Understanding how countries allocate resources and formulate strategies between team and individual sports in the Olympic Games is crucial for uncovering broader institutional and cultural dynamics.This study,based on...Understanding how countries allocate resources and formulate strategies between team and individual sports in the Olympic Games is crucial for uncovering broader institutional and cultural dynamics.This study,based on a visual analytics framework,explores the structural patterns of Olympic medal distribution over a century.Leveraging a large-scale athlete-event dataset,we construct three interrelated visualizations:(1)a symmetrical bar chart comparing national performance in team and individual sports;(2)a structural clustering model based on medal distribution,combining principal component analysis and Kmeans clustering to identify pattern types;and(3)a dynamic timeline visualization of the evolution of Australia's performance in team sports.The results reveal systematic differences in national strategic preferences,ranging from"team dominance"to"balanced"performance,and identify four structural archetypes of team sports success.Time series analysis further demonstrates how individual countries adjust their strategic priorities across Olympic cycles.The research suggests that medal structure is not simply a result of competitive performance but is also influenced by long-term strategic planning and institutional configurations.This study offers a new data-driven perspective for cross-national sports comparative analysis and demonstrates the unique value of visual analytics in revealing the underlying structure of global competitive systems.展开更多
Non-reductive physicalism is attacked by Jaegwon Kim＇s exclusion argument. Kim argues that if mental and physical properties are distinct, then mental properties are causally irrelevant. My task in this paper is to r...Non-reductive physicalism is attacked by Jaegwon Kim＇s exclusion argument. Kim argues that if mental and physical properties are distinct, then mental properties are causally irrelevant. My task in this paper is to refute this argument and to provide a solution for the problem of mental causation. Taking mental properties as higher-order properties, I attempt to propose a property-exemplification account of events that is compatible with the thesis of token identity. I then attempt to refute the exclusion argument by arguing that mental causation and physical causation are not homogeneous; that is, they are two different kinds of causation. Kim＇s exclusion argument only demonstrates the impossibility of a productive conception of mental causation; however, only a difference-making conception is appropriate for mental causation and human agency. If these results are plausible, they would serve as a metaphysical basis for an autonomy approach to mental causation, which attempts to save the causal relevance of mental properties by arguing that there is only intra-level causal relevance.展开更多
文摘Understanding how countries allocate resources and formulate strategies between team and individual sports in the Olympic Games is crucial for uncovering broader institutional and cultural dynamics.This study,based on a visual analytics framework,explores the structural patterns of Olympic medal distribution over a century.Leveraging a large-scale athlete-event dataset,we construct three interrelated visualizations:(1)a symmetrical bar chart comparing national performance in team and individual sports;(2)a structural clustering model based on medal distribution,combining principal component analysis and Kmeans clustering to identify pattern types;and(3)a dynamic timeline visualization of the evolution of Australia's performance in team sports.The results reveal systematic differences in national strategic preferences,ranging from"team dominance"to"balanced"performance,and identify four structural archetypes of team sports success.Time series analysis further demonstrates how individual countries adjust their strategic priorities across Olympic cycles.The research suggests that medal structure is not simply a result of competitive performance but is also influenced by long-term strategic planning and institutional configurations.This study offers a new data-driven perspective for cross-national sports comparative analysis and demonstrates the unique value of visual analytics in revealing the underlying structure of global competitive systems.
文摘Non-reductive physicalism is attacked by Jaegwon Kim＇s exclusion argument. Kim argues that if mental and physical properties are distinct, then mental properties are causally irrelevant. My task in this paper is to refute this argument and to provide a solution for the problem of mental causation. Taking mental properties as higher-order properties, I attempt to propose a property-exemplification account of events that is compatible with the thesis of token identity. I then attempt to refute the exclusion argument by arguing that mental causation and physical causation are not homogeneous; that is, they are two different kinds of causation. Kim＇s exclusion argument only demonstrates the impossibility of a productive conception of mental causation; however, only a difference-making conception is appropriate for mental causation and human agency. If these results are plausible, they would serve as a metaphysical basis for an autonomy approach to mental causation, which attempts to save the causal relevance of mental properties by arguing that there is only intra-level causal relevance.
