In this study,the aerodynamic performance of flapping wings using a parallel motion was investigated and compared with the insect-like‘‘fan-sweep’’motion,and the effect of adding a slit to the wings was analyzed.F...In this study,the aerodynamic performance of flapping wings using a parallel motion was investigated and compared with the insect-like‘‘fan-sweep’’motion,and the effect of adding a slit to the wings was analyzed.First,numerical simulations were performed to analyze the wing aerodynamics of two flapping motions with equivalent stroke amplitudes over a range of pitching angles based on computational fluid dynamics(CFD).The simulation results indicated that flapping wings with a rapid and short parallel motion achieved better lift and efficiency than those of the fan-sweep motion while maintaining the same aerodynamic characteristics regarding stall delay and leading-edge vortices.For a parallel motion with a pitching angle of 25◦and 100 mm stroke amplitude,the wings generated an average lift of 8.4 gf with a lift-to-drag ratio of 1.06,respectively,which were 1.8%and 26%greater than those of the fan-sweep motion with a corresponding 96◦stroke amplitude.This situation was reversed when the pitching angle and stroke amplitude were increased to 45◦and 144◦for the fan-sweep motion,which was equivalent to the parallel motion with a 150 mm stroke amplitude.The slit effect in the parallel motion was also evaluated,and the CFD results indicated that a slit width of 1 mm(1/50 wing chord)increased the lift of the wing by approximately 27%in the case of the 150 mm stroke amplitude.Further,the slit width slightly influenced the lift and aerodynamic efficiency.展开更多
昆虫离子转运肽(ion transport peptide,ITP)及其类似物ITP-L是由10~15个氨基酸残基组成的短肽,结构高度保守。ITP和ITP-L主要由昆虫脑部的神经元分泌,在昆虫腹部和外周神经系统的神经元中也有发现。ITP和ITP-L在昆虫生长发育、代谢调...昆虫离子转运肽(ion transport peptide,ITP)及其类似物ITP-L是由10~15个氨基酸残基组成的短肽,结构高度保守。ITP和ITP-L主要由昆虫脑部的神经元分泌,在昆虫腹部和外周神经系统的神经元中也有发现。ITP和ITP-L在昆虫生长发育、代谢调控、求偶行为、睡眠模式、摄食行为等生理过程中发挥着关键作用,其功能包括离子平衡、渗透压维持、能量代谢、繁殖能力以及昼夜节律的调节等。本文综合评述了ITP和ITP-L的发现历程、分泌机制、结构特性以及它们在昆虫生理功能中的多方面作用,并对其在功能分化,对昆虫生存的重要性,在胁迫环境下的生理和生化功能,以及受体结构与信号转导机制等方面的未来研究方向进行了深入探讨和展望。展开更多
基金funding organizations in China:the National Key Research and Development Program of China(Grant No.2018YFB1305400)the National Natural Science Foundation of China(Grant Nos.62173212 and 11972079).
文摘In this study,the aerodynamic performance of flapping wings using a parallel motion was investigated and compared with the insect-like‘‘fan-sweep’’motion,and the effect of adding a slit to the wings was analyzed.First,numerical simulations were performed to analyze the wing aerodynamics of two flapping motions with equivalent stroke amplitudes over a range of pitching angles based on computational fluid dynamics(CFD).The simulation results indicated that flapping wings with a rapid and short parallel motion achieved better lift and efficiency than those of the fan-sweep motion while maintaining the same aerodynamic characteristics regarding stall delay and leading-edge vortices.For a parallel motion with a pitching angle of 25◦and 100 mm stroke amplitude,the wings generated an average lift of 8.4 gf with a lift-to-drag ratio of 1.06,respectively,which were 1.8%and 26%greater than those of the fan-sweep motion with a corresponding 96◦stroke amplitude.This situation was reversed when the pitching angle and stroke amplitude were increased to 45◦and 144◦for the fan-sweep motion,which was equivalent to the parallel motion with a 150 mm stroke amplitude.The slit effect in the parallel motion was also evaluated,and the CFD results indicated that a slit width of 1 mm(1/50 wing chord)increased the lift of the wing by approximately 27%in the case of the 150 mm stroke amplitude.Further,the slit width slightly influenced the lift and aerodynamic efficiency.
文摘昆虫离子转运肽(ion transport peptide,ITP)及其类似物ITP-L是由10~15个氨基酸残基组成的短肽,结构高度保守。ITP和ITP-L主要由昆虫脑部的神经元分泌,在昆虫腹部和外周神经系统的神经元中也有发现。ITP和ITP-L在昆虫生长发育、代谢调控、求偶行为、睡眠模式、摄食行为等生理过程中发挥着关键作用,其功能包括离子平衡、渗透压维持、能量代谢、繁殖能力以及昼夜节律的调节等。本文综合评述了ITP和ITP-L的发现历程、分泌机制、结构特性以及它们在昆虫生理功能中的多方面作用,并对其在功能分化,对昆虫生存的重要性,在胁迫环境下的生理和生化功能,以及受体结构与信号转导机制等方面的未来研究方向进行了深入探讨和展望。
