Background： Indigestible markers are commonly utilized in digestion studies, but the complete disappearance or maximum appearance of a marker in feces can be affected by diet composition, feed intake, or an animal＇s...Background： Indigestible markers are commonly utilized in digestion studies, but the complete disappearance or maximum appearance of a marker in feces can be affected by diet composition, feed intake, or an animal＇s BW.The objectives of this study were to determine the impact of previous（Phase 1, P1） and current-（Phase 2, P2）diet composition on marker disappearance（Cr） and appearance（Ti） in pigs fed 3 diets differing in NDF content.Results： When pigs were maintained on the 25.1, 72.5, and 125.0 g/kg NDF diets, it took 5.1, 4.1, and 2.5 d, respectively,for Cr levels to decrease below the limit of quantitation; or 4.6, 3.7, or 2.8 d, respectively, for Ti to be maximized. These effects were not, however, independent of the previous diet as indicated by the interaction between P1 and P2 diets on fecal marker concentrations（P 〈 0.01）. When dietary NDF increased from P1 to P2, it took less time for fecal Cr to decrease or fecal Ti to be maximized（an average of 2.5 d）, than if NDF decreased from P1 to P2 where it took longer for fecal Cr to decrease or fecal Ti to be maximized（an average of 3.4 d）.Conclusions： Because of the wide range in excretion times reported in the literature and improved laboratory methods for elemental detection, the data suggests that caution must be taken in considering dietary fiber concentrations of the past and currently fed diets so that no previous dietary marker addition remains in the digestive tract or feces such that a smal amount of maker is present to confound subsequent experimental results, and that marker concentration have stabilized when these samples are col ected.展开更多
The objective was to determine whether increasing dietary indigestible protein concentration exacerbates detrimental effects of coccidiosis in broiler chickens.A total of 192 male broiler chickens(Cobb 500,initial bod...The objective was to determine whether increasing dietary indigestible protein concentration exacerbates detrimental effects of coccidiosis in broiler chickens.A total of 192 male broiler chickens(Cobb 500,initial body weight=310±30 g)on d 11 post hatching were allotted to 4 treatments in a randomized complete block design.Each dietary treatment contained 8 replicate cages with 6 birds per cage.The treatments were based on a 2(control vs.coccidia challenge)×2(standard diet vs.high-indigestible protein diet)factorial treatment arrangement.Non-autoclaved poultry meal was used in the standard diet,whereas autoclaved poultry meal was included in the high-indigestible protein diet to induce a difference in the intestinal indigestible protein concentration between the 2 diets.On d 12 post hatching,birds were orally gavaged with either 1 mL of saline or 1 mL of a solution containing 25,000 oocysts of Eimeria maxima,25,000 oocysts of Eimeria tenella,and 125,000 oocysts of Eimeria acervulina,depending on their respective treatment.On d 18,birds were euthanized for ileal digesta collection.Jejunal tissue and cecal mucosa were collected from the bird with median weight in each cage.Body weight gain loss was greater when birds were fed the high-indigestible protein diet,but the degree of the decrease was greater in the coccidia-challenged group compared with the non-challenged group(interaction;P<0.05).There was a tendency for an interaction between coccidia challenge and diet(P=0.052)for feed intake with a greater intake of the high-indigestible protein compared with the standard diet in non-challenged birds,whereas a difference in feed intake was not observed between the two diets in the challenged birds.Coccidia challenge or increasing dietary indigestible protein concentration decreased ileal nitrogen digestibility,which increased ileal indigestible nitrogen concentration(P<0.05).Coccidia challenge did not affect goblet cell count per jejunal villus when birds were fed the standard diet,but the count decreased under the high-indigestible protein diet(interaction,P<0.05).Coccidia challenge increased(P<0.05)the mRNA expression of tumor necrosis factor-αand interleukin-1β,whereas feeding the high-indigestible protein diet decreased(P<0.05)occludin mRNA expression in cecal mucosa.In conclusion,increasing dietary indigestible protein has the potential to exacerbate detrimental effects,and decrease the gene expression of cecal tight junction protein during coccidia challenge.展开更多
Guava fruit is rich in phenolic compounds(PCs),whose metabolic fate has not been explored.Non-digestible carbohydrates and PCs in whole guava(WG)and seedless guava(SG)were submitted to an in vitro colonic fermentation...Guava fruit is rich in phenolic compounds(PCs),whose metabolic fate has not been explored.Non-digestible carbohydrates and PCs in whole guava(WG)and seedless guava(SG)were submitted to an in vitro colonic fermentation,followed by evaluation of the anti-proliferative activity of the fermentation extracts in HT-29 cancer cell lines.The main PCs in both samples were(+)-gallocatechin and gallic acid,while procyanidin B was the most abundant one associated with soluble indigestible fraction and quercetin predominated in the insoluble indigestible fraction.The fermentability index at 24 h was 78.84%in WG and 84.74%for SG,near to the value for raffinose used as reference,with butyric acid as the main short chain fatty acids(SCFA)produced.The greatest antiproliferative effects were observed in the SG at 12 h of fermentation and WG at 24 h of fermentation.These results allow to suggest consumption of guava fruit,either with or without seeds,as a feasible way to maintain colonic health.展开更多
Cowpea protein isolate(CPI)was subjected to various dry and wet heat pretreatments followed by sequential digestion with pepsin and pancreatin;the undigested residues were isolated as the indigestible cowpea proteins(...Cowpea protein isolate(CPI)was subjected to various dry and wet heat pretreatments followed by sequential digestion with pepsin and pancreatin;the undigested residues were isolated as the indigestible cowpea proteins(ICPs).All the ICPs exhibited in vitro bile acid-binding capacity but ICP from the slow cooling-induced gelation had the highest yield(68%)and was used for rat feeding experiments to determine effect on plasma total cholesterol(TC).Groups consisting of 3 male and 3 female Sprague-Dawley rats each were fed hypercholesterolemic diets that contained casein only or casein that was partially substituted with ICP of CPI for 6 weeks.Results showed diet that contained 5%(w/w)ICP was more effective in preventing TC increase(1.8 mmol/L)when compared to increases of 9.34 and 4.15 mmol/L for CPI and casein only diets,respectively.展开更多
In human nutrition, dietary fibers are un-degradable by mammalian enzymes, and are therefore potentially available for fermentation by micro-organisms living in the gastrointestinal tract. It is thought that these fer...In human nutrition, dietary fibers are un-degradable by mammalian enzymes, and are therefore potentially available for fermentation by micro-organisms living in the gastrointestinal tract. It is thought that these fermentable carbohydrates affect fermentation by stimulating the growth or metabolism of specific bacterial species, which are potentially beneficial for health. Hence in this study three gut associated microbes—Escherichia coli, Bacillus subtilis, and Lactobacillus acidophilus were made to ferment the non-digestible fraction of Otili—Sphenostylis stenocarpa, a well-established underutilized wild bean with high economic importance. After 18 hours’ fermentation period short chain fatty acids (SCFAs) and medium chain fatty acids (MCFAs) were detected and evaluated by GC-MS analysis. Metabolic products were relatively dependent on the fermenter. This present study affirmed butyric acid as the main SCFAs after 18 hours’ fermentation. The clinical significance of thirteen other MCFAs detected and quantified was also explored thus conferring a valuable prebiotic on Otili.展开更多
Excess weight and obesity are serious public health problems, which should be addressed through encouraging the consumption of foods with high amount of low digestible carbohydrates. The objective of this study was to...Excess weight and obesity are serious public health problems, which should be addressed through encouraging the consumption of foods with high amount of low digestible carbohydrates. The objective of this study was to put together spaghetti that blends unripe banana whole flour (UBWF) and durum wheat of different levels and to evaluate their chemical composition, starch digestibility and sensory characteristics. Spaghetti with 15%, 30%, and 45% of UBWF and a control spaghetti (100% durum wheat flour) were put together. The protein content decreased (10.42% to 7.74%) as the UBWF level was increased in the composite, while the amount of ash (0.87% to 1.54%) and total starch (70.24% to 73.71%) increased. Spaghetti with 15% and 45% of UBWF had similar available starch content. The addition of UBWF increased the resistant starch content from 1.98% to 10.91%, and consequently the indigestible starch fraction (14.00% to 27.29%). Spaghetti with 30% of UBWF had good consumer acceptability and was ranked higher than the control sample.展开更多
Objective By acupuncture plus massage to treat poor appetite induced by indigestion of food retention in children to restore their normal appetite. Methods 476 cases of indigestion of food retention in children were t...Objective By acupuncture plus massage to treat poor appetite induced by indigestion of food retention in children to restore their normal appetite. Methods 476 cases of indigestion of food retention in children were treated by acupuncture plus massage. Results 385 of the 476 cases were cured, and 91 cases were improved by one treatment with a total effective rate of 100%. Conclusion Acupuncture plus massage provided remarkable therapeutic effects on indigestion of food retention in children.展开更多
The cell walls of plants are mainly made of cellulose and contain a large number of calories.However,the main component,cellulose,is an indigestible plant fiber that is thought to be difficult for humans to use as ene...The cell walls of plants are mainly made of cellulose and contain a large number of calories.However,the main component,cellulose,is an indigestible plant fiber that is thought to be difficult for humans to use as energy.Herbivores acquire energy through the degradation of cell wall-derived dietary fiber by microorganisms in the digestive tract.Herbivores,especially horses,have a highly developed cecum and large intestine,and plants are fermented for their efficient use with the help of microorganisms.Humans also have an intestinal tract with a wide lumen on the proximal side of the large intestine,in which fermentation occurs.The digestive process of horses is similar to that of humans,and many of the intestinal bacteria found in horses that degrade plants are also found in humans.Therefore,it is thought that humans also obtain a certain amount of energy from cell wall-derived dietary fiber.However,the intake of dietary fiber by modern humans is low;thus,the amount of calories derived from indigestible plant fiber is considered to be very low.Cellulose in the plant cell wall is often accompanied by hemicellulose,pectin,lignin,suberin,and other materials.These materials are hard to degrade,and cellulose is therefore difficult for animals to utilize.If the cell wall can be degraded to some extent by cooking,it is thought that humans can obtain calories from cell wall-derived dietary fiber.If humans can use the calories from the cell wall for their diet,it may compensate for human food shortages.展开更多
Beans are rich in dietary fiber and polyphenols;however, growing conditions may affect the occurrence of these components. The effect of irrigation and rain fed conditions on dietary fiber, indigestible fraction, poly...Beans are rich in dietary fiber and polyphenols;however, growing conditions may affect the occurrence of these components. The effect of irrigation and rain fed conditions on dietary fiber, indigestible fraction, polyphenols and antioxidant capacity of Black 8025 and Pinto Durango bean cultivars grown in Mexico have been determined. Total dietary fiber decreased in beans grown under rain fed conditions compared to those grown under irrigation. The water regimes had an effect on the total indigestible fraction for Black 8025 bean. The extractable polyphenols were affected by the water regimes, while the antioxidant capacity of extractable and non-extractable polyphenols was dependent on the bean variety. Cooking the beans altered the extractable and non-extractable polyphenols and the antioxidant capacity. Also, the antioxidant properties and some extend, the digestibility of non-digestible carbohydrates of beans were affected by water regimes. This information could be taken into account for dry bean breeding programs to improve the nutritional quality of beans.展开更多
This study aimed to investigate the eff ect of LyPB on the intestinal microfl ora of giant pandas with indigestion,using high-throughput sequencing(HTS)technology.The species distribution and microfl oral density and ...This study aimed to investigate the eff ect of LyPB on the intestinal microfl ora of giant pandas with indigestion,using high-throughput sequencing(HTS)technology.The species distribution and microfl oral density and diversity before and after administration of the LyPB probiotic agent were analyzed.LyPB evidently has the ability to adjust the fl oral imbalance in the panda’s intestine.To test the eff ects of LyPB on the microfl ora of the panda gut,fecal samples were taken from a healthy giant panda(Anan)without administration of LyPB and from a dyspeptic giant panda Yangyang before and after LyPB administration.Compared with the sample obtained from healthy Anan(anan-c)and that obtained from dyspeptic Yangyang before LyPB administration(yangyang1),the sample taken from Yangyang(yangyang2)after LyPB administration displayed a signifi cant increase in the operational taxonomic unit index.An increase in the Chao index indicated an increase in the microfl oral richness,while an increase in the Shannon index indicated an increase in microfl oral diversity.At phylum and genus levels,a signifi cant increase was observed in the density of probiotic bacteria of phylum fi rmicutes,genus Streptococcus,while a drastic reduction in the density of Escherichia coli/Escherichia coli Shigella/bacteria of genus Shigella was observed.Data obtained in this study shows that LyPB preparations successfully improve the microbial structure within the panda’s intestinal canal by signifi cantly increasing the eff ective microbial community and decreasing the number of pathogenic microbes.展开更多
The process of food digestion is one of the most important physiologic processes in human body. In this review, we are seeking the views of Avicenna, the most distinguished Persian medical scholar about digestion and ...The process of food digestion is one of the most important physiologic processes in human body. In this review, we are seeking the views of Avicenna, the most distinguished Persian medical scholar about digestion and indigestion. Avicenna’s view was based on the humoral theory. Avicenna has focused scrutiny on the process of digestion. He divided this process into four phases including gastric, hepatic, intravascular and intra-organ digestion. A defect in any of these phases can lead to disturbance in other stages. Avicenna approached the problem of indigestion through factors of diet, lifestyle and inherent structural characteristics of digestive organs. Modern medicine confirms Avicenna's opinion about the start of digestion from the mouth, the role of the stomach in digestion and the role of the liver in the metabolism of foods. Overeating or eating certain foods, snacking between meals, eating variety of different foods together, intense physical activity, sexual activity after a meal, stress and sleep insufficiency are among factors that may be linked to indigestion in modern medicine viewpoints and also have been mentioned in Avicenna's teachings. It seems rational to consider the medical approaches recommended by Avicenna for future studies in the field of digestive disorders.展开更多
In this article, effective finger pressure methods for the treatment of infantile indi-gestion were introduced, which include back finger knocking method, Jiaji points pressing methodand abdomen finger pressing method...In this article, effective finger pressure methods for the treatment of infantile indi-gestion were introduced, which include back finger knocking method, Jiaji points pressing methodand abdomen finger pressing method. 64 cases have been observed. Among them, cured: 43 cases,significantly improved: 12 cases. The total effective rate: 98. 4%. The results showed that fingerpressure method is an effective external treatment method which has the characteristics of simplicity,no damage. This method can be widely accepted by children.展开更多
Objective: this paper will mainly analyze the effect of Helicobacter pylori-infected dyspepsia patients after follow-up care, and discuss the application value of this care measure. Methods: a total of 100 patients pa...Objective: this paper will mainly analyze the effect of Helicobacter pylori-infected dyspepsia patients after follow-up care, and discuss the application value of this care measure. Methods: a total of 100 patients participated in this study, all from dyspepsia patients with Helicobacter pylori infection from January 2020 to January 2021.In the study process with 50 patients as a group, according to the different care in the research group and reference group, the study group patients receive care for follow-up care, and reference group patients for routine basic care, different care, targeted statistics outside hospital compliance rate, eradication rate, timely visit rate, complication rate, nursing quality score, statistical research data integration, observe the two groups, and determine the difference and effectiveness of nursing methods. Results: in the study group, the eradication rate of Helicobacter pylori infection was 48 (96.00%), the timely follow-up rate was 47 (94.00%), the total compliance rate of drugs outside the hospital was 48 (96.00%), and the incidence of complications was 7 (14.00%);The eradication rate of Helicobacter pylori infection in the reference group was 40 (80.00%), the return visit rate on time was 33 (66.00%), the total compliance rate of drugs outside the hospital was 38 (76.00%), and the incidence of complications was 18 (36.00%);The scores of nursing quality in the study group were significantly higher, including nursing responsibility, communication, service attitude and information disclosure. The scores were: (9.25 ± 0.53), (9.18 ± 0.49), (9.27 ± 0.47), (9.31 ± 0.38);The data of the reference group was significantly lower;There was significant difference between the two groups (P < 0.05). Conclusion: the follow-up care applied in indigestion patients with Helicobacter pylori infection can greatly improve Helicobacter pylori infection eradication rate, both patients and total compliance rate are significantly increased, thus reduce the incidence of complications, the effect of patients satisfied, has the value of promotion and wide application.展开更多
This study investigated the hypothesis that feeding broilers over-processed meat and bone meal(MBM)would impair gut health in the absence of phytase and in turn,affect inositol phosphate(inositol xphosphate,IPx:IP3,IP...This study investigated the hypothesis that feeding broilers over-processed meat and bone meal(MBM)would impair gut health in the absence of phytase and in turn,affect inositol phosphate(inositol xphosphate,IPx:IP3,IP4,IP5 and IP6)ester hydrolysis,intestinal permeability,hematology,jejunal gene expression and intestinal morphology during necrotic enteritis(NE).Ross 308 male broilers(n=768)were assigned to one of 8 dietary treatments in a 2×2×2 factorial arrangement,with 6 replicate pens per diet and 16 birds per pen in a completely randomized design.Factors were:NE challenge(no or yes),phytase level(500 or 5,000 FTU/kg)and MBM processing(as-received or over-processed).For the NE challenge,half of the birds were challenged with field strains of Eimeria spp.on d 9 and 108 CFU/mL of Clostridium perfringens strain EHE-NE18 on d 14 and 15.A 3-way challenge,phytase and MBM processing interaction was detected for IP5(P<0.05)and IP6(P<0.05)levels in the ileum.Birds fed low phytase had increased IP5 and IP6 in unchallenged birds only when diets contained over-processed MBM.Challenge with NE increased intestinal permeability as measured by serum fluorescein isothiocyanate dextran(FITC-d;P<0.001),increased white blood cells(WBC;P<0.001),decreased mean corpuscular volume(MCV;P<0.001)and mean corpuscular hemoglobin(MCH;P<0.05),and decreased crypt-tovilli ratio(P<0.05).The over-processed MBM reduced the villi-to-crypt ratio(P<0.05).A 3-way challenge x phytase x MBM processing interaction was detected for mucin 2(MUC-2)expression(P<0.05)where only in unchallenged birds fed over-processed MBM did high phytase reduce MUC-2 expression.A lower expression of aminopeptidase N(APN;P<0.001)and vitamin D receptor(VDR;P<0.001)were recorded in NE challenged birds.In conclusion,NE has a negative impact on the gut and hematology of broilers,but its effect on phytate hydrolysis is minimal.展开更多
This feeding study investigated the hypothesis that over-processing of meat and bone meal(MBM)would impair the performance,gut health and ileal digestibility of nutrients in birds challenged with necrotic enteritis(NE...This feeding study investigated the hypothesis that over-processing of meat and bone meal(MBM)would impair the performance,gut health and ileal digestibility of nutrients in birds challenged with necrotic enteritis(NE).The effect of phytase(500 vs.5,000 FTU/kg)was also examined using manufacturers recommended matrix values for 500 FTU for both levels.Ross 308 male broilers(n=768)were assigned to 8 diets,with 6 replicate pens per diet and 16 birds per replicate pen using a randomized design with a factorial arrangement of treatments.Factors were NE challenge(no or yes),MBM(as received or overprocessed),and phytase level(500 or 5,000 FTU/kg).Half of the birds were challenged with 5,000 oocysts of field strains of Eimeria acervulina and Eimeria brunetti,and 2,500 oocysts of Eimeria maxima on d 9 and 10^8 CFU/mL of Clostridium perfringens strain EHE-NE18 on d 14 and 15 post-hatch.Challenge×MBM interactions were detected for weight gain(WG),feed conversion ratio(FCR)and feed intake(FI)at d 14,21 and 28,showing that challenged birds fed over-processed MBM had decreased WG(P<0.05)and FI(P<0.05)at d 14,increased FCR(P<0.05)at d 21 and decreased WG(P<0.05)and FI(P>0.05)at d 28.Birds fed low phytase had increased livability(P<0.05)at d 42.The challenge increased the prevalence and severity of NE induced lesions in the jejunum(P<0.05)and ileum(P<0.05).The birds fed over-processed MBM had decreased pH in the jejunum(P<0.05)and ileum(P<0.05)at d 16.High phytase increased apparent ileal digestibility(AID)of Ca(P<0.05)and P(P<0.05),and over-processed MBM increased AID of carbon(C;P<0.05)and Ca(P<0.05)at d 29.The challenge increased the caecal counts of Lactobacillus spp.(P<0.05)and C.perfringens(P<0.05)at d 16.The results indicated that supplementation of diets with high phytase reduces the negative impact on performance from over-processed MBM during NE as a result of increased nutrient digestibility.展开更多
基金the National Laboratory for Agriculture and the Environment (Ames, Iowa) for laboratory assistance. Appreciation is also expressed to H. J. Monegue and W. Patton (University of Kentucky, Lexington) for assistance in the care of pigs and to D. Higginbotham (University of Kentucky, Lexington) for help in diet preparation and to Akey Inc. (Lewisburg, OH) and DSM Nutritional Products Inc. (Parsippany, N J) for ingredients used in the diets. Mention of a trade name, proprietary product, or specific equipment does not constitute a guarantee or warranty by the USDA, Iowa State University, or the University of Kentucky and does not imply approval to the exclusion of other products that may be suitable. The USDA is an equal opportunity provider and employer.
文摘Background： Indigestible markers are commonly utilized in digestion studies, but the complete disappearance or maximum appearance of a marker in feces can be affected by diet composition, feed intake, or an animal＇s BW.The objectives of this study were to determine the impact of previous（Phase 1, P1） and current-（Phase 2, P2）diet composition on marker disappearance（Cr） and appearance（Ti） in pigs fed 3 diets differing in NDF content.Results： When pigs were maintained on the 25.1, 72.5, and 125.0 g/kg NDF diets, it took 5.1, 4.1, and 2.5 d, respectively,for Cr levels to decrease below the limit of quantitation; or 4.6, 3.7, or 2.8 d, respectively, for Ti to be maximized. These effects were not, however, independent of the previous diet as indicated by the interaction between P1 and P2 diets on fecal marker concentrations（P 〈 0.01）. When dietary NDF increased from P1 to P2, it took less time for fecal Cr to decrease or fecal Ti to be maximized（an average of 2.5 d）, than if NDF decreased from P1 to P2 where it took longer for fecal Cr to decrease or fecal Ti to be maximized（an average of 3.4 d）.Conclusions： Because of the wide range in excretion times reported in the literature and improved laboratory methods for elemental detection, the data suggests that caution must be taken in considering dietary fiber concentrations of the past and currently fed diets so that no previous dietary marker addition remains in the digestive tract or feces such that a smal amount of maker is present to confound subsequent experimental results, and that marker concentration have stabilized when these samples are col ected.
文摘The objective was to determine whether increasing dietary indigestible protein concentration exacerbates detrimental effects of coccidiosis in broiler chickens.A total of 192 male broiler chickens(Cobb 500,initial body weight=310±30 g)on d 11 post hatching were allotted to 4 treatments in a randomized complete block design.Each dietary treatment contained 8 replicate cages with 6 birds per cage.The treatments were based on a 2(control vs.coccidia challenge)×2(standard diet vs.high-indigestible protein diet)factorial treatment arrangement.Non-autoclaved poultry meal was used in the standard diet,whereas autoclaved poultry meal was included in the high-indigestible protein diet to induce a difference in the intestinal indigestible protein concentration between the 2 diets.On d 12 post hatching,birds were orally gavaged with either 1 mL of saline or 1 mL of a solution containing 25,000 oocysts of Eimeria maxima,25,000 oocysts of Eimeria tenella,and 125,000 oocysts of Eimeria acervulina,depending on their respective treatment.On d 18,birds were euthanized for ileal digesta collection.Jejunal tissue and cecal mucosa were collected from the bird with median weight in each cage.Body weight gain loss was greater when birds were fed the high-indigestible protein diet,but the degree of the decrease was greater in the coccidia-challenged group compared with the non-challenged group(interaction;P<0.05).There was a tendency for an interaction between coccidia challenge and diet(P=0.052)for feed intake with a greater intake of the high-indigestible protein compared with the standard diet in non-challenged birds,whereas a difference in feed intake was not observed between the two diets in the challenged birds.Coccidia challenge or increasing dietary indigestible protein concentration decreased ileal nitrogen digestibility,which increased ileal indigestible nitrogen concentration(P<0.05).Coccidia challenge did not affect goblet cell count per jejunal villus when birds were fed the standard diet,but the count decreased under the high-indigestible protein diet(interaction,P<0.05).Coccidia challenge increased(P<0.05)the mRNA expression of tumor necrosis factor-αand interleukin-1β,whereas feeding the high-indigestible protein diet decreased(P<0.05)occludin mRNA expression in cecal mucosa.In conclusion,increasing dietary indigestible protein has the potential to exacerbate detrimental effects,and decrease the gene expression of cecal tight junction protein during coccidia challenge.
基金FJBB thanks Consejo Nacional de Ciencia y Tecnología,M´exico(CONACyT)for the scholarship(378371)granted.
文摘Guava fruit is rich in phenolic compounds(PCs),whose metabolic fate has not been explored.Non-digestible carbohydrates and PCs in whole guava(WG)and seedless guava(SG)were submitted to an in vitro colonic fermentation,followed by evaluation of the anti-proliferative activity of the fermentation extracts in HT-29 cancer cell lines.The main PCs in both samples were(+)-gallocatechin and gallic acid,while procyanidin B was the most abundant one associated with soluble indigestible fraction and quercetin predominated in the insoluble indigestible fraction.The fermentability index at 24 h was 78.84%in WG and 84.74%for SG,near to the value for raffinose used as reference,with butyric acid as the main short chain fatty acids(SCFA)produced.The greatest antiproliferative effects were observed in the SG at 12 h of fermentation and WG at 24 h of fermentation.These results allow to suggest consumption of guava fruit,either with or without seeds,as a feasible way to maintain colonic health.
文摘Cowpea protein isolate(CPI)was subjected to various dry and wet heat pretreatments followed by sequential digestion with pepsin and pancreatin;the undigested residues were isolated as the indigestible cowpea proteins(ICPs).All the ICPs exhibited in vitro bile acid-binding capacity but ICP from the slow cooling-induced gelation had the highest yield(68%)and was used for rat feeding experiments to determine effect on plasma total cholesterol(TC).Groups consisting of 3 male and 3 female Sprague-Dawley rats each were fed hypercholesterolemic diets that contained casein only or casein that was partially substituted with ICP of CPI for 6 weeks.Results showed diet that contained 5%(w/w)ICP was more effective in preventing TC increase(1.8 mmol/L)when compared to increases of 9.34 and 4.15 mmol/L for CPI and casein only diets,respectively.
文摘In human nutrition, dietary fibers are un-degradable by mammalian enzymes, and are therefore potentially available for fermentation by micro-organisms living in the gastrointestinal tract. It is thought that these fermentable carbohydrates affect fermentation by stimulating the growth or metabolism of specific bacterial species, which are potentially beneficial for health. Hence in this study three gut associated microbes—Escherichia coli, Bacillus subtilis, and Lactobacillus acidophilus were made to ferment the non-digestible fraction of Otili—Sphenostylis stenocarpa, a well-established underutilized wild bean with high economic importance. After 18 hours’ fermentation period short chain fatty acids (SCFAs) and medium chain fatty acids (MCFAs) were detected and evaluated by GC-MS analysis. Metabolic products were relatively dependent on the fermenter. This present study affirmed butyric acid as the main SCFAs after 18 hours’ fermentation. The clinical significance of thirteen other MCFAs detected and quantified was also explored thus conferring a valuable prebiotic on Otili.
文摘Excess weight and obesity are serious public health problems, which should be addressed through encouraging the consumption of foods with high amount of low digestible carbohydrates. The objective of this study was to put together spaghetti that blends unripe banana whole flour (UBWF) and durum wheat of different levels and to evaluate their chemical composition, starch digestibility and sensory characteristics. Spaghetti with 15%, 30%, and 45% of UBWF and a control spaghetti (100% durum wheat flour) were put together. The protein content decreased (10.42% to 7.74%) as the UBWF level was increased in the composite, while the amount of ash (0.87% to 1.54%) and total starch (70.24% to 73.71%) increased. Spaghetti with 15% and 45% of UBWF had similar available starch content. The addition of UBWF increased the resistant starch content from 1.98% to 10.91%, and consequently the indigestible starch fraction (14.00% to 27.29%). Spaghetti with 30% of UBWF had good consumer acceptability and was ranked higher than the control sample.
文摘Objective By acupuncture plus massage to treat poor appetite induced by indigestion of food retention in children to restore their normal appetite. Methods 476 cases of indigestion of food retention in children were treated by acupuncture plus massage. Results 385 of the 476 cases were cured, and 91 cases were improved by one treatment with a total effective rate of 100%. Conclusion Acupuncture plus massage provided remarkable therapeutic effects on indigestion of food retention in children.
文摘The cell walls of plants are mainly made of cellulose and contain a large number of calories.However,the main component,cellulose,is an indigestible plant fiber that is thought to be difficult for humans to use as energy.Herbivores acquire energy through the degradation of cell wall-derived dietary fiber by microorganisms in the digestive tract.Herbivores,especially horses,have a highly developed cecum and large intestine,and plants are fermented for their efficient use with the help of microorganisms.Humans also have an intestinal tract with a wide lumen on the proximal side of the large intestine,in which fermentation occurs.The digestive process of horses is similar to that of humans,and many of the intestinal bacteria found in horses that degrade plants are also found in humans.Therefore,it is thought that humans also obtain a certain amount of energy from cell wall-derived dietary fiber.However,the intake of dietary fiber by modern humans is low;thus,the amount of calories derived from indigestible plant fiber is considered to be very low.Cellulose in the plant cell wall is often accompanied by hemicellulose,pectin,lignin,suberin,and other materials.These materials are hard to degrade,and cellulose is therefore difficult for animals to utilize.If the cell wall can be degraded to some extent by cooking,it is thought that humans can obtain calories from cell wall-derived dietary fiber.If humans can use the calories from the cell wall for their diet,it may compensate for human food shortages.
文摘Beans are rich in dietary fiber and polyphenols;however, growing conditions may affect the occurrence of these components. The effect of irrigation and rain fed conditions on dietary fiber, indigestible fraction, polyphenols and antioxidant capacity of Black 8025 and Pinto Durango bean cultivars grown in Mexico have been determined. Total dietary fiber decreased in beans grown under rain fed conditions compared to those grown under irrigation. The water regimes had an effect on the total indigestible fraction for Black 8025 bean. The extractable polyphenols were affected by the water regimes, while the antioxidant capacity of extractable and non-extractable polyphenols was dependent on the bean variety. Cooking the beans altered the extractable and non-extractable polyphenols and the antioxidant capacity. Also, the antioxidant properties and some extend, the digestibility of non-digestible carbohydrates of beans were affected by water regimes. This information could be taken into account for dry bean breeding programs to improve the nutritional quality of beans.
文摘AIM: To compare the prevalence and diversity of gastrointestinal (GI) symptoms in patients undergoing peritoneal dialysis (PD) and hemodialysis (HD).
文摘This study aimed to investigate the eff ect of LyPB on the intestinal microfl ora of giant pandas with indigestion,using high-throughput sequencing(HTS)technology.The species distribution and microfl oral density and diversity before and after administration of the LyPB probiotic agent were analyzed.LyPB evidently has the ability to adjust the fl oral imbalance in the panda’s intestine.To test the eff ects of LyPB on the microfl ora of the panda gut,fecal samples were taken from a healthy giant panda(Anan)without administration of LyPB and from a dyspeptic giant panda Yangyang before and after LyPB administration.Compared with the sample obtained from healthy Anan(anan-c)and that obtained from dyspeptic Yangyang before LyPB administration(yangyang1),the sample taken from Yangyang(yangyang2)after LyPB administration displayed a signifi cant increase in the operational taxonomic unit index.An increase in the Chao index indicated an increase in the microfl oral richness,while an increase in the Shannon index indicated an increase in microfl oral diversity.At phylum and genus levels,a signifi cant increase was observed in the density of probiotic bacteria of phylum fi rmicutes,genus Streptococcus,while a drastic reduction in the density of Escherichia coli/Escherichia coli Shigella/bacteria of genus Shigella was observed.Data obtained in this study shows that LyPB preparations successfully improve the microbial structure within the panda’s intestinal canal by signifi cantly increasing the eff ective microbial community and decreasing the number of pathogenic microbes.
文摘The process of food digestion is one of the most important physiologic processes in human body. In this review, we are seeking the views of Avicenna, the most distinguished Persian medical scholar about digestion and indigestion. Avicenna’s view was based on the humoral theory. Avicenna has focused scrutiny on the process of digestion. He divided this process into four phases including gastric, hepatic, intravascular and intra-organ digestion. A defect in any of these phases can lead to disturbance in other stages. Avicenna approached the problem of indigestion through factors of diet, lifestyle and inherent structural characteristics of digestive organs. Modern medicine confirms Avicenna's opinion about the start of digestion from the mouth, the role of the stomach in digestion and the role of the liver in the metabolism of foods. Overeating or eating certain foods, snacking between meals, eating variety of different foods together, intense physical activity, sexual activity after a meal, stress and sleep insufficiency are among factors that may be linked to indigestion in modern medicine viewpoints and also have been mentioned in Avicenna's teachings. It seems rational to consider the medical approaches recommended by Avicenna for future studies in the field of digestive disorders.
文摘In this article, effective finger pressure methods for the treatment of infantile indi-gestion were introduced, which include back finger knocking method, Jiaji points pressing methodand abdomen finger pressing method. 64 cases have been observed. Among them, cured: 43 cases,significantly improved: 12 cases. The total effective rate: 98. 4%. The results showed that fingerpressure method is an effective external treatment method which has the characteristics of simplicity,no damage. This method can be widely accepted by children.
文摘Objective: this paper will mainly analyze the effect of Helicobacter pylori-infected dyspepsia patients after follow-up care, and discuss the application value of this care measure. Methods: a total of 100 patients participated in this study, all from dyspepsia patients with Helicobacter pylori infection from January 2020 to January 2021.In the study process with 50 patients as a group, according to the different care in the research group and reference group, the study group patients receive care for follow-up care, and reference group patients for routine basic care, different care, targeted statistics outside hospital compliance rate, eradication rate, timely visit rate, complication rate, nursing quality score, statistical research data integration, observe the two groups, and determine the difference and effectiveness of nursing methods. Results: in the study group, the eradication rate of Helicobacter pylori infection was 48 (96.00%), the timely follow-up rate was 47 (94.00%), the total compliance rate of drugs outside the hospital was 48 (96.00%), and the incidence of complications was 7 (14.00%);The eradication rate of Helicobacter pylori infection in the reference group was 40 (80.00%), the return visit rate on time was 33 (66.00%), the total compliance rate of drugs outside the hospital was 38 (76.00%), and the incidence of complications was 18 (36.00%);The scores of nursing quality in the study group were significantly higher, including nursing responsibility, communication, service attitude and information disclosure. The scores were: (9.25 ± 0.53), (9.18 ± 0.49), (9.27 ± 0.47), (9.31 ± 0.38);The data of the reference group was significantly lower;There was significant difference between the two groups (P < 0.05). Conclusion: the follow-up care applied in indigestion patients with Helicobacter pylori infection can greatly improve Helicobacter pylori infection eradication rate, both patients and total compliance rate are significantly increased, thus reduce the incidence of complications, the effect of patients satisfied, has the value of promotion and wide application.
基金AB Vista Feed Ingredient,Malborough,UK for funding this researchthe University of New England(UNE),Armidale(Australia)is acknowledged for providingthe international postgraduate research award(IPRA)to the lead author
文摘This study investigated the hypothesis that feeding broilers over-processed meat and bone meal(MBM)would impair gut health in the absence of phytase and in turn,affect inositol phosphate(inositol xphosphate,IPx:IP3,IP4,IP5 and IP6)ester hydrolysis,intestinal permeability,hematology,jejunal gene expression and intestinal morphology during necrotic enteritis(NE).Ross 308 male broilers(n=768)were assigned to one of 8 dietary treatments in a 2×2×2 factorial arrangement,with 6 replicate pens per diet and 16 birds per pen in a completely randomized design.Factors were:NE challenge(no or yes),phytase level(500 or 5,000 FTU/kg)and MBM processing(as-received or over-processed).For the NE challenge,half of the birds were challenged with field strains of Eimeria spp.on d 9 and 108 CFU/mL of Clostridium perfringens strain EHE-NE18 on d 14 and 15.A 3-way challenge,phytase and MBM processing interaction was detected for IP5(P<0.05)and IP6(P<0.05)levels in the ileum.Birds fed low phytase had increased IP5 and IP6 in unchallenged birds only when diets contained over-processed MBM.Challenge with NE increased intestinal permeability as measured by serum fluorescein isothiocyanate dextran(FITC-d;P<0.001),increased white blood cells(WBC;P<0.001),decreased mean corpuscular volume(MCV;P<0.001)and mean corpuscular hemoglobin(MCH;P<0.05),and decreased crypt-tovilli ratio(P<0.05).The over-processed MBM reduced the villi-to-crypt ratio(P<0.05).A 3-way challenge x phytase x MBM processing interaction was detected for mucin 2(MUC-2)expression(P<0.05)where only in unchallenged birds fed over-processed MBM did high phytase reduce MUC-2 expression.A lower expression of aminopeptidase N(APN;P<0.001)and vitamin D receptor(VDR;P<0.001)were recorded in NE challenged birds.In conclusion,NE has a negative impact on the gut and hematology of broilers,but its effect on phytate hydrolysis is minimal.
基金AB Vista Feed Ingredient,Malborough,UK for funding this researchthe University of New England(UNE),Armidale(Australia)is providing the international postgraduate research award(IPRA)
文摘This feeding study investigated the hypothesis that over-processing of meat and bone meal(MBM)would impair the performance,gut health and ileal digestibility of nutrients in birds challenged with necrotic enteritis(NE).The effect of phytase(500 vs.5,000 FTU/kg)was also examined using manufacturers recommended matrix values for 500 FTU for both levels.Ross 308 male broilers(n=768)were assigned to 8 diets,with 6 replicate pens per diet and 16 birds per replicate pen using a randomized design with a factorial arrangement of treatments.Factors were NE challenge(no or yes),MBM(as received or overprocessed),and phytase level(500 or 5,000 FTU/kg).Half of the birds were challenged with 5,000 oocysts of field strains of Eimeria acervulina and Eimeria brunetti,and 2,500 oocysts of Eimeria maxima on d 9 and 10^8 CFU/mL of Clostridium perfringens strain EHE-NE18 on d 14 and 15 post-hatch.Challenge×MBM interactions were detected for weight gain(WG),feed conversion ratio(FCR)and feed intake(FI)at d 14,21 and 28,showing that challenged birds fed over-processed MBM had decreased WG(P<0.05)and FI(P<0.05)at d 14,increased FCR(P<0.05)at d 21 and decreased WG(P<0.05)and FI(P>0.05)at d 28.Birds fed low phytase had increased livability(P<0.05)at d 42.The challenge increased the prevalence and severity of NE induced lesions in the jejunum(P<0.05)and ileum(P<0.05).The birds fed over-processed MBM had decreased pH in the jejunum(P<0.05)and ileum(P<0.05)at d 16.High phytase increased apparent ileal digestibility(AID)of Ca(P<0.05)and P(P<0.05),and over-processed MBM increased AID of carbon(C;P<0.05)and Ca(P<0.05)at d 29.The challenge increased the caecal counts of Lactobacillus spp.(P<0.05)and C.perfringens(P<0.05)at d 16.The results indicated that supplementation of diets with high phytase reduces the negative impact on performance from over-processed MBM during NE as a result of increased nutrient digestibility.
