Cowpea, Vigna unguiculata (L.) Walp. is an economically important seed legume that helps combat food and nutrition insecurity in the Sahel, particularly Niger. However, its yield remains low due to insect pest attacks...Cowpea, Vigna unguiculata (L.) Walp. is an economically important seed legume that helps combat food and nutrition insecurity in the Sahel, particularly Niger. However, its yield remains low due to insect pest attacks. This study was conducted at a station and in seven villages in the Maradi and Tahoua regions. It aimed to test the effectiveness of neem seed biopesticides [Azadirachta indica A. Juss] and sanitized human urine for integrated insect pest management. The cowpea variety UAM09 1055-6 was used for the experiments. The experimental trial was a Fisher block design consisting of five treatments: neem oil, neem seed extract (NSE), hygienized human urine (HHU), chemical pesticide, and a control, replicated five times at the station and twice in farmers’ environments. The study shows that Megalurothrips sjostedti Trybom, Clavigralla tomentosicollis Stål and Maruca vitrata Fabricius are the main insect pests. Plots treated with synthetic pesticides were the least infested by C. tomentosicollis. They were followed by neem seed extract and HHU treatments, which recorded an infestation level of 2.44 and 20.5 times lower than controls at the station and in farming environments. The density of thrips was 1.06 to 32.6 times lower in treated plots compared to controls. The proportion of pods damaged by M. vitrata was 1.95, 2.55, and 2.77 times lower in plots treated with HHU, NSE, and synthetic pesticide, respectively, compared to controls. Grain yields were 1.80 and 2.62 times higher in UHH and NSE treatments compared to control plots, both at the station and in farmers’ environments. A yield increase of 44.58% and 61.92% was noted for these treatments at the station and in farmers’ environments, respectively. These results may promote the dissemination of NSE and HHU biopesticide technologies in rural areas as an alternative method for integrated pest management of cowpeas.展开更多
Cowpea, Vigna unguiculata L. Walp, is an important food grain legume in Niger facing production losses due to insect pests. This study aims to determine the efficiency of non-chemical methods for managing these pests....Cowpea, Vigna unguiculata L. Walp, is an important food grain legume in Niger facing production losses due to insect pests. This study aims to determine the efficiency of non-chemical methods for managing these pests. A trial was conducted during the 2020 and 2022 cropping seasons at the INRAN station in the Maradi region. A Fischer experimental design with 6 repetitions was used to compare 4 treatments: synthetic chemical pesticide;the entomopathogenic fungus Beauveria bassiana;aqueous extracts of neem seeds, and control. Observations were carried out every three days. The cowpea pod-sucking bug, pod borer, and thrips were the main insect pests recorded. In terms of effectiveness, the synthetic pesticide was the best treatment. It reduced insect pest densities by 71.35% to 90.40% in 2020 and by 35.11% to 42.13% in 2022. Grain yields varied between treatments. Neem seed extract followed the synthetic pesticide and significantly reduced insect infestations in both years. The synthetic pesticide and neem seed extract resulted in yields 3 to 5 times higher than the control treatment in 2020. By contrast, B. bassiana 115 and neem seed extract produced similar yields in 2022. Therefore, the results of this study showed that B. bassiana 115 and neem seed extract have insecticidal potential and could be used as an ecological alternative for managing cowpea insect pests in the Sahel.展开更多
Nitrogen is one of the most important factors in development of herbivore populations. The application of nitrogen fertilizer in plants can normally increase herbivore feeding preference, food consumption, survival, g...Nitrogen is one of the most important factors in development of herbivore populations. The application of nitrogen fertilizer in plants can normally increase herbivore feeding preference, food consumption, survival, growth, reproduction, and population density, except few examples that nitrogen fertilizer reduces the herbivore performances. In most of the rice growing areas in Asia, the great increases in populations of major insect pests of rice, including planthoppers （Nilaparvata lugens and Sogatella furcifera）, leaffolder （ Cnaphalocrocis rnedinalis）, and stem borers （Scirpophaga incertulas, Chilo suppressalis, S. innotata, C. polychrysus and Sesarnia inferens） were closely related to the long-term excessive application of nitrogen fertilizers. The optimal regime of nitrogen fertilizer in irrigated paddy fields is proposed to improve the fertilizer-nitrogen use efficiency and reduce the environmental pollution.展开更多
[Objective] Study on the effects of rice-duck mutualism on weeds and insects pests and economic benefits of paddy field. [Method] Comparison of the incidence of weeds, sheath blight and insects pest under rice-duck mu...[Objective] Study on the effects of rice-duck mutualism on weeds and insects pests and economic benefits of paddy field. [Method] Comparison of the incidence of weeds, sheath blight and insects pest under rice-duck mutualism, conventional cultivation and control treatment, the yield and economic benefits were analyzed under the 3 treatments. [Result] Average occurrence of weeds in rice-duck mutualism group decreased by 2.33 and 52.0g ind/m^2 compared with that in conventional cultivation and control treatment ; the control rate of mutualism was up to 75% against rice hopper, but just between 25% -60% against rice leaf roller and Chilo suppressalis. The rates of diseased plant and diseased bell against rice sheath blight were higher and disease indices were lower compared with control group. The yield of mutualism group was identical with conventional cultivation, Which was greatly higher than that of control group. The results suggested an higher economic benefits and lower cost benefit ratio for rice-duck mutualism treatment. [Conclusion] Rice-duck mutualism gives birth to a positive effect to control the diseases, insect pests and weeds, as well as to economic benefits, providing basis on extension of rice-duck mutualism system.展开更多
In agriculture, chemical insecticides are widely used to protect crops from insect pests. Over a period of years, some insects such as Colorado potato beetle （CPB） succeed in developing resistance to most of the reg...In agriculture, chemical insecticides are widely used to protect crops from insect pests. Over a period of years, some insects such as Colorado potato beetle （CPB） succeed in developing resistance to most of the registered chemical insecticides. Consequently, heavy applications of chemical insecticides to control this pest become ineffective on a long-term basis and can lead to serious health and environmental problems. The use of natural enemies to control CPB is an interesting alternative to chemical means However, hand release of predators is not feasible on a large scale in the field. The main objective of this research study was to design and build a test bench to investigate the technical feasibility of mechanically releasing predators. The test bench consisted of a vertical chain conveyor mounted on two vertical shafts driven by an electric motor. Since the predators are small and fragile, they were placed in a specially designed container to preserve their physical integrity. Trials using this test bench showed that a carrier material was required, because most of the predators remained inside the container. The success of this mass predator release system will be highly valuable for the biological control of insect pests in many crops.展开更多
Using the minitransposon pMini-Tn5 and the ice-nucleation active (INA) gene of iceA, a suicide recombinant plasmid pTnice1 was constructed, which has the ability of broad-host-range conjugal mobilization and integrati...Using the minitransposon pMini-Tn5 and the ice-nucleation active (INA) gene of iceA, a suicide recombinant plasmid pTnice1 was constructed, which has the ability of broad-host-range conjugal mobilization and integration of iceA into chromosomal DNA of many gram-negative bacteria by Tn5 transposition. We used this plasmid to integrate the iceA into chromosomal DNA of Ent. cloacae and obtained the transgentic strain Enc1.2022 ina. In this transgenic Ent. cloacae, iceA would never be transferred elsewhere through transposition, and constantly expressed high ice nucleation activity even in the absence of antibiotic pressure. The transgenic strain was ingested by corn borer larvae. Over the 7 d after ingestion, the mean supercooling points (SCPs) of the larvae was about 10℃ higher than those of larvae treated with distilled water (control). The maintenance of these high SCPs was related to the stable gut colonization of transgenic strain. At 6th day post ingestion, the larva was exposed at 5 or 7℃ for 12 h, the percentages of larvae frozen to death were 85 and 100%, respectively. In contrast, none or a small proportion of control larvae was frozen to death under the same conditions. Further studies demonstrated that this transgenic strain bore weak epiphytic ability. Therefore, this genetically engineered strain may be a promising candidate for control of insect pests in agricultural fields.展开更多
The United States, Brazil, Argentina, India and China are the major soybean producing countries in the world. Nearly 90% of the world^s soybean production comes from these countries. The occurrence of diseases and i...The United States, Brazil, Argentina, India and China are the major soybean producing countries in the world. Nearly 90% of the world^s soybean production comes from these countries. The occurrence of diseases and insect pests often lead to the reduction of soybean yield, and brings varying degree losses to these countries. This article provides an overview of the impact and measures on soybean main diseases and insect pests in the top five major soybean producing countries over the world. It is concluded that the diseases affecting the soybean yield seriously include Phakopsorapachyrhizi, Heterodera glycines, Septoria glycines, Colletotrichum spp. and Macrophominaphaseolina; and the main insect pests include Anticarsia gemmatalis, Spodoptera litura, Nezara viridula and Frankliniella occidentalis, which will provide information for key prevention and control of soybean main diseases and insect pests in these countries.展开更多
[Objectives]The paper was to master the species,incidence regularity and control techniques of main diseases and insect pests of Camellia oleifera in Anhui Province.[Methods]The species of main diseases and insect pes...[Objectives]The paper was to master the species,incidence regularity and control techniques of main diseases and insect pests of Camellia oleifera in Anhui Province.[Methods]The species of main diseases and insect pests of C.oleifera in major C.oleifera afforestation bases and seedling bases in Anhui Province were investigated through field survey and literature search.Afterwards,the symptom characteristics,occurrence regularity and harms of diseases and insect pests were analyzed,and scientific and reasonable control techniques were put forward.[Results]The main diseases of C.oleifera in Anhui Province were soft rot disease,blister blight,anthracnose,sooty blotch,etc.,and the main insect pests were Euproctis pseudoconspersa,Biston marginata,Hypomeces squamosus,Curculio chinensts,Chrenoma atritarsis,etc.The control techniques mainly included ecological regulation,physical prevention and control,chemical prevention and control,and biological prevention and control.[Conclusions]The results will promote the high-quality development of C.oleifera industry in Anhui Province,and contribute to the improvement of China s edible vegetable oil supply and national grain and oil security.展开更多
[Objectives]The paper was to find the diseases and insect pests in the process of cotton growth quickly,effectively and timely.[Methods]The growth process of cotton was dynamically monitored by UAV aerial photography,...[Objectives]The paper was to find the diseases and insect pests in the process of cotton growth quickly,effectively and timely.[Methods]The growth process of cotton was dynamically monitored by UAV aerial photography,and the aerial data map was converted into geotif image with longitude and latitude and then inputted into the detection system for preprocessing,mainly for image feature extraction and classification.Through deep learning of MATLAB software and BP neural network algorithm,the feature similarity of the images in the established characteristic database of cotton diseases and insect pests was compared.[Results]Through comparative analysis of characteristics of a large number of diseases and insect pests,it was found that deep learning method had high discrimination accuracy and good reliability.[Conclusions]The dynamic detection system using deep learning can well find cotton diseases and insect pests,and achieve early detection and early treatment,so as to effectively improve the yield and quality of cotton.展开更多
Insects are major pests of stored grains. In sub Sahara Africa, stored grain insect pests are mainly Coleoptera or Lepidoptera. In the Logone Valley, area covering the Far North Region of Cameroon and South-West of Ch...Insects are major pests of stored grains. In sub Sahara Africa, stored grain insect pests are mainly Coleoptera or Lepidoptera. In the Logone Valley, area covering the Far North Region of Cameroon and South-West of Chad, to our knowledge, the diversity of insect pests noxious to stored products is not established. These beetles and weevils （Insecta：Coleoptera） during their development depreciate food in storage, were able to destroy a whole stock in a very short period of time if no protection of stored food is made. To achieve the diversity of insect pests, inspections of granaries were done in 209 villages of Logone Valley where insect pests were collected and identified. Secondly, the stored grains were sampled in peasant＇s granaries of Logone Valley and reared in incubators in the Unit of Entomological Research of the University of Ngaound6r6. After their emergence, insects were removed, collected and identified. Their noxious efficiency on stored grains is done by the calculation of the density of each insect pests per gram of grains. This study indicates that 12 species of harmful insects attack cereals and leguminous grains in the Logone Valley during storage. The Bruchids were the main insect pests of legumes. Callosobruchus maculatus was the main pest of legume and attacking mainly cowpeas （34.92 bruchids/g of seed） and peanuts （20.75 bruchids/g of seed）. Seven harmful species destroy the cereals. Sitophilus zeamais is the main pest of maize （15.86 weevils/g of maize） and S. oryzae, for sorghum （36.59 weevils/g of maize）. Tribolium castaneum were the main secondary pest. T. castaneum infests both cereals and leguminous. This work summarizes the importance and the diversification of stored grain pests in Logone Valley. Knowing the pest diversity is an important step in the strategy to develop a friendly and ecological control method of these harmful insects.展开更多
In order to effectively deal with the problems of diseases and insect pests in the growth process of strawberry and to improve the quality and yield of strawberry,the main diseases and insect pests in strawberry culti...In order to effectively deal with the problems of diseases and insect pests in the growth process of strawberry and to improve the quality and yield of strawberry,the main diseases and insect pests in strawberry cultivation such as powdery mildew,gray mold,anthracnose,red stele root rot,calcium deficiency,salt or fertilizer damage,aphids,red spiders,thrips,grubs,etc.and their identification methods were analyzed.The comprehensive pollution-free prevention and control techniques of these pests and diseases were explored,in order to provide technical guidance for high quality,efficient and harmless production of strawberry.展开更多
[Objectives]The paper was to understand the species and harm of diseases and insect pests of Baccaurea ramiflora Lour.in Guangxi,and to provide basis for the prevention and control of diseases and insect pests.[Method...[Objectives]The paper was to understand the species and harm of diseases and insect pests of Baccaurea ramiflora Lour.in Guangxi,and to provide basis for the prevention and control of diseases and insect pests.[Methods]From 2018 to 2021,a systematic investigation on diseases and insect pests of B.ramiflora was conducted in Dongxing City,Fangchenggang City,Longzhou County,Pingxiang City,Jingxi City and Napo County in Guangxi.[Results]There were 22 species of diseases and insect pests that harmed B.ramiflora in Guangxi,7 of which were diseases and 15 were insect pests.Leaf blight(Fuasrium spp.)was the main disease at seedling stage,causing severe damage,and anthracnose(Colletotrichum gloeosporioides Penz.)caused moderate damage.Cyclosia papilionaris Drury and Chrysochus chinensis Baly had high frequency of occurrence,wide damage area and severe damage.Cyclosia panthono Stoll and Lcerya aegyptiaca Douglas caused moderate damage,while other insect pests caused light damage.[Conclusions]The study lays a foundation for the scientific prevention and control of B.ramiflora diseases and insect pests,and promotes the sustainable and rapid development of B.ramiflora industry in Guangxi.展开更多
In recent years,with the increasing planting area of facility tomato,diseases and insect pests such as tomato grey mold(Botrytis cinerea),early blight(Alternaria solani),late blight(Phytophthora infestans),and whitefl...In recent years,with the increasing planting area of facility tomato,diseases and insect pests such as tomato grey mold(Botrytis cinerea),early blight(Alternaria solani),late blight(Phytophthora infestans),and whitefly(Trialeurodes uaporariorum) occur frequently,causing severe harms and difficulties in prevention and control.In order to ensure the normal production of facility tomato and improve the yield and quality of tomato,the corresponding prevention and control measures are put forward according to the regularity of the occurrence of diseases and insect pests and the characteristics of facility environment,which has certain guiding significance for agricultural production.展开更多
In this study,we monitored for the impact of three aqueous extracts of plants(Azadirachta indica,Hyptis suaveolens and Solanum lycopersicum)on insect pests abundance in okra(Abelmoschus esculentus L.)crop,compared to ...In this study,we monitored for the impact of three aqueous extracts of plants(Azadirachta indica,Hyptis suaveolens and Solanum lycopersicum)on insect pests abundance in okra(Abelmoschus esculentus L.)crop,compared to a synthetic chemical«SAUVEUR 62 EC»,having as active ingredients,acetamiprid 32g/l and Lambda-cyhalothrin 30g/l.Foliar applications by these extracts were done using manual sprayers.After treatment,the insects were caught using two methods(pitfall traps and colored bowls traps).A total of 6505 insects belonging to nine orders were recorded in four plots.The plot 1(9 orders)was the most diverse,followed by the plot 3(8 orders),the plot 2 and 4(7 orders respectively).Coleoptera,Lepidoptera,Diptera,Orthoptera and Hemiptera were the most frequents.The chemical treatment has impacted significantly the number of orders(p<0.05)but,the insect abundance was impacted significantly by the different biological treatments(p<0.05).This study showed that the aqueous extract of Solanum lycopercicum was more effective on the abundance of pests belonging to Hemiptera,while the aqueous extracts of Azadirachta indica and Hyptis suaveolens were effectives on the abundance of pests belonging to Coleoptera.The chemical treatment was effective on the pests belonging to both orders.展开更多
Wheat cultivation technology is an important support for agricultural development. The level of wheat cultivation technology has a direct impact on wheat yield. However, wheat growth is affected by a variety of extern...Wheat cultivation technology is an important support for agricultural development. The level of wheat cultivation technology has a direct impact on wheat yield. However, wheat growth is affected by a variety of external factors. Non-favorable growth conditions of wheat will lead to low wheat yield and quality and reduce farmers' sources of economic income. As a result, people attach great importance to wheat cultivation technology and pest control research.展开更多
Ancient trees are a kind of historical heritage with long history and life. During his lifetime, With the continuous development of society, people pay more and more attention to the construction of ecological civiliz...Ancient trees are a kind of historical heritage with long history and life. During his lifetime, With the continuous development of society, people pay more and more attention to the construction of ecological civilization, especially the protection of ancient and famous trees. Ancient and famous trees are not only very precious, but also extremely scarce, which shows that the protection of ancient and famous trees has become the top priority of protection work. he has experienced various complicated changes in climate and environment and various diseases and insect pests. After investigation and statistics, the damage rate of ancient trees and pests in Huludao City reached 13.2%, among which 6% were seriously damaged. In view of the above situation, we should adhere to the policy of "prevention first, comprehensive prevention and control", through regular inspection, timely prevention and control, and take effective measures to effectively protect the ancient tree resources in Huludao City.展开更多
Social and economic development cannot be separated from the development and utilization of a large number of forestry resources. Forestry resources have important economic value and strategic significance and are the...Social and economic development cannot be separated from the development and utilization of a large number of forestry resources. Forestry resources have important economic value and strategic significance and are the important basic resources to ensure the sustainable development of China's economy. The quality of forestry resources directly affects the development of forestry engineering. With the advancement of artificial afforestation engineering, strengthening the prevention and control of forest diseases and insect pests is an important work to ensure the improvement of forestry economic benefits. Once forestry diseases and insect pests occur, they will bring huge economic losses to relevant engineering departments, hinder the efficient development and utilization of forestry resources, and cause damage to forestry ecological environment. The harm of forest diseases and insect pests is very great, which deeply affects the quality and yield of forest resources, causing great damage to the economic and ecological benefits of the forestry sector. Based on this, the relevant departments should take effective measures to strengthen forestry management, reduce the occurrence probability of forest diseases and insect pests, and avoid causing economic losses and ecological damage. The prevention and control of forest diseases and insect pests should adhere to the concept of scientific prevention and control, and use reasonable prevention and control techniques and methods to solve the problem of forest diseases and insect pests. This paper introduces the current situation and harms characteristics of forestry diseases and insect pests in China, and further discusses the effective prevention and control techniques and methods of forestry diseases and insect pests, which can provide reference for the prevention and control of forestry diseases and insect pests in China.展开更多
The cultivation and natural growth characteristics of cotton are different from those of staple crops. The growth cycle of cotton is long, and the cultivation agronomy is complex, and its growth process is highly depe...The cultivation and natural growth characteristics of cotton are different from those of staple crops. The growth cycle of cotton is long, and the cultivation agronomy is complex, and its growth process is highly dependent on the natural environment. Factors such as temperature, moisture and soil environment will directly affect the quality of cotton. At the same time, with the change of production mode, the traditional cotton field ecosystem has undergone significant changes, resulting in the increasing frequency and influence degree of diseases and insect pests year by year. Blight, verticillium wilt, cotton bollworm, aphid and other forms of diseases and insect pests pose a great threat to cotton production. It is the key to ensure cotton yield to make clear the characteristics of cotton diseases and insect pests and carry out targeted prevention and treatment.展开更多
In the development of China's agricultural production, wheat, as a food crop, plays an important role. Its own output will have a direct impact on the safe development of agriculture. Therefore, when planting whea...In the development of China's agricultural production, wheat, as a food crop, plays an important role. Its own output will have a direct impact on the safe development of agriculture. Therefore, when planting wheat in the field, the field management of wheat must be strengthened, especially the comprehensive prevention and control of diseases and insect pests occurring in the growth process of wheat, which cannot be taken lightly. If diseases and insect pests cannot be effectively and timely controlled, the yield and quality of wheat will be severely reduced. When controlling wheat diseases and insect pests, it is necessary to master the specific characteristics of the diseases and insect pests, and adopt various technologies such as biology and agriculture to carry out comprehensive prevention and control, so as to improve the quality and yield of wheat.展开更多
Crop diseases and insect pests are the key factors affecting stable and increased grain production, and prevention and control of crop diseases and insect pests are the key measures for disaster reduction and bumper h...Crop diseases and insect pests are the key factors affecting stable and increased grain production, and prevention and control of crop diseases and insect pests are the key measures for disaster reduction and bumper harvest. For farmers, the most important concern is also the crop yield. They want to improve the yield and do a good job in pest control. In order to organize the prevention and control of plant diseases and insect pests, minimize the damage and loss, improve the agricultural output and increase the income of farmers. This paper summarizes the common diseases and insect pests of crops in Tibet and their control methods.展开更多
文摘Cowpea, Vigna unguiculata (L.) Walp. is an economically important seed legume that helps combat food and nutrition insecurity in the Sahel, particularly Niger. However, its yield remains low due to insect pest attacks. This study was conducted at a station and in seven villages in the Maradi and Tahoua regions. It aimed to test the effectiveness of neem seed biopesticides [Azadirachta indica A. Juss] and sanitized human urine for integrated insect pest management. The cowpea variety UAM09 1055-6 was used for the experiments. The experimental trial was a Fisher block design consisting of five treatments: neem oil, neem seed extract (NSE), hygienized human urine (HHU), chemical pesticide, and a control, replicated five times at the station and twice in farmers’ environments. The study shows that Megalurothrips sjostedti Trybom, Clavigralla tomentosicollis Stål and Maruca vitrata Fabricius are the main insect pests. Plots treated with synthetic pesticides were the least infested by C. tomentosicollis. They were followed by neem seed extract and HHU treatments, which recorded an infestation level of 2.44 and 20.5 times lower than controls at the station and in farming environments. The density of thrips was 1.06 to 32.6 times lower in treated plots compared to controls. The proportion of pods damaged by M. vitrata was 1.95, 2.55, and 2.77 times lower in plots treated with HHU, NSE, and synthetic pesticide, respectively, compared to controls. Grain yields were 1.80 and 2.62 times higher in UHH and NSE treatments compared to control plots, both at the station and in farmers’ environments. A yield increase of 44.58% and 61.92% was noted for these treatments at the station and in farmers’ environments, respectively. These results may promote the dissemination of NSE and HHU biopesticide technologies in rural areas as an alternative method for integrated pest management of cowpeas.
文摘Cowpea, Vigna unguiculata L. Walp, is an important food grain legume in Niger facing production losses due to insect pests. This study aims to determine the efficiency of non-chemical methods for managing these pests. A trial was conducted during the 2020 and 2022 cropping seasons at the INRAN station in the Maradi region. A Fischer experimental design with 6 repetitions was used to compare 4 treatments: synthetic chemical pesticide;the entomopathogenic fungus Beauveria bassiana;aqueous extracts of neem seeds, and control. Observations were carried out every three days. The cowpea pod-sucking bug, pod borer, and thrips were the main insect pests recorded. In terms of effectiveness, the synthetic pesticide was the best treatment. It reduced insect pest densities by 71.35% to 90.40% in 2020 and by 35.11% to 42.13% in 2022. Grain yields varied between treatments. Neem seed extract followed the synthetic pesticide and significantly reduced insect infestations in both years. The synthetic pesticide and neem seed extract resulted in yields 3 to 5 times higher than the control treatment in 2020. By contrast, B. bassiana 115 and neem seed extract produced similar yields in 2022. Therefore, the results of this study showed that B. bassiana 115 and neem seed extract have insecticidal potential and could be used as an ecological alternative for managing cowpea insect pests in the Sahel.
基金This paper was translated from its Chinese version in Chinese Journal of Rice Science.
文摘Nitrogen is one of the most important factors in development of herbivore populations. The application of nitrogen fertilizer in plants can normally increase herbivore feeding preference, food consumption, survival, growth, reproduction, and population density, except few examples that nitrogen fertilizer reduces the herbivore performances. In most of the rice growing areas in Asia, the great increases in populations of major insect pests of rice, including planthoppers （Nilaparvata lugens and Sogatella furcifera）, leaffolder （ Cnaphalocrocis rnedinalis）, and stem borers （Scirpophaga incertulas, Chilo suppressalis, S. innotata, C. polychrysus and Sesarnia inferens） were closely related to the long-term excessive application of nitrogen fertilizers. The optimal regime of nitrogen fertilizer in irrigated paddy fields is proposed to improve the fertilizer-nitrogen use efficiency and reduce the environmental pollution.
基金Supported by Ministry of Science and Technology of China“National Project of Science and Technology for Food Production”(2004ba520a04)~~
文摘[Objective] Study on the effects of rice-duck mutualism on weeds and insects pests and economic benefits of paddy field. [Method] Comparison of the incidence of weeds, sheath blight and insects pest under rice-duck mutualism, conventional cultivation and control treatment, the yield and economic benefits were analyzed under the 3 treatments. [Result] Average occurrence of weeds in rice-duck mutualism group decreased by 2.33 and 52.0g ind/m^2 compared with that in conventional cultivation and control treatment ; the control rate of mutualism was up to 75% against rice hopper, but just between 25% -60% against rice leaf roller and Chilo suppressalis. The rates of diseased plant and diseased bell against rice sheath blight were higher and disease indices were lower compared with control group. The yield of mutualism group was identical with conventional cultivation, Which was greatly higher than that of control group. The results suggested an higher economic benefits and lower cost benefit ratio for rice-duck mutualism treatment. [Conclusion] Rice-duck mutualism gives birth to a positive effect to control the diseases, insect pests and weeds, as well as to economic benefits, providing basis on extension of rice-duck mutualism system.
文摘In agriculture, chemical insecticides are widely used to protect crops from insect pests. Over a period of years, some insects such as Colorado potato beetle （CPB） succeed in developing resistance to most of the registered chemical insecticides. Consequently, heavy applications of chemical insecticides to control this pest become ineffective on a long-term basis and can lead to serious health and environmental problems. The use of natural enemies to control CPB is an interesting alternative to chemical means However, hand release of predators is not feasible on a large scale in the field. The main objective of this research study was to design and build a test bench to investigate the technical feasibility of mechanically releasing predators. The test bench consisted of a vertical chain conveyor mounted on two vertical shafts driven by an electric motor. Since the predators are small and fragile, they were placed in a specially designed container to preserve their physical integrity. Trials using this test bench showed that a carrier material was required, because most of the predators remained inside the container. The success of this mass predator release system will be highly valuable for the biological control of insect pests in many crops.
基金This work was supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(30170624).
文摘Using the minitransposon pMini-Tn5 and the ice-nucleation active (INA) gene of iceA, a suicide recombinant plasmid pTnice1 was constructed, which has the ability of broad-host-range conjugal mobilization and integration of iceA into chromosomal DNA of many gram-negative bacteria by Tn5 transposition. We used this plasmid to integrate the iceA into chromosomal DNA of Ent. cloacae and obtained the transgentic strain Enc1.2022 ina. In this transgenic Ent. cloacae, iceA would never be transferred elsewhere through transposition, and constantly expressed high ice nucleation activity even in the absence of antibiotic pressure. The transgenic strain was ingested by corn borer larvae. Over the 7 d after ingestion, the mean supercooling points (SCPs) of the larvae was about 10℃ higher than those of larvae treated with distilled water (control). The maintenance of these high SCPs was related to the stable gut colonization of transgenic strain. At 6th day post ingestion, the larva was exposed at 5 or 7℃ for 12 h, the percentages of larvae frozen to death were 85 and 100%, respectively. In contrast, none or a small proportion of control larvae was frozen to death under the same conditions. Further studies demonstrated that this transgenic strain bore weak epiphytic ability. Therefore, this genetically engineered strain may be a promising candidate for control of insect pests in agricultural fields.
基金Supported by Fund Project of Key Laboratory of Integrated Pest Management on Crops in South China,Ministry of Agriculture,P.R.China(SCIPM2018-08)Natural Science Youth Fund of Yunnan Agricultural University(2016ZR18)Key Discipline Project of Agricultural Entomology and Pest Control in Yunnan Agricultural University(A2001206)
文摘The United States, Brazil, Argentina, India and China are the major soybean producing countries in the world. Nearly 90% of the world^s soybean production comes from these countries. The occurrence of diseases and insect pests often lead to the reduction of soybean yield, and brings varying degree losses to these countries. This article provides an overview of the impact and measures on soybean main diseases and insect pests in the top five major soybean producing countries over the world. It is concluded that the diseases affecting the soybean yield seriously include Phakopsorapachyrhizi, Heterodera glycines, Septoria glycines, Colletotrichum spp. and Macrophominaphaseolina; and the main insect pests include Anticarsia gemmatalis, Spodoptera litura, Nezara viridula and Frankliniella occidentalis, which will provide information for key prevention and control of soybean main diseases and insect pests in these countries.
基金Supported by Youth Project of Natural Science Foundation of Anhui Province(2008085QC135)Postdoctoral Workstation Project of West Anhui University(WXBSH2020003)+4 种基金Key Program of Natural Science Research Project for Anhui Universities(KJ2021A0954)Forestry Carbon Sequestration Self-funded Science and Technology Project of Anhui Province(LJH[2022]267)Subject of Lu an Forestry Bureau(0045021093)School-level Quality Engineering Project of West Anhui University(wxxy2021017)Provincial Quality Engineering Project of West Anhui University(2022jyxm1765).
文摘[Objectives]The paper was to master the species,incidence regularity and control techniques of main diseases and insect pests of Camellia oleifera in Anhui Province.[Methods]The species of main diseases and insect pests of C.oleifera in major C.oleifera afforestation bases and seedling bases in Anhui Province were investigated through field survey and literature search.Afterwards,the symptom characteristics,occurrence regularity and harms of diseases and insect pests were analyzed,and scientific and reasonable control techniques were put forward.[Results]The main diseases of C.oleifera in Anhui Province were soft rot disease,blister blight,anthracnose,sooty blotch,etc.,and the main insect pests were Euproctis pseudoconspersa,Biston marginata,Hypomeces squamosus,Curculio chinensts,Chrenoma atritarsis,etc.The control techniques mainly included ecological regulation,physical prevention and control,chemical prevention and control,and biological prevention and control.[Conclusions]The results will promote the high-quality development of C.oleifera industry in Anhui Province,and contribute to the improvement of China s edible vegetable oil supply and national grain and oil security.
基金Supported by Natural Science Foundation of Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region(2020D01C003)。
文摘[Objectives]The paper was to find the diseases and insect pests in the process of cotton growth quickly,effectively and timely.[Methods]The growth process of cotton was dynamically monitored by UAV aerial photography,and the aerial data map was converted into geotif image with longitude and latitude and then inputted into the detection system for preprocessing,mainly for image feature extraction and classification.Through deep learning of MATLAB software and BP neural network algorithm,the feature similarity of the images in the established characteristic database of cotton diseases and insect pests was compared.[Results]Through comparative analysis of characteristics of a large number of diseases and insect pests,it was found that deep learning method had high discrimination accuracy and good reliability.[Conclusions]The dynamic detection system using deep learning can well find cotton diseases and insect pests,and achieve early detection and early treatment,so as to effectively improve the yield and quality of cotton.
文摘Insects are major pests of stored grains. In sub Sahara Africa, stored grain insect pests are mainly Coleoptera or Lepidoptera. In the Logone Valley, area covering the Far North Region of Cameroon and South-West of Chad, to our knowledge, the diversity of insect pests noxious to stored products is not established. These beetles and weevils （Insecta：Coleoptera） during their development depreciate food in storage, were able to destroy a whole stock in a very short period of time if no protection of stored food is made. To achieve the diversity of insect pests, inspections of granaries were done in 209 villages of Logone Valley where insect pests were collected and identified. Secondly, the stored grains were sampled in peasant＇s granaries of Logone Valley and reared in incubators in the Unit of Entomological Research of the University of Ngaound6r6. After their emergence, insects were removed, collected and identified. Their noxious efficiency on stored grains is done by the calculation of the density of each insect pests per gram of grains. This study indicates that 12 species of harmful insects attack cereals and leguminous grains in the Logone Valley during storage. The Bruchids were the main insect pests of legumes. Callosobruchus maculatus was the main pest of legume and attacking mainly cowpeas （34.92 bruchids/g of seed） and peanuts （20.75 bruchids/g of seed）. Seven harmful species destroy the cereals. Sitophilus zeamais is the main pest of maize （15.86 weevils/g of maize） and S. oryzae, for sorghum （36.59 weevils/g of maize）. Tribolium castaneum were the main secondary pest. T. castaneum infests both cereals and leguminous. This work summarizes the importance and the diversification of stored grain pests in Logone Valley. Knowing the pest diversity is an important step in the strategy to develop a friendly and ecological control method of these harmful insects.
基金Supported by Science and Technology Innovation Project of Hebei Province(C19C0701-03)Key Technology R&D Program of Hebei Province(16226313D-4)Natural Science Foundation of Hebei Province(C2018301047)。
文摘In order to effectively deal with the problems of diseases and insect pests in the growth process of strawberry and to improve the quality and yield of strawberry,the main diseases and insect pests in strawberry cultivation such as powdery mildew,gray mold,anthracnose,red stele root rot,calcium deficiency,salt or fertilizer damage,aphids,red spiders,thrips,grubs,etc.and their identification methods were analyzed.The comprehensive pollution-free prevention and control techniques of these pests and diseases were explored,in order to provide technical guidance for high quality,efficient and harmless production of strawberry.
基金Supported by Fundamental Research Project of Guangxi Academy of Agricultural Sciences(GNK 2020YM45)Stable Funding Team Project of Guangxi Academy of Agricultural Sciences(GK 2021YT168)。
文摘[Objectives]The paper was to understand the species and harm of diseases and insect pests of Baccaurea ramiflora Lour.in Guangxi,and to provide basis for the prevention and control of diseases and insect pests.[Methods]From 2018 to 2021,a systematic investigation on diseases and insect pests of B.ramiflora was conducted in Dongxing City,Fangchenggang City,Longzhou County,Pingxiang City,Jingxi City and Napo County in Guangxi.[Results]There were 22 species of diseases and insect pests that harmed B.ramiflora in Guangxi,7 of which were diseases and 15 were insect pests.Leaf blight(Fuasrium spp.)was the main disease at seedling stage,causing severe damage,and anthracnose(Colletotrichum gloeosporioides Penz.)caused moderate damage.Cyclosia papilionaris Drury and Chrysochus chinensis Baly had high frequency of occurrence,wide damage area and severe damage.Cyclosia panthono Stoll and Lcerya aegyptiaca Douglas caused moderate damage,while other insect pests caused light damage.[Conclusions]The study lays a foundation for the scientific prevention and control of B.ramiflora diseases and insect pests,and promotes the sustainable and rapid development of B.ramiflora industry in Guangxi.
文摘In recent years,with the increasing planting area of facility tomato,diseases and insect pests such as tomato grey mold(Botrytis cinerea),early blight(Alternaria solani),late blight(Phytophthora infestans),and whitefly(Trialeurodes uaporariorum) occur frequently,causing severe harms and difficulties in prevention and control.In order to ensure the normal production of facility tomato and improve the yield and quality of tomato,the corresponding prevention and control measures are put forward according to the regularity of the occurrence of diseases and insect pests and the characteristics of facility environment,which has certain guiding significance for agricultural production.
文摘In this study,we monitored for the impact of three aqueous extracts of plants(Azadirachta indica,Hyptis suaveolens and Solanum lycopersicum)on insect pests abundance in okra(Abelmoschus esculentus L.)crop,compared to a synthetic chemical«SAUVEUR 62 EC»,having as active ingredients,acetamiprid 32g/l and Lambda-cyhalothrin 30g/l.Foliar applications by these extracts were done using manual sprayers.After treatment,the insects were caught using two methods(pitfall traps and colored bowls traps).A total of 6505 insects belonging to nine orders were recorded in four plots.The plot 1(9 orders)was the most diverse,followed by the plot 3(8 orders),the plot 2 and 4(7 orders respectively).Coleoptera,Lepidoptera,Diptera,Orthoptera and Hemiptera were the most frequents.The chemical treatment has impacted significantly the number of orders(p<0.05)but,the insect abundance was impacted significantly by the different biological treatments(p<0.05).This study showed that the aqueous extract of Solanum lycopercicum was more effective on the abundance of pests belonging to Hemiptera,while the aqueous extracts of Azadirachta indica and Hyptis suaveolens were effectives on the abundance of pests belonging to Coleoptera.The chemical treatment was effective on the pests belonging to both orders.
文摘Wheat cultivation technology is an important support for agricultural development. The level of wheat cultivation technology has a direct impact on wheat yield. However, wheat growth is affected by a variety of external factors. Non-favorable growth conditions of wheat will lead to low wheat yield and quality and reduce farmers' sources of economic income. As a result, people attach great importance to wheat cultivation technology and pest control research.
文摘Ancient trees are a kind of historical heritage with long history and life. During his lifetime, With the continuous development of society, people pay more and more attention to the construction of ecological civilization, especially the protection of ancient and famous trees. Ancient and famous trees are not only very precious, but also extremely scarce, which shows that the protection of ancient and famous trees has become the top priority of protection work. he has experienced various complicated changes in climate and environment and various diseases and insect pests. After investigation and statistics, the damage rate of ancient trees and pests in Huludao City reached 13.2%, among which 6% were seriously damaged. In view of the above situation, we should adhere to the policy of "prevention first, comprehensive prevention and control", through regular inspection, timely prevention and control, and take effective measures to effectively protect the ancient tree resources in Huludao City.
文摘Social and economic development cannot be separated from the development and utilization of a large number of forestry resources. Forestry resources have important economic value and strategic significance and are the important basic resources to ensure the sustainable development of China's economy. The quality of forestry resources directly affects the development of forestry engineering. With the advancement of artificial afforestation engineering, strengthening the prevention and control of forest diseases and insect pests is an important work to ensure the improvement of forestry economic benefits. Once forestry diseases and insect pests occur, they will bring huge economic losses to relevant engineering departments, hinder the efficient development and utilization of forestry resources, and cause damage to forestry ecological environment. The harm of forest diseases and insect pests is very great, which deeply affects the quality and yield of forest resources, causing great damage to the economic and ecological benefits of the forestry sector. Based on this, the relevant departments should take effective measures to strengthen forestry management, reduce the occurrence probability of forest diseases and insect pests, and avoid causing economic losses and ecological damage. The prevention and control of forest diseases and insect pests should adhere to the concept of scientific prevention and control, and use reasonable prevention and control techniques and methods to solve the problem of forest diseases and insect pests. This paper introduces the current situation and harms characteristics of forestry diseases and insect pests in China, and further discusses the effective prevention and control techniques and methods of forestry diseases and insect pests, which can provide reference for the prevention and control of forestry diseases and insect pests in China.
文摘The cultivation and natural growth characteristics of cotton are different from those of staple crops. The growth cycle of cotton is long, and the cultivation agronomy is complex, and its growth process is highly dependent on the natural environment. Factors such as temperature, moisture and soil environment will directly affect the quality of cotton. At the same time, with the change of production mode, the traditional cotton field ecosystem has undergone significant changes, resulting in the increasing frequency and influence degree of diseases and insect pests year by year. Blight, verticillium wilt, cotton bollworm, aphid and other forms of diseases and insect pests pose a great threat to cotton production. It is the key to ensure cotton yield to make clear the characteristics of cotton diseases and insect pests and carry out targeted prevention and treatment.
文摘In the development of China's agricultural production, wheat, as a food crop, plays an important role. Its own output will have a direct impact on the safe development of agriculture. Therefore, when planting wheat in the field, the field management of wheat must be strengthened, especially the comprehensive prevention and control of diseases and insect pests occurring in the growth process of wheat, which cannot be taken lightly. If diseases and insect pests cannot be effectively and timely controlled, the yield and quality of wheat will be severely reduced. When controlling wheat diseases and insect pests, it is necessary to master the specific characteristics of the diseases and insect pests, and adopt various technologies such as biology and agriculture to carry out comprehensive prevention and control, so as to improve the quality and yield of wheat.
文摘Crop diseases and insect pests are the key factors affecting stable and increased grain production, and prevention and control of crop diseases and insect pests are the key measures for disaster reduction and bumper harvest. For farmers, the most important concern is also the crop yield. They want to improve the yield and do a good job in pest control. In order to organize the prevention and control of plant diseases and insect pests, minimize the damage and loss, improve the agricultural output and increase the income of farmers. This paper summarizes the common diseases and insect pests of crops in Tibet and their control methods.
