This paper is preoccupied with the delineation of the dialectic of poverty and wealth in Festus Iyayi＇s Violence. The unbridled struggle between the bourgeois and the proletariat in the novel constitutes the onus of ...This paper is preoccupied with the delineation of the dialectic of poverty and wealth in Festus Iyayi＇s Violence. The unbridled struggle between the bourgeois and the proletariat in the novel constitutes the onus of the dialectical materialism which underlies an axiomatic focus of societal superstructure. An application of Kenneth Boulding＇s theory of protest to the Nigerian social milieu, poignantly reveals that there is a potent foregrounding of the class stratification between the rich and the poor. The paper will further examine how this dichotomy between the highly placed and the down trodden in the novel has graphically accentuated the poverty index in contemporary Nigeria.展开更多
The scarcity of public resources and environmental pollution caused by rapid urbanization highlight the practical significance of parks in ensuring the sustainable development of a city.Therefore,the social equity of ...The scarcity of public resources and environmental pollution caused by rapid urbanization highlight the practical significance of parks in ensuring the sustainable development of a city.Therefore,the social equity of parks warrants further study.This paper proposes a fine-grained comprehensive evaluation framework that combines geographic accessibility models,geo-statistical analysis,and machine learning algorithms to explore social inequity in Taiyuan,China.In this framework,gini coefficient and lorentz curve express spatial equality,accessibility shows spatial equity,and ridge regression model handles the interdependence of variables with different dimensions to quantify the relative effects of local participants on changes in park accessibility.On this basis,the imbalance between vulnerable groups and park supply is analyzed to further understand the core concept of social equity.Results highlight serious spatial inequality in all three types of parks allocation of six urban areas,especially in community parks.The actual access level of people to parks is also stratified by their demographic and socioeconomic characteristics,revealing the social inequity in access to parks.Park distribution is indeed not conducive to some social vulnerable groups,whose contradiction between supply and demand is highly prominent in urban-rural junctions and new urban areas.This paper also confirms the unfair layout of public facilities can be observed in second-tier cities of China by highlighting the social inequity of parks in Taiyuan.The findings of this work have profound implications for urban planning and sustainable development.展开更多
Background: Tuberculosis (TB) is one of the top 10 causes of death worldwide. India is still the highest TB burden country. There is a scarcity of data on TB knowledge from Rajasthan state of India. Objective: The obj...Background: Tuberculosis (TB) is one of the top 10 causes of death worldwide. India is still the highest TB burden country. There is a scarcity of data on TB knowledge from Rajasthan state of India. Objective: The objective of this study was to estimate the prevalence of knowledge about TB and services of TB control programme and to determine its correlates among rural population of Jaipur, Rajasthan. Methods: Cross-sectional community based study was carried out at Model Rural Health Research Unit, Jaipur, a unit of Department of Health Research, Ministry of Health & Family Welfare, Government of India. Results: Study reports the result from 1993 adult participants from 10 villages of 2 sub-districts of district Jaipur. About 88.9% of studied participants knew that TB is an infectious disease and it spreads from TB patient to healthy person in close contact. Only 22.3% of participants knew “DOTS is the treatment for TB”. While, only 58.9% knew “sputum is used for diagnosis of TB” at health centers. Scheduled castes, scheduled tribes and backward classes social groups knew less than the mainstream “General” social group. The observed difference was statistically significant (p 0.05). Logistic regression analysis estimated the relative contribution to knowledge status. Conclusion: The knowledge of study participants on transmission of tuberculosis was similar to knowledge of population in country wide study. They poorly knew sputum is used for diagnosing tuberculosis disease;socio-demographic inequity exists in this knowledge too. People from older age groups, underprivileged social groups and minority need extra educational activities.展开更多
Karachi, the largest city in Pakistan, having high population growth and a complex health care environment, has highest density of unimmunized (zero dose) and under-immunized children. The main reasons of low immuniza...Karachi, the largest city in Pakistan, having high population growth and a complex health care environment, has highest density of unimmunized (zero dose) and under-immunized children. The main reasons of low immunization coverage in Karachi were lack of governance and accountability in a duplicative and fragmented health management structure, weak and inequitable immunization services, and lack of demand and trust among people for immunization services. The Expanded Programme on Immunization (EPI), Ministry of Health (MOH) in Sindh Province spearheaded a structured and collaborative process to develop strategies for addressing inequity in immunization services towards achieving Universal Immunization Coverage (UIC) in Karachi. The process included a situation analysis with gathering quantitative and qualitative information on the root causes of zero-dose and inequity of the immunization services. The strategies and interventions were developed with multi-layer input and feedback of the stakeholders and partners, and focusing primarily to address gaps in three program areas: governance, leadership and accountability;immunization service delivery;and building demand and trust among the people. The interventions were further prioritized for high-risk areas;identified based on maximum number zero-dose children, presence of large slum areas, measles outbreak and on-going circulation of wild poliovirus. Finally, costing for the Roadmap activities was done through consultation with partners and aligning domestic and external (donor) resources. In this paper, we have highlighted the unique process the Sindh Government undertook in collaboration with the stakeholders and partners to develop strategies and interventions for addressing inequity in urban immunization services in Karachi towards achieving Universal Immunization Coverage (UIC). Similar processes can be adapted, as a potential model, for developing strategies to achieve universal health coverage in the cities of Pakistan and in other countries.展开更多
This paper analyzes the distribution of rural in the eastern, mid and western China and in five income tax and fee burden and income of the rural households groups from the lowest income group to the highest group fro...This paper analyzes the distribution of rural in the eastern, mid and western China and in five income tax and fee burden and income of the rural households groups from the lowest income group to the highest group from 1986 to 1999. After the analyses, the paper thinks that the distribution of tax and fee between the rural households is inequitable whatsoever it is in the different income groups or in the different regions. The higher the income of the rural household is, the lighter the rural tax and fee burden is. The poorer the rural household is, the heavier the tax and fee burden of the rural household is. The more developed the economy of the region is, the less the rural tax and fee burden of rural household is. In the region that the agriculture is the leading industry, the rural tax and fee burden of the rural household is heavier than that in the region that the agriculture is not dominant. All mentioned above show the regressive characters of the agricultural taxation in rural China. At present the distribution of rural tax and fee burden between the rural household is inequitable.展开更多
Monkeypox(mpox)has been a public health emergency of international concern that emerged in mid-2022 and has spread to 110 countries.The clinical findings of the disease vary according to the seriousness of the cases.A...Monkeypox(mpox)has been a public health emergency of international concern that emerged in mid-2022 and has spread to 110 countries.The clinical findings of the disease vary according to the seriousness of the cases.Although its case fatality risk has not been high,a significant percentage of patients require hospitalization.In this context,local initiatives were taken to extend the limited supply of vaccines against the disease;however,such measures have not been sufficient to contain the spread of cases and ensure an equitable distribution of health resources.As a result,endemic regions of low-income countries continue to have insufficient access to mpox vaccination.Despite this and considering the global scope of the disease,there is still little discussion in the literature about the difficulties in achieving adequate vaccination coverage rates for the target population of interest.In this article,we briefly discussed general aspects of the disease,including its surveillance,the current global context of challenges for mpox vaccination,and issues on global allocation of health resources as well as proposed related recommendations.展开更多
This paper presents some important facts about educational opportunities and students＇ access worldwide. Specific facts and scenarios are exhibited and provided to compare education opportunities in rich and poor are...This paper presents some important facts about educational opportunities and students＇ access worldwide. Specific facts and scenarios are exhibited and provided to compare education opportunities in rich and poor areas in developed and developing countries. Particularly, this paper surveys and compares forces on educational happening in Nigeria and United States. It argues that despite the much acclaimed democratization of access to education, glaring inequalities can be identified in the way educators and how our students are treated. In regards to quantities and quality of educational resources, education is not equally accessed by all students in our today＇s world. This paper, therefore, recommends that human beings should be given equal access and opportunities to education at all levels; and should be treated with respect and dignity in spite of color, religion, or race wherever they find themselves. This becomes an imperative if mankind is to achieve success in the task of propelling students and Educators to greater achievements. As well, this paper recommends that cultural, institutional, and political powers should be deployed to bring about a more equitable world order.展开更多
Unequal virtual water transfer may aggravate local water scarcity risk.However,the quantitative confirmation of a clear geographic convergence between virtual water transfer and water scarcity risk remains undetermine...Unequal virtual water transfer may aggravate local water scarcity risk.However,the quantitative confirmation of a clear geographic convergence between virtual water transfer and water scarcity risk remains undetermined.We present an analytical framework that reveals the spatial matching between global water scarcity risk and virtual water trade inequality.This framework integrates a three-dimensional water scarcity risk assessment,hybrid input-output analysis,pollution trade term construction,and geographic convergence identification.The framework is applied to 123 countries for long-term validation from 1991 to 2021.We show that despite global improvements in water efficiency and security,countries exceeding the maximum water vulnerability threshold have increased by 50%.South Asia is the largest net exporter of virtual water.Central Asia exhibits the most pronounced virtual water trade inequality.To achieve the same economic growth,Central Asia needs to pay several times the local water consumption costs of developed regions(15.9−83.6 times,2021).In the past 30 years,the average geographic convergence index exceeded 0.8.Countries facing severe water scarcity also exhibit pronounced inequalities in virtual water trade,indicating that a significant geographic convergence relationship exists.Effectively responding to this unsustainable relationship necessitates balancing both domestic resource risk management and global virtual water trade regulation.展开更多
In this paper,we study the uniqueness of positive solutions to the following semilinear equations{-Δu=λ|x|^(α)ue^(u^(2)),in B_(1),u=0,onδB_(1)ueu2;in B_(1);u=0;on@B_(1);whereλ>0,α>-2;B_(1)denotes the unit ...In this paper,we study the uniqueness of positive solutions to the following semilinear equations{-Δu=λ|x|^(α)ue^(u^(2)),in B_(1),u=0,onδB_(1)ueu2;in B_(1);u=0;on@B_(1);whereλ>0,α>-2;B_(1)denotes the unit disk in R^(2):By delicate and relatively complicated computation of radial solutions to the above equation and the asymptotic expansion of solutions near the boundary of B_(1),the uniqueness of positive solutions is obtained.The results of this paper extend the uniqueness result for the semilinear equation with critical exponential growth in CHEN et al.(2022)to the case that includes a Henon term.展开更多
PM_(2.5)pollution variations in different microenvironments would result in PM_(2.5)exposure inequity between rural and urban residents.In this study,the real-time PM_(2.5)exposure of urban and rural residents in Chin...PM_(2.5)pollution variations in different microenvironments would result in PM_(2.5)exposure inequity between rural and urban residents.In this study,the real-time PM_(2.5)exposure of urban and rural residents in China was examined based on portable PM_(2.5)sensors together with activity patterns derived from questionnaire surveys,with a focus on students and senior citizens who are sensitive to air pollution.The results showed that PM_(2.5)exposure varied significantly among different resident groups,with higher PM_(2.5)exposure of rural residents than those of urban residents.PM_(2.5)exposure peaks mostly occurred during(Accompanied)cooking activities owing to strong emissions.Sleeping and resting were the main activities that affected PM_(2.5)exposures of different resident groups,accounting for 60.7%-94.5%of total daily exposures.Furthermore,the long duration of sleeping makes it the predominant activity contributing to PM 25 exposure inequity.It is necessary to obtain point-to-point respiratory volume(respiratory rate)data when measuring real-time PM_(2.5)exposure data and incorporate respiratory volume(respiratory rate)into the analysis of PM_(2.5)exposure.For the first time,this study quantified the PM_(2.5)exposure inequality based on a novel method and can provide useful information for further studies on the exposure inequity.展开更多
In this paper,we first establish refined versions of the Bohr inequalities for the class of holomorphic functions from the unit ball BX of a complex Banach space X into ℂ.As applications,we will establish refined Bohr...In this paper,we first establish refined versions of the Bohr inequalities for the class of holomorphic functions from the unit ball BX of a complex Banach space X into ℂ.As applications,we will establish refined Bohr inequalities of functional type or of norm type for holomorphic mappings with lacunary series on the unit ball BX with values in higher dimensional spaces.Next,we obtain the Bohr-Rogosinski inequality for the class of holomorphic functions on BX.In addition,we establish an improved version of the Bohr inequality for holomorphic functions on BX.All the results are proved to be sharp.展开更多
Background:Cardiorespiratory fitness(CRF)is a powerful predictor of mortality and chronic disease risk,yet global patterns and determinants of CRF remain poorly defined,particularly in females and underrepresented pop...Background:Cardiorespiratory fitness(CRF)is a powerful predictor of mortality and chronic disease risk,yet global patterns and determinants of CRF remain poorly defined,particularly in females and underrepresented populations.We conducted a systematic review and quantitative synthesis of directly measured peak oxygen uptake(VO_(2peak))internationally and examined its association with human development and gender ine quality.Methods:Studies were eligible if VO_(2peak)was assessed via direct gas analysis during maximal exercise testing,and if the countries had scores for the Human Development Index(HDI)and Gender Inequality Index(GII).Studies were identified through MEDLINE/PubMed,Embase,CINAHL,and Web of Science.Risks of bias were assessed by an adaptation of the Newcastle-Ottawa Scale.Multivariable linear regression models examined associations between VO_(2peak),age,sex,exercise modality,HDI,GII,and study year.Results:Data included 95 studies from 24 countries with HDI and GII scores,comprising 119,435 adults(42%females)with VO_(2peak)assessed via direct gas analysis during maximal exercise testing.The risk of bias was low.VO_(2peak)was positively associated with HDI(β=14.1)and negatively associated with GII(β=-3.6).Slightly stronger associations were observed in females than males(HDI:β=18.9 vs.β=13.9,GII:β=-4.6vs.β=-3.6).Young females in middle-HDI countries had higher VO_(2peak)than those in low-HDI countries(31.2mL/kg/min vs.28.5 mL/kg/min),with limited additional gams in high-HDI contexts.VO_(2peak)decreased with higher gender inequality,with the largest disparities observed in young females between high-and low-GII countries(26.3 mL/kg/min vs.32.8 mL/kg/min).Conclusion:Global variation in CRF is tied to national levels of human development and gender equality.These findings support prioritizing structural and policy-level interventions that address social and gender disparities in physical activity access and health promotion.Studies from countries with lower HDI and information on ethnicity and socioeconomic status will bridge crucial gaps in understanding factors involved in global CRF levels.展开更多
In this paper,our main goal is to study a new mathematical model which describes the frictional contact between a foundation and a deformable body which is composed of viscoplastic materials and where the process is c...In this paper,our main goal is to study a new mathematical model which describes the frictional contact between a foundation and a deformable body which is composed of viscoplastic materials and where the process is considered dynamic.The contact condition on the normal plane is modeled by a unilateral constraint condition for a version of normal velocity in which the memory effect and the adhesion are considered.On the tangential plane a frictional contact condition is governed by the Clarke subdifferential of a locally Lipschitz function,and the evolution of the bonding field is governed by an ordinary differential equation.We formulate this problem as coupled system that consists of two ordinary differential equations and a variational-hemivariational inequality.Then,the existence,uniqueness and continuous dependence of the solution on the data results concerning the abstract system are established.Finally,we use the abstract results to show the existence and uniqueness of the solution to the contact problem.展开更多
Ambient fine particulate matter(PM_(2.5))pollution causes the largest environmental health risk globally,yet ex-posure levels and the resulting health risks vary across countries with different income levels.Global we...Ambient fine particulate matter(PM_(2.5))pollution causes the largest environmental health risk globally,yet ex-posure levels and the resulting health risks vary across countries with different income levels.Global wealth inequality has intensified in recent years,yet the relationship between wealth inequality and health risks related to PM_(2.5) pollution remains poorly understood.In this study,we evaluated the global mortality and health cost at-tributable to PM_(2.5) exposure from 2017 to 2021,and analyzed the relationship between wealth inequality,PM_(2.5) pollution,and the associated health risks across regions with varying economic levels.We found a consistent decline in mortalities and health costs attributable to PM_(2.5) exposure from 2017 to 2020,followed by a rebound after 2020,driven primarily by the resurgence of PM_(2.5) concentrations and a deceleration in the reduction of baseline mortality rates.We also found that the average PM_(2.5) concentration and associated risks decrease as domestic wealth inequality decreases and national income level increases.However,regions with extremely high levels of wealth inequality consistently show lower national average PM_(2.5) concentrations and health risks.These findings highlight the need to consider healthcare security during emergencies,as well as policy fairness across economic regions,in the formulation of global PM_(2.5) pollution control measures to promote sustainable,more equitable economic growth and coordinated air pollution management.展开更多
In recent years,researchers have extensively investigated the Hankel determinant,which consists of coefficients appearing in a holomorphic function’s Taylor-Maclaurin series.Hankel matrices are widely used in Markov ...In recent years,researchers have extensively investigated the Hankel determinant,which consists of coefficients appearing in a holomorphic function’s Taylor-Maclaurin series.Hankel matrices are widely used in Markov processes,non-stationary signals,and other mathematical disciplines.The aim of the current research article is to first improve the bounds of coefficient-related problems by employing the well-known Carathéodory function.The problems that we are going to improve were obtained by Tang et al.The sharp estimates of the most difficult problem of geometric function theory known as the third-order Hankel determinant are also contributed here.Zalcman and Fekete-Szegöinequalities are also studied here for the defined family of holomorphic functions.展开更多
Growing income disparity is a dark side of globalization, as discussed at this year's Davos summit The annual meeting of the World Economic Forum at Davos, Switzerland concluded January 29 after five days of vibra...Growing income disparity is a dark side of globalization, as discussed at this year's Davos summit The annual meeting of the World Economic Forum at Davos, Switzerland concluded January 29 after five days of vibrant debate around the theme of "the creative imperative."展开更多
Energy poverty in developing countries is a critical issue characterized by the lack of access to modern energy services,such as electricity and clean cooking facilities,as marked in SDG 7.This study explores the corr...Energy poverty in developing countries is a critical issue characterized by the lack of access to modern energy services,such as electricity and clean cooking facilities,as marked in SDG 7.This study explores the correlations between energy poverty,energy intensity,resource abundance,and income inequality,as these factors have been theorized to play important roles in influencing energy poverty in developing countries.By observing that the dataset is heterogeneous across the countries and over the time frame,we use the Method of Moments Quantile Regression(MMQR)to analyze our developing countries’data from 2000 to 2019.Our findings indicate that energy intensity is a significant factor influencing energy poverty,suggesting that higher energy consumption relative to the sample countries can exacerbate this issue.Additionally,we observe that income inequality within the sample countries is a critical determinant of energy poverty levels,highlighting the dynamics between economic disparity and access to energy resources.Interestingly,our study reveals that resource abundance acts as a blessing rather than a curse in terms of energy poverty,implying that countries rich in natural resources may have better opportunities to combat energy deprivation.Finally,we emphasize the vital role of financial markets in addressing energy poverty on a global scale,suggesting that robust financial systems can facilitate investments and innovations aimed at improving energy access for vulnerable populations.The results from the robustness analysis support the empirical results obtained from the main estimation.The empirical findings of the present study advance important comprehensions for policymakers to adopt energy policies that address the complex challenges of energy poverty and promote inclusive energy access.展开更多
In this paper,we develop Maurey’s and Bobkov-Ledoux’s methods to prove modified Brascamp-Lieb inequalities and log-Sobolev inequalities for one-dimensional log-concave measure.To prove these inequalities,the harmoni...In this paper,we develop Maurey’s and Bobkov-Ledoux’s methods to prove modified Brascamp-Lieb inequalities and log-Sobolev inequalities for one-dimensional log-concave measure.To prove these inequalities,the harmonic Prékopa-Leindler inequality is used.We prove that these new inequalities are more efficient in estimating the variance and entropy for some functions with exponential terms.展开更多
An upper estimate of the new curvature entropy is provided,via the integral inequality of a concave function.For two origin-symmetric convex bodies in R^(n),this bound is sharper than the log-Minkowski inequality of c...An upper estimate of the new curvature entropy is provided,via the integral inequality of a concave function.For two origin-symmetric convex bodies in R^(n),this bound is sharper than the log-Minkowski inequality of curvature entropy.As its application,a novel proof of the log-Minkowski inequality of curvature entropy in the plane is given.展开更多
文摘This paper is preoccupied with the delineation of the dialectic of poverty and wealth in Festus Iyayi＇s Violence. The unbridled struggle between the bourgeois and the proletariat in the novel constitutes the onus of the dialectical materialism which underlies an axiomatic focus of societal superstructure. An application of Kenneth Boulding＇s theory of protest to the Nigerian social milieu, poignantly reveals that there is a potent foregrounding of the class stratification between the rich and the poor. The paper will further examine how this dichotomy between the highly placed and the down trodden in the novel has graphically accentuated the poverty index in contemporary Nigeria.
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China[grant number 42071448]Beijing Key Laboratory of Urban Spatial Information Engineering[grant number 2020223]。
文摘The scarcity of public resources and environmental pollution caused by rapid urbanization highlight the practical significance of parks in ensuring the sustainable development of a city.Therefore,the social equity of parks warrants further study.This paper proposes a fine-grained comprehensive evaluation framework that combines geographic accessibility models,geo-statistical analysis,and machine learning algorithms to explore social inequity in Taiyuan,China.In this framework,gini coefficient and lorentz curve express spatial equality,accessibility shows spatial equity,and ridge regression model handles the interdependence of variables with different dimensions to quantify the relative effects of local participants on changes in park accessibility.On this basis,the imbalance between vulnerable groups and park supply is analyzed to further understand the core concept of social equity.Results highlight serious spatial inequality in all three types of parks allocation of six urban areas,especially in community parks.The actual access level of people to parks is also stratified by their demographic and socioeconomic characteristics,revealing the social inequity in access to parks.Park distribution is indeed not conducive to some social vulnerable groups,whose contradiction between supply and demand is highly prominent in urban-rural junctions and new urban areas.This paper also confirms the unfair layout of public facilities can be observed in second-tier cities of China by highlighting the social inequity of parks in Taiyuan.The findings of this work have profound implications for urban planning and sustainable development.
文摘Background: Tuberculosis (TB) is one of the top 10 causes of death worldwide. India is still the highest TB burden country. There is a scarcity of data on TB knowledge from Rajasthan state of India. Objective: The objective of this study was to estimate the prevalence of knowledge about TB and services of TB control programme and to determine its correlates among rural population of Jaipur, Rajasthan. Methods: Cross-sectional community based study was carried out at Model Rural Health Research Unit, Jaipur, a unit of Department of Health Research, Ministry of Health & Family Welfare, Government of India. Results: Study reports the result from 1993 adult participants from 10 villages of 2 sub-districts of district Jaipur. About 88.9% of studied participants knew that TB is an infectious disease and it spreads from TB patient to healthy person in close contact. Only 22.3% of participants knew “DOTS is the treatment for TB”. While, only 58.9% knew “sputum is used for diagnosis of TB” at health centers. Scheduled castes, scheduled tribes and backward classes social groups knew less than the mainstream “General” social group. The observed difference was statistically significant (p 0.05). Logistic regression analysis estimated the relative contribution to knowledge status. Conclusion: The knowledge of study participants on transmission of tuberculosis was similar to knowledge of population in country wide study. They poorly knew sputum is used for diagnosing tuberculosis disease;socio-demographic inequity exists in this knowledge too. People from older age groups, underprivileged social groups and minority need extra educational activities.
文摘Karachi, the largest city in Pakistan, having high population growth and a complex health care environment, has highest density of unimmunized (zero dose) and under-immunized children. The main reasons of low immunization coverage in Karachi were lack of governance and accountability in a duplicative and fragmented health management structure, weak and inequitable immunization services, and lack of demand and trust among people for immunization services. The Expanded Programme on Immunization (EPI), Ministry of Health (MOH) in Sindh Province spearheaded a structured and collaborative process to develop strategies for addressing inequity in immunization services towards achieving Universal Immunization Coverage (UIC) in Karachi. The process included a situation analysis with gathering quantitative and qualitative information on the root causes of zero-dose and inequity of the immunization services. The strategies and interventions were developed with multi-layer input and feedback of the stakeholders and partners, and focusing primarily to address gaps in three program areas: governance, leadership and accountability;immunization service delivery;and building demand and trust among the people. The interventions were further prioritized for high-risk areas;identified based on maximum number zero-dose children, presence of large slum areas, measles outbreak and on-going circulation of wild poliovirus. Finally, costing for the Roadmap activities was done through consultation with partners and aligning domestic and external (donor) resources. In this paper, we have highlighted the unique process the Sindh Government undertook in collaboration with the stakeholders and partners to develop strategies and interventions for addressing inequity in urban immunization services in Karachi towards achieving Universal Immunization Coverage (UIC). Similar processes can be adapted, as a potential model, for developing strategies to achieve universal health coverage in the cities of Pakistan and in other countries.
文摘This paper analyzes the distribution of rural in the eastern, mid and western China and in five income tax and fee burden and income of the rural households groups from the lowest income group to the highest group from 1986 to 1999. After the analyses, the paper thinks that the distribution of tax and fee between the rural households is inequitable whatsoever it is in the different income groups or in the different regions. The higher the income of the rural household is, the lighter the rural tax and fee burden is. The poorer the rural household is, the heavier the tax and fee burden of the rural household is. The more developed the economy of the region is, the less the rural tax and fee burden of rural household is. In the region that the agriculture is the leading industry, the rural tax and fee burden of the rural household is heavier than that in the region that the agriculture is not dominant. All mentioned above show the regressive characters of the agricultural taxation in rural China. At present the distribution of rural tax and fee burden between the rural household is inequitable.
基金the Italian Ministry of Health-Ricerca Corrente 2023Saveetha Institute of Medical and Technical Sciences for supporting this study。
文摘Monkeypox(mpox)has been a public health emergency of international concern that emerged in mid-2022 and has spread to 110 countries.The clinical findings of the disease vary according to the seriousness of the cases.Although its case fatality risk has not been high,a significant percentage of patients require hospitalization.In this context,local initiatives were taken to extend the limited supply of vaccines against the disease;however,such measures have not been sufficient to contain the spread of cases and ensure an equitable distribution of health resources.As a result,endemic regions of low-income countries continue to have insufficient access to mpox vaccination.Despite this and considering the global scope of the disease,there is still little discussion in the literature about the difficulties in achieving adequate vaccination coverage rates for the target population of interest.In this article,we briefly discussed general aspects of the disease,including its surveillance,the current global context of challenges for mpox vaccination,and issues on global allocation of health resources as well as proposed related recommendations.
文摘This paper presents some important facts about educational opportunities and students＇ access worldwide. Specific facts and scenarios are exhibited and provided to compare education opportunities in rich and poor areas in developed and developing countries. Particularly, this paper surveys and compares forces on educational happening in Nigeria and United States. It argues that despite the much acclaimed democratization of access to education, glaring inequalities can be identified in the way educators and how our students are treated. In regards to quantities and quality of educational resources, education is not equally accessed by all students in our today＇s world. This paper, therefore, recommends that human beings should be given equal access and opportunities to education at all levels; and should be treated with respect and dignity in spite of color, religion, or race wherever they find themselves. This becomes an imperative if mankind is to achieve success in the task of propelling students and Educators to greater achievements. As well, this paper recommends that cultural, institutional, and political powers should be deployed to bring about a more equitable world order.
基金supported by National Natural Science Foundation of China(Grant No.52279027)National Key R&D Program of China(Grant No.2021YFC3200201)+1 种基金Key Research Project on Decision Consultation of the Strategic Development Department of China Association for Science and Technology(Grant No.2023070615CG111504)China Engineering Science and Technology Development Strategy Henan Research Institute Strategic Consulting Research Project(Grant No.2024HENYB01).
文摘Unequal virtual water transfer may aggravate local water scarcity risk.However,the quantitative confirmation of a clear geographic convergence between virtual water transfer and water scarcity risk remains undetermined.We present an analytical framework that reveals the spatial matching between global water scarcity risk and virtual water trade inequality.This framework integrates a three-dimensional water scarcity risk assessment,hybrid input-output analysis,pollution trade term construction,and geographic convergence identification.The framework is applied to 123 countries for long-term validation from 1991 to 2021.We show that despite global improvements in water efficiency and security,countries exceeding the maximum water vulnerability threshold have increased by 50%.South Asia is the largest net exporter of virtual water.Central Asia exhibits the most pronounced virtual water trade inequality.To achieve the same economic growth,Central Asia needs to pay several times the local water consumption costs of developed regions(15.9−83.6 times,2021).In the past 30 years,the average geographic convergence index exceeded 0.8.Countries facing severe water scarcity also exhibit pronounced inequalities in virtual water trade,indicating that a significant geographic convergence relationship exists.Effectively responding to this unsustainable relationship necessitates balancing both domestic resource risk management and global virtual water trade regulation.
基金Supported by the Natural Science Foundation of China(12571122,12061010)。
文摘In this paper,we study the uniqueness of positive solutions to the following semilinear equations{-Δu=λ|x|^(α)ue^(u^(2)),in B_(1),u=0,onδB_(1)ueu2;in B_(1);u=0;on@B_(1);whereλ>0,α>-2;B_(1)denotes the unit disk in R^(2):By delicate and relatively complicated computation of radial solutions to the above equation and the asymptotic expansion of solutions near the boundary of B_(1),the uniqueness of positive solutions is obtained.The results of this paper extend the uniqueness result for the semilinear equation with critical exponential growth in CHEN et al.(2022)to the case that includes a Henon term.
基金supported by Yunnan Provincial Science and Technology Project at Southwest United Graduate School(Grant No.202302AO370001)NHC Key Laboratory of Nuclear Technology Medical Transformation(MIANYANG CENTRAL HOSPITAL)(Grant No.2021HYX030 and 2021HYX006).
文摘PM_(2.5)pollution variations in different microenvironments would result in PM_(2.5)exposure inequity between rural and urban residents.In this study,the real-time PM_(2.5)exposure of urban and rural residents in China was examined based on portable PM_(2.5)sensors together with activity patterns derived from questionnaire surveys,with a focus on students and senior citizens who are sensitive to air pollution.The results showed that PM_(2.5)exposure varied significantly among different resident groups,with higher PM_(2.5)exposure of rural residents than those of urban residents.PM_(2.5)exposure peaks mostly occurred during(Accompanied)cooking activities owing to strong emissions.Sleeping and resting were the main activities that affected PM_(2.5)exposures of different resident groups,accounting for 60.7%-94.5%of total daily exposures.Furthermore,the long duration of sleeping makes it the predominant activity contributing to PM 25 exposure inequity.It is necessary to obtain point-to-point respiratory volume(respiratory rate)data when measuring real-time PM_(2.5)exposure data and incorporate respiratory volume(respiratory rate)into the analysis of PM_(2.5)exposure.For the first time,this study quantified the PM_(2.5)exposure inequality based on a novel method and can provide useful information for further studies on the exposure inequity.
基金supported by the SERB,SUR/2022/002244,Govt.India and the second author was supported by the UGC-JRF(NTA Ref.No.:201610135853)New Delhi,India,and the third author was partially supported by the JSPS KAKENHI(JP22K03363).
文摘In this paper,we first establish refined versions of the Bohr inequalities for the class of holomorphic functions from the unit ball BX of a complex Banach space X into ℂ.As applications,we will establish refined Bohr inequalities of functional type or of norm type for holomorphic mappings with lacunary series on the unit ball BX with values in higher dimensional spaces.Next,we obtain the Bohr-Rogosinski inequality for the class of holomorphic functions on BX.In addition,we establish an improved version of the Bohr inequality for holomorphic functions on BX.All the results are proved to be sharp.
基金NJP holds a Future Leader Award from the Novo Nordisk Foundation and European Foundation for the Study of Diabetes(NNF/EFSD NNF21SA0072747)a grant from the Diabetes Wellness Network Sverige(PG21-6524)+5 种基金supported by the Swedish Research Council(2015-00165)the European Research Council(ERC-2023-Ad G 101142093)a Wallenberg Scholars Award from the Knut and Alice Wallenberg Foundation(KAW 2023.0312)the Swedish Research Council for Sport Science(P2023-0093)The Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Basic Metabolic Research is an independent research center at the Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences,University of Copenhagen,Denmark partially funded by an unrestricted donation from the Novo Nordisk Foundation(NNF18CC0034900,NNF23SA0084103)supported by a postdoctoral fellowship from the Strategic Research Program in Diabetes at Karolinska Institutet。
文摘Background:Cardiorespiratory fitness(CRF)is a powerful predictor of mortality and chronic disease risk,yet global patterns and determinants of CRF remain poorly defined,particularly in females and underrepresented populations.We conducted a systematic review and quantitative synthesis of directly measured peak oxygen uptake(VO_(2peak))internationally and examined its association with human development and gender ine quality.Methods:Studies were eligible if VO_(2peak)was assessed via direct gas analysis during maximal exercise testing,and if the countries had scores for the Human Development Index(HDI)and Gender Inequality Index(GII).Studies were identified through MEDLINE/PubMed,Embase,CINAHL,and Web of Science.Risks of bias were assessed by an adaptation of the Newcastle-Ottawa Scale.Multivariable linear regression models examined associations between VO_(2peak),age,sex,exercise modality,HDI,GII,and study year.Results:Data included 95 studies from 24 countries with HDI and GII scores,comprising 119,435 adults(42%females)with VO_(2peak)assessed via direct gas analysis during maximal exercise testing.The risk of bias was low.VO_(2peak)was positively associated with HDI(β=14.1)and negatively associated with GII(β=-3.6).Slightly stronger associations were observed in females than males(HDI:β=18.9 vs.β=13.9,GII:β=-4.6vs.β=-3.6).Young females in middle-HDI countries had higher VO_(2peak)than those in low-HDI countries(31.2mL/kg/min vs.28.5 mL/kg/min),with limited additional gams in high-HDI contexts.VO_(2peak)decreased with higher gender inequality,with the largest disparities observed in young females between high-and low-GII countries(26.3 mL/kg/min vs.32.8 mL/kg/min).Conclusion:Global variation in CRF is tied to national levels of human development and gender equality.These findings support prioritizing structural and policy-level interventions that address social and gender disparities in physical activity access and health promotion.Studies from countries with lower HDI and information on ethnicity and socioeconomic status will bridge crucial gaps in understanding factors involved in global CRF levels.
基金supported by the NSF of Shanxi(202303021221168)the Industry-university-research project of Shanxi Datong University(2022CXY10,2022CXY13).
文摘In this paper,our main goal is to study a new mathematical model which describes the frictional contact between a foundation and a deformable body which is composed of viscoplastic materials and where the process is considered dynamic.The contact condition on the normal plane is modeled by a unilateral constraint condition for a version of normal velocity in which the memory effect and the adhesion are considered.On the tangential plane a frictional contact condition is governed by the Clarke subdifferential of a locally Lipschitz function,and the evolution of the bonding field is governed by an ordinary differential equation.We formulate this problem as coupled system that consists of two ordinary differential equations and a variational-hemivariational inequality.Then,the existence,uniqueness and continuous dependence of the solution on the data results concerning the abstract system are established.Finally,we use the abstract results to show the existence and uniqueness of the solution to the contact problem.
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(Nos.42305089 and 42175106)the Self-supporting Program of Guangzhou Laboratory(No.SRPG22-007)+1 种基金the Youth Science and Technology Fund Project of Gansu(No.22JR5RA512)the Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities(No.lzujbky-2022-pd05).
文摘Ambient fine particulate matter(PM_(2.5))pollution causes the largest environmental health risk globally,yet ex-posure levels and the resulting health risks vary across countries with different income levels.Global wealth inequality has intensified in recent years,yet the relationship between wealth inequality and health risks related to PM_(2.5) pollution remains poorly understood.In this study,we evaluated the global mortality and health cost at-tributable to PM_(2.5) exposure from 2017 to 2021,and analyzed the relationship between wealth inequality,PM_(2.5) pollution,and the associated health risks across regions with varying economic levels.We found a consistent decline in mortalities and health costs attributable to PM_(2.5) exposure from 2017 to 2020,followed by a rebound after 2020,driven primarily by the resurgence of PM_(2.5) concentrations and a deceleration in the reduction of baseline mortality rates.We also found that the average PM_(2.5) concentration and associated risks decrease as domestic wealth inequality decreases and national income level increases.However,regions with extremely high levels of wealth inequality consistently show lower national average PM_(2.5) concentrations and health risks.These findings highlight the need to consider healthcare security during emergencies,as well as policy fairness across economic regions,in the formulation of global PM_(2.5) pollution control measures to promote sustainable,more equitable economic growth and coordinated air pollution management.
基金supported by the NSFC(11561001)the Program for Young Talents of Science and Technology in Universities of Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region(NJYT18-A14)+4 种基金the NSF of Inner Mongolia(2022MS01004,2020MS01011)the Higher School Foundation of Inner Mongolia(NJZY20200)the Program for Key Laboratory Construction of Chifeng University(CFXYZD202004)the Research and Innovation Team of Complex Analysis and Nonlinear Dynamic Systems of Chifeng University(cfxykycxtd202005)the Youth Science Foundation of Chifeng University(cfxyqn202133).
文摘In recent years,researchers have extensively investigated the Hankel determinant,which consists of coefficients appearing in a holomorphic function’s Taylor-Maclaurin series.Hankel matrices are widely used in Markov processes,non-stationary signals,and other mathematical disciplines.The aim of the current research article is to first improve the bounds of coefficient-related problems by employing the well-known Carathéodory function.The problems that we are going to improve were obtained by Tang et al.The sharp estimates of the most difficult problem of geometric function theory known as the third-order Hankel determinant are also contributed here.Zalcman and Fekete-Szegöinequalities are also studied here for the defined family of holomorphic functions.
文摘Growing income disparity is a dark side of globalization, as discussed at this year's Davos summit The annual meeting of the World Economic Forum at Davos, Switzerland concluded January 29 after five days of vibrant debate around the theme of "the creative imperative."
文摘Energy poverty in developing countries is a critical issue characterized by the lack of access to modern energy services,such as electricity and clean cooking facilities,as marked in SDG 7.This study explores the correlations between energy poverty,energy intensity,resource abundance,and income inequality,as these factors have been theorized to play important roles in influencing energy poverty in developing countries.By observing that the dataset is heterogeneous across the countries and over the time frame,we use the Method of Moments Quantile Regression(MMQR)to analyze our developing countries’data from 2000 to 2019.Our findings indicate that energy intensity is a significant factor influencing energy poverty,suggesting that higher energy consumption relative to the sample countries can exacerbate this issue.Additionally,we observe that income inequality within the sample countries is a critical determinant of energy poverty levels,highlighting the dynamics between economic disparity and access to energy resources.Interestingly,our study reveals that resource abundance acts as a blessing rather than a curse in terms of energy poverty,implying that countries rich in natural resources may have better opportunities to combat energy deprivation.Finally,we emphasize the vital role of financial markets in addressing energy poverty on a global scale,suggesting that robust financial systems can facilitate investments and innovations aimed at improving energy access for vulnerable populations.The results from the robustness analysis support the empirical results obtained from the main estimation.The empirical findings of the present study advance important comprehensions for policymakers to adopt energy policies that address the complex challenges of energy poverty and promote inclusive energy access.
基金Supported in part by the NSFC(12071378,12461009)the Natural Science Basic Research Program of Shaanxi(2023-JC-YB-036)the Shaanxi Fundamental Science Research Project for Mathematics and Physics(23JSQ033).
文摘In this paper,we develop Maurey’s and Bobkov-Ledoux’s methods to prove modified Brascamp-Lieb inequalities and log-Sobolev inequalities for one-dimensional log-concave measure.To prove these inequalities,the harmonic Prékopa-Leindler inequality is used.We prove that these new inequalities are more efficient in estimating the variance and entropy for some functions with exponential terms.
基金supported by the NSFC(12171378)supported by the Characteristic innovation projects of universities in Guangdong province(2023K-TSCX381)+3 种基金supported by the Young Top-Talent program of Chongqing(CQYC2021059145)the Major Special Project of NSFC(12141101)the Science and Technology Research Program of Chongqing Municipal Education Commission(KJZD-K202200509)the Natural Science Foundation Project of Chongqing(CSTB2024NSCQ-MSX0937).
文摘An upper estimate of the new curvature entropy is provided,via the integral inequality of a concave function.For two origin-symmetric convex bodies in R^(n),this bound is sharper than the log-Minkowski inequality of curvature entropy.As its application,a novel proof of the log-Minkowski inequality of curvature entropy in the plane is given.
