As the Sarawak state government accelerates infrastructure development to stimulate economic growth,it has attracted numerous foreign construction enterprises-particularly Chinese firms-entering the market through low...As the Sarawak state government accelerates infrastructure development to stimulate economic growth,it has attracted numerous foreign construction enterprises-particularly Chinese firms-entering the market through low-cost bidding.However,this foreign-dominated model,while improving efficiency,has triggered local enterprise marginalization,industrial chain fragmentation,payment delays,and project setbacks,undermining the intended economic spillover effects of public investment.Grounded in policy analysis and field evidence within a dependency theory framework,this study evaluates the structural impacts of foreign participation on Sarawak’s local economy,uncovers governance gaps,and proposes strategies to enhance local economic resilience under open-market conditions.The findings reveal that foreign contractors(especially Chinese enterprises),despite their capital and technological advantages in dominating mega-projects,exhibit pervasive shortcomings:inadequate local participation(falling far below the 40%policy target),deficient knowledge transfer(local firms hold only 6%of green technology patents),significant value leakage(foreign profit repatriation dominated project value flows),and widespread execution delays/cost overruns due to underestimation of tropical climate-geological risks,institutional maladaptation,and resource misallocation.Drawing on experiences from the Philippines,Indonesia,and Vietnam,the study proposes systemic reforms:introducing a Low-Bid Risk Evaluation System(LRES),enforcing a mandatory Local Participation Index(LPI),establishing a Smart-Contract-Based Digital Payment Chain System(DPCS)to protect subcontractors,and requiring pre-bid local adaptation training for foreign contractors.These recommendations aim to construct“embedded institutional resilience,”transforming policy intent into executable governance mechanisms to ensure infrastructure investment genuinely serves Sarawak’s inclusive and sustainable growth.展开更多
Sudan is among those developing countries characterized by high incidence of poverty in spite of its prodigious resource endowments. Sudan government has continued to introduce programmes aiming at alleviation of pove...Sudan is among those developing countries characterized by high incidence of poverty in spite of its prodigious resource endowments. Sudan government has continued to introduce programmes aiming at alleviation of poverty which were generally characterized by a lack of effectiveness. The traditional approach towards poverty reduction centered on national development programmes designed to enhance economic growth and improve standards of living. In addition, the Islamic institution of Zakat was utilized to help poor families start income-generating projects. However, recently, a more ambitious poverty-focused microcredit programme was laid forth. Thus, billions of dollars were earmarked for microcredit to help the poor obtain investible resources which can be directed towards starting income-generating projects. This paper argues that today, there is no shortage of funds earmarked for microfinance in Sudan. But the prevailing institutional inadequacies would not allow such substantial outlays to have much impact on poverty reduction. This paper reviews the history of microcredit and microfinance in the country, highlights the roles of different institutions in provision of microcredit, attempts to figure out its possible policy outputs, and finally makes some suggestions to overcome the evident shortcomings.展开更多
A combination of factors, including inadequate interactive influence of professional human resource needs, contributes to low adoption of forest innovations. This study was conducted to assess the influence of quantit...A combination of factors, including inadequate interactive influence of professional human resource needs, contributes to low adoption of forest innovations. This study was conducted to assess the influence of quantity of professional human resource needs on adoption of forest innovations across relevant institutions in Kenya. The study considered 51 main institutions involved in, or support conservation activities, of which 33 were public, 14 non-governmental, and 4 private. Purposive sampling was used due to the heterogeneity of the institutions involved in conservation. Primary data were collected using a structured questionnaire. A quartile graph-based quantitative model was used to establish the differences in capacity variation expressed as expected variation region or the common cause and the unexpected variation region or the special cause. The latter should be investigated and acted upon. Statistical analysis involved Levene’s Test of Equality of Variances. Embracing both approaches confirmed the model as an appropriate quantitative analytical framework for assessing and articulating elements of institutional capacity, and that quantity of professional human capital (P < 0.05) is key to influencing adoption of forest innovations in Kenya. The study reiterates that to overcome professional capacity gaps and respond to conservation paradigm shift, quantity was relevant and was an imperative policy issue.展开更多
This paper provides an overview of practices of mobile-source greenhouse gas(GHG) modeling in China and related data sharing issues. It is based on structured phone interviews and two on-line surveys conducted in 2011...This paper provides an overview of practices of mobile-source greenhouse gas(GHG) modeling in China and related data sharing issues. It is based on structured phone interviews and two on-line surveys conducted in 2011 and finds that most cities have transportation-land use models but that few have mobile-source GHG models. A group of entities housed in the government have the strongest GHG modeling capacities and dominate the relevant consulting market. Data hoarding of public entities is the biggest barrier for entities without government ties to compete in the market. The reasons for data hoarding include government concerns over political implications of data release, a tradition of data hoarding, and a lack of confidence in reliability and accuracy of the data.展开更多
基金Research on the Impact of Navel Orange Industry Development on the Ecological Environment and Its Countermeasures(Project from Jiangxi Provincial Department of Science and Technology,2012BBF60185,Second Principal Investigator:Jinqiao Ling)Research on the Reform of Cultural Foundational Courses in Vocational Colleges and the Cultivation of Students’Professional Quality(Provincial Social Science Project,JXJGYX-2011-32,Second Principal Investigator:Jinqiao Ling)Research on Promoting Green Ecological Creation in Ganzhou(Ganzhou Federation of Social Sciences Circles,JXGZ-2010-09,Principal Investigator:Jinqiao Ling).
文摘As the Sarawak state government accelerates infrastructure development to stimulate economic growth,it has attracted numerous foreign construction enterprises-particularly Chinese firms-entering the market through low-cost bidding.However,this foreign-dominated model,while improving efficiency,has triggered local enterprise marginalization,industrial chain fragmentation,payment delays,and project setbacks,undermining the intended economic spillover effects of public investment.Grounded in policy analysis and field evidence within a dependency theory framework,this study evaluates the structural impacts of foreign participation on Sarawak’s local economy,uncovers governance gaps,and proposes strategies to enhance local economic resilience under open-market conditions.The findings reveal that foreign contractors(especially Chinese enterprises),despite their capital and technological advantages in dominating mega-projects,exhibit pervasive shortcomings:inadequate local participation(falling far below the 40%policy target),deficient knowledge transfer(local firms hold only 6%of green technology patents),significant value leakage(foreign profit repatriation dominated project value flows),and widespread execution delays/cost overruns due to underestimation of tropical climate-geological risks,institutional maladaptation,and resource misallocation.Drawing on experiences from the Philippines,Indonesia,and Vietnam,the study proposes systemic reforms:introducing a Low-Bid Risk Evaluation System(LRES),enforcing a mandatory Local Participation Index(LPI),establishing a Smart-Contract-Based Digital Payment Chain System(DPCS)to protect subcontractors,and requiring pre-bid local adaptation training for foreign contractors.These recommendations aim to construct“embedded institutional resilience,”transforming policy intent into executable governance mechanisms to ensure infrastructure investment genuinely serves Sarawak’s inclusive and sustainable growth.
文摘Sudan is among those developing countries characterized by high incidence of poverty in spite of its prodigious resource endowments. Sudan government has continued to introduce programmes aiming at alleviation of poverty which were generally characterized by a lack of effectiveness. The traditional approach towards poverty reduction centered on national development programmes designed to enhance economic growth and improve standards of living. In addition, the Islamic institution of Zakat was utilized to help poor families start income-generating projects. However, recently, a more ambitious poverty-focused microcredit programme was laid forth. Thus, billions of dollars were earmarked for microcredit to help the poor obtain investible resources which can be directed towards starting income-generating projects. This paper argues that today, there is no shortage of funds earmarked for microfinance in Sudan. But the prevailing institutional inadequacies would not allow such substantial outlays to have much impact on poverty reduction. This paper reviews the history of microcredit and microfinance in the country, highlights the roles of different institutions in provision of microcredit, attempts to figure out its possible policy outputs, and finally makes some suggestions to overcome the evident shortcomings.
文摘A combination of factors, including inadequate interactive influence of professional human resource needs, contributes to low adoption of forest innovations. This study was conducted to assess the influence of quantity of professional human resource needs on adoption of forest innovations across relevant institutions in Kenya. The study considered 51 main institutions involved in, or support conservation activities, of which 33 were public, 14 non-governmental, and 4 private. Purposive sampling was used due to the heterogeneity of the institutions involved in conservation. Primary data were collected using a structured questionnaire. A quartile graph-based quantitative model was used to establish the differences in capacity variation expressed as expected variation region or the common cause and the unexpected variation region or the special cause. The latter should be investigated and acted upon. Statistical analysis involved Levene’s Test of Equality of Variances. Embracing both approaches confirmed the model as an appropriate quantitative analytical framework for assessing and articulating elements of institutional capacity, and that quantity of professional human capital (P < 0.05) is key to influencing adoption of forest innovations in Kenya. The study reiterates that to overcome professional capacity gaps and respond to conservation paradigm shift, quantity was relevant and was an imperative policy issue.
文摘This paper provides an overview of practices of mobile-source greenhouse gas(GHG) modeling in China and related data sharing issues. It is based on structured phone interviews and two on-line surveys conducted in 2011 and finds that most cities have transportation-land use models but that few have mobile-source GHG models. A group of entities housed in the government have the strongest GHG modeling capacities and dominate the relevant consulting market. Data hoarding of public entities is the biggest barrier for entities without government ties to compete in the market. The reasons for data hoarding include government concerns over political implications of data release, a tradition of data hoarding, and a lack of confidence in reliability and accuracy of the data.
