The long-term stability of CO_(2) storage represents a pivotal challenge in geological CO_(2) storage(CGS),particularly within deep saline aquifers characterized by complex fault-block systems.While the injection site...The long-term stability of CO_(2) storage represents a pivotal challenge in geological CO_(2) storage(CGS),particularly within deep saline aquifers characterized by complex fault-block systems.While the injection sites and rate under different fault structures will directly affect the CO_(2) storage effect and the risk of leakage.This study investigates the Gaoyou Sag in the Subei Basin,a representative fault-block reservoir,through an integrated numerical-experimental approach.A three-dimensional simulation model incorporating multiphase flow dynamics was developed to characterize subsurface CO_(2) transport and dissolution processes.A novel fault seal capacity evaluation framework was proposed,integrating three critical geological indices(fault throw/reservoir thickness/caprock thicknesses)with the coupling of formation physical properties,temperature,and pressure for the rational selection of injection sites and rates.The results show that Optimal storage performance is observed when the fault throw is lower than the reservoir and caprock thicknesses.Furthermore,higher temperature and pressure promote the dissolution and diffusion of CO_(2),while compared to the structural form of faults,the physical properties of faults have a more significant effect on CO_(2) leakage.The larger reservoir space and the presence of an interlayer reduce the risk of CO_(2) leakage,and augmenting storage potential.Decreasing the injection rate increases the proportion of dissolved CO_(2),thereby enhancing the safety of CO_(2) storage.展开更多
Objective:Botulinum toxin type A is frequently used to treat crow’s feet lines.However,the optimal dose and injection sites are still controversial.The objective of this study was to compare the efficacy of different...Objective:Botulinum toxin type A is frequently used to treat crow’s feet lines.However,the optimal dose and injection sites are still controversial.The objective of this study was to compare the efficacy of different botulinum toxin type A injection patterns for the treatment of crow’s feet.Methods:This single-center,retrospective,clinical study was conducted at the National Hospital of Dermatology and Venereology from July 2020 to December 2020.Data on 60 patients with crow’s feet were collected and divided into 2 groups(3-or 4-point intramuscular injection)according to the intramuscular injection technique the patients received.The treatment efficacy was assessed based on the changes in the Crow’s Feet Grading Scale score at 1,4,and 16 weeks after treatment.Repeated measures analysis of variance was used for the assessment of changes in scores over time between the two groups.Results:After treatment,the average Crow’s Feet Grading Scale score was significantly decreased compared with the pretreatment score at all timepoints(1,4,and 16 weeks)in both states(dynamic:For 3-point intramuscular injection technique,1 week:1.90±0.71 vs.2.97±0.56;4 weeks:1.87±0.68 vs.2.97±0.56;16 weeks:2.60±0.67 vs.2.97±0.56.For 4-point intramuscular injection technique,1 week:1.73±0.83 vs.3.03±0.49;4 weeks:1.73±0.74 vs.3.03±0.49;16 weeks:2.57±0.68 vs.3.03±0.49,all P<0.001.and static:For 3-point intramuscular injection technique,1 week:1.20±0.89 vs.2.20±0.85;4 weeks:1.20±0.89 vs.2.20±0.85;16 weeks:1.87±0.97 vs.2.20±0.85;For 4-point intramuscular injection technique,1 week:1.50±0.86 vs.2.30±0.84;4 weeks:1.33±0.84 vs.2.30±0.84;16 weeks:1.87±0.97 vs.2.30±0.84.All P<0.001).The average subjective patient-rated satisfaction scores after treatment were significantly higher in the 4-point injection group than in the 3-point injection group(P=0.028).The adverse events were post-injection bruising in 3 patients and a feeling of eyelid tightness in 3 patients.Conclusion:Botulinum toxin type A injection is an effective treatment for crow’s feet.Adding a fourth injection maintains the same therapeutic effect and does not increase adverse effects.Patients with lower-fan crow’s feet patterns may benefit more from 4-point injection therapy.However,the present findings require confirmation in studies with larger sample sizes,longer follow-up times,and different botulinum toxin type A doses.展开更多
Objective:To review the current literature on the practice of intramuscular injections(IMIs),focusing on immunizations.Methods:The present study comprises 2 reviews,characterized by high-quality evidence,per taining t...Objective:To review the current literature on the practice of intramuscular injections(IMIs),focusing on immunizations.Methods:The present study comprises 2 reviews,characterized by high-quality evidence,per taining to the deployment of the slow injection technique without aspiration(referred to in this paper as the without-aspiration slow injection technique[WASi T])and combined with the Zeta-track technique(ZTT).The literature review is oriented toward the analysis of 2 features associated with IMIs techniques:safety and pain,integrating new evidence on vaccinee positioning for each muscle site and general relaxation techniques in the multi-parametric analysis.Results:The rigorous and in-depth reviews in the current study reveal the usefulness of including,among the international guidelines for via intramuscular immunizations,the adoption of WASi T only for compliant vaccinees,and in combination with all validated techniques for IMIs,and the use of ZTT limitedly if specific well-developed muscles are indicated.All the technique's limitations are exposed.Conclusions:Future research directions are presented by including the author's study designs to provide indirect evidence for the validity of the rationale of the slow injection technique using scientific methods,and for the conduction of future randomized controlled trials(RCTs)focused on revisiting the adoption of ZTT in a dynamic and integrated immunizations protocol in anterolateral thigh(ALT),ventrogluteal(VG),and also in the deltoid muscle,in the specific cases analyzed.展开更多
In the present study, the safety of Hoemophilus influenza type b conjugate vaccines inoculated in the upper arm deltoid and vastus lateralis muscle was evaluated. 680 infants aged 2-5 months and 6-12 months were selec...In the present study, the safety of Hoemophilus influenza type b conjugate vaccines inoculated in the upper arm deltoid and vastus lateralis muscle was evaluated. 680 infants aged 2-5 months and 6-12 months were selected to be the research subjects in whom the Hib conjugate vaccines were inoculated by injection in the upper arm deltoid and vastus lateralis muscle, respectively. The safety analysis indicated that there were no statistic differences in the incidence rates of adverse reactions when the Hib conjugate vaccines were inoculated at different sites. So we concluded that the safety of inoculation injection of Hib conjugate vaccines in vastus lateralis muscle was the same as that inoculated in the upper arm deltoid.展开更多
基金the Beijing Natural Science Foundation(No.8232044)the Science Foundation of China University of Petroleum,Beijing(No.2462023BJRC030).
文摘The long-term stability of CO_(2) storage represents a pivotal challenge in geological CO_(2) storage(CGS),particularly within deep saline aquifers characterized by complex fault-block systems.While the injection sites and rate under different fault structures will directly affect the CO_(2) storage effect and the risk of leakage.This study investigates the Gaoyou Sag in the Subei Basin,a representative fault-block reservoir,through an integrated numerical-experimental approach.A three-dimensional simulation model incorporating multiphase flow dynamics was developed to characterize subsurface CO_(2) transport and dissolution processes.A novel fault seal capacity evaluation framework was proposed,integrating three critical geological indices(fault throw/reservoir thickness/caprock thicknesses)with the coupling of formation physical properties,temperature,and pressure for the rational selection of injection sites and rates.The results show that Optimal storage performance is observed when the fault throw is lower than the reservoir and caprock thicknesses.Furthermore,higher temperature and pressure promote the dissolution and diffusion of CO_(2),while compared to the structural form of faults,the physical properties of faults have a more significant effect on CO_(2) leakage.The larger reservoir space and the presence of an interlayer reduce the risk of CO_(2) leakage,and augmenting storage potential.Decreasing the injection rate increases the proportion of dissolved CO_(2),thereby enhancing the safety of CO_(2) storage.
文摘Objective:Botulinum toxin type A is frequently used to treat crow’s feet lines.However,the optimal dose and injection sites are still controversial.The objective of this study was to compare the efficacy of different botulinum toxin type A injection patterns for the treatment of crow’s feet.Methods:This single-center,retrospective,clinical study was conducted at the National Hospital of Dermatology and Venereology from July 2020 to December 2020.Data on 60 patients with crow’s feet were collected and divided into 2 groups(3-or 4-point intramuscular injection)according to the intramuscular injection technique the patients received.The treatment efficacy was assessed based on the changes in the Crow’s Feet Grading Scale score at 1,4,and 16 weeks after treatment.Repeated measures analysis of variance was used for the assessment of changes in scores over time between the two groups.Results:After treatment,the average Crow’s Feet Grading Scale score was significantly decreased compared with the pretreatment score at all timepoints(1,4,and 16 weeks)in both states(dynamic:For 3-point intramuscular injection technique,1 week:1.90±0.71 vs.2.97±0.56;4 weeks:1.87±0.68 vs.2.97±0.56;16 weeks:2.60±0.67 vs.2.97±0.56.For 4-point intramuscular injection technique,1 week:1.73±0.83 vs.3.03±0.49;4 weeks:1.73±0.74 vs.3.03±0.49;16 weeks:2.57±0.68 vs.3.03±0.49,all P<0.001.and static:For 3-point intramuscular injection technique,1 week:1.20±0.89 vs.2.20±0.85;4 weeks:1.20±0.89 vs.2.20±0.85;16 weeks:1.87±0.97 vs.2.20±0.85;For 4-point intramuscular injection technique,1 week:1.50±0.86 vs.2.30±0.84;4 weeks:1.33±0.84 vs.2.30±0.84;16 weeks:1.87±0.97 vs.2.30±0.84.All P<0.001).The average subjective patient-rated satisfaction scores after treatment were significantly higher in the 4-point injection group than in the 3-point injection group(P=0.028).The adverse events were post-injection bruising in 3 patients and a feeling of eyelid tightness in 3 patients.Conclusion:Botulinum toxin type A injection is an effective treatment for crow’s feet.Adding a fourth injection maintains the same therapeutic effect and does not increase adverse effects.Patients with lower-fan crow’s feet patterns may benefit more from 4-point injection therapy.However,the present findings require confirmation in studies with larger sample sizes,longer follow-up times,and different botulinum toxin type A doses.
文摘Objective:To review the current literature on the practice of intramuscular injections(IMIs),focusing on immunizations.Methods:The present study comprises 2 reviews,characterized by high-quality evidence,per taining to the deployment of the slow injection technique without aspiration(referred to in this paper as the without-aspiration slow injection technique[WASi T])and combined with the Zeta-track technique(ZTT).The literature review is oriented toward the analysis of 2 features associated with IMIs techniques:safety and pain,integrating new evidence on vaccinee positioning for each muscle site and general relaxation techniques in the multi-parametric analysis.Results:The rigorous and in-depth reviews in the current study reveal the usefulness of including,among the international guidelines for via intramuscular immunizations,the adoption of WASi T only for compliant vaccinees,and in combination with all validated techniques for IMIs,and the use of ZTT limitedly if specific well-developed muscles are indicated.All the technique's limitations are exposed.Conclusions:Future research directions are presented by including the author's study designs to provide indirect evidence for the validity of the rationale of the slow injection technique using scientific methods,and for the conduction of future randomized controlled trials(RCTs)focused on revisiting the adoption of ZTT in a dynamic and integrated immunizations protocol in anterolateral thigh(ALT),ventrogluteal(VG),and also in the deltoid muscle,in the specific cases analyzed.
文摘In the present study, the safety of Hoemophilus influenza type b conjugate vaccines inoculated in the upper arm deltoid and vastus lateralis muscle was evaluated. 680 infants aged 2-5 months and 6-12 months were selected to be the research subjects in whom the Hib conjugate vaccines were inoculated by injection in the upper arm deltoid and vastus lateralis muscle, respectively. The safety analysis indicated that there were no statistic differences in the incidence rates of adverse reactions when the Hib conjugate vaccines were inoculated at different sites. So we concluded that the safety of inoculation injection of Hib conjugate vaccines in vastus lateralis muscle was the same as that inoculated in the upper arm deltoid.
