The retrospective study by Edwar et al reinforces the role of therapeutic penetrating keratoplasty(PK)as a vital intervention in severe,treatment-resistant infectious keratitis.In advanced cases—often complicated by ...The retrospective study by Edwar et al reinforces the role of therapeutic penetrating keratoplasty(PK)as a vital intervention in severe,treatment-resistant infectious keratitis.In advanced cases—often complicated by trauma,delayed presentation,and corneal perforation—PK restores globe integrity and provides limited visual recovery.However,its application is constrained by graft-related complications and donor shortages,particularly in low-resource settings.These limitations highlight the need for earlier,globe-sparing strategies to prevent progression and reduce surgical demand.Photoactivated chromophore for infectious keratitis-corneal collagen cross-linking(PACK-CXL)has emerged as a promising adjunct or alternative.With both antimicrobial and tissue-stabilizing effects,PACK-CXL may control infection and preserve corneal structure in earlier stages.A layered treatment framework that incorporates PACK-CXL as an initial intervention and reserves PK for refractory cases may help improve clinical outcomes.Further studies are needed to define their best use in practice.展开更多
Global environmental changes including climate warming,extreme weather events,ambient air pollution,freshwater contamination,and landscape transformation are reshaping the epidemiology of infectious diseases with unpr...Global environmental changes including climate warming,extreme weather events,ambient air pollution,freshwater contamination,and landscape transformation are reshaping the epidemiology of infectious diseases with unprecedented complexity,particularly in the post-COVID-19 era.This review synthesizes evidence from the past decade(2015-2024)to systematically elucidate how key environmental drivers modulate pathogen emergence,transmission dynamics,and clinical outcomes,with a focus on underlying mechanistic pathways.Specifically,we highlight:(1)the temperature-and precipitation-dependent transmission of vector-borne diseases(e.g.,malaria,dengue)via expanded vector habitats and accelerated pathogen incubation;(2)the exacerbation of respiratory infections(including COVID-19)by particulate matter(PM2.5)and nitrogen dioxide(NO2)through impaired mucosal immunity and enhanced inflammatory responses;(3)the persistence of diarrheal diseases in low-and middle-income countries(LMICs)linked to water insecurity and climate-induced infrastructure failure;and(4)zoonotic spillover risks amplified by urbanization and deforestation-driven human-wildlife interface disruption.Integrating the One Health socioecological framework,we further summarize methodological advances from high-resolution genomic surveillance to climate-informed machine learning models that have improved causal inference and predictive accuracy.Our synthesis confirms that environmental factors are not merely contextual but central,modifiable determinants of infectious disease risk,with disproportionate impacts on vulnerable populations.To mitigate future threats,we emphasize the urgency of interdisciplinary collaboration,integrated environmental-health monitoring platforms,and climate-resilient public health policies tailored to post-pandemic challenges.This review provides a timely roadmap for translating environmental epidemiology insights into actionable strategies to strengthen global health resilience.展开更多
Dengue fever is an acute infectious disease caused by the dengue virus and transmitted by mosquito vectors[1].Its clinical manifestations include high fever,headache,muscle and joint pain,and rash.It holds a significa...Dengue fever is an acute infectious disease caused by the dengue virus and transmitted by mosquito vectors[1].Its clinical manifestations include high fever,headache,muscle and joint pain,and rash.It holds a significant position in global public health.In recent years,its incidence has continued to rise worldwide[2],making it one of the major diseases threatening human health.The disease course of dengue fever is divided into three typical phases:the acute febrile phase,the critical phase,and the recovery phase.While most patients experience mild symptoms,some may progress to severe dengue and potentially fatal outcomes if not promptly and effectively treated during the critical phase.展开更多
Viral infectious diseases,characterized by their intricate nature and wide-ranging diversity,pose substantial challenges in the domain of data management.The vast volume of data generated by these diseases,spanning fr...Viral infectious diseases,characterized by their intricate nature and wide-ranging diversity,pose substantial challenges in the domain of data management.The vast volume of data generated by these diseases,spanning from the molecular mechanisms within cells to large-scale epidemiological patterns,has surpassed the capabilities of traditional analytical methods.In the era of artificial intelligence(AI)and big data,there is an urgent necessity for the optimization of these analytical methods to more effectively handle and utilize the information.Despite the rapid accumulation of data associated with viral infections,the lack of a comprehensive framework for integrating,selecting,and analyzing these datasets has left numerous researchers uncertain about which data to select,how to access it,and how to utilize it most effectively in their research.This review endeavors to fill these gaps by exploring the multifaceted nature of viral infectious diseases and summarizing relevant data across multiple levels,from the molecular details of pathogens to broad epidemiological trends.The scope extends from the micro-scale to the macro-scale,encompassing pathogens,hosts,and vectors.In addition to data summarization,this review thoroughly investigates various dataset sources.It also traces the historical evolution of data collection in the field of viral infectious diseases,highlighting the progress achieved over time.Simultaneously,it evaluates the current limitations that impede data utilization.Furthermore,we propose strategies to surmount these challenges,focusing on the development and application of advanced computational techniques,AI-driven models,and enhanced data integration practices.By providing a comprehensive synthesis of existing knowledge,this review is designed to guide future research and contribute to more informed approaches in the surveillance,prevention,and control of viral infectious diseases,particularly within the context of the expanding big-data landscape.展开更多
BACKGROUND A case study of multiple distinct levels of skipped thoracolumbar spine infection was reported in which 13 successful vacuum sealing drainage(VSD)surgeries were treated.CASE SUMMARY The patient underwent a ...BACKGROUND A case study of multiple distinct levels of skipped thoracolumbar spine infection was reported in which 13 successful vacuum sealing drainage(VSD)surgeries were treated.CASE SUMMARY The patient underwent a total of 13 procedures within our medical facility,including five performed under local anesthesia and eight performed under general anesthesia.The source of the ailment was ultimately identified as Enterobacter cloacae.After the last procedure,the patient's symptoms were alleviated,and the recovery process was satisfactory.Three months post-operation,the Japanese Orthopaedic Association scores had improved to 100%.Imageological examination revealed a satisfactory position of internal fixation,and the abnormal signals in the vertebral body and intervertebral space had been eliminated when compared to the pre-operative results.CONCLUSION The study demonstrates that the extreme lateral approach debridement combined with multiple VSD operations is a secure and successful method of treatment for recurrent spinal infection,providing an alternative to traditional surgery.展开更多
[Objective]To design and express a recombinant protein rMKIBV incorporating confirmed antigenic epitopes of infectious bronchitis virus(IBV)as a vaccine to provide comprehensive protection.Additionally,it explores the...[Objective]To design and express a recombinant protein rMKIBV incorporating confirmed antigenic epitopes of infectious bronchitis virus(IBV)as a vaccine to provide comprehensive protection.Additionally,it explores the potential of polyclonal yolk antibodies(IgY)harvested from laying hens immunized with the rMKIBV vaccine in the prevention and control of IBV.[Methods]The antigenic epitope sequences of IBV,obtained from online databases,were compared with sequences of representative IBV strains from GenBank.Flexible peptides were designed to link all antigenic peptides.The constructed amino acid sequence was analyzed,reverse-translated,codon-optimized,and then inserted into the pET-28a(+)cloning vector.The recombinant vector was introduced into Escherichia coli for expression.The purified,desalted,and endotoxin-removed rMKIBV protein was used as a vaccine to immunize animals for investigation of its immunogenicity and ability to stimulate specific IgY production in laying hens.[Results]The retrieved IBV antigenic epitope sequences showed high similarity with the published N and S protein sequences of 22 representative IBV strains.The predicted isoelectric point and molecular weight of rMKIBV were 10.25 and 63.39 kDa,respectively.The secondary structure of rMKIBV included a high proportion of random coils,which suggested strong antigenicity.High-purity rMKIBV was obtained from E.coli transformed with the recombinant plasmid pET-28a-mkibv.This protein specifically bound to anti-His-tag antibodies,N protein antibodies,and S protein antibodies.The mice immunized with this protein showed increases in the spleen index(P<0.05),elevations in the levels of serum-specific IgG antibodies(P<0.01)and IFN-γ(P<0.05),and no significant change in the IL-2 level.Immunized laying hens successfully produced IgY in egg yolks,with specific IgY antibody levels significantly increasing.Moreover,the IgY antibody titer gradually rose after immunization,reaching the peak after about 50 days and then gradually declining to reach a stable level.[Conclusion]We successfully constructed and expressed the recombinant protein rMKIBV.The protein demonstrated good immunogenicity,stimulating specific antibody production in both mice and laying hens.Notably,the IgY extracted from the yolks of immunized laying hens offers a novel approach to IBV prevention and control.These findings hold significant scientific and practical value for the development of vaccines against IBV.展开更多
This editorial comments on the article by Desai et al,which investigates the impact of coronavirus disease 2019(COVID-19)on in-hospital mortality among patients with recurrent stroke using data from the 2020 National ...This editorial comments on the article by Desai et al,which investigates the impact of coronavirus disease 2019(COVID-19)on in-hospital mortality among patients with recurrent stroke using data from the 2020 National Inpatient Sample.The findings reveal significantly higher mortality rates in COVID-19-positive patients compared to non-COVID-19 patients,particularly among middle-aged individuals,males,and ethnic minorities.This editorial explores the underlying mechanisms contributing to these outcomes and discusses the clinical implications for targeted management strategies in high-risk groups.The results emphasize the need for comprehensive approaches to mitigate the heightened risks faced by recurrent stroke patients during the COVID-19 pandemic.展开更多
Infectious bursal disease(IBD)is an acute,highly contagious disease that affects chicks(Müller et al.2003).IBD mainly damages the immune organs of chicks,especially the central immune organ,causing immune suppres...Infectious bursal disease(IBD)is an acute,highly contagious disease that affects chicks(Müller et al.2003).IBD mainly damages the immune organs of chicks,especially the central immune organ,causing immune suppression in diseased chicks(Muller et al.2012).The pathogenic infectious bursal disease virus(IBDV)is a member of the Avira virus genus in the Birnaviridae family.(Harkness et al.1975;Dobos et al.1979;Müller et al.1979).IBDV is prevalent worldwide,causing serious economic losses to the global poultry industry.Currently,vaccination remains the most cost-effective way to prevent IBDV.展开更多
Climate and weather significantly influence the duration,timing,and intensity of disease outbreaks,reshaping the global landscape of infectious diseases.Rising temperatures and shifts in precipitation patterns driven ...Climate and weather significantly influence the duration,timing,and intensity of disease outbreaks,reshaping the global landscape of infectious diseases.Rising temperatures and shifts in precipitation patterns driven by climate change can directly impact the survival and reproduction of pathogens and vector organisms.Moreover,climate change is expected to exacerbate extreme weather events,including floods and droughts,which can disrupt infrastructure and increase the risk of waterand foodborne diseases.There are potential shifts in the temporal and spatial patterns of infectious disease transmission owing to climate change.Furthermore,climate change may alter the epidemiology of vaccine-preventable diseases.These climatic variations not only affect the ecological characteristics of pathogens and vectors but also indirectly influence human behaviors and socioeconomic conditions,further amplifying disease transmission risks.Addressing this challenge requires an interdisciplinary collaboration and comprehensive public health strategies.This review aims to synthesize the current evidence on the impact of climate change on climate-sensitive infectious diseases and elucidate the underlying mechanisms and transmission pathways.Additionally,we explored adaptive policy strategies to mitigate the public health burden of infectious diseases in the context of climate change,offering insights for global health governance and disease control efforts.展开更多
Folate(FA)is an essential micronutrient of vitamin B group for growth,development,and reproduction through participating in the nucleotide synthesis and methyl donation reactions.The changes of FA level have been link...Folate(FA)is an essential micronutrient of vitamin B group for growth,development,and reproduction through participating in the nucleotide synthesis and methyl donation reactions.The changes of FA level have been linked to dietary insufficiency(e.g.,poor diet,etc.)malabsorption(e.g.,FA-associated gene mutation,etc.),increased demand(e.g.,pregnancy,etc).or medication(e.g.,antifolates drugs),or bad habits(e.g.,smoking,alcoholism,etc.).Recently,epidemiological data showed that the levels of the host FA typically changed in patients with infectious diseases.Interactions between pathogens,including bacteria,parasites and viruses,and their hosts are complex,in particular,pathogenic infection-mediated changes of the host FA levels can affect the utilization and uptake of limited FA resources of the host.Therefore,FA supplementation or the use of antifolate agents may be a potential antimicrobial strategy for managing infectious diseases.Furthermore,given that the gut microbiota is a primary source of FA in the human body,the association between gut microbiota and pathogenic infections warrants investigation.To date,little is known about how FA status and its biochemistry function affect the course of infectious diseases.In this review,we focus on the roles of FA in the interaction between the host and microbe,and briefly discuss the potential of FA and antifolates agents in the treatment of infectious diseases.展开更多
1 Summary Mathematical modeling has become a cornerstone in understanding the complex dynamics of infectious diseases and chronic health conditions.With the advent of more refined computational techniques,researchers ...1 Summary Mathematical modeling has become a cornerstone in understanding the complex dynamics of infectious diseases and chronic health conditions.With the advent of more refined computational techniques,researchers are now able to incorporate intricate features such as delays,stochastic effects,fractional dynamics,variable-order systems,and uncertainty into epidemic models.These advancements not only improve predictive accuracy but also enable deeper insights into disease transmission,control,and policy-making.Tashfeen et al.展开更多
Traditional Chinese medicine(TCM)possesses original theoretical advantages and thousands of years of human experience of its application and plays an important role in the prevention and treatment of infectious diseas...Traditional Chinese medicine(TCM)possesses original theoretical advantages and thousands of years of human experience of its application and plays an important role in the prevention and treatment of infectious diseases and major chronic illnesses.With the support of national policies,the advantages of the“five major resources”of TCM are gradually being realized,ushering the enterprise and industry of TCM into a new era of high-quality development.展开更多
Microneedles(MNs)offer a precise and minimally invasive platform for delivering vaccines and therapeutic agents directly into the skin,leveraging the abundance of tissue-resident immune cells to elicit robust and dura...Microneedles(MNs)offer a precise and minimally invasive platform for delivering vaccines and therapeutic agents directly into the skin,leveraging the abundance of tissue-resident immune cells to elicit robust and durable immune responses.Compared to traditional intramuscular or subcutaneous vaccination methods,MNbased vaccines demonstrate superior patient compliance,enhanced antigen stability,and heightened immunogenicity,positioning them as a promising tool in biomedical applications.This review provides a comprehensive overview of the materials and fabrication techniques used in MN preparation,explores their structural classifications,and examines the role of antigens and adjuvants in optimizing vaccine efficacy.Furthermore,the diverse applications of MN delivery systems in preventing infectious diseases,advancing tumor immunotherapy,and addressing other immune-related conditions are discussed.展开更多
Rationale:Australia is the only inhabited continent,which is not endemic to leishmaniasis.There are some published articles reporting cutaneous leishmaniasis in travellers,immigrants and refugees.However,mucocutaneous...Rationale:Australia is the only inhabited continent,which is not endemic to leishmaniasis.There are some published articles reporting cutaneous leishmaniasis in travellers,immigrants and refugees.However,mucocutaneous leishmaniasis has not been reported previously from the continent.Patient concerns:Lesions were present over the nasal septum and the oropharynx of a 34-year-old healthy non-indigenous male.Diagnosis was delayed as it took multiple biopsies as well as extensive discussions in a multidisciplinary team.Diagnosis:Mucocutaneous leishmaniasis.Interventions:Liposomal Amphotericin for 20 days.Outcomes:The patient was symptomatically improved after 3 weeks’treatment.Lessons:With international travel resuming after the pandemic,it becomes imperative that physicians in Australia are aware of this imported disease and its various presentations.展开更多
Dear Editor,Swinepox virus(SWPV)belongs to the family Poxviridae,subfamily Chordopoxvirinae,and genus Varicellovirus(Lefkowitz et al.,2018).It exhibits the typical brick-shaped morphology and envelope structure charac...Dear Editor,Swinepox virus(SWPV)belongs to the family Poxviridae,subfamily Chordopoxvirinae,and genus Varicellovirus(Lefkowitz et al.,2018).It exhibits the typical brick-shaped morphology and envelope structure characteristic of poxviruses.Its genome is a 146 kbp linear double-stranded DNA encoding approximately 150 genes(Moorkamp et al.,2008;Schwarz et al.,2024).SWPV is highly host-specific,infecting only domestic pigs and wild boars.Transmission occurs through direct contact with infectious scabs,congenital transmission,or mechanical transmission by arthropods such as pig lice and house flies.The disease is more likely to occur in pig farms with poor sanitation conditions(Borst et al.,1990;Jindal,2015;Kaiser et al.,2021;Kumar et al.,2023;Riyesh et al.,2016).展开更多
The skin,being the largest organ in the human body,is susceptible to a wide array of diseases,particularly infectious skin diseases.Some of these skin conditions are chronic and challenging to treat,markedly impacting...The skin,being the largest organ in the human body,is susceptible to a wide array of diseases,particularly infectious skin diseases.Some of these skin conditions are chronic and challenging to treat,markedly impacting the quality of life for those affected.Moreover,some chronic skin diseases necessitate the prolonged use of antibiotics,rendering antibiotic resistance inevitable.As the problem of antibiotic resistance grows increasingly severe,finding alternative treatment options to antibiotics becomes crucial.Moxibustion,an integral component of traditional Chinese medicine,stands out as a distinctive external therapy.With a storied history in the realm of dermatological treatment,moxibustion has amassed a wealth of clinical expertise and holds certain advantages,offering viable options for managing skin conditions.Nevertheless,given the diversity of skin diseases,the application of moxibustion in dermatology requires further exploration and comprehensive research.Furthermore,the quality of current moxibustion research needs enhancement,necessitating the conduct of high-quality randomized controlled trials to facilitate the integration of moxibustion into dermatological practice.The mechanism of action for moxibustion is intricate,encompassing thermal effect,light effect,and the pharmacological effect resulting from the burning of moxa.This article aims to encapsulate the mechanisms of moxibustion and its utilization in prevalent infectious skin conditions,while also outlining existing challenges and prospective avenues for development.展开更多
Extracellular vesicles(EVs)have arisen as potential therapeutic tools in managing infectious diseases because EVs can regulate cell-to-cell signaling,function as drug transport mechanisms,and influence immune reaction...Extracellular vesicles(EVs)have arisen as potential therapeutic tools in managing infectious diseases because EVs can regulate cell-to-cell signaling,function as drug transport mechanisms,and influence immune reactions.They are obtained from a myriad of sources,such as plants,humans,and animal cells.EVs like exosomes and ectosomes can be utilized in their native form as therapeutics or engineered to encompass antimicrobials,vaccines,and oligonucleotides of interest with a targeted delivery strategy.An in-depth understanding of host-pathogen dynamics provides a solid foundation for exploiting its full potential in therapeutics against infectious diseases.This review mainly offers an extensive summary of EVs,comprising their various origins,formations,and pathogen relationships.It further provides insights into the various techniques utilized in isolating and engineering these vesicles to target infectious diseases and how challenges involving large-scale production and cargo loading efficiency should be addressed for clinical application.Finally,preclinical and clinical implementations of EVs derived from animals,plants,and microorganisms are elucidated,stressing their promise for designing innovative antimicrobial approaches.展开更多
Leontopodium alpinum is a traditional alpine medicinal plant,is extensively used in Tibetan and Mongolian medicine.Its applicability in managing febrile epidemics and respiratory conditions requires deeper study,espec...Leontopodium alpinum is a traditional alpine medicinal plant,is extensively used in Tibetan and Mongolian medicine.Its applicability in managing febrile epidemics and respiratory conditions requires deeper study,especially given the recurring threat of infectious diseases.This study uses bibliometric analysis to examine the current state and trends in Leontopodium alpinum research,integrates scattered information,and suggests pathways for subsequent investigation.This study retrieved Chinese literature from the China National Knowledge Infrastructure(CNKI)platform and international literature from the Web of Science(WoS),with data collection finalized by March 2025.CiteSpace 6.3.R1 and VOSviewer 1.6.20 were used to visually analyze publication trends,keyword co-occurrence,and author collaboration networks.The analysis has found that Chinese publications rose markedly after 2003 but declined after 2019,focusing largely on chemical components–such as chlorogenic acid and volatile oils–and pharmacological activities.International output,though smaller,grew steadily,with an emphasis on compositional analysis and antioxidant effects.Keyword clustering revealed that both Chinese and global research expanded from foundational taxonomy to chemical constituents,bioactivity,and environmental adaptation.Core author and institutional analyses identified Liaoning University of Traditional Chinese Medicine and the University of Chinese Academy of Sciences as domestic leaders,while the University of Innsbruck(Austria)played a leading international role.In conclusion,this study offers the first systematic summary of research and publishing trends for Leontopodium alpinum,while also identifying key knowledge gaps.Future studies should prioritize multi-omics approaches to clarify the mechanisms of its bioactive compounds and advance clinical application.Due to its notable efficacy against febrile epidemics and respiratory diseases,expanded research is strongly recommended–particularly in light of rising infectious disease risks where this species could serve an essential role.展开更多
Bacteria can be involved in the pathological processes of cancer in different manners-for instance,as an etiological factor or predisposing factor,in secondary infection,as well as modified bacteria or bacterial produ...Bacteria can be involved in the pathological processes of cancer in different manners-for instance,as an etiological factor or predisposing factor,in secondary infection,as well as modified bacteria or bacterial products in cancer treatment.The bacterial etiological connection or its role as a predisposing factor is mainly relevant to adult cancers,which are primarily associated with individual lifestyles and/or environmental issues.In contrast,genetic abnormalities are perhaps linked with tumorigenesis in the pediatric age group.Nonetheless,secondary infections significantly affect morbidity and mortality among pediatric cancer patients in spite of precautionary measures.On the other hand,bacterial products,i.e.,toxins,are potential molecules for targeted cancer therapy.These therapeutic agents have two parts:Usually a receptor-binding antibody(e.g.,anti-HER2 antibody)and a toxin(e.g.,Pseudomonas exotoxin A).Similarly,several investigators have been trying to develop therapeutic approaches that target Wilms tumor 1 protein,whose dysregulation is thought to be fundamentally responsible for the pathogenesis of Wilms tumor,the most common kidney tumor of childhood.However,the overexpression of Wilms tumor 1 protein has been documented in many cancer tissues-both solid tumors and hematological malignancies.This article briefly reviews both the pathological and clinical characteristics of Wilms tumor along with relevant secondary infections.展开更多
Governments worldwide have implemented non-pharmaceutical interventions(NPIs)to control the spread of coronavirus disease 2019(COVID-19),and it is crucial to accurately assess the effectiveness of such measures.Many s...Governments worldwide have implemented non-pharmaceutical interventions(NPIs)to control the spread of coronavirus disease 2019(COVID-19),and it is crucial to accurately assess the effectiveness of such measures.Many studies have quantified the risk of infection transmission and used simulations to compare the risk before and after the implementation of NPIs to judge policies’effectiveness.However,the choice of metric used to quantify the risk can lead to different conclusions regarding the effectiveness of a policy.In this study,we analyze the correlation between different transmission-risk metrics,pedestrian environments,and types of infectious diseases using simulation-generated data.Our findings reveal conflicting results among five different metric types in specific environments.More specifically,we observe that,when the randomness of pedestrian trajectories in indoor spaces is low,the closeness centrality exhibits a higher correlation coefficient with infection-based metrics than with contact-based metrics.Furthermore,even within the same pedestrian environment,the likelihood of discrepancies between infection-based metrics and other metrics increases for infectious diseases with low transmission rates.These results highlight the variability in the measured effectiveness of NPIs depending on the chosen metric.To evaluate NPIs accurately,facility managers should consider the type of facility and infectious disease and not solely rely on a single metric.This study provides a simulation model as a tool for future research and improves the reliability of pedestrian-simulation-based NPI effectiveness analysis methods.展开更多
文摘The retrospective study by Edwar et al reinforces the role of therapeutic penetrating keratoplasty(PK)as a vital intervention in severe,treatment-resistant infectious keratitis.In advanced cases—often complicated by trauma,delayed presentation,and corneal perforation—PK restores globe integrity and provides limited visual recovery.However,its application is constrained by graft-related complications and donor shortages,particularly in low-resource settings.These limitations highlight the need for earlier,globe-sparing strategies to prevent progression and reduce surgical demand.Photoactivated chromophore for infectious keratitis-corneal collagen cross-linking(PACK-CXL)has emerged as a promising adjunct or alternative.With both antimicrobial and tissue-stabilizing effects,PACK-CXL may control infection and preserve corneal structure in earlier stages.A layered treatment framework that incorporates PACK-CXL as an initial intervention and reserves PK for refractory cases may help improve clinical outcomes.Further studies are needed to define their best use in practice.
基金the Natural Science Basic Research Program of Shaanxi Province,China[2023-JC-QN-0858]the Free Exploration Program of the Second Affiliated Hospital,School of Medicine,Xi’an Jiaotong University[2020YJ(ZYTS)605]the National Natural Science Foundation of China[81900620].
文摘Global environmental changes including climate warming,extreme weather events,ambient air pollution,freshwater contamination,and landscape transformation are reshaping the epidemiology of infectious diseases with unprecedented complexity,particularly in the post-COVID-19 era.This review synthesizes evidence from the past decade(2015-2024)to systematically elucidate how key environmental drivers modulate pathogen emergence,transmission dynamics,and clinical outcomes,with a focus on underlying mechanistic pathways.Specifically,we highlight:(1)the temperature-and precipitation-dependent transmission of vector-borne diseases(e.g.,malaria,dengue)via expanded vector habitats and accelerated pathogen incubation;(2)the exacerbation of respiratory infections(including COVID-19)by particulate matter(PM2.5)and nitrogen dioxide(NO2)through impaired mucosal immunity and enhanced inflammatory responses;(3)the persistence of diarrheal diseases in low-and middle-income countries(LMICs)linked to water insecurity and climate-induced infrastructure failure;and(4)zoonotic spillover risks amplified by urbanization and deforestation-driven human-wildlife interface disruption.Integrating the One Health socioecological framework,we further summarize methodological advances from high-resolution genomic surveillance to climate-informed machine learning models that have improved causal inference and predictive accuracy.Our synthesis confirms that environmental factors are not merely contextual but central,modifiable determinants of infectious disease risk,with disproportionate impacts on vulnerable populations.To mitigate future threats,we emphasize the urgency of interdisciplinary collaboration,integrated environmental-health monitoring platforms,and climate-resilient public health policies tailored to post-pandemic challenges.This review provides a timely roadmap for translating environmental epidemiology insights into actionable strategies to strengthen global health resilience.
文摘Dengue fever is an acute infectious disease caused by the dengue virus and transmitted by mosquito vectors[1].Its clinical manifestations include high fever,headache,muscle and joint pain,and rash.It holds a significant position in global public health.In recent years,its incidence has continued to rise worldwide[2],making it one of the major diseases threatening human health.The disease course of dengue fever is divided into three typical phases:the acute febrile phase,the critical phase,and the recovery phase.While most patients experience mild symptoms,some may progress to severe dengue and potentially fatal outcomes if not promptly and effectively treated during the critical phase.
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(32370703)the CAMS Innovation Fund for Medical Sciences(CIFMS)(2022-I2M-1-021,2021-I2M-1-061)the Major Project of Guangzhou National Labora-tory(GZNL2024A01015).
文摘Viral infectious diseases,characterized by their intricate nature and wide-ranging diversity,pose substantial challenges in the domain of data management.The vast volume of data generated by these diseases,spanning from the molecular mechanisms within cells to large-scale epidemiological patterns,has surpassed the capabilities of traditional analytical methods.In the era of artificial intelligence(AI)and big data,there is an urgent necessity for the optimization of these analytical methods to more effectively handle and utilize the information.Despite the rapid accumulation of data associated with viral infections,the lack of a comprehensive framework for integrating,selecting,and analyzing these datasets has left numerous researchers uncertain about which data to select,how to access it,and how to utilize it most effectively in their research.This review endeavors to fill these gaps by exploring the multifaceted nature of viral infectious diseases and summarizing relevant data across multiple levels,from the molecular details of pathogens to broad epidemiological trends.The scope extends from the micro-scale to the macro-scale,encompassing pathogens,hosts,and vectors.In addition to data summarization,this review thoroughly investigates various dataset sources.It also traces the historical evolution of data collection in the field of viral infectious diseases,highlighting the progress achieved over time.Simultaneously,it evaluates the current limitations that impede data utilization.Furthermore,we propose strategies to surmount these challenges,focusing on the development and application of advanced computational techniques,AI-driven models,and enhanced data integration practices.By providing a comprehensive synthesis of existing knowledge,this review is designed to guide future research and contribute to more informed approaches in the surveillance,prevention,and control of viral infectious diseases,particularly within the context of the expanding big-data landscape.
基金Supported by Natural Science Foundation of Shandong Province,No.ZR2023MH331.
文摘BACKGROUND A case study of multiple distinct levels of skipped thoracolumbar spine infection was reported in which 13 successful vacuum sealing drainage(VSD)surgeries were treated.CASE SUMMARY The patient underwent a total of 13 procedures within our medical facility,including five performed under local anesthesia and eight performed under general anesthesia.The source of the ailment was ultimately identified as Enterobacter cloacae.After the last procedure,the patient's symptoms were alleviated,and the recovery process was satisfactory.Three months post-operation,the Japanese Orthopaedic Association scores had improved to 100%.Imageological examination revealed a satisfactory position of internal fixation,and the abnormal signals in the vertebral body and intervertebral space had been eliminated when compared to the pre-operative results.CONCLUSION The study demonstrates that the extreme lateral approach debridement combined with multiple VSD operations is a secure and successful method of treatment for recurrent spinal infection,providing an alternative to traditional surgery.
文摘[Objective]To design and express a recombinant protein rMKIBV incorporating confirmed antigenic epitopes of infectious bronchitis virus(IBV)as a vaccine to provide comprehensive protection.Additionally,it explores the potential of polyclonal yolk antibodies(IgY)harvested from laying hens immunized with the rMKIBV vaccine in the prevention and control of IBV.[Methods]The antigenic epitope sequences of IBV,obtained from online databases,were compared with sequences of representative IBV strains from GenBank.Flexible peptides were designed to link all antigenic peptides.The constructed amino acid sequence was analyzed,reverse-translated,codon-optimized,and then inserted into the pET-28a(+)cloning vector.The recombinant vector was introduced into Escherichia coli for expression.The purified,desalted,and endotoxin-removed rMKIBV protein was used as a vaccine to immunize animals for investigation of its immunogenicity and ability to stimulate specific IgY production in laying hens.[Results]The retrieved IBV antigenic epitope sequences showed high similarity with the published N and S protein sequences of 22 representative IBV strains.The predicted isoelectric point and molecular weight of rMKIBV were 10.25 and 63.39 kDa,respectively.The secondary structure of rMKIBV included a high proportion of random coils,which suggested strong antigenicity.High-purity rMKIBV was obtained from E.coli transformed with the recombinant plasmid pET-28a-mkibv.This protein specifically bound to anti-His-tag antibodies,N protein antibodies,and S protein antibodies.The mice immunized with this protein showed increases in the spleen index(P<0.05),elevations in the levels of serum-specific IgG antibodies(P<0.01)and IFN-γ(P<0.05),and no significant change in the IL-2 level.Immunized laying hens successfully produced IgY in egg yolks,with specific IgY antibody levels significantly increasing.Moreover,the IgY antibody titer gradually rose after immunization,reaching the peak after about 50 days and then gradually declining to reach a stable level.[Conclusion]We successfully constructed and expressed the recombinant protein rMKIBV.The protein demonstrated good immunogenicity,stimulating specific antibody production in both mice and laying hens.Notably,the IgY extracted from the yolks of immunized laying hens offers a novel approach to IBV prevention and control.These findings hold significant scientific and practical value for the development of vaccines against IBV.
文摘This editorial comments on the article by Desai et al,which investigates the impact of coronavirus disease 2019(COVID-19)on in-hospital mortality among patients with recurrent stroke using data from the 2020 National Inpatient Sample.The findings reveal significantly higher mortality rates in COVID-19-positive patients compared to non-COVID-19 patients,particularly among middle-aged individuals,males,and ethnic minorities.This editorial explores the underlying mechanisms contributing to these outcomes and discusses the clinical implications for targeted management strategies in high-risk groups.The results emphasize the need for comprehensive approaches to mitigate the heightened risks faced by recurrent stroke patients during the COVID-19 pandemic.
基金supported by grants from the National Key R&D Program of China(2022YFD1801000)the Natural Science Foundation of Shanghai,China(24ZR1479200)。
文摘Infectious bursal disease(IBD)is an acute,highly contagious disease that affects chicks(Müller et al.2003).IBD mainly damages the immune organs of chicks,especially the central immune organ,causing immune suppression in diseased chicks(Muller et al.2012).The pathogenic infectious bursal disease virus(IBDV)is a member of the Avira virus genus in the Birnaviridae family.(Harkness et al.1975;Dobos et al.1979;Müller et al.1979).IBDV is prevalent worldwide,causing serious economic losses to the global poultry industry.Currently,vaccination remains the most cost-effective way to prevent IBDV.
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(grant number 72122001).
文摘Climate and weather significantly influence the duration,timing,and intensity of disease outbreaks,reshaping the global landscape of infectious diseases.Rising temperatures and shifts in precipitation patterns driven by climate change can directly impact the survival and reproduction of pathogens and vector organisms.Moreover,climate change is expected to exacerbate extreme weather events,including floods and droughts,which can disrupt infrastructure and increase the risk of waterand foodborne diseases.There are potential shifts in the temporal and spatial patterns of infectious disease transmission owing to climate change.Furthermore,climate change may alter the epidemiology of vaccine-preventable diseases.These climatic variations not only affect the ecological characteristics of pathogens and vectors but also indirectly influence human behaviors and socioeconomic conditions,further amplifying disease transmission risks.Addressing this challenge requires an interdisciplinary collaboration and comprehensive public health strategies.This review aims to synthesize the current evidence on the impact of climate change on climate-sensitive infectious diseases and elucidate the underlying mechanisms and transmission pathways.Additionally,we explored adaptive policy strategies to mitigate the public health burden of infectious diseases in the context of climate change,offering insights for global health governance and disease control efforts.
基金supported by the Natural Science Foundation of Fujian Province,China(2025J01761 to J.W.)Open Subjects for Key Laboratory of Infection and Immunity of Anhui Higher Education Institutes,Bengbu Medical University(I&I-2024-K03 to J.W.)+2 种基金The Middle-aged and Young Teachers’Educational Research Project of Fujian Province(JAT241032 to J.W.)The Research Foundation for Advanced Talents from Bengbu Medical University(bsqd2024011 to D.C.)High-Level Hospital Construction Project of Nanjing Stomatological Hospital,Affiliated Hospital of Medical School,Institute of Stomatology,Nanjing University(0224C041 to Y.Q.).
文摘Folate(FA)is an essential micronutrient of vitamin B group for growth,development,and reproduction through participating in the nucleotide synthesis and methyl donation reactions.The changes of FA level have been linked to dietary insufficiency(e.g.,poor diet,etc.)malabsorption(e.g.,FA-associated gene mutation,etc.),increased demand(e.g.,pregnancy,etc).or medication(e.g.,antifolates drugs),or bad habits(e.g.,smoking,alcoholism,etc.).Recently,epidemiological data showed that the levels of the host FA typically changed in patients with infectious diseases.Interactions between pathogens,including bacteria,parasites and viruses,and their hosts are complex,in particular,pathogenic infection-mediated changes of the host FA levels can affect the utilization and uptake of limited FA resources of the host.Therefore,FA supplementation or the use of antifolate agents may be a potential antimicrobial strategy for managing infectious diseases.Furthermore,given that the gut microbiota is a primary source of FA in the human body,the association between gut microbiota and pathogenic infections warrants investigation.To date,little is known about how FA status and its biochemistry function affect the course of infectious diseases.In this review,we focus on the roles of FA in the interaction between the host and microbe,and briefly discuss the potential of FA and antifolates agents in the treatment of infectious diseases.
文摘1 Summary Mathematical modeling has become a cornerstone in understanding the complex dynamics of infectious diseases and chronic health conditions.With the advent of more refined computational techniques,researchers are now able to incorporate intricate features such as delays,stochastic effects,fractional dynamics,variable-order systems,and uncertainty into epidemic models.These advancements not only improve predictive accuracy but also enable deeper insights into disease transmission,control,and policy-making.Tashfeen et al.
基金supported by the Strategic Research and Consultation Project of the Chinese Academy of Engineering(2023-PP-05,2025-PP-15)。
文摘Traditional Chinese medicine(TCM)possesses original theoretical advantages and thousands of years of human experience of its application and plays an important role in the prevention and treatment of infectious diseases and major chronic illnesses.With the support of national policies,the advantages of the“five major resources”of TCM are gradually being realized,ushering the enterprise and industry of TCM into a new era of high-quality development.
基金supported by the National Science Fund for National Natural Science Foundation of China(Grant Nos.22232006,22377127,and 52361145848)Chinese Academy of Sciences(CAS)Project for Young Scientists in Basic Research(Grant No.YSBR-083)+2 种基金the Beijing Nova Program(Grant Nos.20230484352 and 20240484650)Institute of Process Engineering Project for Frontier Basic Research(Grant No.QYJC-2023-05)Progress of Strategy Priority Research Program(Category B)of CAS(Grant No.XDB0520300).
文摘Microneedles(MNs)offer a precise and minimally invasive platform for delivering vaccines and therapeutic agents directly into the skin,leveraging the abundance of tissue-resident immune cells to elicit robust and durable immune responses.Compared to traditional intramuscular or subcutaneous vaccination methods,MNbased vaccines demonstrate superior patient compliance,enhanced antigen stability,and heightened immunogenicity,positioning them as a promising tool in biomedical applications.This review provides a comprehensive overview of the materials and fabrication techniques used in MN preparation,explores their structural classifications,and examines the role of antigens and adjuvants in optimizing vaccine efficacy.Furthermore,the diverse applications of MN delivery systems in preventing infectious diseases,advancing tumor immunotherapy,and addressing other immune-related conditions are discussed.
文摘Rationale:Australia is the only inhabited continent,which is not endemic to leishmaniasis.There are some published articles reporting cutaneous leishmaniasis in travellers,immigrants and refugees.However,mucocutaneous leishmaniasis has not been reported previously from the continent.Patient concerns:Lesions were present over the nasal septum and the oropharynx of a 34-year-old healthy non-indigenous male.Diagnosis was delayed as it took multiple biopsies as well as extensive discussions in a multidisciplinary team.Diagnosis:Mucocutaneous leishmaniasis.Interventions:Liposomal Amphotericin for 20 days.Outcomes:The patient was symptomatically improved after 3 weeks’treatment.Lessons:With international travel resuming after the pandemic,it becomes imperative that physicians in Australia are aware of this imported disease and its various presentations.
基金supported by National Key R&D Program of China(2021YFD1800300 and 2022YFD1800800)National Natural Science Foundation of China(32072841).
文摘Dear Editor,Swinepox virus(SWPV)belongs to the family Poxviridae,subfamily Chordopoxvirinae,and genus Varicellovirus(Lefkowitz et al.,2018).It exhibits the typical brick-shaped morphology and envelope structure characteristic of poxviruses.Its genome is a 146 kbp linear double-stranded DNA encoding approximately 150 genes(Moorkamp et al.,2008;Schwarz et al.,2024).SWPV is highly host-specific,infecting only domestic pigs and wild boars.Transmission occurs through direct contact with infectious scabs,congenital transmission,or mechanical transmission by arthropods such as pig lice and house flies.The disease is more likely to occur in pig farms with poor sanitation conditions(Borst et al.,1990;Jindal,2015;Kaiser et al.,2021;Kumar et al.,2023;Riyesh et al.,2016).
文摘The skin,being the largest organ in the human body,is susceptible to a wide array of diseases,particularly infectious skin diseases.Some of these skin conditions are chronic and challenging to treat,markedly impacting the quality of life for those affected.Moreover,some chronic skin diseases necessitate the prolonged use of antibiotics,rendering antibiotic resistance inevitable.As the problem of antibiotic resistance grows increasingly severe,finding alternative treatment options to antibiotics becomes crucial.Moxibustion,an integral component of traditional Chinese medicine,stands out as a distinctive external therapy.With a storied history in the realm of dermatological treatment,moxibustion has amassed a wealth of clinical expertise and holds certain advantages,offering viable options for managing skin conditions.Nevertheless,given the diversity of skin diseases,the application of moxibustion in dermatology requires further exploration and comprehensive research.Furthermore,the quality of current moxibustion research needs enhancement,necessitating the conduct of high-quality randomized controlled trials to facilitate the integration of moxibustion into dermatological practice.The mechanism of action for moxibustion is intricate,encompassing thermal effect,light effect,and the pharmacological effect resulting from the burning of moxa.This article aims to encapsulate the mechanisms of moxibustion and its utilization in prevalent infectious skin conditions,while also outlining existing challenges and prospective avenues for development.
基金funded by the National Science Foundation grant(IOS-1900377),received by QLM and EPSCoR GRSP Round 19 grant received by SVTW.
文摘Extracellular vesicles(EVs)have arisen as potential therapeutic tools in managing infectious diseases because EVs can regulate cell-to-cell signaling,function as drug transport mechanisms,and influence immune reactions.They are obtained from a myriad of sources,such as plants,humans,and animal cells.EVs like exosomes and ectosomes can be utilized in their native form as therapeutics or engineered to encompass antimicrobials,vaccines,and oligonucleotides of interest with a targeted delivery strategy.An in-depth understanding of host-pathogen dynamics provides a solid foundation for exploiting its full potential in therapeutics against infectious diseases.This review mainly offers an extensive summary of EVs,comprising their various origins,formations,and pathogen relationships.It further provides insights into the various techniques utilized in isolating and engineering these vesicles to target infectious diseases and how challenges involving large-scale production and cargo loading efficiency should be addressed for clinical application.Finally,preclinical and clinical implementations of EVs derived from animals,plants,and microorganisms are elucidated,stressing their promise for designing innovative antimicrobial approaches.
基金supported by the National Key R&D Program of China:Intergovernmental Cooperation in International Science and Technology Innovation(2022YFE0119300)Mongolian Foundation for Science and Technology(MFST-CHN2022/277 and MFST 2022/176)Science and Technology Foundation,Ministry of Environment and Tourism of Mongolia(20BB11ShT3030).
文摘Leontopodium alpinum is a traditional alpine medicinal plant,is extensively used in Tibetan and Mongolian medicine.Its applicability in managing febrile epidemics and respiratory conditions requires deeper study,especially given the recurring threat of infectious diseases.This study uses bibliometric analysis to examine the current state and trends in Leontopodium alpinum research,integrates scattered information,and suggests pathways for subsequent investigation.This study retrieved Chinese literature from the China National Knowledge Infrastructure(CNKI)platform and international literature from the Web of Science(WoS),with data collection finalized by March 2025.CiteSpace 6.3.R1 and VOSviewer 1.6.20 were used to visually analyze publication trends,keyword co-occurrence,and author collaboration networks.The analysis has found that Chinese publications rose markedly after 2003 but declined after 2019,focusing largely on chemical components–such as chlorogenic acid and volatile oils–and pharmacological activities.International output,though smaller,grew steadily,with an emphasis on compositional analysis and antioxidant effects.Keyword clustering revealed that both Chinese and global research expanded from foundational taxonomy to chemical constituents,bioactivity,and environmental adaptation.Core author and institutional analyses identified Liaoning University of Traditional Chinese Medicine and the University of Chinese Academy of Sciences as domestic leaders,while the University of Innsbruck(Austria)played a leading international role.In conclusion,this study offers the first systematic summary of research and publishing trends for Leontopodium alpinum,while also identifying key knowledge gaps.Future studies should prioritize multi-omics approaches to clarify the mechanisms of its bioactive compounds and advance clinical application.Due to its notable efficacy against febrile epidemics and respiratory diseases,expanded research is strongly recommended–particularly in light of rising infectious disease risks where this species could serve an essential role.
文摘Bacteria can be involved in the pathological processes of cancer in different manners-for instance,as an etiological factor or predisposing factor,in secondary infection,as well as modified bacteria or bacterial products in cancer treatment.The bacterial etiological connection or its role as a predisposing factor is mainly relevant to adult cancers,which are primarily associated with individual lifestyles and/or environmental issues.In contrast,genetic abnormalities are perhaps linked with tumorigenesis in the pediatric age group.Nonetheless,secondary infections significantly affect morbidity and mortality among pediatric cancer patients in spite of precautionary measures.On the other hand,bacterial products,i.e.,toxins,are potential molecules for targeted cancer therapy.These therapeutic agents have two parts:Usually a receptor-binding antibody(e.g.,anti-HER2 antibody)and a toxin(e.g.,Pseudomonas exotoxin A).Similarly,several investigators have been trying to develop therapeutic approaches that target Wilms tumor 1 protein,whose dysregulation is thought to be fundamentally responsible for the pathogenesis of Wilms tumor,the most common kidney tumor of childhood.However,the overexpression of Wilms tumor 1 protein has been documented in many cancer tissues-both solid tumors and hematological malignancies.This article briefly reviews both the pathological and clinical characteristics of Wilms tumor along with relevant secondary infections.
基金supported by the National Research Foundation of Korea(NRF)grant funded by the Ministry of Science and ICT(MSIT),Republic of Korea(1711185759).
文摘Governments worldwide have implemented non-pharmaceutical interventions(NPIs)to control the spread of coronavirus disease 2019(COVID-19),and it is crucial to accurately assess the effectiveness of such measures.Many studies have quantified the risk of infection transmission and used simulations to compare the risk before and after the implementation of NPIs to judge policies’effectiveness.However,the choice of metric used to quantify the risk can lead to different conclusions regarding the effectiveness of a policy.In this study,we analyze the correlation between different transmission-risk metrics,pedestrian environments,and types of infectious diseases using simulation-generated data.Our findings reveal conflicting results among five different metric types in specific environments.More specifically,we observe that,when the randomness of pedestrian trajectories in indoor spaces is low,the closeness centrality exhibits a higher correlation coefficient with infection-based metrics than with contact-based metrics.Furthermore,even within the same pedestrian environment,the likelihood of discrepancies between infection-based metrics and other metrics increases for infectious diseases with low transmission rates.These results highlight the variability in the measured effectiveness of NPIs depending on the chosen metric.To evaluate NPIs accurately,facility managers should consider the type of facility and infectious disease and not solely rely on a single metric.This study provides a simulation model as a tool for future research and improves the reliability of pedestrian-simulation-based NPI effectiveness analysis methods.
