Objectives:We systematically reviewed the rational use of medicines using the World Health Organization/International Network of Rational Use of Drugs(WHO/INRUD)core drug use indicators.We also assessed the impact of ...Objectives:We systematically reviewed the rational use of medicines using the World Health Organization/International Network of Rational Use of Drugs(WHO/INRUD)core drug use indicators.We also assessed the impact of the coronavirus disease 2019 pandemic and the National Drug Policy(NDP)2005 on the rational use of medicines.Methods:Searches were conducted in PubMed,Scopus,and Google Scholar databases to identify studies that met our eligibility criteria.Assessment of the quality of studies was conducted using the Joanna Briggs Institute criteria for analytical studies.We reported and compared the median values of WHO/INRUD core drug use indicators with standard thresholds.Data were presented with median,interquartile range(IQR),and percentages.MannWhitney and Kruskal-Wallis tests were conducted to assess for statistical significance(P<0.05)across variables.Results:Thirty-one studies were included in the review,comprising 50,931 patient encounters across 268 health facilities.Within prescribing indicators,average number of medicines per patient encountered[3.4(IQR:3.0to 4.0)],percentage of medicines prescribed by generic[50.4%(IQR:47.4%to 65.0%)],percentage of encounters with antibiotic prescribed[40.2%(IQR:30.5%to 52.7%)],percentage of encounters with injection prescribed[18%(IQR:3.2%to 30.0%)]and the percentage of medicines prescribed from essential medicines list[82.0%(IQR:66.4%to 89.3%)].The median percentage of encounters with antibiotics(P=0.04)and the median percentage of medicines prescribed by generics(P=0.03)increased during and after the COVID-19 pandemic.Prescribing indicators were worse in primary and secondary health facilities,with significant differences in the median percentage of encounters with antibiotics(P=0.007)and injections(P=0.0002)across primary,secondary,and tertiary health facilities.There were improvements across all prescribing indicators after the implementation of NDP 2005.Conclusions:Core drug use indicators in Nigerian health facilities deviated from the WHO/INRUD thresholds,with noticeable improvement after the implementation of NDP 2005.More efforts are needed to improve rational drug use in Nigerian hospitals.展开更多
There are multiple types of risks involved in the service of long-span railway bridges.Classical methods are difficult to provide targeted alarm information according to different situations of load anomalies and stru...There are multiple types of risks involved in the service of long-span railway bridges.Classical methods are difficult to provide targeted alarm information according to different situations of load anomalies and structural anomalies.To accurately alarm different risks of long-span railway bridges by structural health monitoring systems,this paper proposes a cross-cooperative alarm method using principal and secondary indicators during high-wind periods.It provides the prior criterion for monitoring systems under special conditions,defining the principal and secondary indicators,alarm levels,and thresholds based on the relationship between dynamic equilibrium equations and multiple linear regression analysis.Analysis of one-year monitoring data from a longspan railway cable-stayed bridge shows that the 10-min average cross-bridge wind speed(excitation indicator)can be selected as the principal indicator,while lateral displacement(response indicator)can serve as the secondary indicator.The threshold levels of the secondary indicator prioritize the safety of bridge operation(mainly aiming at the safety of trains traversing bridges),with values significantly lower than structural safety thresholds.This approach enhances alarm timeliness and effectively distinguishes between load anomalies,structural anomalies,and equipment failures.Consequently,it improves alarm accuracy and provides timely decision support for bridge maintenance,train traversing,and emergency treatment.展开更多
This editorial delves into the potential of systemic immune indicators(SIIs)as early predictors of renal damage in children with newly diagnosed type 1 diabetes mellitus.By exploring the recent study published by Cao ...This editorial delves into the potential of systemic immune indicators(SIIs)as early predictors of renal damage in children with newly diagnosed type 1 diabetes mellitus.By exploring the recent study published by Cao et al,this article aims to highlight the importance of early detection and intervention.This study compre-hensively analyzes various SIIs,examining their correlation with renal compli-cations in newly diagnosed type 1 diabetic children.The findings reveal a sig-nificant association between immune system dysregulation and the onset of renal damage,suggesting that certain immune indicators can be early markers for predicting renal complications.This editorial emphasizes the clinical implications and applications of utilizing SIIs for early detection in pediatric diabetes care.It underscores the importance of innovative diagnostic approaches and illustrates real-world applications and outcomes.Additionally,it addresses the challenges and considerations in adopting these indicators and outlines future research directions to enhance diabetes management in children.展开更多
Objective:To investigate the spatial gradient of intraoperative impedance across the cochlear electrode array in pediatric cochlear implant recipients and assess its potential as a physiological indicator for the elec...Objective:To investigate the spatial gradient of intraoperative impedance across the cochlear electrode array in pediatric cochlear implant recipients and assess its potential as a physiological indicator for the electrode-neural interface.Methods:A prospective observational study involving 56 pediatric patients underwent cochlear implantation with Cochlear Nucleus devices.Intraoperative polarized impedance and electrically evoked compound action potential(ECAP)threshold were recorded across all 1232 electrodes using AutoNRT software.Eight electrodes with open-or short-circuit were excluded,leaving 1,224 for analysis.Impedance values were categorized by cochlear region(basal,middle,apical),and electrodes with elevated impedance(10-20 kΩ)were analyzed for regional distribution and clinical relevance.Data were analyzed for spatial patterns and correlation with the ECAP threshold profiles.Results:A consistent basal-to-apical increase in impedance was observed(7.7±1.9,9.2±1.4,10.8±1.5 kΩ;p<0.001).Impedance and ECAP threshold were weakly correlated(ρ=-0.20,p<0.001;β=-1.26,p<0.001),with a positive association in the apical region(ρ=0.12,p=0.048).Electrodes with higher impedance(1020 kΩ)were less likely to show elevated or absent TNRT(OR=0.175,p=0.02).The impedance gradient persisted across age groups and was significantly correlated with ECAP threshold patterns.Conclusion:Intraoperative impedance monitoring reveals a strong and physiologically consistent gradient,with higher values in apical electrodes.This gradient reflects anatomical and tissue interface variations,which may offer a valuable physiological indicator for intraoperative electrode positioning and neural interface integrity.展开更多
Antibiotics are widespread in aquatic environments due to their extensive use in human healthcare and ani-mal husbandry.However,research on the occurrence and bioaccumulation of antibiotics in aquatic organisms within...Antibiotics are widespread in aquatic environments due to their extensive use in human healthcare and ani-mal husbandry.However,research on the occurrence and bioaccumulation of antibiotics in aquatic organisms within shallow wetland lakes remains limited.This study investigated the occurrence and bioaccumulation of ten commonly used antibiotics in the Baiyang Lake,northern China’s largest shallow wetland lake.The results indicated that sulfonamides and fluoroquinolones were the predominant antibiotics in surface water,whereas fluoroquinolones and macrolides were more prevalent in sediment.Fluoroquinolones demonstrated significant potential for bioaccumulation in targeted aquatic organisms,including both animals and plants(Carassius au-ratus and Phragmites australis).The bioaccumulation of antibiotics in Carassius auratus was correlated with their solubility,whereas in Phragmites australis,this was associated with their octanol-water partition coefficients and molecular weights.Ecological risk assessment indicated that most antibiotics posed minimal to low risk levels.However,four antibiotics were exceptions:clarithromycin(12.5%)and sulfamethoxazole(6.25%)presented a high risk in surface water samples,while norfloxacin(25.0%)and ciprofloxacin(25.0%)posed a high risk in sediment samples.Norfloxacin,ciprofloxacin,and roxithromycin were identified as key indicator antibiotics for enhancing the local monitoring and control of antibiotic contamination based on four criteria:(1)high con-centrations,(2)frequent detection,(3)capacity for bioaccumulation,and(4)ecological risk levels.This study contributes to a deeper understanding of the status of antibiotic contamination,bioaccumulation characteristics,and ecological risk in Baiyang Lake,thereby supporting efforts to monitor and regulate antibiotic pollution.展开更多
Securitization of economies has received much attention in urban and regional studies,as how the city economy has connected with the capital markets has been increasingly important for a city’s development.This study...Securitization of economies has received much attention in urban and regional studies,as how the city economy has connected with the capital markets has been increasingly important for a city’s development.This study develops a modified Buffett indicator,calculating the ratio of total market capitalization of listed companies to the gross domestic product(GDP)of the city in which these companies are headquartered,to measure city securitization rates(CSR).Drawing on this indicator,this study maps the CSR of all prefecture-and-above level cities in China.It is found that cities with high CSR in China are mainly financial centers and some resource-based cities,while most other cities’CSR are quite low.The regression results show that city’s innovation capacity and political status are positively and significantly associated with the CSR in China.In addition,being close to financial centers can significantly improve the CSR of cities in the eastern region of the country.With the growing financialization of societies,the modified Buffett indicator has a potential to explore the city economy from the perspective of its connection with capital markets in future research.展开更多
Engineering problems often involve large spatial scales and long-term lifespans.This makes it exceptionally difficult to measure engineering parameters and predict disasters such as slope instability or tunnel collaps...Engineering problems often involve large spatial scales and long-term lifespans.This makes it exceptionally difficult to measure engineering parameters and predict disasters such as slope instability or tunnel collapses.A key challenge is to calculate large-scale(target lifespan)quantitative indicators from small-scale(short-term)detectable results,thereby enhancing engineering safety and economic efficiency.Many engineering problems exhibit a unidirectional spatio-temporal evolution with either decay or enhancement as their spatial scale or time increases.This phenomenon is called the power law with exponential function.A general approach is required to use this evolution law in the prediction of the unknown from the known.This paper proposes a novel concept to calculate large-scale indicators via variation of small-scale data(called CLIVS for short),to address a general approach through the following five aspects:Firstly,general spatio-temporal evolution laws in engineering are systematically summarized and classified.Then,the core idea and basic concepts of CLIVS,its mathematical formulation and solution procedure are described in detail.Thirdly,the linkage of CLIVS to past famous philosophy schools is explored.Fourthly,the potential applications of CLIVS to rock mechanics and rock engineering are classified according to size effect and time-scale law.Finally,two typical examples of the application of CLIVS to engineering parameter prediction are presented.These demonstrate that the CLIVS provides a novel way and a general approach to accurately predict unknown behaviors based on known local spatial data or short-term indicators.It formulates a unified theoretical framework or universal approach to calculate unmeasurable engineering parameters or predict lifespan with reasonable accuracy from the knowns measurable at the local scale or in the short term.展开更多
Diabetic kidney disease (DKD)is one of the most common and severe microvascular complications of type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM). It is also a major cause of end-stage renal disease (ESRD), making early identification...Diabetic kidney disease (DKD)is one of the most common and severe microvascular complications of type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM). It is also a major cause of end-stage renal disease (ESRD), making early identification and intervention crucial. Insulin resistance (IR)is a key pathophysiological mechanism of T2DM and plays a central role in the progression of DKD. In recent years, a series of novel surrogate indicators of IR, such as the triglyceride-glucose (TyG) index, TyG-body mass index (TyG-BMI), triglyceride to high-density lipoprotein cholesterol ratio (TG/HDL-C), and metabolic score for insulin resistance (METS-IR), have attracted widespread attention due to their simplicity and cost-effectiveness. This article reviews the research progress of novel surrogate indicators of insulin resistance (IR) in type 2 diabetic kidney disease (DKD), aiming to provide references for the early prevention and improved prognosis of DKD.展开更多
Aim To research and develop a battery management system(BMS)with the state of charge(SOC)indicator for electric vehicles (EVs).Methods On the basis of analyzing the electro-chemical characteristics of lead-acid. batte...Aim To research and develop a battery management system(BMS)with the state of charge(SOC)indicator for electric vehicles (EVs).Methods On the basis of analyzing the electro-chemical characteristics of lead-acid. battery, the state of charge indicator for lead-acid battery was developed by means of an algorithm based on combination of ampere-hour, Peukert's equation and open-voltage method with the compensation of temperature,aging,self- discharging,etc..Results The BMS based on this method can attain an accurate surplus capa- city whose error is less than 5% in static experiments.It is proved by experiments that the BMS is reliable and can give the driver an accurate surplus capacity,precisely monitor the individual battery modules as the same time,even detect and warn the problems early,and so on. Conclusion A BMS can make the energy of the storage batteries used efficiently, develop the batteries cycle life,and increase the driving distance of EVs.展开更多
Based on the definition of desertification adopted by United Nations Convention to Combat Desertification in Those Countries Experiencing Serious Drought and/or Desertification,particularly in Africa, first,the pat...Based on the definition of desertification adopted by United Nations Convention to Combat Desertification in Those Countries Experiencing Serious Drought and/or Desertification,particularly in Africa, first,the patterns of desertification in China are introduced.Second,desertification assessment indicator system that used in China is presented.It includes:(1)climate classification;(2)classification of land use;(3)classification of desertification patterns which include wind erosion,water erosion,salinization,and grassland degradation;(4)grading index of desertification that includes grading index of desertification caused by wind erosion,desertification caused by water erosion,desertification caused by salinization,indicators of grassland degradation classification.At last,some detailed factors that can be used as indicators in desertification assessment are discussed.展开更多
To evaluate the impact of GMP on Chinese pharmaceutical industry in a quantitative system, we referred to theories on policy evaluation and industrial organization, and conducted literature review, key person intervie...To evaluate the impact of GMP on Chinese pharmaceutical industry in a quantitative system, we referred to theories on policy evaluation and industrial organization, and conducted literature review, key person interview, multi-round Delphi and field investigation. We set up the principles to construct our indicator system, reviewed based on the policy objectives of the new GMP for drugs systematically, and analysed the influence path of the new GMP for pharmaceutical manufacturers. We proposed a three-dimensional ＂structure-conduct-performance＂ evaluation indicator system. Our evaluation indicator system is accepted by experts and relevant personnel, indicating the three-dimensional evaluation indicator system is feasible to evaluate the impact of the new GMP in Chinese pharmaceutical industry.展开更多
Prognostics and Health Management(PHM) has become a very important tool in modern commercial aircraft. Considering limited built-in sensing devices on the legacy aircraft model,one of the challenges for airborne syste...Prognostics and Health Management(PHM) has become a very important tool in modern commercial aircraft. Considering limited built-in sensing devices on the legacy aircraft model,one of the challenges for airborne system health monitoring is to find an appropriate health indicator that is highly related to the actual degradation state of the system. This paper proposed a novel health indicator extraction method based on the available sensor parameters for the health monitoring of Air Conditioning System(ACS) of a legacy commercial aircraft model. Firstly, a specific Airplane Condition Monitoring System(ACMS) report for ACS health monitoring is defined. Then a non-parametric modeling technique is adopted to calculate the health indicator based on the raw ACMS report data. The proposed method is validated on a single-aisle commercial aircraft widely used for short and medium-haul routes, using more than 6000 ACMS reports collected from a fleet of aircraft during one year. The case study result shows that the proposed health indicator can effectively characterize the degradation state of the ACS, which can provide valuable information for proactive maintenance plan in advance.展开更多
The Wangdonggou Watershed on the Loess Plateau in China was selected as the study area to develop a model for soil erosion assessments. Using the data collected at 20 sampling sites all tentatively selected indicators...The Wangdonggou Watershed on the Loess Plateau in China was selected as the study area to develop a model for soil erosion assessments. Using the data collected at 20 sampling sites all tentatively selected indicators were assessed against their corresponding erosion intensity through a correlation analysis. Eight highly correlated indicators were then chosen for the soil erosion assessment. In addition, threshold limits to delineate the class size for these indicators and weights to rank them were determined. Next, a grading model incorporating the selected indicators class rating and their associated weights was developed and verified by an on site evaluation of the soil erosion intensity in the study area. Results of the verification showed that the overall accuracy of the indicator system for assessing soil erosion in the Loess Plateau gully regions could reach 85%.展开更多
Diversity in the biophysical and socio-economic attributes of agricultural systems makes them uniquely niche based. Farmers are expert in local biophysical and socio-economic situations and can contribute in developin...Diversity in the biophysical and socio-economic attributes of agricultural systems makes them uniquely niche based. Farmers are expert in local biophysical and socio-economic situations and can contribute in developing pragmatic indicators of agro-environmental development. During evaluation of an agricultural research project in Yunnan, China, local farmers were capable of evaluating the effects of modified technologies on existing cropping systems and discussed their attitudes to the interventions using their own indicators. Farmers＇ response can be grouped into seven major aspects： i） effects on income, ii） effects on production resources, iii） effects on crop management, iv） existing local knowledge about the technology, v） availability of inputs, vi） access to information, and vii） socio-economic conditions of farming households. Farmers concluded that environmental conditions in the experimental catchment in comparison to an adjacent untreated catchment were better in terms of soil and water losses, vegetation cover and natural resources, infrastructures and catchment management, use of environmentally-friendly technologies, and crop productivity. Success in soil and water conservation programmes depends on the efforts of the farmers and other local users and their greater involvement helps to identify more pragmatic indicators. Furthermore, it increases ownership of the programme, enhances interactions with the project scientists, increases farmers＇ awareness of ago-environmental problems and their possible consequences. These development will enable scientists to develop better targeted interventions and increase the likelihood of adoption of tested technologies by local communities. The use of paired adjacent catchments improved evaluation activities and is proposed as good practice for future catchment improvement programmes.展开更多
Eco-efficiency is a valuable tool for managing and solving issues involving resource consumption and pollution emission in current production processes.Despite the popularity of the term"eco-efficiency"in bu...Eco-efficiency is a valuable tool for managing and solving issues involving resource consumption and pollution emission in current production processes.Despite the popularity of the term"eco-efficiency"in business,limited attention has been paid to measuring and reporting regional eco-efficiency for local government policy makers.Based on the concept and method of eco-efficiency,an indicator system of regional eco-efficiency is established in this study.The indicator system comprises 22 indicators,which are divided in to three categories including socio-economic development,resources consumption,environmental pressure.As a promising statistical technique,principle component analysis is used to set the weight of indicators which attempts to calculate the eco-efficiency indices of Qingdao's Chengyang District.The results show that the eco-efficiency of Chengyang District has clearly improved 35.1%with small fluctuation from 1995 to 2003.Socio-economic development index and resources consumption index also represent obvious increasing trends.The correlation coefficient between soci-economic development index and resources consumption index is 0.979,which means the social progress and economic growth of Chengyang District depend on an extravagant consumption of resources.The environmental pressure index increased slowly before 1997 and declined gradually after 1997,due to more attention being paid to environmental protection by local government in recent years.Chengyang District still keeps the traditional economic development mode with a high consumption and high production,so the emphases of future development should put on improving the improving the efficient use of natural resources and promoting environmental management sustainability.The results show that the indicators system of regional eco-efficiency is a promising method to quantitatively evaluate resources and environmental efficiency and provide an effective decision-making support for local governments.展开更多
Because unexpected emergency owns the characteristics of explosive,uncertain evolution direction and group diffusion,more and more researchers concentrate on and try to control it. In addition,considering the force of...Because unexpected emergency owns the characteristics of explosive,uncertain evolution direction and group diffusion,more and more researchers concentrate on and try to control it. In addition,considering the force of network,the information of the unexpected emergency will be spread and enlarged rapidly on internet. It is a new viewpoint using the indicator system to estimate the heat degree of net-mediated public opinion on unexpected emergency,which can reveal the underlying reasons about the formation of the heat degree. Moreover,we use BP(Back Propagation) neural network method instead of traditional subjective weight assignment to calculate the weights of the indicators which can make evaluation results more accurate and objective.展开更多
The indicator system is the foundation and emphasis in the effectiveness evaluation of system of systems(SoS). In the past, indicator systems were founded based on qualitative methods, and every indicator was mainly d...The indicator system is the foundation and emphasis in the effectiveness evaluation of system of systems(SoS). In the past, indicator systems were founded based on qualitative methods, and every indicator was mainly determined by the expert with experience. This paper proposed a brand-new method to construct indicator systems based on the repeated simulation of the scenario space, and calculated by quantitative data. Firstly, the selection of key indicators using the Gini indicator importance measure(IIM)is calculated by random forests(RFs). Then, principal component analysis(PCA) is applied when we use the selected indicators to construct the composite indicator system of SoS. Furthermore,a set of rulesare is developed to verify the practicability of the indicator system such as correlation, robustness, accuracy and convergence. Experiment shows that the algorithm achieves good results for the construction of composite indicators of So S.展开更多
Garden plant landscape is one of the main contents of low-carbon landscape design in residential areas. From the basic theory of garden plant landscaping, we put forth five principles and ideas concerning the building...Garden plant landscape is one of the main contents of low-carbon landscape design in residential areas. From the basic theory of garden plant landscaping, we put forth five principles and ideas concerning the building of evaluation indicator system of garden plant landscape, to establish the indicator system with ecological quality, recreational function and aesthetic effect as three layers. According to the characteristics of evaluation system, we use qualitative and quantitative integration method, coupled with analytic hierarchy process (AHP) and expert consulting method, to determine the weight of various factors. And we use fuzzy comprehensive evaluation method to test this indicator system, so as to provide a theoretical basis for the research on evaluation indicator system of low-carbon landscape.展开更多
Indicator systems of environmental sustainable development in the Poyang Lake Basin are established from 51 elementary indexes by factor analysis, which is composed of four steps such as the factor model, the paramete...Indicator systems of environmental sustainable development in the Poyang Lake Basin are established from 51 elementary indexes by factor analysis, which is composed of four steps such as the factor model, the parameter estimation, the factor rotation and the factor score. Under the condition that the cumulative proportion is greater than 85%, 5 explicit factors of environmental sustainable development as well as its factor score by region are carried out. The result indicates some impact factors to the basin environmental in descending sort order are volume of water, volume of waste gas discharge,volume of solid wasters.the degree to comprehensive utilization of waste gas, waste water and solid wastes, the emission volume of waste gas, waste water and solid wastes. It is helpful and important to provide decision support for constituting sustainable development strategies and evaluate the sustainable development status of each city.展开更多
文摘Objectives:We systematically reviewed the rational use of medicines using the World Health Organization/International Network of Rational Use of Drugs(WHO/INRUD)core drug use indicators.We also assessed the impact of the coronavirus disease 2019 pandemic and the National Drug Policy(NDP)2005 on the rational use of medicines.Methods:Searches were conducted in PubMed,Scopus,and Google Scholar databases to identify studies that met our eligibility criteria.Assessment of the quality of studies was conducted using the Joanna Briggs Institute criteria for analytical studies.We reported and compared the median values of WHO/INRUD core drug use indicators with standard thresholds.Data were presented with median,interquartile range(IQR),and percentages.MannWhitney and Kruskal-Wallis tests were conducted to assess for statistical significance(P<0.05)across variables.Results:Thirty-one studies were included in the review,comprising 50,931 patient encounters across 268 health facilities.Within prescribing indicators,average number of medicines per patient encountered[3.4(IQR:3.0to 4.0)],percentage of medicines prescribed by generic[50.4%(IQR:47.4%to 65.0%)],percentage of encounters with antibiotic prescribed[40.2%(IQR:30.5%to 52.7%)],percentage of encounters with injection prescribed[18%(IQR:3.2%to 30.0%)]and the percentage of medicines prescribed from essential medicines list[82.0%(IQR:66.4%to 89.3%)].The median percentage of encounters with antibiotics(P=0.04)and the median percentage of medicines prescribed by generics(P=0.03)increased during and after the COVID-19 pandemic.Prescribing indicators were worse in primary and secondary health facilities,with significant differences in the median percentage of encounters with antibiotics(P=0.007)and injections(P=0.0002)across primary,secondary,and tertiary health facilities.There were improvements across all prescribing indicators after the implementation of NDP 2005.Conclusions:Core drug use indicators in Nigerian health facilities deviated from the WHO/INRUD thresholds,with noticeable improvement after the implementation of NDP 2005.More efforts are needed to improve rational drug use in Nigerian hospitals.
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(Grants U23A20660,52008099,and 52378288)the Major Science and Technology Project of Yunnan Province,China(Grant 202502AD080007)the China Railway Engineering Corporation Science and Technology Research and Development Project(Grant 2022-Key-44).
文摘There are multiple types of risks involved in the service of long-span railway bridges.Classical methods are difficult to provide targeted alarm information according to different situations of load anomalies and structural anomalies.To accurately alarm different risks of long-span railway bridges by structural health monitoring systems,this paper proposes a cross-cooperative alarm method using principal and secondary indicators during high-wind periods.It provides the prior criterion for monitoring systems under special conditions,defining the principal and secondary indicators,alarm levels,and thresholds based on the relationship between dynamic equilibrium equations and multiple linear regression analysis.Analysis of one-year monitoring data from a longspan railway cable-stayed bridge shows that the 10-min average cross-bridge wind speed(excitation indicator)can be selected as the principal indicator,while lateral displacement(response indicator)can serve as the secondary indicator.The threshold levels of the secondary indicator prioritize the safety of bridge operation(mainly aiming at the safety of trains traversing bridges),with values significantly lower than structural safety thresholds.This approach enhances alarm timeliness and effectively distinguishes between load anomalies,structural anomalies,and equipment failures.Consequently,it improves alarm accuracy and provides timely decision support for bridge maintenance,train traversing,and emergency treatment.
文摘This editorial delves into the potential of systemic immune indicators(SIIs)as early predictors of renal damage in children with newly diagnosed type 1 diabetes mellitus.By exploring the recent study published by Cao et al,this article aims to highlight the importance of early detection and intervention.This study compre-hensively analyzes various SIIs,examining their correlation with renal compli-cations in newly diagnosed type 1 diabetic children.The findings reveal a sig-nificant association between immune system dysregulation and the onset of renal damage,suggesting that certain immune indicators can be early markers for predicting renal complications.This editorial emphasizes the clinical implications and applications of utilizing SIIs for early detection in pediatric diabetes care.It underscores the importance of innovative diagnostic approaches and illustrates real-world applications and outcomes.Additionally,it addresses the challenges and considerations in adopting these indicators and outlines future research directions to enhance diabetes management in children.
文摘Objective:To investigate the spatial gradient of intraoperative impedance across the cochlear electrode array in pediatric cochlear implant recipients and assess its potential as a physiological indicator for the electrode-neural interface.Methods:A prospective observational study involving 56 pediatric patients underwent cochlear implantation with Cochlear Nucleus devices.Intraoperative polarized impedance and electrically evoked compound action potential(ECAP)threshold were recorded across all 1232 electrodes using AutoNRT software.Eight electrodes with open-or short-circuit were excluded,leaving 1,224 for analysis.Impedance values were categorized by cochlear region(basal,middle,apical),and electrodes with elevated impedance(10-20 kΩ)were analyzed for regional distribution and clinical relevance.Data were analyzed for spatial patterns and correlation with the ECAP threshold profiles.Results:A consistent basal-to-apical increase in impedance was observed(7.7±1.9,9.2±1.4,10.8±1.5 kΩ;p<0.001).Impedance and ECAP threshold were weakly correlated(ρ=-0.20,p<0.001;β=-1.26,p<0.001),with a positive association in the apical region(ρ=0.12,p=0.048).Electrodes with higher impedance(1020 kΩ)were less likely to show elevated or absent TNRT(OR=0.175,p=0.02).The impedance gradient persisted across age groups and was significantly correlated with ECAP threshold patterns.Conclusion:Intraoperative impedance monitoring reveals a strong and physiologically consistent gradient,with higher values in apical electrodes.This gradient reflects anatomical and tissue interface variations,which may offer a valuable physiological indicator for intraoperative electrode positioning and neural interface integrity.
基金supported by Hebei Natural Science Foundation(No.JZX2023018)Hebei Natural Science Foundation(No.C2022201042)the 100 Foreign Experts Plans of Hebei Province(No.606080123001).
文摘Antibiotics are widespread in aquatic environments due to their extensive use in human healthcare and ani-mal husbandry.However,research on the occurrence and bioaccumulation of antibiotics in aquatic organisms within shallow wetland lakes remains limited.This study investigated the occurrence and bioaccumulation of ten commonly used antibiotics in the Baiyang Lake,northern China’s largest shallow wetland lake.The results indicated that sulfonamides and fluoroquinolones were the predominant antibiotics in surface water,whereas fluoroquinolones and macrolides were more prevalent in sediment.Fluoroquinolones demonstrated significant potential for bioaccumulation in targeted aquatic organisms,including both animals and plants(Carassius au-ratus and Phragmites australis).The bioaccumulation of antibiotics in Carassius auratus was correlated with their solubility,whereas in Phragmites australis,this was associated with their octanol-water partition coefficients and molecular weights.Ecological risk assessment indicated that most antibiotics posed minimal to low risk levels.However,four antibiotics were exceptions:clarithromycin(12.5%)and sulfamethoxazole(6.25%)presented a high risk in surface water samples,while norfloxacin(25.0%)and ciprofloxacin(25.0%)posed a high risk in sediment samples.Norfloxacin,ciprofloxacin,and roxithromycin were identified as key indicator antibiotics for enhancing the local monitoring and control of antibiotic contamination based on four criteria:(1)high con-centrations,(2)frequent detection,(3)capacity for bioaccumulation,and(4)ecological risk levels.This study contributes to a deeper understanding of the status of antibiotic contamination,bioaccumulation characteristics,and ecological risk in Baiyang Lake,thereby supporting efforts to monitor and regulate antibiotic pollution.
基金National Natural Science Foundation of China,No.42471195,No.42022006。
文摘Securitization of economies has received much attention in urban and regional studies,as how the city economy has connected with the capital markets has been increasingly important for a city’s development.This study develops a modified Buffett indicator,calculating the ratio of total market capitalization of listed companies to the gross domestic product(GDP)of the city in which these companies are headquartered,to measure city securitization rates(CSR).Drawing on this indicator,this study maps the CSR of all prefecture-and-above level cities in China.It is found that cities with high CSR in China are mainly financial centers and some resource-based cities,while most other cities’CSR are quite low.The regression results show that city’s innovation capacity and political status are positively and significantly associated with the CSR in China.In addition,being close to financial centers can significantly improve the CSR of cities in the eastern region of the country.With the growing financialization of societies,the modified Buffett indicator has a potential to explore the city economy from the perspective of its connection with capital markets in future research.
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(NSFC)(Grant Nos.42530704 and 41427802)by the Key Project of Science and Technology Strategic Consulting of the Chinese Academy of Engineering(Grant No.2025 XZ 57).
文摘Engineering problems often involve large spatial scales and long-term lifespans.This makes it exceptionally difficult to measure engineering parameters and predict disasters such as slope instability or tunnel collapses.A key challenge is to calculate large-scale(target lifespan)quantitative indicators from small-scale(short-term)detectable results,thereby enhancing engineering safety and economic efficiency.Many engineering problems exhibit a unidirectional spatio-temporal evolution with either decay or enhancement as their spatial scale or time increases.This phenomenon is called the power law with exponential function.A general approach is required to use this evolution law in the prediction of the unknown from the known.This paper proposes a novel concept to calculate large-scale indicators via variation of small-scale data(called CLIVS for short),to address a general approach through the following five aspects:Firstly,general spatio-temporal evolution laws in engineering are systematically summarized and classified.Then,the core idea and basic concepts of CLIVS,its mathematical formulation and solution procedure are described in detail.Thirdly,the linkage of CLIVS to past famous philosophy schools is explored.Fourthly,the potential applications of CLIVS to rock mechanics and rock engineering are classified according to size effect and time-scale law.Finally,two typical examples of the application of CLIVS to engineering parameter prediction are presented.These demonstrate that the CLIVS provides a novel way and a general approach to accurately predict unknown behaviors based on known local spatial data or short-term indicators.It formulates a unified theoretical framework or universal approach to calculate unmeasurable engineering parameters or predict lifespan with reasonable accuracy from the knowns measurable at the local scale or in the short term.
文摘Diabetic kidney disease (DKD)is one of the most common and severe microvascular complications of type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM). It is also a major cause of end-stage renal disease (ESRD), making early identification and intervention crucial. Insulin resistance (IR)is a key pathophysiological mechanism of T2DM and plays a central role in the progression of DKD. In recent years, a series of novel surrogate indicators of IR, such as the triglyceride-glucose (TyG) index, TyG-body mass index (TyG-BMI), triglyceride to high-density lipoprotein cholesterol ratio (TG/HDL-C), and metabolic score for insulin resistance (METS-IR), have attracted widespread attention due to their simplicity and cost-effectiveness. This article reviews the research progress of novel surrogate indicators of insulin resistance (IR) in type 2 diabetic kidney disease (DKD), aiming to provide references for the early prevention and improved prognosis of DKD.
文摘Aim To research and develop a battery management system(BMS)with the state of charge(SOC)indicator for electric vehicles (EVs).Methods On the basis of analyzing the electro-chemical characteristics of lead-acid. battery, the state of charge indicator for lead-acid battery was developed by means of an algorithm based on combination of ampere-hour, Peukert's equation and open-voltage method with the compensation of temperature,aging,self- discharging,etc..Results The BMS based on this method can attain an accurate surplus capa- city whose error is less than 5% in static experiments.It is proved by experiments that the BMS is reliable and can give the driver an accurate surplus capacity,precisely monitor the individual battery modules as the same time,even detect and warn the problems early,and so on. Conclusion A BMS can make the energy of the storage batteries used efficiently, develop the batteries cycle life,and increase the driving distance of EVs.
文摘Based on the definition of desertification adopted by United Nations Convention to Combat Desertification in Those Countries Experiencing Serious Drought and/or Desertification,particularly in Africa, first,the patterns of desertification in China are introduced.Second,desertification assessment indicator system that used in China is presented.It includes:(1)climate classification;(2)classification of land use;(3)classification of desertification patterns which include wind erosion,water erosion,salinization,and grassland degradation;(4)grading index of desertification that includes grading index of desertification caused by wind erosion,desertification caused by water erosion,desertification caused by salinization,indicators of grassland degradation classification.At last,some detailed factors that can be used as indicators in desertification assessment are discussed.
文摘To evaluate the impact of GMP on Chinese pharmaceutical industry in a quantitative system, we referred to theories on policy evaluation and industrial organization, and conducted literature review, key person interview, multi-round Delphi and field investigation. We set up the principles to construct our indicator system, reviewed based on the policy objectives of the new GMP for drugs systematically, and analysed the influence path of the new GMP for pharmaceutical manufacturers. We proposed a three-dimensional ＂structure-conduct-performance＂ evaluation indicator system. Our evaluation indicator system is accepted by experts and relevant personnel, indicating the three-dimensional evaluation indicator system is feasible to evaluate the impact of the new GMP in Chinese pharmaceutical industry.
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (61403198)the Jiangsu Province Natural Science Foundation of China (BK20140827)China Postdoctoral Science Foundation (2015M581792)
文摘Prognostics and Health Management(PHM) has become a very important tool in modern commercial aircraft. Considering limited built-in sensing devices on the legacy aircraft model,one of the challenges for airborne system health monitoring is to find an appropriate health indicator that is highly related to the actual degradation state of the system. This paper proposed a novel health indicator extraction method based on the available sensor parameters for the health monitoring of Air Conditioning System(ACS) of a legacy commercial aircraft model. Firstly, a specific Airplane Condition Monitoring System(ACMS) report for ACS health monitoring is defined. Then a non-parametric modeling technique is adopted to calculate the health indicator based on the raw ACMS report data. The proposed method is validated on a single-aisle commercial aircraft widely used for short and medium-haul routes, using more than 6000 ACMS reports collected from a fleet of aircraft during one year. The case study result shows that the proposed health indicator can effectively characterize the degradation state of the ACS, which can provide valuable information for proactive maintenance plan in advance.
基金supported by the State Key Laboratory of Soil Erosion and Dryland Farming on Loess Plateau, China (No. 10501-88) the National High Technology Research and Development Program of China (863 Program) (No. 2001AA245041).
文摘The Wangdonggou Watershed on the Loess Plateau in China was selected as the study area to develop a model for soil erosion assessments. Using the data collected at 20 sampling sites all tentatively selected indicators were assessed against their corresponding erosion intensity through a correlation analysis. Eight highly correlated indicators were then chosen for the soil erosion assessment. In addition, threshold limits to delineate the class size for these indicators and weights to rank them were determined. Next, a grading model incorporating the selected indicators class rating and their associated weights was developed and verified by an on site evaluation of the soil erosion intensity in the study area. Results of the verification showed that the overall accuracy of the indicator system for assessing soil erosion in the Loess Plateau gully regions could reach 85%.
基金Project supported by the University of Wolverhampton, UK.
文摘Diversity in the biophysical and socio-economic attributes of agricultural systems makes them uniquely niche based. Farmers are expert in local biophysical and socio-economic situations and can contribute in developing pragmatic indicators of agro-environmental development. During evaluation of an agricultural research project in Yunnan, China, local farmers were capable of evaluating the effects of modified technologies on existing cropping systems and discussed their attitudes to the interventions using their own indicators. Farmers＇ response can be grouped into seven major aspects： i） effects on income, ii） effects on production resources, iii） effects on crop management, iv） existing local knowledge about the technology, v） availability of inputs, vi） access to information, and vii） socio-economic conditions of farming households. Farmers concluded that environmental conditions in the experimental catchment in comparison to an adjacent untreated catchment were better in terms of soil and water losses, vegetation cover and natural resources, infrastructures and catchment management, use of environmentally-friendly technologies, and crop productivity. Success in soil and water conservation programmes depends on the efforts of the farmers and other local users and their greater involvement helps to identify more pragmatic indicators. Furthermore, it increases ownership of the programme, enhances interactions with the project scientists, increases farmers＇ awareness of ago-environmental problems and their possible consequences. These development will enable scientists to develop better targeted interventions and increase the likelihood of adoption of tested technologies by local communities. The use of paired adjacent catchments improved evaluation activities and is proposed as good practice for future catchment improvement programmes.
文摘Eco-efficiency is a valuable tool for managing and solving issues involving resource consumption and pollution emission in current production processes.Despite the popularity of the term"eco-efficiency"in business,limited attention has been paid to measuring and reporting regional eco-efficiency for local government policy makers.Based on the concept and method of eco-efficiency,an indicator system of regional eco-efficiency is established in this study.The indicator system comprises 22 indicators,which are divided in to three categories including socio-economic development,resources consumption,environmental pressure.As a promising statistical technique,principle component analysis is used to set the weight of indicators which attempts to calculate the eco-efficiency indices of Qingdao's Chengyang District.The results show that the eco-efficiency of Chengyang District has clearly improved 35.1%with small fluctuation from 1995 to 2003.Socio-economic development index and resources consumption index also represent obvious increasing trends.The correlation coefficient between soci-economic development index and resources consumption index is 0.979,which means the social progress and economic growth of Chengyang District depend on an extravagant consumption of resources.The environmental pressure index increased slowly before 1997 and declined gradually after 1997,due to more attention being paid to environmental protection by local government in recent years.Chengyang District still keeps the traditional economic development mode with a high consumption and high production,so the emphases of future development should put on improving the improving the efficient use of natural resources and promoting environmental management sustainability.The results show that the indicators system of regional eco-efficiency is a promising method to quantitatively evaluate resources and environmental efficiency and provide an effective decision-making support for local governments.
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (Grant No. 90924029)
文摘Because unexpected emergency owns the characteristics of explosive,uncertain evolution direction and group diffusion,more and more researchers concentrate on and try to control it. In addition,considering the force of network,the information of the unexpected emergency will be spread and enlarged rapidly on internet. It is a new viewpoint using the indicator system to estimate the heat degree of net-mediated public opinion on unexpected emergency,which can reveal the underlying reasons about the formation of the heat degree. Moreover,we use BP(Back Propagation) neural network method instead of traditional subjective weight assignment to calculate the weights of the indicators which can make evaluation results more accurate and objective.
基金supported by the Major Program of the National Natural Science Foundation of China(U1435218)National Natural Science Foundation of China(6140340171401168)
文摘The indicator system is the foundation and emphasis in the effectiveness evaluation of system of systems(SoS). In the past, indicator systems were founded based on qualitative methods, and every indicator was mainly determined by the expert with experience. This paper proposed a brand-new method to construct indicator systems based on the repeated simulation of the scenario space, and calculated by quantitative data. Firstly, the selection of key indicators using the Gini indicator importance measure(IIM)is calculated by random forests(RFs). Then, principal component analysis(PCA) is applied when we use the selected indicators to construct the composite indicator system of SoS. Furthermore,a set of rulesare is developed to verify the practicability of the indicator system such as correlation, robustness, accuracy and convergence. Experiment shows that the algorithm achieves good results for the construction of composite indicators of So S.
基金Supported by Jiangxi Art Social Sciences Plan Project in 2012( YG2012121)
文摘Garden plant landscape is one of the main contents of low-carbon landscape design in residential areas. From the basic theory of garden plant landscaping, we put forth five principles and ideas concerning the building of evaluation indicator system of garden plant landscape, to establish the indicator system with ecological quality, recreational function and aesthetic effect as three layers. According to the characteristics of evaluation system, we use qualitative and quantitative integration method, coupled with analytic hierarchy process (AHP) and expert consulting method, to determine the weight of various factors. And we use fuzzy comprehensive evaluation method to test this indicator system, so as to provide a theoretical basis for the research on evaluation indicator system of low-carbon landscape.
文摘Indicator systems of environmental sustainable development in the Poyang Lake Basin are established from 51 elementary indexes by factor analysis, which is composed of four steps such as the factor model, the parameter estimation, the factor rotation and the factor score. Under the condition that the cumulative proportion is greater than 85%, 5 explicit factors of environmental sustainable development as well as its factor score by region are carried out. The result indicates some impact factors to the basin environmental in descending sort order are volume of water, volume of waste gas discharge,volume of solid wasters.the degree to comprehensive utilization of waste gas, waste water and solid wastes, the emission volume of waste gas, waste water and solid wastes. It is helpful and important to provide decision support for constituting sustainable development strategies and evaluate the sustainable development status of each city.
