income had a positive impact on outbound tourism;(2)for the total samples and developing countries,institutional change had a positive moderating effect on national income and outbound tourism,indicating that with the deepening of marketization,the facilitating role of national income on outbound tourism strengthened;(3)for developed countries,institutional change had a negative moderating effect on national income and outbound tourism,indicating that with the deepening of marketization,the facilitating role of national income on outbound tourism weakened.展开更多
In order to gain a more comprehensive understanding of institutional change, researchers need to go beyond a snapshot view of significant events but consider events in their temporal setting. Pierson （2004） advocate...In order to gain a more comprehensive understanding of institutional change, researchers need to go beyond a snapshot view of significant events but consider events in their temporal setting. Pierson （2004） advocated that the events that lead to institutional change should be placed in a moving temporal context, as this will not only add to our comprehension of the dynamics of change, but also enrich the existing research and enhance the theories we employ to give meaning to these events. Pierson （2004） laid the foundation for the research that was later developed by Thelen （2009） that considered incremental endogenous shifts in institutional thinking that can often result in fundamental transformations. The central issues of Pierson＇s （2004） thesis lay in his interpretation of history and its relationship with path dependence. He claimed that once an institution has chosen a particular path to follow, it can become locked into that pathway and so the options of choice are restricted. This then presumed that an institutions first choice of action is crucial to whether they become locked into a successful course of action or not. The result of the first choice being successful or not would be dependent on the presence of increasing returns. The explication Pierson proffers of increasing returns is different to an economic one in that it is based on positive feedback processes and politics in time. The implications of Pierson＇s work and those that followed have a very serious place in our understanding of institutional change.展开更多
Field research in this paper was carried out in Baiyinxil State-owned Rangeland(SOR),which is 55 kms southeast of Xilingol City in Xilingol League,Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region(IMAR).The area established the first ...Field research in this paper was carried out in Baiyinxil State-owned Rangeland(SOR),which is 55 kms southeast of Xilingol City in Xilingol League,Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region(IMAR).The area established the first grassland nature reserve in China as well as the first SOR in IMAR.By reviewing its 60 years of development,the paper analyzes local herders'ecological ideology(the cycle made of human-grassland-livestock and none of which could be neglected)and the modern nation-state's policy implementation in ecological resettlement,institutional changes,and livestock cross-breeding.The purpose of the research is to discuss three pairs of socio-ecological relationships in Inner Mongolia grassland:between population flow and regional development,traditional ideology and grassland management ideology,as well as the competition between local knowledge and modern science and technology.The author argues that grassland management is a cyclical process and the deterioration of grassland ecology in IMAR is simply a reflection of the imbalance of three key elements(human-institution-cattle)in maintaining grassland ecology.展开更多
The Coastal Zone Management Act was finally promulgated in 2015,while Ministry of the Interior was asked to draft a coastal management act in 1991 by Executive Yuan.It was until the government’s lifting of martial la...The Coastal Zone Management Act was finally promulgated in 2015,while Ministry of the Interior was asked to draft a coastal management act in 1991 by Executive Yuan.It was until the government’s lifting of martial law in 1987,vigorous activities started prevailing on coastal areas.And relevant legal documents were on sea reclamation for development in the 1980’s by Council of Agriculture.The approval of“Taiwan Coastal Area Natural Environment Protection Plan”showed an era of environmental protection in 1980s.However,it was surely not market driven,similar to land development,but some efforts by the administration systems.Through all the years,the efforts were put on drafting plans and these efforts were not quite sounding.The coastal disasters and further climate change caught the attention of relevant NGOs,scholars,politicians,and the society.At the critical juncture the government was made to react to outside demands.And then the Coastal Zone Management Act was passed by Legislative Yuan,establishing an integrated coastal management system in Taiwan,China.As such,it is proposed to look into this long process of the attempt with the concept of institutional change in order to understand this coastal environmental preservation and protection issue in a broader scope.展开更多
Through investigating the institutional change and urban development in Shanghai since 1978,this research identifi es that the gradual economic reforms have generated dynamic forces for urban development. As an exampl...Through investigating the institutional change and urban development in Shanghai since 1978,this research identifi es that the gradual economic reforms have generated dynamic forces for urban development. As an example,this paper examines Changshoujie in detail to uncover its physical changes and to explore how the actors' roles and interests interplay as well as how the transitional institutions of property rights and urban planning have impacted the shaping of urban space. 117 projects constructed since 1978 are classifi ed into six development modes according to the characteristics of land users and developers. Although there is a time lag,the path depending on institutional change has a direct impact on urban development and the consequent spatial structure.展开更多
This paper examines the decline of tuberculosis and the faltering of TB in China. Specifically, I examine how institutional change--the construction and dismantling of the work-unit system--has affected TB control. Th...This paper examines the decline of tuberculosis and the faltering of TB in China. Specifically, I examine how institutional change--the construction and dismantling of the work-unit system--has affected TB control. The work-unit system was an employment system under which the vast majority of the population, in both urban and rural areas, had guaranteed employment and a host of benefits, including health insurance and access to the public health and health care systems. This system was created in the 1950s, which coincided with the decline of TB mortality and morbidity. The 1990s dismantling of the work-unit system has coincided with resurgent TB. This comparative historical sociological work examines TB control in Shanghai at three critical junctures： before the work-unit system was constructed, while it was in place, and since it has been dismantled. I examine both Shanghai＇s urban districts and rural counties, based on data gathered from archival sources and in-depth interviews during 17 months of field research. I argue that the work-unit system provided an effective basic-level infrastructure for the provision of public health and health care services that reached the entire population. This infrastructure was critical to the success of TB control efforts during the work-unit era, and its dismantling has been a key cause of the faltering of TB control in recent years.展开更多
In China, farmland property rights characterized by the household-responsibility system (HRS) have been improved since the reform and opening-up. The rights of use, transfer and gain become more stable, authorized and...In China, farmland property rights characterized by the household-responsibility system (HRS) have been improved since the reform and opening-up. The rights of use, transfer and gain become more stable, authorized and complete. This paper firstly analyzes the impact on farmland productivity, which comes from the improvement of farmland property rights. Then, an economet- ric model is built to test the above analysis. It concludes that changes of property rights will affect farmland performance in China. In the end, some policy implications are explored for fur- ther reforms.展开更多
Much has been written and researched about transformational change and the exogenous events that result in radical institutional transformation （Di Maggio ＆ Powell, 1983; Hannan＆ Freeman, 1989; Fligstein, 1996; Zor...Much has been written and researched about transformational change and the exogenous events that result in radical institutional transformation （Di Maggio ＆ Powell, 1983; Hannan＆ Freeman, 1989; Fligstein, 1996; Zorn, Dobbin, ＆ Kwok, 2006）. Accounts are provided of external agents disturbing the existing stasis of the institution and transforming the institution into something else that reflect a new paradigm or set of interests. Often, what is neglected in these accounts is what fractures exist in the original institution that would make them vulnerable and allow penetration by exogenous influences. Mahoney and Thelen （20 l 0） went beyond a general model of change that described the collapse of one set of institutional norms to be replaced by another. The model of change they propose takes into account both exogenous as well as endogenous factors as being the source of institutional change. They went on to state a view that transformation change as being a result of abrupt, wholesale breakdown needs to be rethought to include incremental, endogenous shifts in thinking that can often result in fundamental transformations.展开更多
As the United Nations approaches its 80th anniversary,calls for Security Council reform continue to grow.Since 2005,India has been actively advocating for reform,aiming to gain permanent membership of the UN Security ...As the United Nations approaches its 80th anniversary,calls for Security Council reform continue to grow.Since 2005,India has been actively advocating for reform,aiming to gain permanent membership of the UN Security Council.Its core proposals focus on increasing both permanent and non-permanent seats,enhancing the representation of developing countries,temporarily refraining from exercising veto power,improving coordination between the General Assembly and the Security Council,and advancing text-based reforms.India's push for reform stems from its rising international status and the ambition for greater global influence.Its growing comprehensive strength,the intensification of major country competition,and the rise of the Global South provide India with a unique historical opportunity.To achieve its goals,India focuses on consolidating reform foundations,uniting multilateral forces,and shaping international public opinion.Although India's efforts have accelerated the pace of UN Security Council reforms to some extent,achieving its objectives remains challenging due to obstacles such as limited comprehensive strength,strategic difficulties in multilateral diplomacy,and the complexities of amending the UN Charter.展开更多
Institutional changes inevitably impose adjustment costs on firms while also generating benefits.However,empirical evidence regarding the adjustment costs of institutional changes is limited,with much of the focus cen...Institutional changes inevitably impose adjustment costs on firms while also generating benefits.However,empirical evidence regarding the adjustment costs of institutional changes is limited,with much of the focus centered on benefits.Using data on China’s A-share listed companies from 2010 to 2018 and the nation’s staggered adoption of the"business tax to value-added tax reform"(hereafter,"VAT reform")as a natural experiment,we examine the impact of this reform on a particular corporate cost:audit fees.We find audit fees to be 8.11%higher for VAT reform firms than for non-VAT reform firms.This difference does not exist before or after the reform year.That is,it is only observed in the year of VAT reform implementation.This indicates the existence of an adjustment cost specifically related to the VAT reform.Furthermore,we observe larger fee increases among firms audited by Big 4 international audit firms,firms that require more audit work,firms that are more complex,and firms with weak internal controls.From the audit pricing perspective,we provide evidence of the economic consequences of tax reform.The corporate adjustment costs that arise from institutional changes deserve more attention from decision-makers.展开更多
By applying theories on development economics and institutional economics, and following the path of institutional change in rural development and evolution of the industrial-agricultural, rural-urban relationship, th...By applying theories on development economics and institutional economics, and following the path of institutional change in rural development and evolution of the industrial-agricultural, rural-urban relationship, this paper systematically reviews China＇s agricultural and rural development over the 20th century. The authors specifically analyze the challenges and problems China has encountered in developing modern agriculture, the new countryside, and the urban-rural coordinated development, and stress the importance of promoting the synchronous development from these four aspects.展开更多
The financial sector has played a small role in the restructuring of the manufacturing sector in transition economies, and in some cases, financial liberalization may have undermined real sector development. However, ...The financial sector has played a small role in the restructuring of the manufacturing sector in transition economies, and in some cases, financial liberalization may have undermined real sector development. However, stable and stimulating business environment is crucial for economic development. The aim of this paper is to show the main changes that have been implemented in Montenegro so far, and guidelines for changes in the financial market in Montenegro, for further harmonization in accordance with the requirements of European Union （EU） accession. Also, the ability of governments of transition economies to enforce contracts and to achieve fiscal and monetary responsibility is of great importance for economic and financial development. By adopting the new Constitution of Montenegro, in the field of regulation of the financial system, there have been significant changes, recognizing the Central Bank as an institution responsible for financial stability. The authors will give a review of the actual state of the financial market in Montenegro, as well as recommendations for further changes in order to create a favorable climate for entrepreneurship and to strengthen the overall financial system.展开更多
The causes of the evolution of human civilization have drawn much attention among social scientists. The new institutional economics （NIE） and its model of property rights explain the rise of the West Europe, but no...The causes of the evolution of human civilization have drawn much attention among social scientists. The new institutional economics （NIE） and its model of property rights explain the rise of the West Europe, but not the Industrial Revolution itself; nor have they addressed the causes for the rise and fall of civilizations in the East. By defining human civilization within the context of the public economic institution, we interpret this change in the public economic institution using swings in the demand structure of public goods. We see these swings as a contributing cause of the evolution of human civilization from traditional to modern. Our conclusions show that the shifts of public economic institutions between the mass democratic one and the elite constitutional one contributes to the current modem economic crisis and the stagnancy of modem civilization.展开更多
Contemporary China’s rural land institutions have gone through land reform,the cooperative movement,the People’s Commune movement and the household responsibility system.Their persistence and change can be explained...Contemporary China’s rural land institutions have gone through land reform,the cooperative movement,the People’s Commune movement and the household responsibility system.Their persistence and change can be explained through a“stickiness generation-stickiness dilution”analytical framework:institutional environment and path dependence constitute the generative inducement of institutional stickiness,and have an important role in the continuity of the rural land system;the penetration of informal institutions is a crucial variable in diluting institutional stickiness,with the interaction between informal and formal institutions running throughout the entire course of institutional change.Changes in mental concepts and ideology are important influences that strengthen,break down or build formal institutions.展开更多
The structural readjustments and innovations accompanying institutional change have brought about contradictions and conflicts among different interest groups. The many problems thus touched off can be attributed to t...The structural readjustments and innovations accompanying institutional change have brought about contradictions and conflicts among different interest groups. The many problems thus touched off can be attributed to the tensions resulting from ＂structural strain,＂ with ＂anomie＂ a typical structural problem. We have used survey data as a basis for analyzing and examining the relationship between structural strain and anomie. We find that differences and differentiation in social status, organization, role and power structures and in income and educational level structures have indeed led to the birth of a sense of anomie. To a large extent, such negative feelings as individual anomie, dissatisfaction, a sense of relative deprivation, status inconsistency, etc., are nothing other than the result of the imbalances and tensions brought about by an objective structural differentiation that is proceeding faster than institutional integration.展开更多
During the past twenty years,higher education institutions in China have gained enormous rights due to both the streamlining of administration and the decentralization of the government.Their legal status has hence ch...During the past twenty years,higher education institutions in China have gained enormous rights due to both the streamlining of administration and the decentralization of the government.Their legal status has hence changed dramatically.However,the expansion of their rights has also brought about the possibility of higher education institutions profiting by pursuing development.The influence of the market has begun to permeate higher education institutions,and this change has shown some characteristics of induced institutional changes.Accordingly,higher education institutions should be regulated from the perspective of public law,so as to ensure their public nature.展开更多
文摘Drug regulation is the most important policy to ensure drug safety.In this article,we analyzed institutional changes and problems in China＇s drug regulation.In addition,suggestions were provided to enhance the capacity of drug regulation,including a clearer functional positioning for drug regulation,increased resource inputs in drug regulation at central level,a more rational allocation of vertical drug regulatory functions,and an improved supervision mechanism for regulatory departments.
基金Sponsored by Social Science Planning Project of Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region(2016NDB026)Scientific Research Project in Colleges and Universities of Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region(NJSY17019)High-Level Talent Start-up Project of Inner Mongolia University(20500-5165138)
文摘Based on panel data of 17 economies in the G20 from 1995 to 2014,this paper,in terms of the total samples,developed countries and developing countries,explored the impact of national income on outbound tourism and the moderating effect of institutional change on the relationship between national income and outbound tourism.The results showed that:(1)for the total samples,developed countries and developing countries,national income had a positive impact on outbound tourism;(2)for the total samples and developing countries,institutional change had a positive moderating effect on national income and outbound tourism,indicating that with the deepening of marketization,the facilitating role of national income on outbound tourism strengthened;(3)for developed countries,institutional change had a negative moderating effect on national income and outbound tourism,indicating that with the deepening of marketization,the facilitating role of national income on outbound tourism weakened.
文摘In order to gain a more comprehensive understanding of institutional change, researchers need to go beyond a snapshot view of significant events but consider events in their temporal setting. Pierson （2004） advocated that the events that lead to institutional change should be placed in a moving temporal context, as this will not only add to our comprehension of the dynamics of change, but also enrich the existing research and enhance the theories we employ to give meaning to these events. Pierson （2004） laid the foundation for the research that was later developed by Thelen （2009） that considered incremental endogenous shifts in institutional thinking that can often result in fundamental transformations. The central issues of Pierson＇s （2004） thesis lay in his interpretation of history and its relationship with path dependence. He claimed that once an institution has chosen a particular path to follow, it can become locked into that pathway and so the options of choice are restricted. This then presumed that an institutions first choice of action is crucial to whether they become locked into a successful course of action or not. The result of the first choice being successful or not would be dependent on the presence of increasing returns. The explication Pierson proffers of increasing returns is different to an economic one in that it is based on positive feedback processes and politics in time. The implications of Pierson＇s work and those that followed have a very serious place in our understanding of institutional change.
文摘Field research in this paper was carried out in Baiyinxil State-owned Rangeland(SOR),which is 55 kms southeast of Xilingol City in Xilingol League,Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region(IMAR).The area established the first grassland nature reserve in China as well as the first SOR in IMAR.By reviewing its 60 years of development,the paper analyzes local herders'ecological ideology(the cycle made of human-grassland-livestock and none of which could be neglected)and the modern nation-state's policy implementation in ecological resettlement,institutional changes,and livestock cross-breeding.The purpose of the research is to discuss three pairs of socio-ecological relationships in Inner Mongolia grassland:between population flow and regional development,traditional ideology and grassland management ideology,as well as the competition between local knowledge and modern science and technology.The author argues that grassland management is a cyclical process and the deterioration of grassland ecology in IMAR is simply a reflection of the imbalance of three key elements(human-institution-cattle)in maintaining grassland ecology.
文摘The Coastal Zone Management Act was finally promulgated in 2015,while Ministry of the Interior was asked to draft a coastal management act in 1991 by Executive Yuan.It was until the government’s lifting of martial law in 1987,vigorous activities started prevailing on coastal areas.And relevant legal documents were on sea reclamation for development in the 1980’s by Council of Agriculture.The approval of“Taiwan Coastal Area Natural Environment Protection Plan”showed an era of environmental protection in 1980s.However,it was surely not market driven,similar to land development,but some efforts by the administration systems.Through all the years,the efforts were put on drafting plans and these efforts were not quite sounding.The coastal disasters and further climate change caught the attention of relevant NGOs,scholars,politicians,and the society.At the critical juncture the government was made to react to outside demands.And then the Coastal Zone Management Act was passed by Legislative Yuan,establishing an integrated coastal management system in Taiwan,China.As such,it is proposed to look into this long process of the attempt with the concept of institutional change in order to understand this coastal environmental preservation and protection issue in a broader scope.
文摘Through investigating the institutional change and urban development in Shanghai since 1978,this research identifi es that the gradual economic reforms have generated dynamic forces for urban development. As an example,this paper examines Changshoujie in detail to uncover its physical changes and to explore how the actors' roles and interests interplay as well as how the transitional institutions of property rights and urban planning have impacted the shaping of urban space. 117 projects constructed since 1978 are classifi ed into six development modes according to the characteristics of land users and developers. Although there is a time lag,the path depending on institutional change has a direct impact on urban development and the consequent spatial structure.
文摘This paper examines the decline of tuberculosis and the faltering of TB in China. Specifically, I examine how institutional change--the construction and dismantling of the work-unit system--has affected TB control. The work-unit system was an employment system under which the vast majority of the population, in both urban and rural areas, had guaranteed employment and a host of benefits, including health insurance and access to the public health and health care systems. This system was created in the 1950s, which coincided with the decline of TB mortality and morbidity. The 1990s dismantling of the work-unit system has coincided with resurgent TB. This comparative historical sociological work examines TB control in Shanghai at three critical junctures： before the work-unit system was constructed, while it was in place, and since it has been dismantled. I examine both Shanghai＇s urban districts and rural counties, based on data gathered from archival sources and in-depth interviews during 17 months of field research. I argue that the work-unit system provided an effective basic-level infrastructure for the provision of public health and health care services that reached the entire population. This infrastructure was critical to the success of TB control efforts during the work-unit era, and its dismantling has been a key cause of the faltering of TB control in recent years.
文摘In China, farmland property rights characterized by the household-responsibility system (HRS) have been improved since the reform and opening-up. The rights of use, transfer and gain become more stable, authorized and complete. This paper firstly analyzes the impact on farmland productivity, which comes from the improvement of farmland property rights. Then, an economet- ric model is built to test the above analysis. It concludes that changes of property rights will affect farmland performance in China. In the end, some policy implications are explored for fur- ther reforms.
文摘Much has been written and researched about transformational change and the exogenous events that result in radical institutional transformation （Di Maggio ＆ Powell, 1983; Hannan＆ Freeman, 1989; Fligstein, 1996; Zorn, Dobbin, ＆ Kwok, 2006）. Accounts are provided of external agents disturbing the existing stasis of the institution and transforming the institution into something else that reflect a new paradigm or set of interests. Often, what is neglected in these accounts is what fractures exist in the original institution that would make them vulnerable and allow penetration by exogenous influences. Mahoney and Thelen （20 l 0） went beyond a general model of change that described the collapse of one set of institutional norms to be replaced by another. The model of change they propose takes into account both exogenous as well as endogenous factors as being the source of institutional change. They went on to state a view that transformation change as being a result of abrupt, wholesale breakdown needs to be rethought to include incremental, endogenous shifts in thinking that can often result in fundamental transformations.
文摘As the United Nations approaches its 80th anniversary,calls for Security Council reform continue to grow.Since 2005,India has been actively advocating for reform,aiming to gain permanent membership of the UN Security Council.Its core proposals focus on increasing both permanent and non-permanent seats,enhancing the representation of developing countries,temporarily refraining from exercising veto power,improving coordination between the General Assembly and the Security Council,and advancing text-based reforms.India's push for reform stems from its rising international status and the ambition for greater global influence.Its growing comprehensive strength,the intensification of major country competition,and the rise of the Global South provide India with a unique historical opportunity.To achieve its goals,India focuses on consolidating reform foundations,uniting multilateral forces,and shaping international public opinion.Although India's efforts have accelerated the pace of UN Security Council reforms to some extent,achieving its objectives remains challenging due to obstacles such as limited comprehensive strength,strategic difficulties in multilateral diplomacy,and the complexities of amending the UN Charter.
基金the financial support by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(Project No.71790603)
文摘Institutional changes inevitably impose adjustment costs on firms while also generating benefits.However,empirical evidence regarding the adjustment costs of institutional changes is limited,with much of the focus centered on benefits.Using data on China’s A-share listed companies from 2010 to 2018 and the nation’s staggered adoption of the"business tax to value-added tax reform"(hereafter,"VAT reform")as a natural experiment,we examine the impact of this reform on a particular corporate cost:audit fees.We find audit fees to be 8.11%higher for VAT reform firms than for non-VAT reform firms.This difference does not exist before or after the reform year.That is,it is only observed in the year of VAT reform implementation.This indicates the existence of an adjustment cost specifically related to the VAT reform.Furthermore,we observe larger fee increases among firms audited by Big 4 international audit firms,firms that require more audit work,firms that are more complex,and firms with weak internal controls.From the audit pricing perspective,we provide evidence of the economic consequences of tax reform.The corporate adjustment costs that arise from institutional changes deserve more attention from decision-makers.
文摘By applying theories on development economics and institutional economics, and following the path of institutional change in rural development and evolution of the industrial-agricultural, rural-urban relationship, this paper systematically reviews China＇s agricultural and rural development over the 20th century. The authors specifically analyze the challenges and problems China has encountered in developing modern agriculture, the new countryside, and the urban-rural coordinated development, and stress the importance of promoting the synchronous development from these four aspects.
文摘The financial sector has played a small role in the restructuring of the manufacturing sector in transition economies, and in some cases, financial liberalization may have undermined real sector development. However, stable and stimulating business environment is crucial for economic development. The aim of this paper is to show the main changes that have been implemented in Montenegro so far, and guidelines for changes in the financial market in Montenegro, for further harmonization in accordance with the requirements of European Union （EU） accession. Also, the ability of governments of transition economies to enforce contracts and to achieve fiscal and monetary responsibility is of great importance for economic and financial development. By adopting the new Constitution of Montenegro, in the field of regulation of the financial system, there have been significant changes, recognizing the Central Bank as an institution responsible for financial stability. The authors will give a review of the actual state of the financial market in Montenegro, as well as recommendations for further changes in order to create a favorable climate for entrepreneurship and to strengthen the overall financial system.
基金the financial support of the MOE Project of Key Research Institute of Humanities and Social Sciences at Universities(14JJD790012)"An Analysis on the Evolution of Yellow River Civilization in Terms of the Public Economy"the Major Projects of National Social Science Fund"On the Keys and Policies of Industries Transferring into Central and Western China"(11&ZD050)
文摘The causes of the evolution of human civilization have drawn much attention among social scientists. The new institutional economics （NIE） and its model of property rights explain the rise of the West Europe, but not the Industrial Revolution itself; nor have they addressed the causes for the rise and fall of civilizations in the East. By defining human civilization within the context of the public economic institution, we interpret this change in the public economic institution using swings in the demand structure of public goods. We see these swings as a contributing cause of the evolution of human civilization from traditional to modern. Our conclusions show that the shifts of public economic institutions between the mass democratic one and the elite constitutional one contributes to the current modem economic crisis and the stagnancy of modem civilization.
基金the phased result of the project“Modernization of Local Governance in China and International Comparative Study”(CCNU14Z02008)supported by the Fundamental Research Fund for Central Universitiesthe tender project“Research on the Operational Scale of Rural Land and the Modernization of Rural Governance”of the Hubei Institute of Economic and Social Development
文摘Contemporary China’s rural land institutions have gone through land reform,the cooperative movement,the People’s Commune movement and the household responsibility system.Their persistence and change can be explained through a“stickiness generation-stickiness dilution”analytical framework:institutional environment and path dependence constitute the generative inducement of institutional stickiness,and have an important role in the continuity of the rural land system;the penetration of informal institutions is a crucial variable in diluting institutional stickiness,with the interaction between informal and formal institutions running throughout the entire course of institutional change.Changes in mental concepts and ideology are important influences that strengthen,break down or build formal institutions.
文摘The structural readjustments and innovations accompanying institutional change have brought about contradictions and conflicts among different interest groups. The many problems thus touched off can be attributed to the tensions resulting from ＂structural strain,＂ with ＂anomie＂ a typical structural problem. We have used survey data as a basis for analyzing and examining the relationship between structural strain and anomie. We find that differences and differentiation in social status, organization, role and power structures and in income and educational level structures have indeed led to the birth of a sense of anomie. To a large extent, such negative feelings as individual anomie, dissatisfaction, a sense of relative deprivation, status inconsistency, etc., are nothing other than the result of the imbalances and tensions brought about by an objective structural differentiation that is proceeding faster than institutional integration.
文摘During the past twenty years,higher education institutions in China have gained enormous rights due to both the streamlining of administration and the decentralization of the government.Their legal status has hence changed dramatically.However,the expansion of their rights has also brought about the possibility of higher education institutions profiting by pursuing development.The influence of the market has begun to permeate higher education institutions,and this change has shown some characteristics of induced institutional changes.Accordingly,higher education institutions should be regulated from the perspective of public law,so as to ensure their public nature.
