Infant formula milk(IFM)is increasingly utilized as a substitute for natural breastfeeding despite the fact that breast milk has been always recognized as the optimal nourishment method.While IFMs are fortified with e...Infant formula milk(IFM)is increasingly utilized as a substitute for natural breastfeeding despite the fact that breast milk has been always recognized as the optimal nourishment method.While IFMs are fortified with essential nutrients that are crucial for proper growth,they can also harbor non-essential toxic metal contaminants from various sources during the production process.Given the heightened vulnerability of newborns to such contaminants,it is imperative to thoroughly analyze,evaluate,and minimize the toxicity associated with the consumption of such IFMs.However,classical approaches to date,have been always adopted for assessing such risks by finding first the analytical concentration of metals in the IFMs followed by multiplying it by the average daily powder intake(ADI)then dividing by the average infant weight.The outcome is then compared to an established standard such a PTWI to assess the extent of toxicity.The drawback with such studies is the use of a fixed ADI for all samples as if all samples have the same and exact preparation directions while using somewhat different infant masses.Accordingly,this study aims at assessing the toxic risk amongst newborns from IFM consumption through the identification and application of various highly important and toxicity-contributing parameters from each IFM and its directions of preparation label separately which are discussed here for the first time while providing comparisons between the classical approach versus our new approach to highlight its importance.Seventy-three IFMs(0e6 months)were analyzed for lead(Pb),cadmium(Cd),arsenic(As),and aluminum(Al)levels and unlike previous studies,this work incorporated various feeding parameters from each IFM for calculating the intakes thus,revealing potential toxicity risks even in IFMs that are considered safe by the classical approach.Metal contamination was significant,with 97.3%of samples containing detectable Pb,41.1%Cd,16.4%As,and 93.2%Al while highlighting Pb in exceeding its maximum allowable level(MAL).This novel approach,which considers new diverse feeding schedules/parameters that are ironically suggested by manufacturers that have been previously overlooked elsewhere,emphasized IFMs'potential as sources of heightened metal toxicity in comparison to classical approaches.Results highlighted Pb and Al as major concerns,with As and Cd of lesser concern.Findings also emphasized the importance of such new parameters for safeguarding newborn health and should be payed attention to by caregivers.The study strongly and highly recommends adherence to minimum feeding schedules(MFS)and proper scooping techniques to reduce newborn exposure to toxic metals.It also suggests continuous monitoring and stricter regulations by health authorities at the production level of such products so as to provide a safer commodity in the first degree and to also provide better and somewhat uniform and specific feeding labels and precautions on such products.展开更多
Wall sticking,which greatly reduces productivity and product quality,has been a big challenge of spray drying.Structure of drying tower and atomizer,as well as drying conditions are the main influencing factors.This r...Wall sticking,which greatly reduces productivity and product quality,has been a big challenge of spray drying.Structure of drying tower and atomizer,as well as drying conditions are the main influencing factors.This research explored the possibility to reduce wall sticking by optimizing drying conditions and components to obtain higher recovery rate of powdered infant formula milk(PIFM).Response surface experimental results indicated that inlet air temperature(T),feed concentration(C),feeding speed(S),as well as interaction term of TC and quadratic terms of C^(2) and S^(2) had significant influences on recovery rate for determined milk formula.According to mixture experiments at optimized drying conditions,whey protein(P),fat(F)and lactose(L)contents,as well as interaction term FL had significant effects on recovery rate.Positive effects were observed for F and L contents on recovery rate,while negative effects were observed for P and FL.Under the optimized drying condition of 136℃,19.80%and 4.07 mL/min,respectively,for T,C and S,the maximum recovery rate of 58.98%was obtained for PIFM with P,F and L content of 18%,31%and 51%,respectively.Wall sticking phenomena could be reduced by optimizing drying conditions and mildly adjusting components of infant formula milk.展开更多
基金support from the National Council for Scientific Research in Lebanon(CNRS)and the University of Balamand Internal research grants(CNRS-18-Obeid).
文摘Infant formula milk(IFM)is increasingly utilized as a substitute for natural breastfeeding despite the fact that breast milk has been always recognized as the optimal nourishment method.While IFMs are fortified with essential nutrients that are crucial for proper growth,they can also harbor non-essential toxic metal contaminants from various sources during the production process.Given the heightened vulnerability of newborns to such contaminants,it is imperative to thoroughly analyze,evaluate,and minimize the toxicity associated with the consumption of such IFMs.However,classical approaches to date,have been always adopted for assessing such risks by finding first the analytical concentration of metals in the IFMs followed by multiplying it by the average daily powder intake(ADI)then dividing by the average infant weight.The outcome is then compared to an established standard such a PTWI to assess the extent of toxicity.The drawback with such studies is the use of a fixed ADI for all samples as if all samples have the same and exact preparation directions while using somewhat different infant masses.Accordingly,this study aims at assessing the toxic risk amongst newborns from IFM consumption through the identification and application of various highly important and toxicity-contributing parameters from each IFM and its directions of preparation label separately which are discussed here for the first time while providing comparisons between the classical approach versus our new approach to highlight its importance.Seventy-three IFMs(0e6 months)were analyzed for lead(Pb),cadmium(Cd),arsenic(As),and aluminum(Al)levels and unlike previous studies,this work incorporated various feeding parameters from each IFM for calculating the intakes thus,revealing potential toxicity risks even in IFMs that are considered safe by the classical approach.Metal contamination was significant,with 97.3%of samples containing detectable Pb,41.1%Cd,16.4%As,and 93.2%Al while highlighting Pb in exceeding its maximum allowable level(MAL).This novel approach,which considers new diverse feeding schedules/parameters that are ironically suggested by manufacturers that have been previously overlooked elsewhere,emphasized IFMs'potential as sources of heightened metal toxicity in comparison to classical approaches.Results highlighted Pb and Al as major concerns,with As and Cd of lesser concern.Findings also emphasized the importance of such new parameters for safeguarding newborn health and should be payed attention to by caregivers.The study strongly and highly recommends adherence to minimum feeding schedules(MFS)and proper scooping techniques to reduce newborn exposure to toxic metals.It also suggests continuous monitoring and stricter regulations by health authorities at the production level of such products so as to provide a safer commodity in the first degree and to also provide better and somewhat uniform and specific feeding labels and precautions on such products.
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(31301563)Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Advanced Food Manufacturing Equipment&Technology(FM-2014).
文摘Wall sticking,which greatly reduces productivity and product quality,has been a big challenge of spray drying.Structure of drying tower and atomizer,as well as drying conditions are the main influencing factors.This research explored the possibility to reduce wall sticking by optimizing drying conditions and components to obtain higher recovery rate of powdered infant formula milk(PIFM).Response surface experimental results indicated that inlet air temperature(T),feed concentration(C),feeding speed(S),as well as interaction term of TC and quadratic terms of C^(2) and S^(2) had significant influences on recovery rate for determined milk formula.According to mixture experiments at optimized drying conditions,whey protein(P),fat(F)and lactose(L)contents,as well as interaction term FL had significant effects on recovery rate.Positive effects were observed for F and L contents on recovery rate,while negative effects were observed for P and FL.Under the optimized drying condition of 136℃,19.80%and 4.07 mL/min,respectively,for T,C and S,the maximum recovery rate of 58.98%was obtained for PIFM with P,F and L content of 18%,31%and 51%,respectively.Wall sticking phenomena could be reduced by optimizing drying conditions and mildly adjusting components of infant formula milk.
