With the development of the economy and society, employment forms have shown a trend of diversification. Informal employment has become an important form of employment, and governments have introduced policies to prot...With the development of the economy and society, employment forms have shown a trend of diversification. Informal employment has become an important form of employment, and governments have introduced policies to protect the rights of informal workers. This paper reviews the literature on informal employment and summarizes the definition, role, and impact of informal employment, governance, rural informal employment, and women’s power in informal employment. The study concludes that the impact of informal employment is twofold. On the one hand, informal employment provides employment opportunities and contributes to economic growth. On the other hand, the wages, working environment, and institutional security of informal workers are inferior to those of formal workers. In addition, most studies have focused on urban spaces, and there are fewer studies on rural informal employment, especially for rural women. Due to gender, education level, and family care, informal employment has become the main employment form of the rural female labor force, and it is particularly important to study their employment status and rights protection.展开更多
Objectives:The study aims to focus on the ergonomic risks on mental agony and musculoskeletal pain(MSP)as well as discuss the potential solutions for minimizing the negative consequences of occupational risks among Th...Objectives:The study aims to focus on the ergonomic risks on mental agony and musculoskeletal pain(MSP)as well as discuss the potential solutions for minimizing the negative consequences of occupational risks among Thai informal workers.Methods:The analysis sample comprised of 805 informal workers in Thailand.Research instruments were consisted of an interview questionnaire and the ergonomic checklist.Results:MSP location was highest distributed to upper back(86.8%).Only 11.2%and 2.9%of the participants had no sign of anxiety and burnout.Poor work methods were identified as the most frequently exposed ergonomic risk.Burnout,anxiety,and workstation design were the significant risks impacting the severity of MSP.Physical environmental was the significant risk for anxiety,while physical environment and work methods were the significant risks for burnout.Conclusions:Interdisciplinary assessments and multi-level/sector approaches should be taken into account in planning the community health services for preventing occupational risks and MSP.展开更多
This contribution concerns social protection innovation in China and Africa as regards aging populations and social security extension to informal workers. China has adopted and extended several contributory schemes a...This contribution concerns social protection innovation in China and Africa as regards aging populations and social security extension to informal workers. China has adopted and extended several contributory schemes and non-contributory arrangements. Yet, the country faces significant challenges in terms of a funding gap, high urban contribution rates, inadequate benefits and an existing benefit gap, inequality in the treatment of public versus private sector workers, and insufficient migrant worker coverage and portability arrangements. While population aging is less of a problem in most African countries, African retirement arrangements experience challenges in relation to funding limitations, and a host of shortcomings as regards contributory schemes and non-contributory arrangements. China has seen a decline in the numbers of those who work in the informal economy. Ensuring proper coverage of such workers have included strengthened labor market regulation： An integrated approach is called for. In Africa, access by these workers to social security is limited. Attempts to achieve coverage extension have included conceptual developments, institutional initiatives, tailor-made design modalities, and a range of supportive arrangements （such as access to finance and to markets）. All these developments reflect a new appreciation of the leading role of the state in the provisioning of social security.展开更多
文摘With the development of the economy and society, employment forms have shown a trend of diversification. Informal employment has become an important form of employment, and governments have introduced policies to protect the rights of informal workers. This paper reviews the literature on informal employment and summarizes the definition, role, and impact of informal employment, governance, rural informal employment, and women’s power in informal employment. The study concludes that the impact of informal employment is twofold. On the one hand, informal employment provides employment opportunities and contributes to economic growth. On the other hand, the wages, working environment, and institutional security of informal workers are inferior to those of formal workers. In addition, most studies have focused on urban spaces, and there are fewer studies on rural informal employment, especially for rural women. Due to gender, education level, and family care, informal employment has become the main employment form of the rural female labor force, and it is particularly important to study their employment status and rights protection.
文摘Objectives:The study aims to focus on the ergonomic risks on mental agony and musculoskeletal pain(MSP)as well as discuss the potential solutions for minimizing the negative consequences of occupational risks among Thai informal workers.Methods:The analysis sample comprised of 805 informal workers in Thailand.Research instruments were consisted of an interview questionnaire and the ergonomic checklist.Results:MSP location was highest distributed to upper back(86.8%).Only 11.2%and 2.9%of the participants had no sign of anxiety and burnout.Poor work methods were identified as the most frequently exposed ergonomic risk.Burnout,anxiety,and workstation design were the significant risks impacting the severity of MSP.Physical environmental was the significant risk for anxiety,while physical environment and work methods were the significant risks for burnout.Conclusions:Interdisciplinary assessments and multi-level/sector approaches should be taken into account in planning the community health services for preventing occupational risks and MSP.
文摘This contribution concerns social protection innovation in China and Africa as regards aging populations and social security extension to informal workers. China has adopted and extended several contributory schemes and non-contributory arrangements. Yet, the country faces significant challenges in terms of a funding gap, high urban contribution rates, inadequate benefits and an existing benefit gap, inequality in the treatment of public versus private sector workers, and insufficient migrant worker coverage and portability arrangements. While population aging is less of a problem in most African countries, African retirement arrangements experience challenges in relation to funding limitations, and a host of shortcomings as regards contributory schemes and non-contributory arrangements. China has seen a decline in the numbers of those who work in the informal economy. Ensuring proper coverage of such workers have included strengthened labor market regulation： An integrated approach is called for. In Africa, access by these workers to social security is limited. Attempts to achieve coverage extension have included conceptual developments, institutional initiatives, tailor-made design modalities, and a range of supportive arrangements （such as access to finance and to markets）. All these developments reflect a new appreciation of the leading role of the state in the provisioning of social security.
