This paper takes 2011-2013 Chinese A shares of listing Corporation as the object of study and researchs the problem between internal controls and overinvestment and tmderinvestment.Through this paper, the study find r...This paper takes 2011-2013 Chinese A shares of listing Corporation as the object of study and researchs the problem between internal controls and overinvestment and tmderinvestment.Through this paper, the study find reasonable and effective internal controls can restrain overinvestment and underinvestment, Overall, strengthening the constmclion of internal controls is an effective way to improve the efficiency of corporate investment.展开更多
The remediation of inefficient garden land and defective forest land is one of th</span><span style="font-family:Verdana;">e important sources and types of supplementary cultivated land in th<...The remediation of inefficient garden land and defective forest land is one of th</span><span style="font-family:Verdana;">e important sources and types of supplementary cultivated land in th</span><span style="font-family:Verdana;">e comprehensive land remediation of the whole region. The remediation and development of inefficient garden land and defective forest land will effectively alleviate the multiple pressures faced by cultivated land at present. Taking Zhemu Town, Guilin City, China as an example, on that basis of the data of the third national land survey, using analytic hierarchy process, this paper selects six evaluation factors, including water source, traffic, slope, field concentration, farmland infrastructure and villagers’ will, to study the remediation potential of inefficient garden land and defective forest land in Zhemu Town, and delimits four potential divisions, in order to provide </span></span><span style="font-family:Verdana;">the </span><span style="font-family:Verdana;">basis for the arrangement of land remediation projects in Zhemu Town. The results show that the northern, central and western regions of Zhemu Town have great remediation potential.展开更多
Based on the Richard Model in 2006,the author classify the Chinese Central Government-Owned Companies(CGOCs),which show the typical characteristics of State-Owned Enterprises(SOEs),by their state of investing into the...Based on the Richard Model in 2006,the author classify the Chinese Central Government-Owned Companies(CGOCs),which show the typical characteristics of State-Owned Enterprises(SOEs),by their state of investing into the sample of Over-Investment(OI)or Under-Investment(UI),then empirically testify how the assessment based on Economic Value-added(EVA)by Chinese State-owned Assets Supervision and Administration Commission(SASAC),and the Discipline Constraints(DCs)of the Communist Party of China(CPC)affect the state of Inefficient Investment(II).The author’s empirical results include those as following:(1)The EVA assessment has significant effect of restraining CGOCs’OI,but the effect is not significant for UI;(2)The DCs show no significant effect of suppressing OI,but significant effect of worsening UI;(3)As far as the moderating effect is concerned,DCs only in a small degree strengthen the function of EVA assessment for suppressing CGOCs’OI,but significantly weaken its function of relieving CGOCs’UI.Based on these empirical proofs,the author proposes that the emphasis of the EVA assessment and DCs should be synergistically shifted to CGOCs’UI,which has important institutional meanings especially under the background of macro-economic going down for a long time.展开更多
Mobile applications(apps for short)often need to display images.However,inefficient image displaying(IID)issues are pervasive in mobile apps,and can severely impact app performance and user experience.This paper first...Mobile applications(apps for short)often need to display images.However,inefficient image displaying(IID)issues are pervasive in mobile apps,and can severely impact app performance and user experience.This paper first establishes a descriptive framework for the image displaying procedures of IID issues.Based on the descriptive framework,we conduct an empirical study of 216 real-world IID issues collected from 243 popular open-source Android apps to validate the presence and severity of IID issues,and then shed light on these issues’characteristics to support research on effective issue detection.With the findings of this study,we propose a static IID issue detection tool TAPIR and evaluate it with 243 real-world Android apps.Encouragingly,49 and 64 previously-unknown IID issues in two different versions of 16 apps reported by TAPIR are manually confirmed as true positives,respectively,and 16 previously-unknown IID issues reported by TAPIR have been confirmed by developers and 13 have been fixed.Then,we further evaluate the performance impact of these detected IID issues and the performance improvement if they are fixed.The results demonstrate that the IID issues detected by TAPIR indeed cause significant performance degradation,which further show the effectiveness and efficiency of TAPIR.展开更多
To know about the radiation effects on the super large array 9 k×9 k CCDs used in a space telescope induced by energetic protons,the experiments of the super large array 9 k×9 k charge coupled devices(CCDs)u...To know about the radiation effects on the super large array 9 k×9 k CCDs used in a space telescope induced by energetic protons,the experiments of the super large array 9 k×9 k charge coupled devices(CCDs)used in the space telescope irradiated by 60 MeV and 100 MeV protons are presented.The samples were exposed by 60 MeV and 100 MeV protons at fluences of 5×10^(9)/cm^(2) and 1×10^(10)/cm^(2),respectively.The degradations of the main performance parameters of the super large array CCDs which are paid special attention to the space telescope are investigated.The full well capacity,mean dark current,and the charge transfer inefficiency(CTI)versus proton fluence are presented,which are tested at very low temperature of-85℃.The annealing tests of 168 h were carried out after proton irradiation.The dark images before and after proton irradiation are also presented to compare the image degradation.The degradation mechanisms of the super large array CCDs irradiated by protons are analyzed.The experimental results show that the main performance parameters of the CCDs are degraded after 60 MeV and 100 MeV protons and the degradations induced by 60 MeV protons are larger than that induced by 100 MeV protons.The experimental results of the super large array CCDs irradiated by protons will provide the basic test data support for orbit life assessment of the space telescope.展开更多
The governance of state-owned enterprises(SOEs)has long been central to political and institutional economic debates.Critics often associate SOEs with ine"ciency,rent-seeking and dogma,treating them as relics of ...The governance of state-owned enterprises(SOEs)has long been central to political and institutional economic debates.Critics often associate SOEs with ine"ciency,rent-seeking and dogma,treating them as relics of command economies.Yet in many developmental states,they have been engines of industrialisation,technological progress and national resilience.China provides perhaps the most striking example.Its SOEs have survived and evolved,some becoming globally competitive multinationals in energy,infrastructure and telecommunications.展开更多
WHOLLY FOREIGN-OWNED ENTERPRISES, FOREIGN-INVESTED COMMERCIAL ENTERPRISES AND JOINT VENTURES Faulty license applications & tax structuring problems The scenarios and problems below apply to all the above categorie...WHOLLY FOREIGN-OWNED ENTERPRISES, FOREIGN-INVESTED COMMERCIAL ENTERPRISES AND JOINT VENTURES Faulty license applications & tax structuring problems The scenarios and problems below apply to all the above categories of foreign investment but for sake of convenience we have used the "Foreign-invested Enterprise" (FIE) term to cater for all. Sending start-up funds to somebody else before FIE is展开更多
In China, some business applications can be complicated. Then of course there is the language-and then again the nuances of law that determine the huge difference in operational quality between the so-called "coo...In China, some business applications can be complicated. Then of course there is the language-and then again the nuances of law that determine the huge difference in operational quality between the so-called "cookie-cutter" applications and those in which time and attention have been spent. Here we identify some of the common mistakes we are asked regularly to fix when clients have either been badly advised, or simply were not aware of the full application and structural procedures when making an investm...展开更多
This paper examines the problems existing in Extensive Reading Teaching for Vocational Business English Majors and analyses the contributing factors for the time-consuming and inefficient Extensive Reading Teaching.Ba...This paper examines the problems existing in Extensive Reading Teaching for Vocational Business English Majors and analyses the contributing factors for the time-consuming and inefficient Extensive Reading Teaching.Based on the analysis,the author points out some solutions from the following several aspects:the teachers’ roles,the choice of textbooks and the organization of the class as well as the integrated design of the class activities,be carried out in the student-centered class to be practical and helpful in the Extensive Reading Teaching.展开更多
Deep shale gas exploration and production in Fuling(Sichuan Basin,SW China)are confronted with hydraulic fracturing challenges owing to high stress,high fracture pressure,low pump rate and proppant concentration,as we...Deep shale gas exploration and production in Fuling(Sichuan Basin,SW China)are confronted with hydraulic fracturing challenges owing to high stress,high fracture pressure,low pump rate and proppant concentration,as well as high closing pressure in deep strata.This study focused on the mechanical properties of shale core samples from Fuling through high-temperature triaxial rock mechanical tests and in-situ stress tests based on the Kessel effect of acoustic emission.Their mechanical property var-iations with depth were delineated using brittleness index calculated via simulating different depths and different confining pressures for the samples.The results showed that several parameters of deep shale reservoirs,i.e.brittleness index,fracture density,performance of self-propping,and flow conductivity,are lower than that of shale reservoirs with moderate burial depth.Thus,the current operating pressure in deep shale reservoir stimulation should be taken full advantage of,rather than channeling the focus on the propagation of fracture length.The objective is to increase the complexity of the near-hole fracture network for enhancing self-propping and flow conductivity of the fractures.This can be achieved by reducing the number of perforation clusters and cluster spacing,adopting variable-rate fracturing,decreasing proppant size,increasing sand volume,and optimizing the fracturing parameters.A field application showed that,compared with the neighboring wells,the test well had larger drainage area,doubling the gas yield.展开更多
With the rapid development of urbanization,the industrial parks originally located in the suburbs are gradually incorporated into the urban center.Industries that fail to follow the transformation of urban economic de...With the rapid development of urbanization,the industrial parks originally located in the suburbs are gradually incorporated into the urban center.Industries that fail to follow the transformation of urban economic development and are forced to close,or enterprises that move out without conforming to the environment,become a gray area within the city.Most of the existing assessments are conducting single assessment of some indicators,but than their actual benefits.Through the field investigation on the starting area of Handan Economic Development Zone,and the evaluation on the nature of land use,development intensity,investment and output,and idle land,inefficient land use in the park is identified.According to different evaluation results,different update and promotion methods are put forward.The research could provide a new evaluation method and idea for subsequent renewal and development of urban industrial parks.展开更多
This paper deals with a type of servicing machines model, which service station has a life time of the kth Er-langian distribution and can be repaired just like a new one. The cyclic time and the inefficiency quantiti...This paper deals with a type of servicing machines model, which service station has a life time of the kth Er-langian distribution and can be repaired just like a new one. The cyclic time and the inefficiency quantities of this system in equilibrium are obtained.展开更多
Seafood plays an important role in human nutrition and its increased consumption is actively recommended for sustenance and health benefits in both developing and developed countries. In parallel to this, the public r...Seafood plays an important role in human nutrition and its increased consumption is actively recommended for sustenance and health benefits in both developing and developed countries. In parallel to this, the public receives confusing advice as to what seafood is sustainably produced and is frequently misled about the environmental impacts of fishing, especially in locations such as Australia where contemporary fishery management has a conservation and sustainability focus. It is recognised globally that Australia’s traditional fishery management driven by strict sustainability and biodiversity regulations, has achieved impressive results in managing both fish stocks and the effects of fishing on marine environments. Despite this, continued pressure from non-government organisations (NGOs) and a perpetuation of the misuse of management terms such as “overfished” is used to promote the misguided need for ever increasing fishing restrictions, most obviously in “protected areas”. This paper questions the motives of some NGOs and governments in Australia in pursuing additional restrictions on fishing which are mostly unnecessary and disproportionate to the sustainability requirements of other sources of food. This is done within the context of the global need for sustainable seafood supply and the need for effective marine conservation that addresses all threats to marine ecosystems in proportion to the magnitude of each threat.展开更多
Anchor points play an important role in data envelopment analysis theory and applications;they delineate the efficient part of the production possibility set(PPS)frontier.In this paper,we propose an approach for findi...Anchor points play an important role in data envelopment analysis theory and applications;they delineate the efficient part of the production possibility set(PPS)frontier.In this paper,we propose an approach for finding the anchor points of the PPS of the Banker,Charnes and Cooper(BCC)model.This approach is based on a variant of super-efficiency models and their duals.The necessary and sufficient conditions for the characterization of the anchor points are also provided.Finally,the applicability of the proposed model is illustrated with some numerical examples.展开更多
The wide occurrence of new-emerging pollutants and their potential environmental and ecological risks have recently caused great public concerns. The paper firstly put forward the severe problem. Then the possible mai...The wide occurrence of new-emerging pollutants and their potential environmental and ecological risks have recently caused great public concerns. The paper firstly put forward the severe problem. Then the possible main reasons were analyzed which might attribute to both the inefficient removal of wastewater treatment plants with conventional technology and ignorance of the monitor and control of new-emerging pollutants in the effluents. Also, the complexity and extreme high costs may also make the organizations sidestep the problem. Finally, possible strategies to deal with the problems were proposed. The upgrade of wastewater treatment plants was important and urgent.展开更多
Dr. D.H.Ellen puts forth the index of Equivalent Maximum Investment Period to improve the payback period index on project investment. This paper tests that it is incorrect to improve payback period with Equivalent Max...Dr. D.H.Ellen puts forth the index of Equivalent Maximum Investment Period to improve the payback period index on project investment. This paper tests that it is incorrect to improve payback period with Equivalent Maximum Investment Period, and even a wrong conclusion may be resulted from the improvement.展开更多
Advance development of wireless technologies and micro-sensor systems have enabled Wireless Sensor Network (WSN) to emerge as a leading solution in many crucial sensor-based applications. WSN deploys numerous resource...Advance development of wireless technologies and micro-sensor systems have enabled Wireless Sensor Network (WSN) to emerge as a leading solution in many crucial sensor-based applications. WSN deploys numerous resource-constrained sensor nodes which have limited power supply, memory and computation capability in a harsh environment. Inefficient routing strategy results in degraded network performance in terms of reliability, latency and energy efficiency. In this paper, a cross-layer design, Contention-based MAC and Routing protocol is proposed, termed Contention/SNIR-Based Forwarding (CSBF) protocol. CSBF utilizes the geographical information of sensor nodes to effectively guide the routing direction towards destination node, thereby enhancing reliability. Furthermore, Signal-to-Noise-plus-Interference Ratio (SNIR) metric is used as a routing parameter to guarantee high quality link for data transmission. A Contention-Winner Relay scheme is utilized to reduce the delays caused by the contention procedure. Energy efficiency is also improved by introducing sleep mode technique in CSBF. The simulation work is carried out via OMNeT++ network simulator. The performance of CSBF is compared with other existing routing protocols such as AODV and DSDV in terms of packet delivery ratio (PDR), average end-to-end (ETE) delay and energy consumption per packet. Simulation results highlight that CSBF outperforms AODV and DSDV protocols in respect of PDR and energy efficiency. CSBF also has the most consistent overall network performance.展开更多
Smart nanoparticles（NPs）that respond to external and internal stimulations have been developing to achieve optimal drug release in tumor.However,applying these smart NPs to attain high antitumor performance is hampe...Smart nanoparticles（NPs）that respond to external and internal stimulations have been developing to achieve optimal drug release in tumor.However,applying these smart NPs to attain high antitumor performance is hampered by limited drug carriers and inefficient spatiotemporal control.Recently,a research team led by CAI Lintao from the Institute of Biomedicine and Biotechnology,展开更多
This study provides estimates of smallholder household＇s production efficiency and its determinants, and separately analyses the technical efficiency of dairy technology adopting and non-adopting farmers using data f...This study provides estimates of smallholder household＇s production efficiency and its determinants, and separately analyses the technical efficiency of dairy technology adopting and non-adopting farmers using data from Ethiopia. Cobb-Douglas stochastic frontier production function was modeled in the context of local level agricultural innovation systems framework and estimated using 2011 milk production data on 304 dairy farmers. Results show that the mean level of technical efficiency among the sampled farmers was about 26%. This result suggests that there is room for significant increases of production through reallocation of existing resources. Despite significant variation among farmers, these results also indicate only 19% of farmers have mean efficiency scores （_〉 50%）, implying a need to focus on creating innovation capacity that pushes the production frontier outward in the dairy production system. It is also revealed that individual farm households＇ efficiency varied widely across dairy technology adoption status, gender and districts. The significant gamma （g） statistic, of 0.9985 in the analysis indicates that about 99.85% variation in the output of milk production would be attributed to technical inefficiency effects （those under farmer＇s control） while only 0.0015% would be due to random effects, i.e., beyond the farmers control and hence calling for a focus on efficiency enhancing investments. Education, farm size, extension visit and off-farm income opportunity were found to be efficiency enhancing. The study recommends that different components of an agricultural innovation system have to interact to improve the innovation capacity of different actors and thereby improve the estimated technical inefficiencies.展开更多
文摘This paper takes 2011-2013 Chinese A shares of listing Corporation as the object of study and researchs the problem between internal controls and overinvestment and tmderinvestment.Through this paper, the study find reasonable and effective internal controls can restrain overinvestment and underinvestment, Overall, strengthening the constmclion of internal controls is an effective way to improve the efficiency of corporate investment.
文摘The remediation of inefficient garden land and defective forest land is one of th</span><span style="font-family:Verdana;">e important sources and types of supplementary cultivated land in th</span><span style="font-family:Verdana;">e comprehensive land remediation of the whole region. The remediation and development of inefficient garden land and defective forest land will effectively alleviate the multiple pressures faced by cultivated land at present. Taking Zhemu Town, Guilin City, China as an example, on that basis of the data of the third national land survey, using analytic hierarchy process, this paper selects six evaluation factors, including water source, traffic, slope, field concentration, farmland infrastructure and villagers’ will, to study the remediation potential of inefficient garden land and defective forest land in Zhemu Town, and delimits four potential divisions, in order to provide </span></span><span style="font-family:Verdana;">the </span><span style="font-family:Verdana;">basis for the arrangement of land remediation projects in Zhemu Town. The results show that the northern, central and western regions of Zhemu Town have great remediation potential.
文摘Based on the Richard Model in 2006,the author classify the Chinese Central Government-Owned Companies(CGOCs),which show the typical characteristics of State-Owned Enterprises(SOEs),by their state of investing into the sample of Over-Investment(OI)or Under-Investment(UI),then empirically testify how the assessment based on Economic Value-added(EVA)by Chinese State-owned Assets Supervision and Administration Commission(SASAC),and the Discipline Constraints(DCs)of the Communist Party of China(CPC)affect the state of Inefficient Investment(II).The author’s empirical results include those as following:(1)The EVA assessment has significant effect of restraining CGOCs’OI,but the effect is not significant for UI;(2)The DCs show no significant effect of suppressing OI,but significant effect of worsening UI;(3)As far as the moderating effect is concerned,DCs only in a small degree strengthen the function of EVA assessment for suppressing CGOCs’OI,but significantly weaken its function of relieving CGOCs’UI.Based on these empirical proofs,the author proposes that the emphasis of the EVA assessment and DCs should be synergistically shifted to CGOCs’UI,which has important institutional meanings especially under the background of macro-economic going down for a long time.
基金supported by the Leading-Edge Technology Program of Jiangsu Natural Science Foundation of China under Grant No.BK20202001the National Natural Science Foundation of China under Grant No.61932021.
文摘Mobile applications(apps for short)often need to display images.However,inefficient image displaying(IID)issues are pervasive in mobile apps,and can severely impact app performance and user experience.This paper first establishes a descriptive framework for the image displaying procedures of IID issues.Based on the descriptive framework,we conduct an empirical study of 216 real-world IID issues collected from 243 popular open-source Android apps to validate the presence and severity of IID issues,and then shed light on these issues’characteristics to support research on effective issue detection.With the findings of this study,we propose a static IID issue detection tool TAPIR and evaluate it with 243 real-world Android apps.Encouragingly,49 and 64 previously-unknown IID issues in two different versions of 16 apps reported by TAPIR are manually confirmed as true positives,respectively,and 16 previously-unknown IID issues reported by TAPIR have been confirmed by developers and 13 have been fixed.Then,we further evaluate the performance impact of these detected IID issues and the performance improvement if they are fixed.The results demonstrate that the IID issues detected by TAPIR indeed cause significant performance degradation,which further show the effectiveness and efficiency of TAPIR.
基金The National Science Foundation of China(U2167208,11875223)Natural Science Basic Research Program of Shaanxi(2024JC-JCQN)The Foundation of State Key Laboratory of China(NKLIPR2320)。
文摘To know about the radiation effects on the super large array 9 k×9 k CCDs used in a space telescope induced by energetic protons,the experiments of the super large array 9 k×9 k charge coupled devices(CCDs)used in the space telescope irradiated by 60 MeV and 100 MeV protons are presented.The samples were exposed by 60 MeV and 100 MeV protons at fluences of 5×10^(9)/cm^(2) and 1×10^(10)/cm^(2),respectively.The degradations of the main performance parameters of the super large array CCDs which are paid special attention to the space telescope are investigated.The full well capacity,mean dark current,and the charge transfer inefficiency(CTI)versus proton fluence are presented,which are tested at very low temperature of-85℃.The annealing tests of 168 h were carried out after proton irradiation.The dark images before and after proton irradiation are also presented to compare the image degradation.The degradation mechanisms of the super large array CCDs irradiated by protons are analyzed.The experimental results show that the main performance parameters of the CCDs are degraded after 60 MeV and 100 MeV protons and the degradations induced by 60 MeV protons are larger than that induced by 100 MeV protons.The experimental results of the super large array CCDs irradiated by protons will provide the basic test data support for orbit life assessment of the space telescope.
文摘The governance of state-owned enterprises(SOEs)has long been central to political and institutional economic debates.Critics often associate SOEs with ine"ciency,rent-seeking and dogma,treating them as relics of command economies.Yet in many developmental states,they have been engines of industrialisation,technological progress and national resilience.China provides perhaps the most striking example.Its SOEs have survived and evolved,some becoming globally competitive multinationals in energy,infrastructure and telecommunications.
文摘WHOLLY FOREIGN-OWNED ENTERPRISES, FOREIGN-INVESTED COMMERCIAL ENTERPRISES AND JOINT VENTURES Faulty license applications & tax structuring problems The scenarios and problems below apply to all the above categories of foreign investment but for sake of convenience we have used the "Foreign-invested Enterprise" (FIE) term to cater for all. Sending start-up funds to somebody else before FIE is
文摘In China, some business applications can be complicated. Then of course there is the language-and then again the nuances of law that determine the huge difference in operational quality between the so-called "cookie-cutter" applications and those in which time and attention have been spent. Here we identify some of the common mistakes we are asked regularly to fix when clients have either been badly advised, or simply were not aware of the full application and structural procedures when making an investm...
文摘This paper examines the problems existing in Extensive Reading Teaching for Vocational Business English Majors and analyses the contributing factors for the time-consuming and inefficient Extensive Reading Teaching.Based on the analysis,the author points out some solutions from the following several aspects:the teachers’ roles,the choice of textbooks and the organization of the class as well as the integrated design of the class activities,be carried out in the student-centered class to be practical and helpful in the Extensive Reading Teaching.
文摘Deep shale gas exploration and production in Fuling(Sichuan Basin,SW China)are confronted with hydraulic fracturing challenges owing to high stress,high fracture pressure,low pump rate and proppant concentration,as well as high closing pressure in deep strata.This study focused on the mechanical properties of shale core samples from Fuling through high-temperature triaxial rock mechanical tests and in-situ stress tests based on the Kessel effect of acoustic emission.Their mechanical property var-iations with depth were delineated using brittleness index calculated via simulating different depths and different confining pressures for the samples.The results showed that several parameters of deep shale reservoirs,i.e.brittleness index,fracture density,performance of self-propping,and flow conductivity,are lower than that of shale reservoirs with moderate burial depth.Thus,the current operating pressure in deep shale reservoir stimulation should be taken full advantage of,rather than channeling the focus on the propagation of fracture length.The objective is to increase the complexity of the near-hole fracture network for enhancing self-propping and flow conductivity of the fractures.This can be achieved by reducing the number of perforation clusters and cluster spacing,adopting variable-rate fracturing,decreasing proppant size,increasing sand volume,and optimizing the fracturing parameters.A field application showed that,compared with the neighboring wells,the test well had larger drainage area,doubling the gas yield.
文摘With the rapid development of urbanization,the industrial parks originally located in the suburbs are gradually incorporated into the urban center.Industries that fail to follow the transformation of urban economic development and are forced to close,or enterprises that move out without conforming to the environment,become a gray area within the city.Most of the existing assessments are conducting single assessment of some indicators,but than their actual benefits.Through the field investigation on the starting area of Handan Economic Development Zone,and the evaluation on the nature of land use,development intensity,investment and output,and idle land,inefficient land use in the park is identified.According to different evaluation results,different update and promotion methods are put forward.The research could provide a new evaluation method and idea for subsequent renewal and development of urban industrial parks.
文摘This paper deals with a type of servicing machines model, which service station has a life time of the kth Er-langian distribution and can be repaired just like a new one. The cyclic time and the inefficiency quantities of this system in equilibrium are obtained.
文摘Seafood plays an important role in human nutrition and its increased consumption is actively recommended for sustenance and health benefits in both developing and developed countries. In parallel to this, the public receives confusing advice as to what seafood is sustainably produced and is frequently misled about the environmental impacts of fishing, especially in locations such as Australia where contemporary fishery management has a conservation and sustainability focus. It is recognised globally that Australia’s traditional fishery management driven by strict sustainability and biodiversity regulations, has achieved impressive results in managing both fish stocks and the effects of fishing on marine environments. Despite this, continued pressure from non-government organisations (NGOs) and a perpetuation of the misuse of management terms such as “overfished” is used to promote the misguided need for ever increasing fishing restrictions, most obviously in “protected areas”. This paper questions the motives of some NGOs and governments in Australia in pursuing additional restrictions on fishing which are mostly unnecessary and disproportionate to the sustainability requirements of other sources of food. This is done within the context of the global need for sustainable seafood supply and the need for effective marine conservation that addresses all threats to marine ecosystems in proportion to the magnitude of each threat.
文摘Anchor points play an important role in data envelopment analysis theory and applications;they delineate the efficient part of the production possibility set(PPS)frontier.In this paper,we propose an approach for finding the anchor points of the PPS of the Banker,Charnes and Cooper(BCC)model.This approach is based on a variant of super-efficiency models and their duals.The necessary and sufficient conditions for the characterization of the anchor points are also provided.Finally,the applicability of the proposed model is illustrated with some numerical examples.
文摘The wide occurrence of new-emerging pollutants and their potential environmental and ecological risks have recently caused great public concerns. The paper firstly put forward the severe problem. Then the possible main reasons were analyzed which might attribute to both the inefficient removal of wastewater treatment plants with conventional technology and ignorance of the monitor and control of new-emerging pollutants in the effluents. Also, the complexity and extreme high costs may also make the organizations sidestep the problem. Finally, possible strategies to deal with the problems were proposed. The upgrade of wastewater treatment plants was important and urgent.
文摘Dr. D.H.Ellen puts forth the index of Equivalent Maximum Investment Period to improve the payback period index on project investment. This paper tests that it is incorrect to improve payback period with Equivalent Maximum Investment Period, and even a wrong conclusion may be resulted from the improvement.
文摘Advance development of wireless technologies and micro-sensor systems have enabled Wireless Sensor Network (WSN) to emerge as a leading solution in many crucial sensor-based applications. WSN deploys numerous resource-constrained sensor nodes which have limited power supply, memory and computation capability in a harsh environment. Inefficient routing strategy results in degraded network performance in terms of reliability, latency and energy efficiency. In this paper, a cross-layer design, Contention-based MAC and Routing protocol is proposed, termed Contention/SNIR-Based Forwarding (CSBF) protocol. CSBF utilizes the geographical information of sensor nodes to effectively guide the routing direction towards destination node, thereby enhancing reliability. Furthermore, Signal-to-Noise-plus-Interference Ratio (SNIR) metric is used as a routing parameter to guarantee high quality link for data transmission. A Contention-Winner Relay scheme is utilized to reduce the delays caused by the contention procedure. Energy efficiency is also improved by introducing sleep mode technique in CSBF. The simulation work is carried out via OMNeT++ network simulator. The performance of CSBF is compared with other existing routing protocols such as AODV and DSDV in terms of packet delivery ratio (PDR), average end-to-end (ETE) delay and energy consumption per packet. Simulation results highlight that CSBF outperforms AODV and DSDV protocols in respect of PDR and energy efficiency. CSBF also has the most consistent overall network performance.
文摘Smart nanoparticles（NPs）that respond to external and internal stimulations have been developing to achieve optimal drug release in tumor.However,applying these smart NPs to attain high antitumor performance is hampered by limited drug carriers and inefficient spatiotemporal control.Recently,a research team led by CAI Lintao from the Institute of Biomedicine and Biotechnology,
文摘This study provides estimates of smallholder household＇s production efficiency and its determinants, and separately analyses the technical efficiency of dairy technology adopting and non-adopting farmers using data from Ethiopia. Cobb-Douglas stochastic frontier production function was modeled in the context of local level agricultural innovation systems framework and estimated using 2011 milk production data on 304 dairy farmers. Results show that the mean level of technical efficiency among the sampled farmers was about 26%. This result suggests that there is room for significant increases of production through reallocation of existing resources. Despite significant variation among farmers, these results also indicate only 19% of farmers have mean efficiency scores （_〉 50%）, implying a need to focus on creating innovation capacity that pushes the production frontier outward in the dairy production system. It is also revealed that individual farm households＇ efficiency varied widely across dairy technology adoption status, gender and districts. The significant gamma （g） statistic, of 0.9985 in the analysis indicates that about 99.85% variation in the output of milk production would be attributed to technical inefficiency effects （those under farmer＇s control） while only 0.0015% would be due to random effects, i.e., beyond the farmers control and hence calling for a focus on efficiency enhancing investments. Education, farm size, extension visit and off-farm income opportunity were found to be efficiency enhancing. The study recommends that different components of an agricultural innovation system have to interact to improve the innovation capacity of different actors and thereby improve the estimated technical inefficiencies.
