Cronobacter spp.has strong resistance to desiccation and high permeability in Enterobacteriaceae,and powdered infant formula(PIF)is one of the main contamination routes.In recent years,the contamination of Cronobacter...Cronobacter spp.has strong resistance to desiccation and high permeability in Enterobacteriaceae,and powdered infant formula(PIF)is one of the main contamination routes.In recent years,the contamination of Cronobacter spp.in PIF incidents occurs from time to time,causing infant serious diseases or death.In this investigation,matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization time of flight mass spectrometry was used to identify the phenotypes of 35 Cronobacter strains isolated from PIF and its processing environment.Subsequently,the isolates were evaluated for drying and osmotic pressure tolerance.The results showed that the deactivation rate of the strains ranged from 9.01%to 77.57%,and the highest osmotic pressure condition the strains could tolerate was 6 g/100 mL Na Cl.In addition,there was a positive correlation between biofilm formation ability and desiccation resistance.Combined with transcriptomics,Cronobacter spp.could activate biofilm synthesis,produce more trehalose,accumulate betaine and electrolytes to stabilize intracellular structure under the two treatment conditions.A total of 31 and 43 genes were found related to desiccation and permeability resistance,respectively.And some genes(cysM,thuF,ycjO,etc.)were found to be associated with two tolerances for the first time.展开更多
BACKGROUND Infants'nutrition significantly influences their growth,development,and overall well-being.With the increasing demand for organic infant formula driven by the perception of health benefits and growing a...BACKGROUND Infants'nutrition significantly influences their growth,development,and overall well-being.With the increasing demand for organic infant formula driven by the perception of health benefits and growing awareness of natural feeding options,it is crucial to conduct a comparative analysis of the gastrointestinal tolerability between organic and traditional infant formulas.AIM To provide a concise and precise analysis of the gastrointestinal tolerability of organic infant formula compared to traditional infant formula.Due to limited direct comparisons,the review synthesizes available literature on each formula type,presenting insights into their potential effects on infants'digestive health.METHODS An extensive literature search was conducted,compiling studies on organic and traditional infant formulas,their compositions,and reported effects on gastrointestinal tolerability.We searched academic databases such as PubMed and Google Scholar and specialized nutrition,paediatrics,and infant health journals using relevant keywords till October 1,2023.RESULTS Although specific comparative studies are scarce and formula heterogeneity is a significant limitation,this systematic review provides an in-depth understanding of organic infant formulas'composition and potential benefits.While scientific evidence directly comparing gastrointestinal tolerability is limited,organic formulas strive to use carefully selected organic ingredients to imitate breast milk composition.Potential benefits include improved lipid profiles,higher methionine content,and decreased antibiotic-resistant bacteria levels.Understanding the gastrointestinal tolerability of organic and traditional infant formulas is crucial for parents and healthcare providers to make informed decisions.CONCLUSION Despite limitations in direct comparisons,this systematic review provides insights into the composition and potential benefits of organic infant formulas.It emphasizes the need for further research to elucidate their gastrointestinal effects comprehensively.展开更多
Perchlorate and chlorate are ubiquitous pollutants that can adversely affect the thyroid function in humans.This study assessed the potential health risks associated with the dietary exposure of infants and young chil...Perchlorate and chlorate are ubiquitous pollutants that can adversely affect the thyroid function in humans.This study assessed the potential health risks associated with the dietary exposure of infants and young children to perchlorate and chlorate present in infant formulas available in Shanghai.The assessment was based on risk monitoring data from 150 samples of infant formulas in Shanghai between 2020 and 2022,along with the dietary consumption data of infants and young children.The detection rates of perchlorate and chlorate in infant formulas were 46.0%and 98.7%,with mean contents of 9.98μg/kg and 112.01μg/kg,and the maximum values of 151.00μg/kg and 1475.00μg/kg,respectively.The mean and 95th percentile(P95)values of daily perchlorate exposure of 0-36-month-old infant and young children via infant formulas were 0.07 and 0.17μg/kg body weight(bw)per day,respectively,which were lower than the tolerable daily intake(TDI)of perchlorate(0.3μg/kg bw per day).The mean and P95 values of chlorate exposure via infant formulas in 0-36-month-old infants and young children were 0.83 and 1.89μg/kg bw per day,which were lower than the TDI of chlorate(3μg/kg bw per day).The P95 exposure of different age groups(0-6 months,7-12 months and 13-36 months)of infants and young children to perchlorate and chlorate in infant formulas was below the TDI.Therefore,the risk associated with the exposure of 0-36-month-old infants and young children to perchlorate and chlorate from infant formulas in Shanghai is considered acceptable.Prioritizing environmental pollution control efforts to reduce the levels of perchlorate and chlorate in food products is important to safeguard the health of the infants and children under the One Health concept.展开更多
Infant formula(IF)based on cow milk and goat milk is a substitute food for infants who are underfed with human milk.In our previous study,we reported the composition and physicochemical stability of IF based on milk f...Infant formula(IF)based on cow milk and goat milk is a substitute food for infants who are underfed with human milk.In our previous study,we reported the composition and physicochemical stability of IF based on milk from cows and goats and a combination of both milks.Here,we investigated the effects of these 3 IFs on intestinal immunity and short-chain fatty acid production(SCFAs)using human microbiota-associated(HMA)mice and selected human milk as a positive control.The results showed that goat milk-based IF is associated with a functional immune advantage,due to the rise in the levels of immune-related cytokines interleukin(IL)-2 and IL-10,decreased levels of intestinal permeability markers D-lactic acid and endotoxin,and increased mRNA levels of intestinal tight junction proteins occludin and claudin.In addition,the intestine of mice fed with goat milk-based IF contained 12.06μmol/g acetate,2.42μmol/g propionate,and 1.72μmol/g butyrate,which reached 69%,79%,and 60%of the levels in human milk,respectively.Our results indicate that goat milk-based IF improves intestinal immune function and promotes the production of intestinal SCFAs.展开更多
[Objectives]To verify the specificity,sensitivity,precision and negative-positive deviation of the foodproof gluten component de-tection kit for the detection of gluten allergens in milk powder matrix,and to establish...[Objectives]To verify the specificity,sensitivity,precision and negative-positive deviation of the foodproof gluten component de-tection kit for the detection of gluten allergens in milk powder matrix,and to establish a real-time fluorescent PCR legal method for the detec-tion of gluten allergens in milk powder.[Methods]The specificity,sensitivity,precision and negative-positive deviation of the detection method of foodproof gluten component detection kit(PCR-probe method)were verified by artificially adding different concentrations of wheat bran and extracting sample DNA by kit method,and applied to sample detection.[Results] The specific detection results of two kinds of milk powder with wheat bran and buckwheat added showed that the foodproof gluten component detection kit(PCR-probe method)had good speci-ficity for wheat gluten.The results of artificially added wheat bran positive samples showed that the false positive rate and false negative rate of the kit in the milk powder matrix were O,and the sensitivity and precision were high.[Conclusions]The kit is simple to operate and has high accuracy,which is suitable for the detection of gluten allergen components in milk powder.展开更多
Objective To investigate the occurrence and concentrations of melamine and its analogues in tainted infant formula and to identify the etiologic factors for the urinary stones epidemic in infants and young children in...Objective To investigate the occurrence and concentrations of melamine and its analogues in tainted infant formula and to identify the etiologic factors for the urinary stones epidemic in infants and young children in China in 2008. Methods Sanlu infant formula samples were collected from families of the affected children in Gansu province, and markets in Gansu and Hebei provinces and Beijing city. Melamine and its analogues, including cyanuric acid, ammeline, and ammelide were measured by gas chromatography/tandem mass spectrometry. Results High prevalence and concentrations of melamine were found in Sanlu infant formula samples, with low concentrations of cyanuric acid, ammeline and ammelide. Melamine were detected in 87 out of 111 Sanlu infant formula samples with a range of 118 to 4 700 mg/kg, Conclusion The results provide strong evidence for melamine as the etiological factor for the urinary stones epidemic in infants and young children in China in 2008.展开更多
AIM: To test if total ghrelin is present in infant formulas. METHODS: Using a radioimmunoassay, we measured total ghrelin concentrations in 19 samples of commercial infant formulas and in 20 samples of human milk. We ...AIM: To test if total ghrelin is present in infant formulas. METHODS: Using a radioimmunoassay, we measured total ghrelin concentrations in 19 samples of commercial infant formulas and in 20 samples of human milk. We also determined ghrelin concentration in the serum of infants and lactating mothers. RESULTS: Ghrelin concentrations were significantly higher in artificial milk (2007.1 ± 1725.36 pg/mL) than in human milk (828.17 ± 323.32 pg/mL) (P = 0.005). The mean ghrelin concentration in infant serum (n = 56) was 1115.86 ± 42.89 pg/mL, and was significantly higher (P = 0.023) in formula-fed infants (1247.93 ± 328.07 pg/mL) than in breast-fed infants (1045.7 ± 263.38 pg/mL). The mean serum ghrelin concentration (mean ± SD) in lactating mothers (n = 20) was 1319.18 ± 140.18 pg/mL. CONCLUSION: This study provides evidence that total ghrelin is present in infant formulas. This findingraises diverse questions regarding the uptake, absorption and metabolic effects of this hormone.展开更多
Objective To estimate the dietary melamine exposure in Chinese infants and young children from the consumption of melamine adulterated Sanlu infant formula. Methods Four age groups of infants and young children （3, 6...Objective To estimate the dietary melamine exposure in Chinese infants and young children from the consumption of melamine adulterated Sanlu infant formula. Methods Four age groups of infants and young children （3, 6, 12, and 24 months） were chosen as the assessed subjects and the maximum amount of infant formula consumption was estimated based on the recommended usage level in the package insert of Sanlu infant formula and other brands. Melamine was analyzed in 111 Sanlu infant fbrmula samples collected from the markets in Beijing and Gansu province using the LC-MS-MS with a limit of quantification of 0.05 mg/kg. Four levels of melamine concentration were chosen to estimate the dietary intakes, including the mean, median, 90th percentile, and maximum. Results The infants of 3 months had the highest intake of melamine, and with the increase of the age （inonth）, the intake decreased. Based on the median melamine concentration （1 000 mg/kg） as an example, the melamine intakes fur the infants of 3, 6, 12, and 24 months were 23.4, 21.4, 15.0, and 8.6 mg/kg bw/d, respectively. Conclusion Dietary melamine intakes from tainted Sanln infant formula significantly exceeded the TDI level （0.2 mg/kg bw/d） recommended by the WHO Expert Meeting in 2008. However, the present assessment has some limitations including the poor representative samples, the varied melamine concentrations in the adulterated Sanlu infant formula, and other brand infant formula possibly consumed by these infants.展开更多
Objective To determine the prevalence of urolithiasis in young children fed infant formula（IF） contaminated with melamine,and the association between IF consumption and urolithiasis.Design A total of 2 733 children ...Objective To determine the prevalence of urolithiasis in young children fed infant formula（IF） contaminated with melamine,and the association between IF consumption and urolithiasis.Design A total of 2 733 children ≤3 years of age on September 1,2008 in two townships of Gansu Province,China were studied.Cases of urolithiasis were diagnosed by ultrasonography.Milk product consumption was determined by their caregivers.Remaining IF samples were tested for melamine and cyanuric acid.Results Of 2 733 eligible children in the two townships,2 186（80%） were enrolled in our study.Overall,16.6%（362） of 2 186 children had urolithiasis.The prevalence was 24.6% in children exclusively fed Sanlu brand IF,9.7% in those fed other IF,and 8.5% in those fed exclusively on other milk products.For children exclusively breast-fed,no urolithiasis was found（P0.05）.The prevalence of urolithiasis was 11.4% in children fed 400 g of Sanlu IF,rising to 37.5% in children fed over 25 600 g.Of 48 Sanlu IF samples,91.7% contained melamine（median=1 800 ppm;range=45-4 700） and 66.7% contained cyanuric acid（median=1.2 ppm;range=0.4-6.3）.Melamine was also detected in 22.2% of 36 other brand IF（median=27.5 ppm,range=4-50）.Conclusions Urolithiasis was associated with melamine-contaminated IF.Although one product caused most morbidity,other milk products may have also contributed to the outbreak.展开更多
<i><span style="font-family:Verdana;">Cronobacter sakazakii</span></i><span style="font-family:Verdana;"> is an emerging ubiquitous and opportunistic pathogen that cur...<i><span style="font-family:Verdana;">Cronobacter sakazakii</span></i><span style="font-family:Verdana;"> is an emerging ubiquitous and opportunistic pathogen that currently contaminates a wide spectrum of foods including powdered milk and poses a lethal threat to neonates, the elderly and persons with immune deficiencies. They cause life threatening neonatal meningitis, septicemia, and necrotizing enterocolitis. A total of 360 samples of powdered infant formula were collected from postnatal hospital attendees reconstituting the PIF for their children in the North Central region of Nigeria where cases of infant mortality </span><span style="font-family:Verdana;">are </span><span style="font-family:""><span style="font-family:Verdana;">very high and presenting as enterocolitis and diarrhea. Pre-enriched samples were cultured in chromogenic </span><i><span style="font-family:Verdana;">Cronobacter</span></i><span style="font-family:Verdana;"> broth and were then further sub-cultured into a chromogenic </span><i><span style="font-family:Verdana;">Cronobacter sakazakii</span></i><span style="font-family:Verdana;"> agar. They were positive, exhibiting yellowish cultures typical of </span><i><span style="font-family:Verdana;">Cronobacter sakazakii</span></i><span style="font-family:Verdana;">. Biochemical tests of the isolates were also carried out and indicated the presence of </span><i><span style="font-family:Verdana;">Cronobacter sakazakii</span></i><span style="font-family:Verdana;">. The isolates were then characterized molecularly using specie specific PCR detection of </span><i><span style="font-family:Verdana;">Cronobacter sakazakii</span></i><span style="font-family:Verdana;">. The targeted genes of interest were </span><i><span style="font-family:Verdana;">ompA</span></i><span style="font-family:Verdana;"> gene and </span><i><span style="font-family:Verdana;">CPA</span></i><span style="font-family:Verdana;"> gene. The isolates tested showed bands for </span><i><span style="font-family:Verdana;">ompA</span></i><span style="font-family:Verdana;"> gene on electrophoresis imager and were confirmed as </span><i><span style="font-family:Verdana;">Cronobacter sakazakii.</span></i><span style="font-family:Verdana;"> In Nigeria, majority of infants are still fed with PIF. There is no existing data on the detection of </span><i><span style="font-family:Verdana;">Cronobacter sakazakii</span></i><span style="font-family:Verdana;"> previously reported in the North central region of Nigeria hence the need to carry out the present study. The result of the study demonstrated the need for effective prevention and control measures as contamination of PIF with </span><i><span style="font-family:Verdana;">Cronobacter sakazakii</span></i><span style="font-family:Verdana;"> constituted potential public health risk to neonates and infants.展开更多
Nutritional oil for infant formula food was microencapsulated by the spray drying method with coating materials including maltodextrin （MD）, soy protein isolate （SPI）, and emulsifier （soy lecithin）. Vegetable oi...Nutritional oil for infant formula food was microencapsulated by the spray drying method with coating materials including maltodextrin （MD）, soy protein isolate （SPI）, and emulsifier （soy lecithin）. Vegetable oil blend was prepared by mixing coconut oil, safflower oil and soybean oil at a ratio to achieve a fatty acid profile comparable to human milk fat （HMF）. The fatty acid composition of the product was determined by capillary gas chromatograph. As a result, the composition was as close as possible to that of HMF, it could be used for infant fomular food to make up some deficiencies of milk powder in nutrition and functional properties. Furthermore, the glass transition temperature （Tg） of the wall material was determined by DSC and its Tg was 66.42℃. It provided a theoretical basis for the storage of the product at the normal temperature.展开更多
A total of 151 infant formula powder samples were tested for the screening of the Enterobacteriaceae bacteria, and it had been contaminated by the conditioned pathogen like Enterobacter sakazakii, Klebsiella pneumonia...A total of 151 infant formula powder samples were tested for the screening of the Enterobacteriaceae bacteria, and it had been contaminated by the conditioned pathogen like Enterobacter sakazakii, Klebsiella pneumoniae, Klebsiella oxytoca, and Enterobacter cloacae. The results showed that six samples were separated Enterobacter sakazakii, 24 samples were separated Enterobacteriaceae by using the traditional validation and real-time fluorescence quantitative PCR. Then the result identified by API20E biochemistry test and VITEC2 identification system. Through the study we concluded the potential safety hazard of the current infant formula powder and should regard Enterobacteriaceae as an indicator to carry out effective management, the neglected mild and discontinuity contamination could be easily found, thus to guarantee the safety of the special group.展开更多
Objective To determine whether addition of oligosaccharides to a regular infant formula can lead to changes in the colonic function in vivo, particularly the fecal characteristics. Methods One hundred and two health f...Objective To determine whether addition of oligosaccharides to a regular infant formula can lead to changes in the colonic function in vivo, particularly the fecal characteristics. Methods One hundred and two health full term infants were randomly assigned to one of two experimental formula groups: oligosaccharide formula (OF) group or regular formula (RF) group. Fifty breast-fed infants served as a control group during the same period. During the 3 weeks’ study, stool characteristics, including stooling frequency, stool consistency, pH and color, were recorded daily by parents. Results The mean fecal frequency of the infants in the OF group was significantly more than those of the RF group (P<0.05). The stools of the RF group were significantly harder than those in the OF group(P<0.001). Although the mean stool pH score and stool color score of infants in the OF group were not significantly different from that of infants in the RF group, it was much closer to that of breast-fed infants. Conclusion The addition of oligosaccharides to a normal infant formula could lead to improvements in fecal characteristics.展开更多
A series of safety incidents related to domestically-produced infant formulas(DIFs) almost destroyed Chinese consumer confidence in domestic dairy products. Understanding consumer confidence and its effect on consumpt...A series of safety incidents related to domestically-produced infant formulas(DIFs) almost destroyed Chinese consumer confidence in domestic dairy products. Understanding consumer confidence and its effect on consumption behavior is important to restore consumer confidence and enhance the competitiveness of domestic dairy industry. This article first measures Chinese consumer confidence in DIFs safety using a two-dimension scale(optimism and pessimism) and then investigates its effect on consumers’ preferences for DIFs through a choice experiment. Involving 450 consumers residing in Beijing, Tianjin and Shijiazhuang, the experiment elicited information on their preferences for DIFs with six attributes(organic raw milk, farm-to-table traceability, region of origin, quality certification, animal welfare, and price). Our analysis yields four findings. First, Chinese consumers still lack confidence in DIFs safety. Second, quality certification is the most preferred product characteristic, followed by organic raw milk and farm-to-table traceability. Third, serving as a signal of high quality, price exerts a positive impact on choices of DIFs for pessimistic consumers. Finally, consumer preferences for farm-to-table traceability and region of origin are significantly influenced by consumer confidence.展开更多
Lutein is an antioxidant that is deposited in the macular region of the eye and is crucial to macular function. Lutein is present in human milk and recently has been added to infant and toddler formulas. A method for ...Lutein is an antioxidant that is deposited in the macular region of the eye and is crucial to macular function. Lutein is present in human milk and recently has been added to infant and toddler formulas. A method for the extraction and quantification of lutein from lutein-fortified infant formula and toddler milk products was developed. The lipids and carotenoids were extracted from the samples with ethanol and hexane:tetrahydrofuran. Polar xanthophylls were ex-tracted from the organic mixture with ethanol:water, leaving behind lipids and less polar carotenoids. The ethanol:water extracts were dried, reconstituted in mobile phase, and the lutein was quantified by high performance liquid chromatography with UV detection. A C30 carotenoid column and a mobile phase gradient of methyl-tert-butyl ether and methanol were used for the chromatographic separation. Validation data showed repeatability with relative stan-dard deviations < 4% and intermediate precision with relative standard deviations <20% at a low fortification level, 25 mcg lutein/L, and <12% at a high fortification level, 200 mcg lutein/L. Overall recoveries from sample matrix ranged from 88% to 106%. This liquid:liquid extraction method for the quantification of lutein in infant formulas is precise and accurate. Keywords: Lutein;carotenoid;infant formula;toddler milk;xanthophylls.展开更多
A two-step-cascade membrane separation by ultrafiltration was performed on caprine milk prepared under different temperature conditions to eliminate beta-lactoglobulin (β-Lg) from the whey fraction. Effects of temper...A two-step-cascade membrane separation by ultrafiltration was performed on caprine milk prepared under different temperature conditions to eliminate beta-lactoglobulin (β-Lg) from the whey fraction. Effects of temperature treatment and membrane pore size on the elimination of β-Lg and retention of alpha-lactalbumin (α-La) were examined to determine the optimum permeate fraction for production of infant formula analogues from caprine milk. The frozen raw caprine milk, with and without prior pasteurization, showed the best membrane separation performance. The permeates obtained from the 800/30kDa membrane combination showed the optimal results. The infant formula analog produced using the casein and 800/30kDa-permeate fractions of the treated caprine milk had the closest similarity to human milk with respect to the total protein content (1.3g 100g-1), beta-lactoglobulin content (1% - 2%), and casein- α-lactalbumin ratio (0.6 - 0.7). Membrane performance during ultrafiltration of caprine milk was affected by temperature treatment of the milk prior to membrane separation.展开更多
Objective: To describe the growth profile of breastfeeding babies following early introduction of infant formulas to improve the feeding pattern of the young infant. Methodology: This is a longitudinal descriptive stu...Objective: To describe the growth profile of breastfeeding babies following early introduction of infant formulas to improve the feeding pattern of the young infant. Methodology: This is a longitudinal descriptive study conducted in 2 medical clinics in Abidjan from 11-Jun-2013 to 15-Dec-2016 on 100 healthy newborn babies with the introduction of infant formulas before 6 months of life. The anthropometrics parameters were compared to those of WHO. Results: The exclusive breastfeeding rate was 5%. Ablactation occurred within 12 months in 95% of cases. All Infants have doubled and tripled their birth weight at 3 and 9 months respectively. The height and the head circumference at birth increased by 50% and 37% respectively at 12 months. Compared to WHO growth charts, the weight gain for the girls at 3 months was 12.4% higher and for the boys was 7.3% higher at 6 months. On the other hands, the statural gain at 12 months was 50% lower than the WHO standards while the head circumference was 37.8% and 45.5% higher than the WHO standards in boys and girls respectively. At 3 months, the prevalence of stunting was 26.1% for boys and 13.3% for girls. Lastly, at 12 months, the BMI showed 10% overweight and 19% obesity. Conclusion: Breastfeeding associated with an early introduction of infant formulas increases the risk of malnutrition of the young infant. We advise to avoid it and recommend an exclusive breastfeeding.展开更多
Infant formula milk(IFM)is increasingly utilized as a substitute for natural breastfeeding despite the fact that breast milk has been always recognized as the optimal nourishment method.While IFMs are fortified with e...Infant formula milk(IFM)is increasingly utilized as a substitute for natural breastfeeding despite the fact that breast milk has been always recognized as the optimal nourishment method.While IFMs are fortified with essential nutrients that are crucial for proper growth,they can also harbor non-essential toxic metal contaminants from various sources during the production process.Given the heightened vulnerability of newborns to such contaminants,it is imperative to thoroughly analyze,evaluate,and minimize the toxicity associated with the consumption of such IFMs.However,classical approaches to date,have been always adopted for assessing such risks by finding first the analytical concentration of metals in the IFMs followed by multiplying it by the average daily powder intake(ADI)then dividing by the average infant weight.The outcome is then compared to an established standard such a PTWI to assess the extent of toxicity.The drawback with such studies is the use of a fixed ADI for all samples as if all samples have the same and exact preparation directions while using somewhat different infant masses.Accordingly,this study aims at assessing the toxic risk amongst newborns from IFM consumption through the identification and application of various highly important and toxicity-contributing parameters from each IFM and its directions of preparation label separately which are discussed here for the first time while providing comparisons between the classical approach versus our new approach to highlight its importance.Seventy-three IFMs(0e6 months)were analyzed for lead(Pb),cadmium(Cd),arsenic(As),and aluminum(Al)levels and unlike previous studies,this work incorporated various feeding parameters from each IFM for calculating the intakes thus,revealing potential toxicity risks even in IFMs that are considered safe by the classical approach.Metal contamination was significant,with 97.3%of samples containing detectable Pb,41.1%Cd,16.4%As,and 93.2%Al while highlighting Pb in exceeding its maximum allowable level(MAL).This novel approach,which considers new diverse feeding schedules/parameters that are ironically suggested by manufacturers that have been previously overlooked elsewhere,emphasized IFMs'potential as sources of heightened metal toxicity in comparison to classical approaches.Results highlighted Pb and Al as major concerns,with As and Cd of lesser concern.Findings also emphasized the importance of such new parameters for safeguarding newborn health and should be payed attention to by caregivers.The study strongly and highly recommends adherence to minimum feeding schedules(MFS)and proper scooping techniques to reduce newborn exposure to toxic metals.It also suggests continuous monitoring and stricter regulations by health authorities at the production level of such products so as to provide a safer commodity in the first degree and to also provide better and somewhat uniform and specific feeding labels and precautions on such products.展开更多
Objectives:Cronobacter sakazakii,formerly Enterobacter sakazakii,is an emerging ubiquitous and opportunistic foodborne pathogen with a high mortality rate.It has been implicated in cases of meningitis,septicaemia,and ...Objectives:Cronobacter sakazakii,formerly Enterobacter sakazakii,is an emerging ubiquitous and opportunistic foodborne pathogen with a high mortality rate.It has been implicated in cases of meningitis,septicaemia,and necrotizing enterocolitis among infants worldwide in association with powdered infant formula(PIF).This study was an insilico designed peptide base kit framework,using immunoinformatic techniques for quick detection of C.sakazakii in PIF.Materials and Methods:In the present study,a peptide-based kit was designed with a bioinformatic technique to rapidly identify C.sakazakii in PIF using fhE,secY,and bcsC,which are genes responsible for its bioflm formation,as target genes.The antigenicity,membrane topology,and the presence of signal peptides of the target genes were analysed using VaxiJen,DeepTMHMM,and SignalP servers.To provide stability and fexibility to the multiple-epitope construct,the linear B cells and helper T cells(IL-4(interleukin 4)and IL-10(interleukin 10)inducing epitopes)were linked with a GSGSG linker followed by the addition of protein disulphide bonds.To ascertain specifcity,the multi-epitope construct was molecularly docked against genes from sources other than PIF,like alfalfa,and the environment,with PIF being the highest:–328.48.Finally,the codons were modifed using the pET28a(+)vector,and the resultant multi-epitope construct was successfully cloned in silico.Results:The fnal construct had a length of 486 bp,an instability index of 23.26,a theoretical pI of 9.34,a molecular weight of 16.5 kDa,and a Z-score of–3.41.Conclusions:The multi-epitope peptide construct could be a conceptual framework for creating a C.sakazakii peptide-based detection kit,which has the potential to provide fast and effcient detection.However,there is a need for additional validation through the in vitro and in vivo techniques.展开更多
Wall sticking,which greatly reduces productivity and product quality,has been a big challenge of spray drying.Structure of drying tower and atomizer,as well as drying conditions are the main influencing factors.This r...Wall sticking,which greatly reduces productivity and product quality,has been a big challenge of spray drying.Structure of drying tower and atomizer,as well as drying conditions are the main influencing factors.This research explored the possibility to reduce wall sticking by optimizing drying conditions and components to obtain higher recovery rate of powdered infant formula milk(PIFM).Response surface experimental results indicated that inlet air temperature(T),feed concentration(C),feeding speed(S),as well as interaction term of TC and quadratic terms of C^(2) and S^(2) had significant influences on recovery rate for determined milk formula.According to mixture experiments at optimized drying conditions,whey protein(P),fat(F)and lactose(L)contents,as well as interaction term FL had significant effects on recovery rate.Positive effects were observed for F and L contents on recovery rate,while negative effects were observed for P and FL.Under the optimized drying condition of 136℃,19.80%and 4.07 mL/min,respectively,for T,C and S,the maximum recovery rate of 58.98%was obtained for PIFM with P,F and L content of 18%,31%and 51%,respectively.Wall sticking phenomena could be reduced by optimizing drying conditions and mildly adjusting components of infant formula milk.展开更多
基金supported by the Joint Funds of the National Natural Science Foundation of China(U21A20272)。
文摘Cronobacter spp.has strong resistance to desiccation and high permeability in Enterobacteriaceae,and powdered infant formula(PIF)is one of the main contamination routes.In recent years,the contamination of Cronobacter spp.in PIF incidents occurs from time to time,causing infant serious diseases or death.In this investigation,matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization time of flight mass spectrometry was used to identify the phenotypes of 35 Cronobacter strains isolated from PIF and its processing environment.Subsequently,the isolates were evaluated for drying and osmotic pressure tolerance.The results showed that the deactivation rate of the strains ranged from 9.01%to 77.57%,and the highest osmotic pressure condition the strains could tolerate was 6 g/100 mL Na Cl.In addition,there was a positive correlation between biofilm formation ability and desiccation resistance.Combined with transcriptomics,Cronobacter spp.could activate biofilm synthesis,produce more trehalose,accumulate betaine and electrolytes to stabilize intracellular structure under the two treatment conditions.A total of 31 and 43 genes were found related to desiccation and permeability resistance,respectively.And some genes(cysM,thuF,ycjO,etc.)were found to be associated with two tolerances for the first time.
文摘BACKGROUND Infants'nutrition significantly influences their growth,development,and overall well-being.With the increasing demand for organic infant formula driven by the perception of health benefits and growing awareness of natural feeding options,it is crucial to conduct a comparative analysis of the gastrointestinal tolerability between organic and traditional infant formulas.AIM To provide a concise and precise analysis of the gastrointestinal tolerability of organic infant formula compared to traditional infant formula.Due to limited direct comparisons,the review synthesizes available literature on each formula type,presenting insights into their potential effects on infants'digestive health.METHODS An extensive literature search was conducted,compiling studies on organic and traditional infant formulas,their compositions,and reported effects on gastrointestinal tolerability.We searched academic databases such as PubMed and Google Scholar and specialized nutrition,paediatrics,and infant health journals using relevant keywords till October 1,2023.RESULTS Although specific comparative studies are scarce and formula heterogeneity is a significant limitation,this systematic review provides an in-depth understanding of organic infant formulas'composition and potential benefits.While scientific evidence directly comparing gastrointestinal tolerability is limited,organic formulas strive to use carefully selected organic ingredients to imitate breast milk composition.Potential benefits include improved lipid profiles,higher methionine content,and decreased antibiotic-resistant bacteria levels.Understanding the gastrointestinal tolerability of organic and traditional infant formulas is crucial for parents and healthcare providers to make informed decisions.CONCLUSION Despite limitations in direct comparisons,this systematic review provides insights into the composition and potential benefits of organic infant formulas.It emphasizes the need for further research to elucidate their gastrointestinal effects comprehensively.
基金supported by Science and Technology Project of Shanghai Municipal Administration for Market Regulation in 2022(No.2022-67).
文摘Perchlorate and chlorate are ubiquitous pollutants that can adversely affect the thyroid function in humans.This study assessed the potential health risks associated with the dietary exposure of infants and young children to perchlorate and chlorate present in infant formulas available in Shanghai.The assessment was based on risk monitoring data from 150 samples of infant formulas in Shanghai between 2020 and 2022,along with the dietary consumption data of infants and young children.The detection rates of perchlorate and chlorate in infant formulas were 46.0%and 98.7%,with mean contents of 9.98μg/kg and 112.01μg/kg,and the maximum values of 151.00μg/kg and 1475.00μg/kg,respectively.The mean and 95th percentile(P95)values of daily perchlorate exposure of 0-36-month-old infant and young children via infant formulas were 0.07 and 0.17μg/kg body weight(bw)per day,respectively,which were lower than the tolerable daily intake(TDI)of perchlorate(0.3μg/kg bw per day).The mean and P95 values of chlorate exposure via infant formulas in 0-36-month-old infants and young children were 0.83 and 1.89μg/kg bw per day,which were lower than the TDI of chlorate(3μg/kg bw per day).The P95 exposure of different age groups(0-6 months,7-12 months and 13-36 months)of infants and young children to perchlorate and chlorate in infant formulas was below the TDI.Therefore,the risk associated with the exposure of 0-36-month-old infants and young children to perchlorate and chlorate from infant formulas in Shanghai is considered acceptable.Prioritizing environmental pollution control efforts to reduce the levels of perchlorate and chlorate in food products is important to safeguard the health of the infants and children under the One Health concept.
基金supported by “Hundred, Thousand and Ten Thousand” Science and Technology Major Special Project of Heilongjiang Province:Dairy Products and Meat Processing (2020ZX07B01-2-1)Chinese Nutrition Society-Feihe Physique Nutrition and Health Research Fund (CNS-Feihe2020A37)+3 种基金Young Elite Scientist Sponsorship Program by CAST (YESS20200271)the National Natural Science Foundation of China (32101919)the National Key Research and Development Program of China (2021YFD2100404-04)Young Teachers Start-Up Fund of Beijing Technology and Business University (19008022139)
文摘Infant formula(IF)based on cow milk and goat milk is a substitute food for infants who are underfed with human milk.In our previous study,we reported the composition and physicochemical stability of IF based on milk from cows and goats and a combination of both milks.Here,we investigated the effects of these 3 IFs on intestinal immunity and short-chain fatty acid production(SCFAs)using human microbiota-associated(HMA)mice and selected human milk as a positive control.The results showed that goat milk-based IF is associated with a functional immune advantage,due to the rise in the levels of immune-related cytokines interleukin(IL)-2 and IL-10,decreased levels of intestinal permeability markers D-lactic acid and endotoxin,and increased mRNA levels of intestinal tight junction proteins occludin and claudin.In addition,the intestine of mice fed with goat milk-based IF contained 12.06μmol/g acetate,2.42μmol/g propionate,and 1.72μmol/g butyrate,which reached 69%,79%,and 60%of the levels in human milk,respectively.Our results indicate that goat milk-based IF improves intestinal immune function and promotes the production of intestinal SCFAs.
文摘[Objectives]To verify the specificity,sensitivity,precision and negative-positive deviation of the foodproof gluten component de-tection kit for the detection of gluten allergens in milk powder matrix,and to establish a real-time fluorescent PCR legal method for the detec-tion of gluten allergens in milk powder.[Methods]The specificity,sensitivity,precision and negative-positive deviation of the detection method of foodproof gluten component detection kit(PCR-probe method)were verified by artificially adding different concentrations of wheat bran and extracting sample DNA by kit method,and applied to sample detection.[Results] The specific detection results of two kinds of milk powder with wheat bran and buckwheat added showed that the foodproof gluten component detection kit(PCR-probe method)had good speci-ficity for wheat gluten.The results of artificially added wheat bran positive samples showed that the false positive rate and false negative rate of the kit in the milk powder matrix were O,and the sensitivity and precision were high.[Conclusions]The kit is simple to operate and has high accuracy,which is suitable for the detection of gluten allergen components in milk powder.
文摘Objective To investigate the occurrence and concentrations of melamine and its analogues in tainted infant formula and to identify the etiologic factors for the urinary stones epidemic in infants and young children in China in 2008. Methods Sanlu infant formula samples were collected from families of the affected children in Gansu province, and markets in Gansu and Hebei provinces and Beijing city. Melamine and its analogues, including cyanuric acid, ammeline, and ammelide were measured by gas chromatography/tandem mass spectrometry. Results High prevalence and concentrations of melamine were found in Sanlu infant formula samples, with low concentrations of cyanuric acid, ammeline and ammelide. Melamine were detected in 87 out of 111 Sanlu infant formula samples with a range of 118 to 4 700 mg/kg, Conclusion The results provide strong evidence for melamine as the etiological factor for the urinary stones epidemic in infants and young children in China in 2008.
基金Supported by a MIUR Grant for Project of Research (ex60%-2008) Italy
文摘AIM: To test if total ghrelin is present in infant formulas. METHODS: Using a radioimmunoassay, we measured total ghrelin concentrations in 19 samples of commercial infant formulas and in 20 samples of human milk. We also determined ghrelin concentration in the serum of infants and lactating mothers. RESULTS: Ghrelin concentrations were significantly higher in artificial milk (2007.1 ± 1725.36 pg/mL) than in human milk (828.17 ± 323.32 pg/mL) (P = 0.005). The mean ghrelin concentration in infant serum (n = 56) was 1115.86 ± 42.89 pg/mL, and was significantly higher (P = 0.023) in formula-fed infants (1247.93 ± 328.07 pg/mL) than in breast-fed infants (1045.7 ± 263.38 pg/mL). The mean serum ghrelin concentration (mean ± SD) in lactating mothers (n = 20) was 1319.18 ± 140.18 pg/mL. CONCLUSION: This study provides evidence that total ghrelin is present in infant formulas. This findingraises diverse questions regarding the uptake, absorption and metabolic effects of this hormone.
文摘Objective To estimate the dietary melamine exposure in Chinese infants and young children from the consumption of melamine adulterated Sanlu infant formula. Methods Four age groups of infants and young children （3, 6, 12, and 24 months） were chosen as the assessed subjects and the maximum amount of infant formula consumption was estimated based on the recommended usage level in the package insert of Sanlu infant formula and other brands. Melamine was analyzed in 111 Sanlu infant fbrmula samples collected from the markets in Beijing and Gansu province using the LC-MS-MS with a limit of quantification of 0.05 mg/kg. Four levels of melamine concentration were chosen to estimate the dietary intakes, including the mean, median, 90th percentile, and maximum. Results The infants of 3 months had the highest intake of melamine, and with the increase of the age （inonth）, the intake decreased. Based on the median melamine concentration （1 000 mg/kg） as an example, the melamine intakes fur the infants of 3, 6, 12, and 24 months were 23.4, 21.4, 15.0, and 8.6 mg/kg bw/d, respectively. Conclusion Dietary melamine intakes from tainted Sanln infant formula significantly exceeded the TDI level （0.2 mg/kg bw/d） recommended by the WHO Expert Meeting in 2008. However, the present assessment has some limitations including the poor representative samples, the varied melamine concentrations in the adulterated Sanlu infant formula, and other brand infant formula possibly consumed by these infants.
文摘Objective To determine the prevalence of urolithiasis in young children fed infant formula（IF） contaminated with melamine,and the association between IF consumption and urolithiasis.Design A total of 2 733 children ≤3 years of age on September 1,2008 in two townships of Gansu Province,China were studied.Cases of urolithiasis were diagnosed by ultrasonography.Milk product consumption was determined by their caregivers.Remaining IF samples were tested for melamine and cyanuric acid.Results Of 2 733 eligible children in the two townships,2 186（80%） were enrolled in our study.Overall,16.6%（362） of 2 186 children had urolithiasis.The prevalence was 24.6% in children exclusively fed Sanlu brand IF,9.7% in those fed other IF,and 8.5% in those fed exclusively on other milk products.For children exclusively breast-fed,no urolithiasis was found（P0.05）.The prevalence of urolithiasis was 11.4% in children fed 400 g of Sanlu IF,rising to 37.5% in children fed over 25 600 g.Of 48 Sanlu IF samples,91.7% contained melamine（median=1 800 ppm;range=45-4 700） and 66.7% contained cyanuric acid（median=1.2 ppm;range=0.4-6.3）.Melamine was also detected in 22.2% of 36 other brand IF（median=27.5 ppm,range=4-50）.Conclusions Urolithiasis was associated with melamine-contaminated IF.Although one product caused most morbidity,other milk products may have also contributed to the outbreak.
文摘<i><span style="font-family:Verdana;">Cronobacter sakazakii</span></i><span style="font-family:Verdana;"> is an emerging ubiquitous and opportunistic pathogen that currently contaminates a wide spectrum of foods including powdered milk and poses a lethal threat to neonates, the elderly and persons with immune deficiencies. They cause life threatening neonatal meningitis, septicemia, and necrotizing enterocolitis. A total of 360 samples of powdered infant formula were collected from postnatal hospital attendees reconstituting the PIF for their children in the North Central region of Nigeria where cases of infant mortality </span><span style="font-family:Verdana;">are </span><span style="font-family:""><span style="font-family:Verdana;">very high and presenting as enterocolitis and diarrhea. Pre-enriched samples were cultured in chromogenic </span><i><span style="font-family:Verdana;">Cronobacter</span></i><span style="font-family:Verdana;"> broth and were then further sub-cultured into a chromogenic </span><i><span style="font-family:Verdana;">Cronobacter sakazakii</span></i><span style="font-family:Verdana;"> agar. They were positive, exhibiting yellowish cultures typical of </span><i><span style="font-family:Verdana;">Cronobacter sakazakii</span></i><span style="font-family:Verdana;">. Biochemical tests of the isolates were also carried out and indicated the presence of </span><i><span style="font-family:Verdana;">Cronobacter sakazakii</span></i><span style="font-family:Verdana;">. The isolates were then characterized molecularly using specie specific PCR detection of </span><i><span style="font-family:Verdana;">Cronobacter sakazakii</span></i><span style="font-family:Verdana;">. The targeted genes of interest were </span><i><span style="font-family:Verdana;">ompA</span></i><span style="font-family:Verdana;"> gene and </span><i><span style="font-family:Verdana;">CPA</span></i><span style="font-family:Verdana;"> gene. The isolates tested showed bands for </span><i><span style="font-family:Verdana;">ompA</span></i><span style="font-family:Verdana;"> gene on electrophoresis imager and were confirmed as </span><i><span style="font-family:Verdana;">Cronobacter sakazakii.</span></i><span style="font-family:Verdana;"> In Nigeria, majority of infants are still fed with PIF. There is no existing data on the detection of </span><i><span style="font-family:Verdana;">Cronobacter sakazakii</span></i><span style="font-family:Verdana;"> previously reported in the North central region of Nigeria hence the need to carry out the present study. The result of the study demonstrated the need for effective prevention and control measures as contamination of PIF with </span><i><span style="font-family:Verdana;">Cronobacter sakazakii</span></i><span style="font-family:Verdana;"> constituted potential public health risk to neonates and infants.
文摘Nutritional oil for infant formula food was microencapsulated by the spray drying method with coating materials including maltodextrin （MD）, soy protein isolate （SPI）, and emulsifier （soy lecithin）. Vegetable oil blend was prepared by mixing coconut oil, safflower oil and soybean oil at a ratio to achieve a fatty acid profile comparable to human milk fat （HMF）. The fatty acid composition of the product was determined by capillary gas chromatograph. As a result, the composition was as close as possible to that of HMF, it could be used for infant fomular food to make up some deficiencies of milk powder in nutrition and functional properties. Furthermore, the glass transition temperature （Tg） of the wall material was determined by DSC and its Tg was 66.42℃. It provided a theoretical basis for the storage of the product at the normal temperature.
文摘A total of 151 infant formula powder samples were tested for the screening of the Enterobacteriaceae bacteria, and it had been contaminated by the conditioned pathogen like Enterobacter sakazakii, Klebsiella pneumoniae, Klebsiella oxytoca, and Enterobacter cloacae. The results showed that six samples were separated Enterobacter sakazakii, 24 samples were separated Enterobacteriaceae by using the traditional validation and real-time fluorescence quantitative PCR. Then the result identified by API20E biochemistry test and VITEC2 identification system. Through the study we concluded the potential safety hazard of the current infant formula powder and should regard Enterobacteriaceae as an indicator to carry out effective management, the neglected mild and discontinuity contamination could be easily found, thus to guarantee the safety of the special group.
基金Support by grants from the Shanghai Municipal Bureau of Health (97-BR008) and National Ministry of Science and Technology of China(2004BA709B09).
文摘Objective To determine whether addition of oligosaccharides to a regular infant formula can lead to changes in the colonic function in vivo, particularly the fecal characteristics. Methods One hundred and two health full term infants were randomly assigned to one of two experimental formula groups: oligosaccharide formula (OF) group or regular formula (RF) group. Fifty breast-fed infants served as a control group during the same period. During the 3 weeks’ study, stool characteristics, including stooling frequency, stool consistency, pH and color, were recorded daily by parents. Results The mean fecal frequency of the infants in the OF group was significantly more than those of the RF group (P<0.05). The stools of the RF group were significantly harder than those in the OF group(P<0.001). Although the mean stool pH score and stool color score of infants in the OF group were not significantly different from that of infants in the RF group, it was much closer to that of breast-fed infants. Conclusion The addition of oligosaccharides to a normal infant formula could lead to improvements in fecal characteristics.
基金funded by a grant from the Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs of China (05162130111242003)Sino-Dutch Dairy Development Centre (SDDDC2017R02)
文摘A series of safety incidents related to domestically-produced infant formulas(DIFs) almost destroyed Chinese consumer confidence in domestic dairy products. Understanding consumer confidence and its effect on consumption behavior is important to restore consumer confidence and enhance the competitiveness of domestic dairy industry. This article first measures Chinese consumer confidence in DIFs safety using a two-dimension scale(optimism and pessimism) and then investigates its effect on consumers’ preferences for DIFs through a choice experiment. Involving 450 consumers residing in Beijing, Tianjin and Shijiazhuang, the experiment elicited information on their preferences for DIFs with six attributes(organic raw milk, farm-to-table traceability, region of origin, quality certification, animal welfare, and price). Our analysis yields four findings. First, Chinese consumers still lack confidence in DIFs safety. Second, quality certification is the most preferred product characteristic, followed by organic raw milk and farm-to-table traceability. Third, serving as a signal of high quality, price exerts a positive impact on choices of DIFs for pessimistic consumers. Finally, consumer preferences for farm-to-table traceability and region of origin are significantly influenced by consumer confidence.
文摘Lutein is an antioxidant that is deposited in the macular region of the eye and is crucial to macular function. Lutein is present in human milk and recently has been added to infant and toddler formulas. A method for the extraction and quantification of lutein from lutein-fortified infant formula and toddler milk products was developed. The lipids and carotenoids were extracted from the samples with ethanol and hexane:tetrahydrofuran. Polar xanthophylls were ex-tracted from the organic mixture with ethanol:water, leaving behind lipids and less polar carotenoids. The ethanol:water extracts were dried, reconstituted in mobile phase, and the lutein was quantified by high performance liquid chromatography with UV detection. A C30 carotenoid column and a mobile phase gradient of methyl-tert-butyl ether and methanol were used for the chromatographic separation. Validation data showed repeatability with relative stan-dard deviations < 4% and intermediate precision with relative standard deviations <20% at a low fortification level, 25 mcg lutein/L, and <12% at a high fortification level, 200 mcg lutein/L. Overall recoveries from sample matrix ranged from 88% to 106%. This liquid:liquid extraction method for the quantification of lutein in infant formulas is precise and accurate. Keywords: Lutein;carotenoid;infant formula;toddler milk;xanthophylls.
文摘A two-step-cascade membrane separation by ultrafiltration was performed on caprine milk prepared under different temperature conditions to eliminate beta-lactoglobulin (β-Lg) from the whey fraction. Effects of temperature treatment and membrane pore size on the elimination of β-Lg and retention of alpha-lactalbumin (α-La) were examined to determine the optimum permeate fraction for production of infant formula analogues from caprine milk. The frozen raw caprine milk, with and without prior pasteurization, showed the best membrane separation performance. The permeates obtained from the 800/30kDa membrane combination showed the optimal results. The infant formula analog produced using the casein and 800/30kDa-permeate fractions of the treated caprine milk had the closest similarity to human milk with respect to the total protein content (1.3g 100g-1), beta-lactoglobulin content (1% - 2%), and casein- α-lactalbumin ratio (0.6 - 0.7). Membrane performance during ultrafiltration of caprine milk was affected by temperature treatment of the milk prior to membrane separation.
文摘Objective: To describe the growth profile of breastfeeding babies following early introduction of infant formulas to improve the feeding pattern of the young infant. Methodology: This is a longitudinal descriptive study conducted in 2 medical clinics in Abidjan from 11-Jun-2013 to 15-Dec-2016 on 100 healthy newborn babies with the introduction of infant formulas before 6 months of life. The anthropometrics parameters were compared to those of WHO. Results: The exclusive breastfeeding rate was 5%. Ablactation occurred within 12 months in 95% of cases. All Infants have doubled and tripled their birth weight at 3 and 9 months respectively. The height and the head circumference at birth increased by 50% and 37% respectively at 12 months. Compared to WHO growth charts, the weight gain for the girls at 3 months was 12.4% higher and for the boys was 7.3% higher at 6 months. On the other hands, the statural gain at 12 months was 50% lower than the WHO standards while the head circumference was 37.8% and 45.5% higher than the WHO standards in boys and girls respectively. At 3 months, the prevalence of stunting was 26.1% for boys and 13.3% for girls. Lastly, at 12 months, the BMI showed 10% overweight and 19% obesity. Conclusion: Breastfeeding associated with an early introduction of infant formulas increases the risk of malnutrition of the young infant. We advise to avoid it and recommend an exclusive breastfeeding.
基金support from the National Council for Scientific Research in Lebanon(CNRS)and the University of Balamand Internal research grants(CNRS-18-Obeid).
文摘Infant formula milk(IFM)is increasingly utilized as a substitute for natural breastfeeding despite the fact that breast milk has been always recognized as the optimal nourishment method.While IFMs are fortified with essential nutrients that are crucial for proper growth,they can also harbor non-essential toxic metal contaminants from various sources during the production process.Given the heightened vulnerability of newborns to such contaminants,it is imperative to thoroughly analyze,evaluate,and minimize the toxicity associated with the consumption of such IFMs.However,classical approaches to date,have been always adopted for assessing such risks by finding first the analytical concentration of metals in the IFMs followed by multiplying it by the average daily powder intake(ADI)then dividing by the average infant weight.The outcome is then compared to an established standard such a PTWI to assess the extent of toxicity.The drawback with such studies is the use of a fixed ADI for all samples as if all samples have the same and exact preparation directions while using somewhat different infant masses.Accordingly,this study aims at assessing the toxic risk amongst newborns from IFM consumption through the identification and application of various highly important and toxicity-contributing parameters from each IFM and its directions of preparation label separately which are discussed here for the first time while providing comparisons between the classical approach versus our new approach to highlight its importance.Seventy-three IFMs(0e6 months)were analyzed for lead(Pb),cadmium(Cd),arsenic(As),and aluminum(Al)levels and unlike previous studies,this work incorporated various feeding parameters from each IFM for calculating the intakes thus,revealing potential toxicity risks even in IFMs that are considered safe by the classical approach.Metal contamination was significant,with 97.3%of samples containing detectable Pb,41.1%Cd,16.4%As,and 93.2%Al while highlighting Pb in exceeding its maximum allowable level(MAL).This novel approach,which considers new diverse feeding schedules/parameters that are ironically suggested by manufacturers that have been previously overlooked elsewhere,emphasized IFMs'potential as sources of heightened metal toxicity in comparison to classical approaches.Results highlighted Pb and Al as major concerns,with As and Cd of lesser concern.Findings also emphasized the importance of such new parameters for safeguarding newborn health and should be payed attention to by caregivers.The study strongly and highly recommends adherence to minimum feeding schedules(MFS)and proper scooping techniques to reduce newborn exposure to toxic metals.It also suggests continuous monitoring and stricter regulations by health authorities at the production level of such products so as to provide a safer commodity in the first degree and to also provide better and somewhat uniform and specific feeding labels and precautions on such products.
文摘Objectives:Cronobacter sakazakii,formerly Enterobacter sakazakii,is an emerging ubiquitous and opportunistic foodborne pathogen with a high mortality rate.It has been implicated in cases of meningitis,septicaemia,and necrotizing enterocolitis among infants worldwide in association with powdered infant formula(PIF).This study was an insilico designed peptide base kit framework,using immunoinformatic techniques for quick detection of C.sakazakii in PIF.Materials and Methods:In the present study,a peptide-based kit was designed with a bioinformatic technique to rapidly identify C.sakazakii in PIF using fhE,secY,and bcsC,which are genes responsible for its bioflm formation,as target genes.The antigenicity,membrane topology,and the presence of signal peptides of the target genes were analysed using VaxiJen,DeepTMHMM,and SignalP servers.To provide stability and fexibility to the multiple-epitope construct,the linear B cells and helper T cells(IL-4(interleukin 4)and IL-10(interleukin 10)inducing epitopes)were linked with a GSGSG linker followed by the addition of protein disulphide bonds.To ascertain specifcity,the multi-epitope construct was molecularly docked against genes from sources other than PIF,like alfalfa,and the environment,with PIF being the highest:–328.48.Finally,the codons were modifed using the pET28a(+)vector,and the resultant multi-epitope construct was successfully cloned in silico.Results:The fnal construct had a length of 486 bp,an instability index of 23.26,a theoretical pI of 9.34,a molecular weight of 16.5 kDa,and a Z-score of–3.41.Conclusions:The multi-epitope peptide construct could be a conceptual framework for creating a C.sakazakii peptide-based detection kit,which has the potential to provide fast and effcient detection.However,there is a need for additional validation through the in vitro and in vivo techniques.
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(31301563)Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Advanced Food Manufacturing Equipment&Technology(FM-2014).
文摘Wall sticking,which greatly reduces productivity and product quality,has been a big challenge of spray drying.Structure of drying tower and atomizer,as well as drying conditions are the main influencing factors.This research explored the possibility to reduce wall sticking by optimizing drying conditions and components to obtain higher recovery rate of powdered infant formula milk(PIFM).Response surface experimental results indicated that inlet air temperature(T),feed concentration(C),feeding speed(S),as well as interaction term of TC and quadratic terms of C^(2) and S^(2) had significant influences on recovery rate for determined milk formula.According to mixture experiments at optimized drying conditions,whey protein(P),fat(F)and lactose(L)contents,as well as interaction term FL had significant effects on recovery rate.Positive effects were observed for F and L contents on recovery rate,while negative effects were observed for P and FL.Under the optimized drying condition of 136℃,19.80%and 4.07 mL/min,respectively,for T,C and S,the maximum recovery rate of 58.98%was obtained for PIFM with P,F and L content of 18%,31%and 51%,respectively.Wall sticking phenomena could be reduced by optimizing drying conditions and mildly adjusting components of infant formula milk.
