Over 100 human thermal indices have been developed to predict the combined thermal impact on the body.In principle,these indices based on energy thermal budget equations should not only be the most complex but also be...Over 100 human thermal indices have been developed to predict the combined thermal impact on the body.In principle,these indices based on energy thermal budget equations should not only be the most complex but also be the most accurate.However,the simple indices based on algebraic or statistical models[e.g.,the wet-bulb globe temperature(WBGT)]continue to be the most popular.A new heat stress index,the enthalpy dry-bulb temperature(EnD)for indoor environments is developed and validated in this study.The EnD index is unique in that it uses the air specific enthalpy,not the wet-bulb temperature,to measure the latent heat transfer from the skin to the surrounding environment.Theoretically,the EnD index can be treated as the equivalent temperature based on the convective heat transfer coefficient h_(c).Comparison is made between the EnD index and the widely used WBGT index based on the experimental data taken from three independent studies available in the scientific literature.The results show that the EnD index can reduce the overestimation of the dry-bulb air temperature and thus reduce heat stress in most cases,especially for hot and humid environments.It can be concluded that the EnD index has the potential to replace the WBGT index as the standard heat stress index in the future.展开更多
The aim of this work was to analyze the effect of the magnetic field generated by the household appliances on the airborne microbial surrounding these equipment located on indoor environments with particular interest ...The aim of this work was to analyze the effect of the magnetic field generated by the household appliances on the airborne microbial surrounding these equipment located on indoor environments with particular interest in the environmental fungi.A simultaneous environmental study was carried out in locals of three different geographical places of Havana,Cuba,which have televisions,computers and an electric generator.The air samples were made by a sedimentation method using Malt Extract Agar.The concentration of total aerobic mesophilic as well as fungi and yeasts were determined in rainy and little rainy seasons by applying as factors:exposure time of dishes(5 to 60 min)and distance to the wall(0 and 1 m)at a height of 1 m above the floor.The predominant fungal genera were Cladosporium,Penicillium and Aspergillus.In the dishes that were placed at 0 and 0.5 m from the emitting sources were observed that some bacteria colonies formed inhibition halos,a great diversity of filamentous fungi and an increase in the mycelium pigmentation as well as the pigments excretion.In the rainy season,the highest amounts of fungi were obtained in all samples.In the little rain season the count of the Gram-negative bacilli increased three times the Gram-positive cocci.展开更多
In order to study the indoor thermal environments in university classrooms in Tianjin,a field study and a questionnaire survey for a main teaching building are carried out.First,the thermal sensations of participants ...In order to study the indoor thermal environments in university classrooms in Tianjin,a field study and a questionnaire survey for a main teaching building are carried out.First,the thermal sensations of participants in the typical classrooms are studied by 180 questionnaires.Then,based on the measured data,the temperature changes in the classrooms during a year are simulated by the DeST software.The results show that the indoor thermal environments in the northern classrooms on the first floor are better than those in other classrooms.And the measurement results accord with the simulation results.These results can be used as a reference for the study of the indoor thermal environments in other seasons.展开更多
Biometric characteristics are playing a vital role in security for the last few years.Human gait classification in video sequences is an important biometrics attribute and is used for security purposes.A new framework...Biometric characteristics are playing a vital role in security for the last few years.Human gait classification in video sequences is an important biometrics attribute and is used for security purposes.A new framework for human gait classification in video sequences using deep learning(DL)fusion assisted and posterior probability-based moth flames optimization(MFO)is proposed.In the first step,the video frames are resized and finetuned by two pre-trained lightweight DL models,EfficientNetB0 and MobileNetV2.Both models are selected based on the top-5 accuracy and less number of parameters.Later,both models are trained through deep transfer learning and extracted deep features fused using a voting scheme.In the last step,the authors develop a posterior probabilitybased MFO feature selection algorithm to select the best features.The selected features are classified using several supervised learning methods.The CASIA-B publicly available dataset has been employed for the experimental process.On this dataset,the authors selected six angles such as 0°,18°,90°,108°,162°,and 180°and obtained an average accuracy of 96.9%,95.7%,86.8%,90.0%,95.1%,and 99.7%.Results demonstrate comparable improvement in accuracy and significantly minimize the computational time with recent state-of-the-art techniques.展开更多
Negative air ions(NAIs)in indoor environments have been suggested to positively impact human health by effectively reducing particulate contamination and gaseous pollutants,as well as inhibiting the growth of microorg...Negative air ions(NAIs)in indoor environments have been suggested to positively impact human health by effectively reducing particulate contamination and gaseous pollutants,as well as inhibiting the growth of microorganisms,bacteria and viruses.This study investigates the common ionizers with different module types,and the mechanism of NAIs for enhancing indoor air quality,as well as the positive and negative impacts on human health.The association between NAI concentrations and human health outcomes is examined,and alternative measures to balance beneficial and unavailing effects are investigated.While NAIs demonstrate efficacy in removing particulate pollutants,alleviating depression,enhancing cognitive function and even stimulating sympathetic activity,it is pertinent to acknowledge the presence of contradictory findings concerning their effects on cardiac autonomic function and respiratory physiology.To address this complexity,it is imperative to consider alternative measures that strike a balance between the beneficial and unavailing effects of NAIs.These measures can encompass a general assessment of the characteristics of particulate pollutants,a strategic selection of ionizer technologies,and adherence to the recommended optimal concentration thresholds of NAIs.展开更多
High concentrations of environmental fungi in the archives repositories are dangerous for the documents preserved in those places and for the workers'health.The aims of this work were to evaluate the behavior of t...High concentrations of environmental fungi in the archives repositories are dangerous for the documents preserved in those places and for the workers'health.The aims of this work were to evaluate the behavior of the fungal concentration and diversity in the indoor air of repositories of 3 archives located in Havana,Cuba,and to demonstrate the potential risk that these taxa represent for the documentary heritage preserved in these institutions.The indoor and outdoor environments were sampled with a biocollector.From the I/O ratios,it was evident that two of the studied archives were not contaminated,while one of them did show contamination despite having temperature and relative humidity values very similar to the other two.Aspergillus,Penicillium and Cladosporium were the predominant genera in the indoor environments.New finds for archival environments were the genera Harposporium and Scolecobasidium.The principal species classified ecologically as abundant were C.cladosporioides and P.citrinum.They are known as opportunistic pathogenic fungi.All the analyzed taxa excreted acids,the most of them degraded cellulose,starch and gelatin while about 48%excreted different pigments.But 33%of them showed the highest biodeteriogenic potential,evidencing that they are the most dangerous for the documentary collections.展开更多
A case study is performed on the influence of the patio on the indoor environment of a traditional folk house group,named Zhangguying village in Hunan province,in the summer of 2007.Measurements include indoor and out...A case study is performed on the influence of the patio on the indoor environment of a traditional folk house group,named Zhangguying village in Hunan province,in the summer of 2007.Measurements include indoor and outdoor air temperature,indoor and outdoor illuminance,indoor and outdoor air speed,and carried out from August 5th to 10th.The results show that the patio,acting as a ＂buffer zone＂,can reduce the ambient impacts on the indoor thermal environment of rooms because the temperature of the patio is lower than that of the outdoor temperature but higher than that of the rooms.The patio can improve the indoor lighting environment because the illuminance of the patio is lower than that of outdoor and higher than that of the rooms.But the effect is too limited,because the illuminance of the rooms is lower than the national standards.This study shows that the shading design is the primary consideration in this kind of climate.The wind speed of the patio is stable and similar to that of the hall and the stack effect of the patio is not obvious.It shows that the patio is useful for natural ventilation,caused by wind pressure,in summer.展开更多
With the rapid development of economy, requirements on indoor environment design are getting higher and higher, but its prosperity brings ecological environment serious destruction and over consumption of resources. U...With the rapid development of economy, requirements on indoor environment design are getting higher and higher, but its prosperity brings ecological environment serious destruction and over consumption of resources. Under the global environment of the sustainable development, the principles of indoor environment design were analyzed ecologically and corresponding implementation methods were proposed to provide reference for energy-conservation and gas emission-reduction in the ecological system of indoor environment.展开更多
To explore the thermal responses under the non-thermal equilibrium cold environmental conditions,a laboratory study was conducted in climate chamber.The local skin temperatures and thermal sensation of 20 subjects wer...To explore the thermal responses under the non-thermal equilibrium cold environmental conditions,a laboratory study was conducted in climate chamber.The local skin temperatures and thermal sensation of 20 subjects were recorded at 10 min intervals for 90 min under air temperatures of 7.4,9.1,11 and 15 °C.The results show that both local skin temperatures and mean skin temperature decrease not only with the drop of ambient air temperature but also with the exposure time.Local thermal sensation and overall the thermal sensation have the similar temperature-varying and time-varying characteristics.Predicted mean vote(PMV) model cannot correctly predict the thermal sensation under non-thermal equilibrium cold environment.The correlation between local thermal sensation and local skin temperatures shows that thermal sensation is closely related to skin temperature.Skin temperature is an effective indicator of thermal sensation.A linear relationship model between overall thermal sensation and mean skin temperature,considering both ambient temperature and exposure time,was established in the non-thermal equilibrium cold environment,which makes the evaluation of thermal sensation more objective.展开更多
The path loss analysis model based on 5 rays in vacancy indoor environment is proposed. The relationship between multipath overlapping and the path loss is analyzed mathematically. Time-domain technique is introduced ...The path loss analysis model based on 5 rays in vacancy indoor environment is proposed. The relationship between multipath overlapping and the path loss is analyzed mathematically. Time-domain technique is introduced to compute reflection coefficient in a very short time interval. A 5 rays path loss calculation method, which is satisfactory accurate, is developed. 5 typical environments are involved to analyze and generalize the common path loss characteristics in vacancy indoor environment. The simulation result shows that the path loss can be characterized as 3 zones with different path loss exponent as distance between transmitter and receiver increasing.展开更多
With 1 185 pi eces of questionnaire, it is found that in China, people take fresh air, odor, e tc., as well as indoor air temperature, humidity, as the most important indoor a ir parameters. It is also found that ther...With 1 185 pi eces of questionnaire, it is found that in China, people take fresh air, odor, e tc., as well as indoor air temperature, humidity, as the most important indoor a ir parameters. It is also found that there is a significant sensitivity differen ce in indoor environment between southerners and northerners in China. People fr om different regions have different demands for their working and living environ ment. Therefore, as a good design of air conditioning system, it is strongly rec ommended that the different demands of people from different regions should be t aken into consideration.展开更多
With the rapid development in the service,medical,logistics and other industries,and the increasing demand for unmanned mobile devices,mobile robots with the ability of independent mapping,localization and navigation ...With the rapid development in the service,medical,logistics and other industries,and the increasing demand for unmanned mobile devices,mobile robots with the ability of independent mapping,localization and navigation capabilities have become one of the research hotspots.An accurate map construction is a prerequisite for a mobile robot to achieve autonomous localization and navigation.However,the problems of blurring and missing the borders of obstacles and map boundaries are often faced in the Gmapping algorithm when constructing maps in complex indoor environments.In this pursuit,the present work proposes the development of an improved Gmapping algorithm based on the sparse pose adjustment(SPA)optimizations.The improved Gmapping algorithm is then applied to construct the map of a mobile robot based on single-line Lidar.Experiments show that the improved algorithm could build a more accurate and complete map,reduce the number of particles required for Gmapping,and lower the hardware requirements of the platform,thereby saving and minimizing the computing resources.展开更多
Microcontroller <span><span><span style="font-family:;" "="">is </span></span></span><span><span><span style="font-family:;" "...Microcontroller <span><span><span style="font-family:;" "="">is </span></span></span><span><span><span style="font-family:;" "="">widely</span></span></span><span><span><span style="font-family:;" "=""> </span></span></span><span><span><span style="font-family:;" "="">used in the intelligent life of modern society. Intelligent development based</span></span></span><span><span><span style="font-family:;" "=""> </span></span></span><span><span><span style="font-family:;" "="">on Microcontroller to solve the actual needs of people</span></span></span><span><span><span style="font-family:;" "="">’</span></span></span><span><span><span style="font-family:;" "="">s life, work, study and</span></span></span><span><span><span style="font-family:;" "=""> </span></span></span><span><span><span style="font-family:;" "="">other fields is the core of Microcontroller application.</span></span></span><span><span><span style="font-family:;" "=""> </span></span></span><span><span><span style="font-family:;" "="">Therefore, it is a task for researchers to understand the structure and performance of microcontroller, develop software, and be familiar with the method and process of intelligent development based on microcontroller. And with that in mind</span></span></span><span><span><span style="font-family:;" "="">, t</span></span></span><span><span><span style="font-family:;" "="">his paper designs and produces a physical hardware system for indoor environment detection based on STM32 microcontroller. The system can detect the light intensity, temperature and humidity, and CO gas concentration in the indoor environment;and the data is integrated and processed by the STM32 microcontroller to display the current parameter values of each quantity in the indoor environment on a 3.5-inch resistive screen;at the same time, the PC can also log in to the OneNET cloud platform through the web page, and display the light intensity, temperature and humidity, and CO gas concentration values in the indoor environment in real time in the device created by OneNET for real-time viewing. The system can also display the light intensity, temperature and humidity, and CO gas concentration values in the indoor environment in real time. The hardware system has been tested and tested to achieve its function.</span></span></span>展开更多
The rapid technological developments in the modern era have led to increased electrical equipment in our daily lives,work,and homes.From this standpoint,the main objective of this study is to evaluate the potential re...The rapid technological developments in the modern era have led to increased electrical equipment in our daily lives,work,and homes.From this standpoint,the main objective of this study is to evaluate the potential relationship between the intensity of electromagnetic radiation and the total energy of household appliances in the living environment within the building by measuring and analyzing the strength of the electric field and the entire electromagnetic radiation flux density of electrical devices operating at frequencies(5 Hz to 1 kHz).The living room was chosen as a center for measurement at 15 homes in three different environmental regions(urban,suburbs,and open areas).The three measurement methods are(Mode 1:people in a sitting position with electrical appliances on.Mode 2:People in a standing position with electrical appliances on.Mode 3:People are in the upright positionwhile turning off the electrical devices)in the living room.These measurement methods and their results reinforce the importance of this research.The results showed that the average electric field strengthmeasured inMode 2 ismuch greater than the two methods,and we also found less electromagnetic radiation in Mode 3 than in the two modes.All results remain within the recommended overall exposure developed by the International Committee for the Prevention of Non-Ionizing Radiation and the International Electrotechnical Commission.展开更多
The complexity of the indoor environment brings great challenges to predict the electromagnetic radiation field of multiple antenna systems. Based on the Finite Difference Time Domain (FDTD) algorithm, using the mobil...The complexity of the indoor environment brings great challenges to predict the electromagnetic radiation field of multiple antenna systems. Based on the Finite Difference Time Domain (FDTD) algorithm, using the mobile phone shielding device as the multiple antenna systems example, the mobile phone shielding device's indoor electromagnetic radiation field is researched by measurment method and simulation method. The effectivity of prediction method is verified by comparing the prediciton results with the measurment results. About 80% of the error can be controlled less than dB. The quantitative research has certain guiding significance to the prediction of the multiple antenna systems radio wave propagation.展开更多
There are a large number of wooden-plank wall dwellings, a kind of traditional house with regional characteristics, existing in Chongqing area. We chose a typical house in Chongqing as the subject and measured it duri...There are a large number of wooden-plank wall dwellings, a kind of traditional house with regional characteristics, existing in Chongqing area. We chose a typical house in Chongqing as the subject and measured it during summer to research the situation of the indoor thermal comfort of wooden-plank wall dwellings. Based on the particularity of local residents' living habit and the characteristics of the local buildings, we analyzed the data of the field measurement and evaluated the thermal environment with APMV. The results show that the indoor thermal comfort of wooden-plank wall dwellings in summer is improved mainly by natural ventilation.展开更多
The content of contribution is to analyse suggested renovation of school building in term of energy performance and indoor environment quality. There were three selected variants of possible reno ration of school buil...The content of contribution is to analyse suggested renovation of school building in term of energy performance and indoor environment quality. There were three selected variants of possible reno ration of school building. At first, it was installation of equipment for heat recovery into existing mechanical ventilation system. There were further evaluated possibilities how to use glass atrium or ground air-heat exchanger in mechanical ventilation system. These suggested variants were analysed in field of energy performance, namely in term of impacts on heat demand for space heating in order to keep required parameters of indoor environment quality according to standard STN EN 15251 （operative temperature, relative air humidity, air change rate）. The analysis was elaborated by using energy simulation tool Design Builder in order to evaluate yearlong operation of buildings.展开更多
With urbanization and the rapid development of social economy,China’s rail transit industry has developed rapidly in recent years.In order to alleviate the pressure of road network,subways provide convenience as they...With urbanization and the rapid development of social economy,China’s rail transit industry has developed rapidly in recent years.In order to alleviate the pressure of road network,subways provide convenience as they are fast and space-saving.Subway stations are major energy consumers of urban power grid due to their large traffic volume and long operation time.On the premise of ensuring operation safety,reducing the energy consumption of subway helps in energy conservation and emission reduction as proposed in the 13th Five-Year Plan.According to the statistics of the energy-saving evaluation report of rail transit engineering,the lighting system accounts for 20%-30%of the total power consumption of the subway station.Due to the single lighting control mode of the lighting system in the subway station,the actual station illumination cannot be reported and adjusted in time,resulting in the waste of lighting energy and high power consumption of the system.Through in-depth research on the intelligent lighting system of subway station,this paper improves the system control,and finally summarizes the optimization scheme of subway station lighting design which can effectively save the power consumption of lighting system.The main contents of this paper are as follows:The research results of this paper can provide effective measures for energy saving of electric lighting in subway stations and reduce electric energy consumption;on the other hand,as an integral part of building lighting energy-saving system,it also has certain guiding significance for the research of building lighting energy-saving.展开更多
Furniture is identified as a vital volatile organic compound(VOC)emission source in the indoor environment.Leather has become the most common raw and auxiliary fabric material for upholstered furniture,particularly wi...Furniture is identified as a vital volatile organic compound(VOC)emission source in the indoor environment.Leather has become the most common raw and auxiliary fabric material for upholstered furniture,particularly with extensive consumption in sofas,due to its abundant resources and efficient functions.Despite being widely traded across the world,little research has been conducted on the VOCs released by leathermaterials and their health risk assessment in the indoor environment.Accordingly,this study investigated the VOC emissions of leather with different grades and the health risk of the inhalation exposure.Based on the ultra-fast gas phase electronic nose(EN)and GC-FID/Qtof,the substantial emissions of aliphatic aldehyde ketones(Aks),particularly hexanal,appear to be the cause of off-flavor in medium and low grade(MG and LG)sofa leathers.The health risk assessment indicated that leather materials barely pose non-carcinogenic and carcinogenic effects to residents.Given the abundance of VOC sources and the accumulation of health risks in the indoor environment,more stringent specifications concerning qualitative and quantitative content should be extended to provide VOC treatment basic for the manufacturing industry and obtain better indoor air quality.展开更多
文摘Over 100 human thermal indices have been developed to predict the combined thermal impact on the body.In principle,these indices based on energy thermal budget equations should not only be the most complex but also be the most accurate.However,the simple indices based on algebraic or statistical models[e.g.,the wet-bulb globe temperature(WBGT)]continue to be the most popular.A new heat stress index,the enthalpy dry-bulb temperature(EnD)for indoor environments is developed and validated in this study.The EnD index is unique in that it uses the air specific enthalpy,not the wet-bulb temperature,to measure the latent heat transfer from the skin to the surrounding environment.Theoretically,the EnD index can be treated as the equivalent temperature based on the convective heat transfer coefficient h_(c).Comparison is made between the EnD index and the widely used WBGT index based on the experimental data taken from three independent studies available in the scientific literature.The results show that the EnD index can reduce the overestimation of the dry-bulb air temperature and thus reduce heat stress in most cases,especially for hot and humid environments.It can be concluded that the EnD index has the potential to replace the WBGT index as the standard heat stress index in the future.
基金the Ministry of Science,Technology and Environment,Cuba(PCA-2118025001)。
文摘The aim of this work was to analyze the effect of the magnetic field generated by the household appliances on the airborne microbial surrounding these equipment located on indoor environments with particular interest in the environmental fungi.A simultaneous environmental study was carried out in locals of three different geographical places of Havana,Cuba,which have televisions,computers and an electric generator.The air samples were made by a sedimentation method using Malt Extract Agar.The concentration of total aerobic mesophilic as well as fungi and yeasts were determined in rainy and little rainy seasons by applying as factors:exposure time of dishes(5 to 60 min)and distance to the wall(0 and 1 m)at a height of 1 m above the floor.The predominant fungal genera were Cladosporium,Penicillium and Aspergillus.In the dishes that were placed at 0 and 0.5 m from the emitting sources were observed that some bacteria colonies formed inhibition halos,a great diversity of filamentous fungi and an increase in the mycelium pigmentation as well as the pigments excretion.In the rainy season,the highest amounts of fungi were obtained in all samples.In the little rain season the count of the Gram-negative bacilli increased three times the Gram-positive cocci.
文摘In order to study the indoor thermal environments in university classrooms in Tianjin,a field study and a questionnaire survey for a main teaching building are carried out.First,the thermal sensations of participants in the typical classrooms are studied by 180 questionnaires.Then,based on the measured data,the temperature changes in the classrooms during a year are simulated by the DeST software.The results show that the indoor thermal environments in the northern classrooms on the first floor are better than those in other classrooms.And the measurement results accord with the simulation results.These results can be used as a reference for the study of the indoor thermal environments in other seasons.
基金King Saud University,Grant/Award Number:RSP2024R157。
文摘Biometric characteristics are playing a vital role in security for the last few years.Human gait classification in video sequences is an important biometrics attribute and is used for security purposes.A new framework for human gait classification in video sequences using deep learning(DL)fusion assisted and posterior probability-based moth flames optimization(MFO)is proposed.In the first step,the video frames are resized and finetuned by two pre-trained lightweight DL models,EfficientNetB0 and MobileNetV2.Both models are selected based on the top-5 accuracy and less number of parameters.Later,both models are trained through deep transfer learning and extracted deep features fused using a voting scheme.In the last step,the authors develop a posterior probabilitybased MFO feature selection algorithm to select the best features.The selected features are classified using several supervised learning methods.The CASIA-B publicly available dataset has been employed for the experimental process.On this dataset,the authors selected six angles such as 0°,18°,90°,108°,162°,and 180°and obtained an average accuracy of 96.9%,95.7%,86.8%,90.0%,95.1%,and 99.7%.Results demonstrate comparable improvement in accuracy and significantly minimize the computational time with recent state-of-the-art techniques.
基金Research Project of Marine Design and Research Institute of China。
文摘Negative air ions(NAIs)in indoor environments have been suggested to positively impact human health by effectively reducing particulate contamination and gaseous pollutants,as well as inhibiting the growth of microorganisms,bacteria and viruses.This study investigates the common ionizers with different module types,and the mechanism of NAIs for enhancing indoor air quality,as well as the positive and negative impacts on human health.The association between NAI concentrations and human health outcomes is examined,and alternative measures to balance beneficial and unavailing effects are investigated.While NAIs demonstrate efficacy in removing particulate pollutants,alleviating depression,enhancing cognitive function and even stimulating sympathetic activity,it is pertinent to acknowledge the presence of contradictory findings concerning their effects on cardiac autonomic function and respiratory physiology.To address this complexity,it is imperative to consider alternative measures that strike a balance between the beneficial and unavailing effects of NAIs.These measures can encompass a general assessment of the characteristics of particulate pollutants,a strategic selection of ionizer technologies,and adherence to the recommended optimal concentration thresholds of NAIs.
文摘High concentrations of environmental fungi in the archives repositories are dangerous for the documents preserved in those places and for the workers'health.The aims of this work were to evaluate the behavior of the fungal concentration and diversity in the indoor air of repositories of 3 archives located in Havana,Cuba,and to demonstrate the potential risk that these taxa represent for the documentary heritage preserved in these institutions.The indoor and outdoor environments were sampled with a biocollector.From the I/O ratios,it was evident that two of the studied archives were not contaminated,while one of them did show contamination despite having temperature and relative humidity values very similar to the other two.Aspergillus,Penicillium and Cladosporium were the predominant genera in the indoor environments.New finds for archival environments were the genera Harposporium and Scolecobasidium.The principal species classified ecologically as abundant were C.cladosporioides and P.citrinum.They are known as opportunistic pathogenic fungi.All the analyzed taxa excreted acids,the most of them degraded cellulose,starch and gelatin while about 48%excreted different pigments.But 33%of them showed the highest biodeteriogenic potential,evidencing that they are the most dangerous for the documentary collections.
基金The National Key Technology R&D Program of Chinaduring the 11th Five-Year Plan Period(No.2006BAJ04A13,2006BAJ04B04,2006BAJ02A08,2006BAJ02A05,2006BAJ04A05)
文摘A case study is performed on the influence of the patio on the indoor environment of a traditional folk house group,named Zhangguying village in Hunan province,in the summer of 2007.Measurements include indoor and outdoor air temperature,indoor and outdoor illuminance,indoor and outdoor air speed,and carried out from August 5th to 10th.The results show that the patio,acting as a ＂buffer zone＂,can reduce the ambient impacts on the indoor thermal environment of rooms because the temperature of the patio is lower than that of the outdoor temperature but higher than that of the rooms.The patio can improve the indoor lighting environment because the illuminance of the patio is lower than that of outdoor and higher than that of the rooms.But the effect is too limited,because the illuminance of the rooms is lower than the national standards.This study shows that the shading design is the primary consideration in this kind of climate.The wind speed of the patio is stable and similar to that of the hall and the stack effect of the patio is not obvious.It shows that the patio is useful for natural ventilation,caused by wind pressure,in summer.
基金Supported by "Chen Guang"Project Launched by Shanghai Municipal Education Commission and Shanghai Education Development Foundation (09CGB09)~~
文摘With the rapid development of economy, requirements on indoor environment design are getting higher and higher, but its prosperity brings ecological environment serious destruction and over consumption of resources. Under the global environment of the sustainable development, the principles of indoor environment design were analyzed ecologically and corresponding implementation methods were proposed to provide reference for energy-conservation and gas emission-reduction in the ecological system of indoor environment.
基金Project(50838009) supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China
文摘To explore the thermal responses under the non-thermal equilibrium cold environmental conditions,a laboratory study was conducted in climate chamber.The local skin temperatures and thermal sensation of 20 subjects were recorded at 10 min intervals for 90 min under air temperatures of 7.4,9.1,11 and 15 °C.The results show that both local skin temperatures and mean skin temperature decrease not only with the drop of ambient air temperature but also with the exposure time.Local thermal sensation and overall the thermal sensation have the similar temperature-varying and time-varying characteristics.Predicted mean vote(PMV) model cannot correctly predict the thermal sensation under non-thermal equilibrium cold environment.The correlation between local thermal sensation and local skin temperatures shows that thermal sensation is closely related to skin temperature.Skin temperature is an effective indicator of thermal sensation.A linear relationship model between overall thermal sensation and mean skin temperature,considering both ambient temperature and exposure time,was established in the non-thermal equilibrium cold environment,which makes the evaluation of thermal sensation more objective.
基金This project was supported by the key programof the Nationed Natural Science Foundation of China (60432040)
文摘The path loss analysis model based on 5 rays in vacancy indoor environment is proposed. The relationship between multipath overlapping and the path loss is analyzed mathematically. Time-domain technique is introduced to compute reflection coefficient in a very short time interval. A 5 rays path loss calculation method, which is satisfactory accurate, is developed. 5 typical environments are involved to analyze and generalize the common path loss characteristics in vacancy indoor environment. The simulation result shows that the path loss can be characterized as 3 zones with different path loss exponent as distance between transmitter and receiver increasing.
文摘With 1 185 pi eces of questionnaire, it is found that in China, people take fresh air, odor, e tc., as well as indoor air temperature, humidity, as the most important indoor a ir parameters. It is also found that there is a significant sensitivity differen ce in indoor environment between southerners and northerners in China. People fr om different regions have different demands for their working and living environ ment. Therefore, as a good design of air conditioning system, it is strongly rec ommended that the different demands of people from different regions should be t aken into consideration.
基金National Key Research and Development of China(No.2019YFB1600700)Sichuan Science and Technology Planning Project(No.2021YFSY0003)。
文摘With the rapid development in the service,medical,logistics and other industries,and the increasing demand for unmanned mobile devices,mobile robots with the ability of independent mapping,localization and navigation capabilities have become one of the research hotspots.An accurate map construction is a prerequisite for a mobile robot to achieve autonomous localization and navigation.However,the problems of blurring and missing the borders of obstacles and map boundaries are often faced in the Gmapping algorithm when constructing maps in complex indoor environments.In this pursuit,the present work proposes the development of an improved Gmapping algorithm based on the sparse pose adjustment(SPA)optimizations.The improved Gmapping algorithm is then applied to construct the map of a mobile robot based on single-line Lidar.Experiments show that the improved algorithm could build a more accurate and complete map,reduce the number of particles required for Gmapping,and lower the hardware requirements of the platform,thereby saving and minimizing the computing resources.
文摘Microcontroller <span><span><span style="font-family:;" "="">is </span></span></span><span><span><span style="font-family:;" "="">widely</span></span></span><span><span><span style="font-family:;" "=""> </span></span></span><span><span><span style="font-family:;" "="">used in the intelligent life of modern society. Intelligent development based</span></span></span><span><span><span style="font-family:;" "=""> </span></span></span><span><span><span style="font-family:;" "="">on Microcontroller to solve the actual needs of people</span></span></span><span><span><span style="font-family:;" "="">’</span></span></span><span><span><span style="font-family:;" "="">s life, work, study and</span></span></span><span><span><span style="font-family:;" "=""> </span></span></span><span><span><span style="font-family:;" "="">other fields is the core of Microcontroller application.</span></span></span><span><span><span style="font-family:;" "=""> </span></span></span><span><span><span style="font-family:;" "="">Therefore, it is a task for researchers to understand the structure and performance of microcontroller, develop software, and be familiar with the method and process of intelligent development based on microcontroller. And with that in mind</span></span></span><span><span><span style="font-family:;" "="">, t</span></span></span><span><span><span style="font-family:;" "="">his paper designs and produces a physical hardware system for indoor environment detection based on STM32 microcontroller. The system can detect the light intensity, temperature and humidity, and CO gas concentration in the indoor environment;and the data is integrated and processed by the STM32 microcontroller to display the current parameter values of each quantity in the indoor environment on a 3.5-inch resistive screen;at the same time, the PC can also log in to the OneNET cloud platform through the web page, and display the light intensity, temperature and humidity, and CO gas concentration values in the indoor environment in real time in the device created by OneNET for real-time viewing. The system can also display the light intensity, temperature and humidity, and CO gas concentration values in the indoor environment in real time. The hardware system has been tested and tested to achieve its function.</span></span></span>
基金The authors extend their appreciation to the Deanship of Scientific Research at King Khalid University for funding this work under grant number(RGP.3/53/42),www.kku.edu.sa.This research was funded by the Deanship of Scientific Research at Princess Nourah bint Abdulrahman University through the Fast-Track Path of Research Funding Program.
文摘The rapid technological developments in the modern era have led to increased electrical equipment in our daily lives,work,and homes.From this standpoint,the main objective of this study is to evaluate the potential relationship between the intensity of electromagnetic radiation and the total energy of household appliances in the living environment within the building by measuring and analyzing the strength of the electric field and the entire electromagnetic radiation flux density of electrical devices operating at frequencies(5 Hz to 1 kHz).The living room was chosen as a center for measurement at 15 homes in three different environmental regions(urban,suburbs,and open areas).The three measurement methods are(Mode 1:people in a sitting position with electrical appliances on.Mode 2:People in a standing position with electrical appliances on.Mode 3:People are in the upright positionwhile turning off the electrical devices)in the living room.These measurement methods and their results reinforce the importance of this research.The results showed that the average electric field strengthmeasured inMode 2 ismuch greater than the two methods,and we also found less electromagnetic radiation in Mode 3 than in the two modes.All results remain within the recommended overall exposure developed by the International Committee for the Prevention of Non-Ionizing Radiation and the International Electrotechnical Commission.
基金Supported by the State Environmental Protection Commonweal Industry Research Special of China (No.200909106)
文摘The complexity of the indoor environment brings great challenges to predict the electromagnetic radiation field of multiple antenna systems. Based on the Finite Difference Time Domain (FDTD) algorithm, using the mobile phone shielding device as the multiple antenna systems example, the mobile phone shielding device's indoor electromagnetic radiation field is researched by measurment method and simulation method. The effectivity of prediction method is verified by comparing the prediciton results with the measurment results. About 80% of the error can be controlled less than dB. The quantitative research has certain guiding significance to the prediction of the multiple antenna systems radio wave propagation.
基金Funded by National Key Technology Research and Development Program of the Ministry of Science and Technology of China During the“12th Five Year Plan”(2013BAJ11B04)Funding Project for fundamental and Frontier Science of the Chongqing Science&Technology Commission(cstc2014jcyj A90024)
文摘There are a large number of wooden-plank wall dwellings, a kind of traditional house with regional characteristics, existing in Chongqing area. We chose a typical house in Chongqing as the subject and measured it during summer to research the situation of the indoor thermal comfort of wooden-plank wall dwellings. Based on the particularity of local residents' living habit and the characteristics of the local buildings, we analyzed the data of the field measurement and evaluated the thermal environment with APMV. The results show that the indoor thermal comfort of wooden-plank wall dwellings in summer is improved mainly by natural ventilation.
文摘The content of contribution is to analyse suggested renovation of school building in term of energy performance and indoor environment quality. There were three selected variants of possible reno ration of school building. At first, it was installation of equipment for heat recovery into existing mechanical ventilation system. There were further evaluated possibilities how to use glass atrium or ground air-heat exchanger in mechanical ventilation system. These suggested variants were analysed in field of energy performance, namely in term of impacts on heat demand for space heating in order to keep required parameters of indoor environment quality according to standard STN EN 15251 （operative temperature, relative air humidity, air change rate）. The analysis was elaborated by using energy simulation tool Design Builder in order to evaluate yearlong operation of buildings.
文摘With urbanization and the rapid development of social economy,China’s rail transit industry has developed rapidly in recent years.In order to alleviate the pressure of road network,subways provide convenience as they are fast and space-saving.Subway stations are major energy consumers of urban power grid due to their large traffic volume and long operation time.On the premise of ensuring operation safety,reducing the energy consumption of subway helps in energy conservation and emission reduction as proposed in the 13th Five-Year Plan.According to the statistics of the energy-saving evaluation report of rail transit engineering,the lighting system accounts for 20%-30%of the total power consumption of the subway station.Due to the single lighting control mode of the lighting system in the subway station,the actual station illumination cannot be reported and adjusted in time,resulting in the waste of lighting energy and high power consumption of the system.Through in-depth research on the intelligent lighting system of subway station,this paper improves the system control,and finally summarizes the optimization scheme of subway station lighting design which can effectively save the power consumption of lighting system.The main contents of this paper are as follows:The research results of this paper can provide effective measures for energy saving of electric lighting in subway stations and reduce electric energy consumption;on the other hand,as an integral part of building lighting energy-saving system,it also has certain guiding significance for the research of building lighting energy-saving.
基金supported by the National Key Research and Development Program of China (No.2019YFC1904501).
文摘Furniture is identified as a vital volatile organic compound(VOC)emission source in the indoor environment.Leather has become the most common raw and auxiliary fabric material for upholstered furniture,particularly with extensive consumption in sofas,due to its abundant resources and efficient functions.Despite being widely traded across the world,little research has been conducted on the VOCs released by leathermaterials and their health risk assessment in the indoor environment.Accordingly,this study investigated the VOC emissions of leather with different grades and the health risk of the inhalation exposure.Based on the ultra-fast gas phase electronic nose(EN)and GC-FID/Qtof,the substantial emissions of aliphatic aldehyde ketones(Aks),particularly hexanal,appear to be the cause of off-flavor in medium and low grade(MG and LG)sofa leathers.The health risk assessment indicated that leather materials barely pose non-carcinogenic and carcinogenic effects to residents.Given the abundance of VOC sources and the accumulation of health risks in the indoor environment,more stringent specifications concerning qualitative and quantitative content should be extended to provide VOC treatment basic for the manufacturing industry and obtain better indoor air quality.
