Particle-fluid two-phase flows in rock fractures and fracture networks play a pivotal role in determining the efficiency and effectiveness of hydraulic fracturing operations,a vital component in unconventional oil and...Particle-fluid two-phase flows in rock fractures and fracture networks play a pivotal role in determining the efficiency and effectiveness of hydraulic fracturing operations,a vital component in unconventional oil and gas extraction.Central to this phenomenon is the transport of proppants,tiny solid particles injected into the fractures to prevent them from closing once the injection is stopped.However,effective transport and deposition of proppant is critical in keeping fracture pathways open,especially in lowpermeability reservoirs.This review explores,then quantifies,the important role of fluid inertia and turbulent flows in governing proppant transport.While traditional models predominantly assume and then characterise flow as laminar,this may not accurately capture the complexities inherent in realworld hydraulic fracturing and proppant emplacement.Recent investigations highlight the paramount importance of fluid inertia,especially at the high Reynolds numbers typically associated with fracturing operations.Fluid inertia,often overlooked,introduces crucial forces that influence particle settling velocities,particle-particle interactions,and the eventual deposition of proppants within fractures.With their inherent eddies and transient and chaotic nature,turbulent flows introduce additional complexities to proppant transport,crucially altering proppant settling velocities and dispersion patterns.The following comprehensive survey of experimental,numerical,and analytical studies elucidates controls on the intricate dynamics of proppant transport under fluid inertia and turbulence-towards providing a holistic understanding of the current state-of-the-art,guiding future research directions,and optimising hydraulic fracturing practices.展开更多
Prediction of stability in SG(Smart Grid)is essential in maintaining consistency and reliability of power supply in grid infrastructure.Analyzing the fluctuations in power generation and consumption patterns of smart ...Prediction of stability in SG(Smart Grid)is essential in maintaining consistency and reliability of power supply in grid infrastructure.Analyzing the fluctuations in power generation and consumption patterns of smart cities assists in effectively managing continuous power supply in the grid.It also possesses a better impact on averting overloading and permitting effective energy storage.Even though many traditional techniques have predicted the consumption rate for preserving stability,enhancement is required in prediction measures with minimized loss.To overcome the complications in existing studies,this paper intends to predict stability from the smart grid stability prediction dataset using machine learning algorithms.To accomplish this,pre-processing is performed initially to handle missing values since it develops biased models when missing values are mishandled and performs feature scaling to normalize independent data features.Then,the pre-processed data are taken for training and testing.Following that,the regression process is performed using Modified PSO(Particle Swarm Optimization)optimized XGBoost Technique with dynamic inertia weight update,which analyses variables like gamma(G),reaction time(tau1–tau4),and power balance(p1–p4)for providing effective future stability in SG.Since PSO attains optimal solution by adjusting position through dynamic inertial weights,it is integrated with XGBoost due to its scalability and faster computational speed characteristics.The hyperparameters of XGBoost are fine-tuned in the training process for achieving promising outcomes on prediction.Regression results are measured through evaluation metrics such as MSE(Mean Square Error)of 0.011312781,MAE(Mean Absolute Error)of 0.008596322,and RMSE(Root Mean Square Error)of 0.010636156 and MAPE(Mean Absolute Percentage Error)value of 0.0052 which determine the efficacy of the system.展开更多
Clinical inertia(CI)is common in clinical practice.Sexual health issues are common in society,and CI is ubiquitous in sexual medicine practice.CI influences all aspects of healthcare,including prevention,diagnosis,and...Clinical inertia(CI)is common in clinical practice.Sexual health issues are common in society,and CI is ubiquitous in sexual medicine practice.CI influences all aspects of healthcare,including prevention,diagnosis,and treatment.In this short review,we briefly describe the various aspects of CI in sexual medicine practice and ways to tackle them.展开更多
The coupling between heat and pressure is the kernel of inertia friction welding(IFW)and is still not fully understood.A novel 3D fully coupled finite element model based on a plastic friction pair was developed to si...The coupling between heat and pressure is the kernel of inertia friction welding(IFW)and is still not fully understood.A novel 3D fully coupled finite element model based on a plastic friction pair was developed to simulate the IFW process of a Ni-based superalloy and reveal the omnidirectional thermo-mechanical coupling mechanism of the friction interface.The numerical model successfully simulated the deceleration,deformation processes,and peak torsional moments in IFW and captured the evolution of temperature,contact pressure,and stress.The simulated results were validated through measured thermal history,optical macrography,and axial shortening.The results indicated that interfacial friction heat was the primary heat source,and plastic deformation energy only accounted for 4%of the total.The increase in initial rotational speed and friction pressure elevated the peak temperature,reaching a maximum of 1525.5K at an initial rotational speed of 2000 r/min and friction pressure of 400 MPa.The interface heat generation could form an axial temperature gradient exceeding 320K/mm.The radial inhomogeneities of heat generation and temperature were manifested in a concentric ring distribution with maximum heat flux and temperature ranging from 2/5 to 2/3 radius.The radial inhomogeneities were caused by increasing linear velocity along the radius and an opposite distribution of contact pressure,which could reach 1.7 times the set pressure at the center.The circumferential inhomogeneity of thermomechanical distribution during rotary friction welding was revealed for the first time,benefiting from the 3D model.The deflection and transformation of distribution in contact pressure and Mises stress were indicators of plastic deformation and transition of quasi-steady state welding.The critical Mises stress was 0.5 times the friction pressure in this study.The presented modeling provides a reliable insight into the thermo-mechanical coupling mechanism of IFW and lays a solid foundation for predicting the microstructures and mechanical properties of inertia friction welded joints.展开更多
Integrated-energy systems(IESs)are key to advancing renewable-energy utilization and addressing environmental challenges.Key components of IESs include low-carbon,economic dispatch and demand response,for maximizing r...Integrated-energy systems(IESs)are key to advancing renewable-energy utilization and addressing environmental challenges.Key components of IESs include low-carbon,economic dispatch and demand response,for maximizing renewable-energy consumption and supporting sustainable-energy systems.User participation is central to demand response;however,many users are not inclined to engage actively;therefore,the full potential of demand response remains unrealized.User satisfaction must be prioritized in demand-response assessments.This study proposed a two-stage,capacity-optimization configuration method for user-level energy systems con-sidering thermal inertia and user satisfaction.This method addresses load coordination and complementary issues within the IES and seeks to minimize the annual,total cost for determining equipment capacity configurations while introducing models for system thermal inertia and user satisfaction.Indoor heating is adjusted,for optimizing device output and load profiles,with a focus on typical,daily,economic,and environmental objectives.The studyfindings indicate that the system thermal inertia optimizes energy-system scheduling considering user satisfaction.This optimization mitigates environmental concerns and enhances clean-energy integration.展开更多
As the development of new power systems progresses,the inherent inertia of power systems continues to diminish.Centralized frequency regulation,which relies on rapid communication and real-time control,can enable inve...As the development of new power systems progresses,the inherent inertia of power systems continues to diminish.Centralized frequency regulation,which relies on rapid communication and real-time control,can enable inverter-based thermostatically controlled load(ITCL)clusters to provide virtual inertia support to the power grid.However,ITCL clusters exhibit significant discrete response characteristics,which precludes the direct integration of load-side inertia support into the synchronous unit side.To address this issue,this paper elaborates on the existing technical framework and analyzes the underlying causes of the problem.It proposes a timestamp allocation mechanism for ITCL cluster control instructions,ensuring that many ITCL terminals can be triggered at staggered times,thereby allowing the load cluster power to adhere to the inertia analog control law at any moment.Building on this foundation,the paper further examines the impact of the inertia response delay of ITCL clusters,which is based on centralized frequency regulation,on the stability of the power system.A design scheme for inertia analog control parameters is proposed,taking into account dual constraints,frequency stability and load cluster regulation capacity.Finally,the feasibility and applicability of the proposed mechanism and parameter design scheme are investigated through simulations conducted via MATLAB/Simulink.展开更多
The paper is devoted to establishing the long-time behavior of solutions to the extensible beam equation with rotational inertia and nonlocal strong damping.Within the theory of asymptotical smoothness,we investigate ...The paper is devoted to establishing the long-time behavior of solutions to the extensible beam equation with rotational inertia and nonlocal strong damping.Within the theory of asymptotical smoothness,we investigate the existence of the attractor by using the contractive function method and more detailed estimates.展开更多
The increasing penetration of PV power generation inevitably leads to the decline of system inertia,posing challenges to frequency stability.To this end,virtual inertia control has been proposed;however,it causes more...The increasing penetration of PV power generation inevitably leads to the decline of system inertia,posing challenges to frequency stability.To this end,virtual inertia control has been proposed;however,it causes more fluctuations of system inertia.To address this issue,a novel equivalent inertia evaluation method for multiple PV power generation under virtual inertia control is proposed.The total system inertia is first estimated based on historical or injected disturbance.Then,the total inertia of multiple PV power generation is directly calculated by subtracting the inertia of synchronous generators from the estimated system inertia.To improve practicality,a partition-based strategy is introduced,which divides the system into regions characterized by homogeneous frequency response behaviors.After partitioning,only the synchronous generator data within the region and inter-area transmission line power are required for evaluation,reducing the demand for PMU data compared to traditional methods requiring measurements at each PV connection point.Comprehensive simulation results in a 10-machine 39-bus system penetrated with multiple PV power generation validated the effectiveness of the proposed method.展开更多
Let S be a nonempty, proper subset of all refined inertias. Then, S is called a critical set of refined inertias for ireducible sign patterns of order n if is sufficient for any sign pattern A to be refined inertially...Let S be a nonempty, proper subset of all refined inertias. Then, S is called a critical set of refined inertias for ireducible sign patterns of order n if is sufficient for any sign pattern A to be refined inertially arbitrary. If no proper subset of Sis a critical set of refined inertias, then S is a minimal critical set of refined inertias for sign patterns of order n . In this paper, all minimal critical sets of refined inertias for irreducible sign patterns of order 2 are identified. As a by-product, a new approach is presented to identify all minimal critical sets of inertias for irreducible sign patterns of order 2.展开更多
Let S be a nonempty, proper subset of all possible refined inertias of real matrices of order n. The set S is a critical set of refined inertias for irreducible sign patterns of order n,if for each n × n irreduci...Let S be a nonempty, proper subset of all possible refined inertias of real matrices of order n. The set S is a critical set of refined inertias for irreducible sign patterns of order n,if for each n × n irreducible sign pattern A, the condition S ? ri(A) is sufficient for A to be refined inertially arbitrary. If no proper subset of S is a critical set of refined inertias, then S is a minimal critical set of refined inertias for irreducible sign patterns of order n.All minimal critical sets of refined inertias for full sign patterns of order 3 have been identified in [Wei GAO, Zhongshan LI, Lihua ZHANG, The minimal critical sets of refined inertias for 3×3 full sign patterns, Linear Algebra Appl. 458(2014), 183–196]. In this paper, the minimal critical sets of refined inertias for irreducible sign patterns of order 3 are identified.展开更多
A surface soil moisture model with improved spatial resolution was developed using remotely sensed apparent thermal inertia（ATI）.The model integrates the surface temperature derived from TM/ETM＋ image and the mean ...A surface soil moisture model with improved spatial resolution was developed using remotely sensed apparent thermal inertia（ATI）.The model integrates the surface temperature derived from TM/ETM＋ image and the mean surface temperature from MODIS images to improve the spatial resolution of soil temperature difference based on the heat conduction equation,which is necessary to calculate the ATI.Consequently,the spatial resolution of ATI and SMC can be enhanced from 1 km to 120 m（TM） or 60m（ETM＋）.Moreover,the enhanced ATI has a much stronger correlation coefficient（R^2） with SMC（0.789） than the surface reflectance（0.108） or the ATI derived only from MODIS images（0.264）.Based on the regression statistics of the field SMC measurement and enhanced ATI,a linear regression model with an RMS error of 1.90%was found.展开更多
In this paper, we present a fast and fraction free procedure for computing the inertia of Bezout matrix and we can determine the numbers of different real roots and different pairs of conjugate complex roots of a pol...In this paper, we present a fast and fraction free procedure for computing the inertia of Bezout matrix and we can determine the numbers of different real roots and different pairs of conjugate complex roots of a polynomial equation with integer coefficients quickly based on this result.展开更多
The ambitious global targets on decarbonization present the need for massive integration of renewable generation in power systems,resulting in a significant decrease in the system inertia.In addition to the reduction ...The ambitious global targets on decarbonization present the need for massive integration of renewable generation in power systems,resulting in a significant decrease in the system inertia.In addition to the reduction in system inertia,the transmission system in Great Britain(GB)faces some unique challenges owing to its relatively small capacity,while being decoupled from other transmission systems and with the renewable resources largely non-uniformly distributed across the system.This paper presents opinions and insights on the challenges associated with frequency control in a low-inertia system and the potential solutions from a GB perspective.In this paper,we focus on three main techniques that act over different time scales:synchronous condensers,inertia emulation,and fast frequency response.We evaluate their relative advantages and limitations with learnings from recent research and development projects in GB,along with the opinions on their roles in addressing the frequency control challenges in future low-inertia systems.展开更多
A sign pattern is a matrix whose entries are from the set {+,-,0}. Associated with each sign pattern A of order n is a qualitative class of A,defined by Q(A). For a symmetric sign pattern A of order n,the inertia of A...A sign pattern is a matrix whose entries are from the set {+,-,0}. Associated with each sign pattern A of order n is a qualitative class of A,defined by Q(A). For a symmetric sign pattern A of order n,the inertia of A is a set i(A)={i(B)=(i +(B),i -(B),i 0(B))|B=B T∈ Q(A)},where i +(B) (respectively,i -(B),i 0(B)) denotes the number of positive (respectively,negative,zero) eigenvalues. That the symmetric sign pattern A requires unique intertia means i(B 1)=i(B 2) for all real symmetric matrices B 1,B 2∈Q(A).The purpose of this paper is to characterize double star and cycle sign patterns that require unique inertia. Further,their unique inertia is also obtained.展开更多
A sign pattern matrix is a matrix whose entries are from the set {+,-,0}. The symmetric sign pattern matrices that require unique inertia have recently been characterized. The purpose of this paper is to more generall...A sign pattern matrix is a matrix whose entries are from the set {+,-,0}. The symmetric sign pattern matrices that require unique inertia have recently been characterized. The purpose of this paper is to more generally investigate the inertia sets of symmetric sign pattern matrices. In particular, nonnegative tri-diagonal sign patterns and the square sign pattern with all + entries are examined. An algorithm is given for generating nonnegative real symmetric Toeplitz matrices with zero diagonal of orders n≥3 which have exactly two negative eigenvalues. The inertia set of the square pattern with all + off-diagonal entries and zero diagonal entries is then analyzed. The types of inertias which can be in the inertia set of any sign pattern are also obtained in the paper. Specifically, certain compatibility and consecutiveness properties are established.展开更多
The influence of oil film inertia on piston skirt lubrication in a high speedengine is investigated by an iteration method that alternately solves the Navier-Stocks equationsand the Reynolds equa-tion by finite elemen...The influence of oil film inertia on piston skirt lubrication in a high speedengine is investigated by an iteration method that alternately solves the Navier-Stocks equationsand the Reynolds equa-tion by finite element method and difference method. The Reynolds lubricationequation including oil film inertia is developed, in which the inertia coefficient is introduced toinvestigate the effect of oil film inertia. The iteration procedure and finite formulation ofsolving the new Reynolds lubrication equation are given to analyze the effect of oil film on pistonskirt in this kind of engine. The calculation results show that the oil film inertia has someeffects on the friction force, pressure force and load capacity of oil film and its effect isobvious for the last. The Reynolds lubrication equation proposed can be also used to analyze thelubrication performance of the piston skirt in low or medium speed engine and some other lubricationproblems generally excluding oil film inertia with the inertia coefficient being set at zero.展开更多
For a symmetric sign pattern S1 the inertia set of S is defined to be the set of all ordered triples si（S） = {i（A） ： A = A^T ∈ Q（S）} Consider the n × n sign pattern Sn, where Sn is the pattern with zero e...For a symmetric sign pattern S1 the inertia set of S is defined to be the set of all ordered triples si（S） = {i（A） ： A = A^T ∈ Q（S）} Consider the n × n sign pattern Sn, where Sn is the pattern with zero entry （i,j） for 1 ≤ i = j ≤ n or｜i -j｜=n- 1 and positive entry otherwise. In this paper, it is proved that si（Sn） = {（n1, n2, n - n1 - n2）｜n1≥ 1 and n2 ≥ 2} for n ≥ 4.展开更多
This paper aims to present a new theory that explains the mechanism of inertia at providing a satisfying explanation for the yet unknown mechanism for inertia. By considering the vacuum as a liquid with a measurable d...This paper aims to present a new theory that explains the mechanism of inertia at providing a satisfying explanation for the yet unknown mechanism for inertia. By considering the vacuum as a liquid with a measurable density, hydrodynamics laws are used to describe the behaviour of the vacuum when it is dragged by moving body. The inertia is the result of the initial resistance between the moving bodies against the static vacuum. The moving body drags the resisting vacuum during acceleration, till the point that the vacuum travels with the moving body and has the same velocity. When the body decelerates, the vacuum continues to flow and to push the body at the same direction of the original flow till its complete stop. Formulations based on Planck theory derived to prove its equivalence to Newton inertia law. Formulation based on hydrodynamics is derived to confirm the theory that the force exerted by the vacuum on static body in gravity and on moving body in inertia is equivalent to Newton law. The strong equivalence principle is reaffirmed and, consequently, Einstein’s equations are preserved.展开更多
For a century, hypothesis of a variable time is laid down by the Relativity Theory. This hypothesis can explain many Nature observations, experiments and formulas, for example the Lorentz factor demonstration. Because...For a century, hypothesis of a variable time is laid down by the Relativity Theory. This hypothesis can explain many Nature observations, experiments and formulas, for example the Lorentz factor demonstration. Because of such good explanations, the hypothesis of a variable time has been validated. Nevertheless, it remains some paradoxes and some predictions which are difficult to measure, as a reversible time or the time variation itself. The purpose of this article is to study another hypothesis. If it gives interesting results, it would mean that this alternative hypothesis can also be validated. The idea in this paper is to replace the variable time by a variable inertial mass. To the difference with the Theory of Relativity (where the inertial mass and the gravitational mass are equal and variable), the gravitational mass is here supposed to be constant. So, starting from the definition of the kinetic energy, it is introduced the Lorentz factor. And then it is demonstrated the value of the Lorentz factor thanks to a variable inertial mass. This variable inertial mass can also explain experiments, like Bertozzi experiment. If this alternative demonstration was validated, it could help to open doors, other physical effects could be explained like the addition of velocities.展开更多
The physical nature of inertia is explored. Authors, based on Mach’s principle, offer hypothesis of the induction nature of inertia and theory, which allows extend the principle of relativity to the non-inertial refe...The physical nature of inertia is explored. Authors, based on Mach’s principle, offer hypothesis of the induction nature of inertia and theory, which allows extend the principle of relativity to the non-inertial reference systems. The system of differential equations, which eliminates the shortcomings of Newtonian mechanics and Special Theory of Relativity (STR) was composed according to this theory. Row of concrete calculations and explanations are made using the theory. Reason of constancy orbital velocities of galaxies is found out and way of its calculations is shown. Existence of dark matter and the new particles (neutralinos, axons, space vacuum etc.) is prejudiced. Axial deviation of the ray of light in gravitational field is explained and calculated. An example of calculation of the Mercury’s orbital motion is made and complex planets’ trajectories are explained by the action of new field with induction nature. Flat rotation of celestial bodies and shaping of planets’ rings (like the Saturn’s rings) are explained. Indistinguishability of Doppler and Einstein’s effects for terrestrial observer is shown.展开更多
基金the Australian Research Council Discovery Project(ARC DP 220100851)scheme and would acknowledge that.
文摘Particle-fluid two-phase flows in rock fractures and fracture networks play a pivotal role in determining the efficiency and effectiveness of hydraulic fracturing operations,a vital component in unconventional oil and gas extraction.Central to this phenomenon is the transport of proppants,tiny solid particles injected into the fractures to prevent them from closing once the injection is stopped.However,effective transport and deposition of proppant is critical in keeping fracture pathways open,especially in lowpermeability reservoirs.This review explores,then quantifies,the important role of fluid inertia and turbulent flows in governing proppant transport.While traditional models predominantly assume and then characterise flow as laminar,this may not accurately capture the complexities inherent in realworld hydraulic fracturing and proppant emplacement.Recent investigations highlight the paramount importance of fluid inertia,especially at the high Reynolds numbers typically associated with fracturing operations.Fluid inertia,often overlooked,introduces crucial forces that influence particle settling velocities,particle-particle interactions,and the eventual deposition of proppants within fractures.With their inherent eddies and transient and chaotic nature,turbulent flows introduce additional complexities to proppant transport,crucially altering proppant settling velocities and dispersion patterns.The following comprehensive survey of experimental,numerical,and analytical studies elucidates controls on the intricate dynamics of proppant transport under fluid inertia and turbulence-towards providing a holistic understanding of the current state-of-the-art,guiding future research directions,and optimising hydraulic fracturing practices.
基金Prince Sattam bin Abdulaziz University project number(PSAU/2023/R/1445)。
文摘Prediction of stability in SG(Smart Grid)is essential in maintaining consistency and reliability of power supply in grid infrastructure.Analyzing the fluctuations in power generation and consumption patterns of smart cities assists in effectively managing continuous power supply in the grid.It also possesses a better impact on averting overloading and permitting effective energy storage.Even though many traditional techniques have predicted the consumption rate for preserving stability,enhancement is required in prediction measures with minimized loss.To overcome the complications in existing studies,this paper intends to predict stability from the smart grid stability prediction dataset using machine learning algorithms.To accomplish this,pre-processing is performed initially to handle missing values since it develops biased models when missing values are mishandled and performs feature scaling to normalize independent data features.Then,the pre-processed data are taken for training and testing.Following that,the regression process is performed using Modified PSO(Particle Swarm Optimization)optimized XGBoost Technique with dynamic inertia weight update,which analyses variables like gamma(G),reaction time(tau1–tau4),and power balance(p1–p4)for providing effective future stability in SG.Since PSO attains optimal solution by adjusting position through dynamic inertial weights,it is integrated with XGBoost due to its scalability and faster computational speed characteristics.The hyperparameters of XGBoost are fine-tuned in the training process for achieving promising outcomes on prediction.Regression results are measured through evaluation metrics such as MSE(Mean Square Error)of 0.011312781,MAE(Mean Absolute Error)of 0.008596322,and RMSE(Root Mean Square Error)of 0.010636156 and MAPE(Mean Absolute Percentage Error)value of 0.0052 which determine the efficacy of the system.
文摘Clinical inertia(CI)is common in clinical practice.Sexual health issues are common in society,and CI is ubiquitous in sexual medicine practice.CI influences all aspects of healthcare,including prevention,diagnosis,and treatment.In this short review,we briefly describe the various aspects of CI in sexual medicine practice and ways to tackle them.
基金supported by the National Key Research and Development Program of China(Grant No.2022YFB3404904)。
文摘The coupling between heat and pressure is the kernel of inertia friction welding(IFW)and is still not fully understood.A novel 3D fully coupled finite element model based on a plastic friction pair was developed to simulate the IFW process of a Ni-based superalloy and reveal the omnidirectional thermo-mechanical coupling mechanism of the friction interface.The numerical model successfully simulated the deceleration,deformation processes,and peak torsional moments in IFW and captured the evolution of temperature,contact pressure,and stress.The simulated results were validated through measured thermal history,optical macrography,and axial shortening.The results indicated that interfacial friction heat was the primary heat source,and plastic deformation energy only accounted for 4%of the total.The increase in initial rotational speed and friction pressure elevated the peak temperature,reaching a maximum of 1525.5K at an initial rotational speed of 2000 r/min and friction pressure of 400 MPa.The interface heat generation could form an axial temperature gradient exceeding 320K/mm.The radial inhomogeneities of heat generation and temperature were manifested in a concentric ring distribution with maximum heat flux and temperature ranging from 2/5 to 2/3 radius.The radial inhomogeneities were caused by increasing linear velocity along the radius and an opposite distribution of contact pressure,which could reach 1.7 times the set pressure at the center.The circumferential inhomogeneity of thermomechanical distribution during rotary friction welding was revealed for the first time,benefiting from the 3D model.The deflection and transformation of distribution in contact pressure and Mises stress were indicators of plastic deformation and transition of quasi-steady state welding.The critical Mises stress was 0.5 times the friction pressure in this study.The presented modeling provides a reliable insight into the thermo-mechanical coupling mechanism of IFW and lays a solid foundation for predicting the microstructures and mechanical properties of inertia friction welded joints.
基金supported by the science and technology foundation of Guizhou province[2022]general 013the science and technology foundation of Guizhou province[2022]general 014+1 种基金the science and technology foundation of Guizhou province GCC[2022]016-1the educational technology foundation of Guizhou province[2022]043.
文摘Integrated-energy systems(IESs)are key to advancing renewable-energy utilization and addressing environmental challenges.Key components of IESs include low-carbon,economic dispatch and demand response,for maximizing renewable-energy consumption and supporting sustainable-energy systems.User participation is central to demand response;however,many users are not inclined to engage actively;therefore,the full potential of demand response remains unrealized.User satisfaction must be prioritized in demand-response assessments.This study proposed a two-stage,capacity-optimization configuration method for user-level energy systems con-sidering thermal inertia and user satisfaction.This method addresses load coordination and complementary issues within the IES and seeks to minimize the annual,total cost for determining equipment capacity configurations while introducing models for system thermal inertia and user satisfaction.Indoor heating is adjusted,for optimizing device output and load profiles,with a focus on typical,daily,economic,and environmental objectives.The studyfindings indicate that the system thermal inertia optimizes energy-system scheduling considering user satisfaction.This optimization mitigates environmental concerns and enhances clean-energy integration.
基金supported by the Key Scientific and Technological Projects(2024KJGG27)of Tianfu Yongxing Laboratorythe Experimental Platform Open Innovation Funding(209042025003)of Sichuan Energy Internet Research Institute,Tsinghua University.
文摘As the development of new power systems progresses,the inherent inertia of power systems continues to diminish.Centralized frequency regulation,which relies on rapid communication and real-time control,can enable inverter-based thermostatically controlled load(ITCL)clusters to provide virtual inertia support to the power grid.However,ITCL clusters exhibit significant discrete response characteristics,which precludes the direct integration of load-side inertia support into the synchronous unit side.To address this issue,this paper elaborates on the existing technical framework and analyzes the underlying causes of the problem.It proposes a timestamp allocation mechanism for ITCL cluster control instructions,ensuring that many ITCL terminals can be triggered at staggered times,thereby allowing the load cluster power to adhere to the inertia analog control law at any moment.Building on this foundation,the paper further examines the impact of the inertia response delay of ITCL clusters,which is based on centralized frequency regulation,on the stability of the power system.A design scheme for inertia analog control parameters is proposed,taking into account dual constraints,frequency stability and load cluster regulation capacity.Finally,the feasibility and applicability of the proposed mechanism and parameter design scheme are investigated through simulations conducted via MATLAB/Simulink.
基金Supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(Grant Nos.1210150211961059)the University Innovation Project of Gansu Province(Grant No.2023B-062).
文摘The paper is devoted to establishing the long-time behavior of solutions to the extensible beam equation with rotational inertia and nonlocal strong damping.Within the theory of asymptotical smoothness,we investigate the existence of the attractor by using the contractive function method and more detailed estimates.
基金supported by the science and technology project of State Grid Ningxia Electric Power Co.,Ltd.(5229DK23000C)the project of Ningxia Natural Science Foundation 2024AAC03745(B329DK24000S).
文摘The increasing penetration of PV power generation inevitably leads to the decline of system inertia,posing challenges to frequency stability.To this end,virtual inertia control has been proposed;however,it causes more fluctuations of system inertia.To address this issue,a novel equivalent inertia evaluation method for multiple PV power generation under virtual inertia control is proposed.The total system inertia is first estimated based on historical or injected disturbance.Then,the total inertia of multiple PV power generation is directly calculated by subtracting the inertia of synchronous generators from the estimated system inertia.To improve practicality,a partition-based strategy is introduced,which divides the system into regions characterized by homogeneous frequency response behaviors.After partitioning,only the synchronous generator data within the region and inter-area transmission line power are required for evaluation,reducing the demand for PMU data compared to traditional methods requiring measurements at each PV connection point.Comprehensive simulation results in a 10-machine 39-bus system penetrated with multiple PV power generation validated the effectiveness of the proposed method.
文摘Let S be a nonempty, proper subset of all refined inertias. Then, S is called a critical set of refined inertias for ireducible sign patterns of order n if is sufficient for any sign pattern A to be refined inertially arbitrary. If no proper subset of Sis a critical set of refined inertias, then S is a minimal critical set of refined inertias for sign patterns of order n . In this paper, all minimal critical sets of refined inertias for irreducible sign patterns of order 2 are identified. As a by-product, a new approach is presented to identify all minimal critical sets of inertias for irreducible sign patterns of order 2.
基金Supported by Shanxi Province Science Foundation for Youths(Grant No.201901D211227).
文摘Let S be a nonempty, proper subset of all possible refined inertias of real matrices of order n. The set S is a critical set of refined inertias for irreducible sign patterns of order n,if for each n × n irreducible sign pattern A, the condition S ? ri(A) is sufficient for A to be refined inertially arbitrary. If no proper subset of S is a critical set of refined inertias, then S is a minimal critical set of refined inertias for irreducible sign patterns of order n.All minimal critical sets of refined inertias for full sign patterns of order 3 have been identified in [Wei GAO, Zhongshan LI, Lihua ZHANG, The minimal critical sets of refined inertias for 3×3 full sign patterns, Linear Algebra Appl. 458(2014), 183–196]. In this paper, the minimal critical sets of refined inertias for irreducible sign patterns of order 3 are identified.
基金Project (2013CB227904) supported by the National Basic Research Program of ChinaProject (2012QNB09) supported by the Fundamental Research Funds for the Central University,ChinaProject (NCET-12-0956) supported by the Program for New Century Excellent Talents
文摘A surface soil moisture model with improved spatial resolution was developed using remotely sensed apparent thermal inertia（ATI）.The model integrates the surface temperature derived from TM/ETM＋ image and the mean surface temperature from MODIS images to improve the spatial resolution of soil temperature difference based on the heat conduction equation,which is necessary to calculate the ATI.Consequently,the spatial resolution of ATI and SMC can be enhanced from 1 km to 120 m（TM） or 60m（ETM＋）.Moreover,the enhanced ATI has a much stronger correlation coefficient（R^2） with SMC（0.789） than the surface reflectance（0.108） or the ATI derived only from MODIS images（0.264）.Based on the regression statistics of the field SMC measurement and enhanced ATI,a linear regression model with an RMS error of 1.90%was found.
文摘In this paper, we present a fast and fraction free procedure for computing the inertia of Bezout matrix and we can determine the numbers of different real roots and different pairs of conjugate complex roots of a polynomial equation with integer coefficients quickly based on this result.
文摘The ambitious global targets on decarbonization present the need for massive integration of renewable generation in power systems,resulting in a significant decrease in the system inertia.In addition to the reduction in system inertia,the transmission system in Great Britain(GB)faces some unique challenges owing to its relatively small capacity,while being decoupled from other transmission systems and with the renewable resources largely non-uniformly distributed across the system.This paper presents opinions and insights on the challenges associated with frequency control in a low-inertia system and the potential solutions from a GB perspective.In this paper,we focus on three main techniques that act over different time scales:synchronous condensers,inertia emulation,and fast frequency response.We evaluate their relative advantages and limitations with learnings from recent research and development projects in GB,along with the opinions on their roles in addressing the frequency control challenges in future low-inertia systems.
基金Supported by Shanxi Natural Science Foundation (2 0 0 1 1 0 0 6 )
文摘A sign pattern is a matrix whose entries are from the set {+,-,0}. Associated with each sign pattern A of order n is a qualitative class of A,defined by Q(A). For a symmetric sign pattern A of order n,the inertia of A is a set i(A)={i(B)=(i +(B),i -(B),i 0(B))|B=B T∈ Q(A)},where i +(B) (respectively,i -(B),i 0(B)) denotes the number of positive (respectively,negative,zero) eigenvalues. That the symmetric sign pattern A requires unique intertia means i(B 1)=i(B 2) for all real symmetric matrices B 1,B 2∈Q(A).The purpose of this paper is to characterize double star and cycle sign patterns that require unique inertia. Further,their unique inertia is also obtained.
文摘A sign pattern matrix is a matrix whose entries are from the set {+,-,0}. The symmetric sign pattern matrices that require unique inertia have recently been characterized. The purpose of this paper is to more generally investigate the inertia sets of symmetric sign pattern matrices. In particular, nonnegative tri-diagonal sign patterns and the square sign pattern with all + entries are examined. An algorithm is given for generating nonnegative real symmetric Toeplitz matrices with zero diagonal of orders n≥3 which have exactly two negative eigenvalues. The inertia set of the square pattern with all + off-diagonal entries and zero diagonal entries is then analyzed. The types of inertias which can be in the inertia set of any sign pattern are also obtained in the paper. Specifically, certain compatibility and consecutiveness properties are established.
文摘The influence of oil film inertia on piston skirt lubrication in a high speedengine is investigated by an iteration method that alternately solves the Navier-Stocks equationsand the Reynolds equa-tion by finite element method and difference method. The Reynolds lubricationequation including oil film inertia is developed, in which the inertia coefficient is introduced toinvestigate the effect of oil film inertia. The iteration procedure and finite formulation ofsolving the new Reynolds lubrication equation are given to analyze the effect of oil film on pistonskirt in this kind of engine. The calculation results show that the oil film inertia has someeffects on the friction force, pressure force and load capacity of oil film and its effect isobvious for the last. The Reynolds lubrication equation proposed can be also used to analyze thelubrication performance of the piston skirt in low or medium speed engine and some other lubricationproblems generally excluding oil film inertia with the inertia coefficient being set at zero.
基金The NSF(10871188)of Chinathe NSF(KB2007030)of Jiangsu Provincethe NSF(07KJD110702)of University In Jiangsu Province.
文摘For a symmetric sign pattern S1 the inertia set of S is defined to be the set of all ordered triples si（S） = {i（A） ： A = A^T ∈ Q（S）} Consider the n × n sign pattern Sn, where Sn is the pattern with zero entry （i,j） for 1 ≤ i = j ≤ n or｜i -j｜=n- 1 and positive entry otherwise. In this paper, it is proved that si（Sn） = {（n1, n2, n - n1 - n2）｜n1≥ 1 and n2 ≥ 2} for n ≥ 4.
文摘This paper aims to present a new theory that explains the mechanism of inertia at providing a satisfying explanation for the yet unknown mechanism for inertia. By considering the vacuum as a liquid with a measurable density, hydrodynamics laws are used to describe the behaviour of the vacuum when it is dragged by moving body. The inertia is the result of the initial resistance between the moving bodies against the static vacuum. The moving body drags the resisting vacuum during acceleration, till the point that the vacuum travels with the moving body and has the same velocity. When the body decelerates, the vacuum continues to flow and to push the body at the same direction of the original flow till its complete stop. Formulations based on Planck theory derived to prove its equivalence to Newton inertia law. Formulation based on hydrodynamics is derived to confirm the theory that the force exerted by the vacuum on static body in gravity and on moving body in inertia is equivalent to Newton law. The strong equivalence principle is reaffirmed and, consequently, Einstein’s equations are preserved.
文摘For a century, hypothesis of a variable time is laid down by the Relativity Theory. This hypothesis can explain many Nature observations, experiments and formulas, for example the Lorentz factor demonstration. Because of such good explanations, the hypothesis of a variable time has been validated. Nevertheless, it remains some paradoxes and some predictions which are difficult to measure, as a reversible time or the time variation itself. The purpose of this article is to study another hypothesis. If it gives interesting results, it would mean that this alternative hypothesis can also be validated. The idea in this paper is to replace the variable time by a variable inertial mass. To the difference with the Theory of Relativity (where the inertial mass and the gravitational mass are equal and variable), the gravitational mass is here supposed to be constant. So, starting from the definition of the kinetic energy, it is introduced the Lorentz factor. And then it is demonstrated the value of the Lorentz factor thanks to a variable inertial mass. This variable inertial mass can also explain experiments, like Bertozzi experiment. If this alternative demonstration was validated, it could help to open doors, other physical effects could be explained like the addition of velocities.
文摘The physical nature of inertia is explored. Authors, based on Mach’s principle, offer hypothesis of the induction nature of inertia and theory, which allows extend the principle of relativity to the non-inertial reference systems. The system of differential equations, which eliminates the shortcomings of Newtonian mechanics and Special Theory of Relativity (STR) was composed according to this theory. Row of concrete calculations and explanations are made using the theory. Reason of constancy orbital velocities of galaxies is found out and way of its calculations is shown. Existence of dark matter and the new particles (neutralinos, axons, space vacuum etc.) is prejudiced. Axial deviation of the ray of light in gravitational field is explained and calculated. An example of calculation of the Mercury’s orbital motion is made and complex planets’ trajectories are explained by the action of new field with induction nature. Flat rotation of celestial bodies and shaping of planets’ rings (like the Saturn’s rings) are explained. Indistinguishability of Doppler and Einstein’s effects for terrestrial observer is shown.
