The Gabes aquifer system,located in southeastern Tunisia,is a crucial resource for supporting local socio-economic activities.Due to its dual porosity structure,is particularly vulnerable to pollution.This study aims ...The Gabes aquifer system,located in southeastern Tunisia,is a crucial resource for supporting local socio-economic activities.Due to its dual porosity structure,is particularly vulnerable to pollution.This study aims to develop a hybrid model that combines the Fracture Aquifer Index(FAI)with the conventional GOD(Groundwater occurrence,Overall lithology,Depth to water table)method,to assess groundwater vulnerability in fractured aquifer.To develop the hybrid model,the classical GOD method was integrated with FAI to produce a single composite index.Each parameter within both GOD and FAI was scored,and a final index was calculated to delineate vulnerable areas.The results show that the study area can be classified into four vulnerability levels:Very low,low,moderate,and high,indicating that approximately 8%of the area exhibits very low vulnerability,29%has low vulnerability,25%falls into the moderate category,and 38%is considered highly vulnerable.The FAI-GOD model further incorporates fracture network characteristics.This refinement reduces the classification to three vulnerability classes:Low,medium,and high.The outcomes demonstrate that 46%of the area is highly vulnerable due to a dense concentration of fractures,while 17%represents an intermediate zone characterized by either shallow or deeper fractures.In contrast,37%corresponds to areas with lightly fractured rock,where the impact on vulnerability is minimal.Multivariate statistical analysis was employed using Principal Components Analysis(PCA)and Hierarchical Cluster Analysis(HCA)on 24 samples across six variables.The first three components account for over 76%of the total variance,reinforcing the significance of fracture dynamics in classifying vulnerability levels.The FAI-GOD model removes the very-low-vulnerability class and expands the spatial extent of low-and high-vulnerability zones,reflecting the dominant influence of fracture networks on aquifer sensitivity.While both indices use a five-class system,FAI-GOD redistributes vulnerability by eliminating very-low-vulnerability areas and amplifying low/high categories,highlighting the critical role of fractures.A strong correlation(R2=0.94)between the GOD and FAI-GOD indices,demonstrated through second-order polynomial regression,confirms the robustness of the FAI-GOD model in accurately predicting vulnerability to pollution.This model provides a useful framework for assessing the vulnerability of complex aquifers and serves as a decision-making tool for groundwater managers in similar areas.展开更多
This commentary critically appraises the study by Li et al which pioneered the exploration of the triglyceride-glucose(TyG)index as a prognostic marker in hepatitis B virus-related advanced hepatocellular carcinoma pa...This commentary critically appraises the study by Li et al which pioneered the exploration of the triglyceride-glucose(TyG)index as a prognostic marker in hepatitis B virus-related advanced hepatocellular carcinoma patients undergoing combined camrelizumab and lenvatinib therapy.While we acknowledge the study’s clinical relevance in proposing an easily accessible metabolic biomarker,we delve into the mechanistic plausibility linking insulin resistance to immunotherapy response and angiogenic inhibition.We further critically examine the methodological limitations,including the retrospective design,the populationspecific TyG cut-off value,and unaddressed metabolic confounders.We highlight the imperative for future research to validate its utility across diverse etiologies and treatment settings,and to unravel the underlying immunometabolic pathways.展开更多
BACKGROUND Timely and accurate evaluation of mental disorders in adolescents using appropriate mental health literacy assessment tools is essential for improving their mental health literacy levels.AIM To develop an e...BACKGROUND Timely and accurate evaluation of mental disorders in adolescents using appropriate mental health literacy assessment tools is essential for improving their mental health literacy levels.AIM To develop an evaluation index system for the mental health literacy of adolescent patients with mental disorders,providing a scientific,comprehensive,and reliable tool for the monitoring and intervention of mental health literacy of such patients.METHODS From December 2022 to June 2023,the evaluation index system for mental health literacy of adolescents with mental disorders was developed through literature reviews,semi-structured interviews,expert letter consultations,and the analytic hierarchy process.Based on this index system,a self-assessment questionnaire was compiled and administered to 305 adolescents with mental disorders to test the reliability and validity of the index system.RESULTS The final evaluation index system for mental health literacy of adolescents with mental disorders included 4 first-level indicators,10 second-level indicators,and 52 third-level indicators.The overall Cronbach’sαcoefficient of the index system was 0.957,with a partial reliability of 0.826 and a content validity index of 0.975.The cumulative variance contribution rate of 10 common factors was 66.491%.The correlation coefficients between each dimension and the total questionnaire ranged from 0.672 to 0.724,while the correlation coefficients in each dimension ranged from 0.389 to 0.705.CONCLUSION The evaluation index system for mental health literacy of adolescents with mental disorders,developed in this study,demonstrated notable reliability and validity,making it a valuable tool for evaluating mental health literacy in this population.展开更多
Modified potential ecological risk index （MRI） was proposed based on the potential ecological risk index （RI） and risk assessment code （RAC） by modifying an index. The modified index was relevant to the chemical...Modified potential ecological risk index （MRI） was proposed based on the potential ecological risk index （RI） and risk assessment code （RAC） by modifying an index. The modified index was relevant to the chemical speciation of heavy metals. Xiawan Port, a typical region contaminated by industrial production, was selected as a case study area. The total concentrations and chemical speciation of heavy metals in sediments of Xiawan Port were analyzed. The experimental data indicate that Xiawan Port is seriously polluted by heavy metals, especially by Cd. The risks of heavy metals are evaluated by RI, RAC and MRI, respectively. The resluts of MRI show that the risks of heavy metals are in the decreasing order of Cd〉Pb〉Cu〉Zn. Comparison of results by different methods reveals that MRI integrates the characters of RI and RAC. MRI is recognized to be useful for risk managemnt of heavy metals in sediments.展开更多
A self-normalized statistic the modified modal scintillation index MMSI is proposed and defined as the variance of the modulus of modal excitation normalized by the square of its expected value over some observation i...A self-normalized statistic the modified modal scintillation index MMSI is proposed and defined as the variance of the modulus of modal excitation normalized by the square of its expected value over some observation intervals.It is proved in an analytical form that the MMSI is a depth dependent signature and independent of the source level and the source range under the condition of the ideal waveguide while the classical modal scintillation index MSI depends on both the source level and the source range.The MSI and the MMSI in the Pekeris waveguide at 70 Hz are simulated with different source levels and source ranges by the Kraken normal mode model.The simulation results are consistent with the theoretical deduction.The MMSI probability density functions PDFs of different normal modes for surface and submerged sources are calculated using the mode filtering methods with the same variations of vertical motions.It is indicated that the PDFs can be used to separate the submerged and the surface sources except for the fourth mode.展开更多
BACKGROUND:This study aimed to determine whether modified shock index(MSI)is associated with mortality that is superior to heart rate,blood pressure,or the shock index(SI).in emergency patients.METHODS:A retrospective...BACKGROUND:This study aimed to determine whether modified shock index(MSI)is associated with mortality that is superior to heart rate,blood pressure,or the shock index(SI).in emergency patients.METHODS:A retrospective database review was performed on 22 161 patients who presented to Peking Union Medical College Hospital Emergency Department and received intravenous fluids from January 1 to December 31,2009.We gathered data of the patients on age,gender,vital signs,levels of consciousness,presenting complaints,and SI and MSI were calculated for all patients.RESULTS:Multivariate regression analysis was performed to determine the correlation between risk factors and outcome.There is a significant correlation between emergency patient mortality rate and patient's vital signs obtained at the triage desk(HR>120 beats/min,systolic BP<90 mmHg,diastolic BP<60 mmHg).MSI is a stronger predictor of emergency patient mortality compared to heart rate and blood pressure alone,whereas SI does not have a significant correlation with emergency patient mortality rate.CONCLUSION:MSI is a clinically significant predictor of mortality in emergency patients.It may be better than using heart rate and blood pressure alone.SI is not significantly correlated with the mortality rate of the emergency patient.展开更多
Spatio-temporal dynamic monitoring of soil moisture is highly important to management of agricultural and vegetation eco-systems.The temperature-vegetation dryness index based on the triangle or trapezoid method has b...Spatio-temporal dynamic monitoring of soil moisture is highly important to management of agricultural and vegetation eco-systems.The temperature-vegetation dryness index based on the triangle or trapezoid method has been used widely in previous studies.However,most existing studies simply used linear regression to construct empirical models to fit the edges of the feature space.This requires extensive data from a vast study area,and may lead to subjective results.In this study,a Modified Temperature-Vegetation Dryness Index(MTVDI)was used to monitor surface soil moisture status using MODIS(Moderate-resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer)remote sensing data,in which the dry edge conditions were determined at the pixel scale based on surface energy balance.The MTVDI was validated by field measurements at 30 sites for 10 d and compared with the Temperature-Vegetation Dryness Index(TVDI).The results showed that the R^(2) for MTVDI and soil moisture obviously improved(0.45 for TVDI,0.69 for MTVDI).As for spatial changes,MTVDI can also better reflect the actual soil moisture condition than TVDI.As a result,MTVDI can be considered an effective method to monitor the spatio-temporal changes in surface soil moisture on a regional scale.展开更多
A new computation scheme proposed to tackle commensurate problems is devel- oped by modifying the semi-analytic approach for minimizing computational complexity. Using the proposed scheme, the limit state equations, u...A new computation scheme proposed to tackle commensurate problems is devel- oped by modifying the semi-analytic approach for minimizing computational complexity. Using the proposed scheme, the limit state equations, usually referred to as the failure surface, are obtained from transformation of an interval variable to a normalized one. In order to minimize the computational cost, two algorithms for optimizing the calculation steps have been proposed. The monotonicity of the objective function can be determined from narrowing the scope of interval variables in normalized infinite space by incorporating the algorithms into the computational scheme. Two examples are used to illustrate the operation and computational efficiency of the approach. The results of these examples show that the proposed algorithms can greatly reduce the computation complexity without sacrificing the computational accuracy. The advantage of the proposed scheme can be even more efficient for analyzing sophistic structures.展开更多
Subsurface stormflow is a dominant runoff mechanism in steep humid mountainous areas.An insite measurement of subsurface stormflow suggests that the bedrock surface plays an important role in the runoff generation and...Subsurface stormflow is a dominant runoff mechanism in steep humid mountainous areas.An insite measurement of subsurface stormflow suggests that the bedrock surface plays an important role in the runoff generation and routing process,which was rarely adopted in hydrological modelling studies.To improve the runoff simulation performance,the bedrock surface topographic index is introduced,and a modified TOPMODEL based on the bedrock surface topographic index is developed to simulate the runoff.The modified TOPMODEL is applied to the Huangbengliu(HBL),a steep watershed in Gongga Mountain,and proved to be more appropriate for the HBL watershed,especially for peak simulation.The Nash-Sutcliffe model efficiency(NSE)is improved from 0.24 to 0.58 in the calibration period and from 0.40 to 0.62 in the verification period.The result of this study can advance the understanding of the mechanism of flash floods and contribute flood control and disaster prevention in the HBL watershed and similar areas.展开更多
Groundwater is the main source for water supply in Jordan. Surface water is limited due to low precipitation rates. Studying groundwater vulnerability helps to protect this main source of depletion and degradation for...Groundwater is the main source for water supply in Jordan. Surface water is limited due to low precipitation rates. Studying groundwater vulnerability helps to protect this main source of depletion and degradation for present and coming generations. Different vulnerability indices were built taking into consideration the different environmental setting of the different areas for which these indices were established. Environmental and weather conditions are very important factors in determination groundwater vulnerability hence arid to semi arid areas conditions must be taken into account in applying different indices. The reason after selecting Azraq as a rest point is related directly to the availability of fresh water resources in the form of the wetland supported by many potential springs making Azraq a rich environment for economic activities. A modified DRASTIC vulnerability index was applied to Azraq basin area due to its special climate and wetland area conditions. The index takes the special landuse and the different groundwater depths into consideration and suggests a few measures to alleviate the vulnerability of the groundwater resources due to overexploitation and human activities changing the value of landuse. Azraq basin represents four different vulnerability classes, ranging from Low to very high vulnerability class. The lower vulnerability class areas are distributed in theareas with high depth to water table and low recharge areas with low human activities. The higher vulnerability classes are shown in the areas with high possibility of the pollutants to reach the groundwater. The modified DRASTIC index added the value of the human activity and the structural features in the area which give a more ease to pollutant to permit the aquifer.展开更多
Due to the fast development of industrialization and urbanization, shorelineextraction is necessary for the sustainable development and environment protection inmany countries. This study focused on the accurate metho...Due to the fast development of industrialization and urbanization, shorelineextraction is necessary for the sustainable development and environment protection inmany countries. This study focused on the accurate methods of extracting theinstantaneous waterline —shoreline obtained as the same instant as the satellite imageis acquired. Based on NDWI (Normalized Difference Water Index) and MNDWI(Modified Normalized Difference Water Index), the study changed the bandcombination and proposed a second modified normalized water index (SMNDWI) toextract the waterline. And, this new index is applied to three types of coast to evaluatethe performance of this method with traditional ones. Results show that SNDWI isbetter than NDWI and suitable for applying to the waterline extraction.展开更多
Otindag Sandy Land in China is an important ecological barrier to Beijing;the changes in its ecological quality are major concerns for sustainable development and planning of this area.Based on principal component ana...Otindag Sandy Land in China is an important ecological barrier to Beijing;the changes in its ecological quality are major concerns for sustainable development and planning of this area.Based on principal component analysis and path analysis,we first generated a modified remote sensing ecological index(MRSEI)coupled with satellite and ground observational data during 2001–2020 that integrated four local indicators(greenness,wetness,and heatness that reflect vegetation status,water,and heat conditions,respectively,as well as soil erosion).Then,we assessed the ecological quality in Otindag Sandy Land during 2001–2020 based on the MRSEI at different time scales(i.e.,the whole year,growing season,and non-growing season).MRSEI generally increased with an upward rate of 0.006/a during 2001–2020,with clear seasonal and spatial variations.Ecological quality was significantly improved in most regions of Otindag Sandy Land but degraded in the southern part.Regions with ecological degradation expanded to 18.64%of the total area in the non-growing season.The area with the worst grade of MRSEI shrunk by 15.83%of the total area from 2001 to 2020,while the area with the best grade of MRSEI increased by 9.77%of the total area.The temporal heterogeneity of ecological conditions indicated that the improvement process of ecological quality in the growing season may be interrupted or deteriorated in the following non-growing season.The implementation of ecological restoration measures in Otindag Sandy Land should not ignore the seasonal characteristics and spatial heterogeneity of local ecological quality.The results can explore the effectiveness of ecological restoration and provide scientific guides on sustainable development measures for drylands.展开更多
Kashaf rud river is located in border zone of East Alborz and Kopet Dagh physiographic provinces in the north east Iran. Geomorphic indices are useful tools to show the neotectonic regimes. These indices have got the ...Kashaf rud river is located in border zone of East Alborz and Kopet Dagh physiographic provinces in the north east Iran. Geomorphic indices are useful tools to show the neotectonic regimes. These indices have got the advantage of being calculated from Arc GIS and remote sensing packages over large area as a useful tool to identify geomorphic anomalies possibly related to active tectonics. In this research, seven geomorphic indices (stream-gradient index, valley floor width-valley height ratio, mountain-front sinuosity, drainage basin asymmetry, hypsometric integral, drainage basin shape and transverse topographic symmetry factor) were calculated along the Kashaf rud river. Then, based on a new index or modified index of active tectonics (Miat) values that calculated by average of seven geomorphic indices, relative tectonic activities levels were revealed. The low class of Miat is mainly in the sub-basins of No. 6, 10, 13, 14, 21, 22, 23, 24 & 28 while the rest of the study area has moderate tectonic activities in the other sub-basins. Our results show that the moderate value has located along faulted area, which shows 2 class of relative tectonic activity. These faults have been formed above an old suture zone between Cimmerian and Eurasian plates.展开更多
Routine reliability index method, first order second moment (FOSM), may not ensure convergence of iteration when the performance function is strongly nonlinear. A modified method was proposed to calculate reliability ...Routine reliability index method, first order second moment (FOSM), may not ensure convergence of iteration when the performance function is strongly nonlinear. A modified method was proposed to calculate reliability index based on maximum entropy (MaxEnt) principle. To achieve this goal, the complicated iteration of first order second moment (FOSM) method was replaced by the calculation of entropy density function. Local convergence of Newton iteration method utilized to calculate entropy density function was proved, which ensured the convergence of iteration when calculating reliability index. To promote calculation efficiency, Newton down-hill algorithm was incorporated into calculating entropy density function and Monte Carlo simulations (MCS) were performed to assess the efficiency of the presented method. Two numerical examples were presented to verify the validation of the presented method. Moreover, the execution and advantages of the presented method were explained. From Example 1, after seven times iteration, the proposed method is capable of calculating the reliability index when the performance function is strongly nonlinear and at the same time the proposed method can preserve the calculation accuracy; From Example 2, the reliability indices calculated using the proposed method, FOSM and MCS are 3.823 9, 3.813 0 and 3.827 6, respectively, and the according iteration times are 5, 36 and 10 6 , which shows that the presented method can improve calculation accuracy without increasing computational cost for the performance function of which the reliability index can be calculated using first order second moment (FOSM) method.展开更多
The existing research of process capability indices of multiple quality characteristics mainly focuses on nonconforming of process output,the concept development of tmivariate process capability indices,quality loss f...The existing research of process capability indices of multiple quality characteristics mainly focuses on nonconforming of process output,the concept development of tmivariate process capability indices,quality loss function and various comprehensive evaluation methods.The multivariate complexity increases the computation difficulty of multivariate process capability indices(MPCI),which makes them hard to be used in practice.In this paper,a new PCA-based MPCI approach is proposed to assess the production capability of the processes that involve multiple product quality characteristics.This approach first transforms the original quality variables into standardized normal variables.MPCI measures are then provided based on the Taam index.Moreover,the statistical properties of these MPCIs,such as confidence intervals and lower confidence bound,are given to let the practitioners understand the capability indices as random variables instead of deterministic variables.A real manufacturing data set and a synthetic data set are used to demonstrate the effectiveness of the proposed method.An implementation procedure is also provided for quality engineers to apply our MPCI approach in their manufacturing processes.The case studies demonstrate the effectiveness and feasibility of this new kind of MPCI,which is easier to be used in production practice.The proposed research provides a novel approach of MPCI calculation.展开更多
The purpose of this study is to investigate the effect of using Bicarbonate and Calcium parameters as alternatives to the lithostratigraphic units covered the catchment area, on water quality index (WQI) values that h...The purpose of this study is to investigate the effect of using Bicarbonate and Calcium parameters as alternatives to the lithostratigraphic units covered the catchment area, on water quality index (WQI) values that have been implemented with GIS technique at Wadi Al-Arab Dam. The analyzed results (by WQI method) have been used to depict water quality for the two approaches. Based on physico-chemical parameters, the calculated values for WQI over the 3-year for study period were 169, 168, and 157, respectively. While the WQI values were 184, 183 and 172, respectively, as a result of incorporated Bicarbonate and Calcium parameters in WQI calculations that significantly contributed to increasing the WQI. The elevated values may be attributed to the influence of carbonate stone dissolution and mechanical erosion under weathering conditions that are prevalent during winter season in the catchment area. As a consequence of lithostratigraphic unites product and GIS technique integration and normalization processes, most of water quality ranks are good and only autumn season has poor water quality in the 2012 and 2013, while in 2014 it has good water quality in the same season. The WQI values increase in general trend from winter to autumn seasons during the study period that may be referred to outflow by daily consumption, evaporation rising, and seepage water. The analysis shows that the modified water quality values of the Wadi Al-Arab Dam Reservoir (WADR) vary after using Bicarbonate and Calcium parameters by constant value. Generally, the results signify that the WADR is not polluted based on the physical and chemical characteristics of water.展开更多
Algal blooms in lakes have become a common global environmental problem. Nowadays, remote sensing is widely used to monitor algal blooms in lakes due to the macroscopic, fast, real-time characteristics. However, it is...Algal blooms in lakes have become a common global environmental problem. Nowadays, remote sensing is widely used to monitor algal blooms in lakes due to the macroscopic, fast, real-time characteristics. However, it is often difficult to distinguish between algal blooms and aquatic vegetation due to their similar spectral characteristics. In this paper, we used modified vegetation presence frequency index(VPF) based on Moderate-resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer(MODIS) imagery to distinguish algal blooms from aquatic vegetation, and analyzed the spatial and temporal variations of algal blooms and aquatic vegetation from a phenological perspective for five large natural lakes with frequent algal bloom outbreaks in China from 2019 to 2020. We simplified the VPF method to make it with a higher spatial transferability so that it could be applied to other lakes in different climatic zones. Through accuracy validation, we found that the modified VPF method can effectively distinguish between algal blooms and aquatic vegetation, and the results vary from lake to lake. The highest accuracy of 97% was achieved in Hulun Lake, where the frequency of algal outbreaks is low and the extent of aquatic vegetation is stable, while the lowest accuracy of 76% was achieved in Dianchi Lake, which is rainy in summer and the lake is small. Analyses suggests that the time period when algal blooms occur most frequently might not coincide with that when they have the largest area. However, in most cases these two are close in terms of time period. The modified VPF method has a broad scope of application, is easy to implement, and has a high practical value. Furthermore, the method could be established using only a small amount of measured data, which is useful for water quality monitoring on large spatial scales.展开更多
Joint inversion is one of the most effective methods for reducing non-uniqueness for geophysical inversion.The current joint inversion methods can be divided into the structural consistency constraint and petrophysica...Joint inversion is one of the most effective methods for reducing non-uniqueness for geophysical inversion.The current joint inversion methods can be divided into the structural consistency constraint and petrophysical consistency constraint methods,which are mutually independent.Currently,there is a need for joint inversion methods that can comprehensively consider the structural consistency constraints and petrophysical consistency constraints.This paper develops the structural similarity index(SSIM)as a new structural and petrophysical consistency constraint for the joint inversion of gravity and vertical gradient data.The SSIM constraint is in the form of a fraction,which may have analytical singularities.Therefore,converting the fractional form to the subtractive form can solve the problem of analytic singularity and finally form a modified structural consistency index of the joint inversion,which enhances the stability of the SSIM constraint applied to the joint inversion.Compared to the reconstructed results from the cross-gradient inversion,the proposed method presents good performance and stability.The SSIM algorithm is a new joint inversion method for petrophysical and structural constraints.It can promote the consistency of the recovered models from the distribution and the structure of the physical property values.Then,applications to synthetic data illustrate that the algorithm proposed in this paper can well process the synthetic data and acquire good reconstructed results.展开更多
To understand the impacts of large-scale circulation during the evolution of E1 Nifio cycle on tropical cyclones （TC） is important and useful for TC forecast. Based on best-track data from the Joint Typhoon Warning ...To understand the impacts of large-scale circulation during the evolution of E1 Nifio cycle on tropical cyclones （TC） is important and useful for TC forecast. Based on best-track data from the Joint Typhoon Warning Center and reanalysis data from National Centers for Environmental Prediction for the period 1975- 2014, we investigated the influences of two types of E1 Nifio, the eastern Pacific E1 Nifio （EP-E1 Nifio） and central Pacific E1 Nifio （CP-E1 Nifio）, on global TC genesis. We also examined how various environmental factors contribute to these influences using a modified genesis potential index （MGPI）. The composites reproduced for two types of E1 Nifio, from their developing to decaying phases, were able to qualitatively replicate observed cyclogenesis in several basins except for the Arabian Sea. Certain factors of MGPI with more influence than others in various regions are identified. Over the western North Pacific, five variables were all important in the two E1Nifio types during developing summer （July-August-September） and fall （October- November-December）, and decaying spring （April-May-June） and summer. In the eastern Pacific, vertical shear and relative vorticity are the crucial factors for the two types of El Nifio during developing and decaying summers. In the Atlantic, vertical shear, potential intensity and relative humidity are important for the opposite variation of EP- and CP-EI Nifios during decaying summers. In the Southern Hemisphere, the five variables have varying contributions to TC genesis variation during peak season （January-February-March） for the two types of E1 Nifio. In the Bay of Bengal, relative vorticity, humidity and omega may be responsible for clearly reduced TC genesis during developing fall for the two types and slightly suppressed TC cyclogenesis during EP-E1 Nifio decaying spring. In the Arabian Sea, the EP-E1 Nifio generates a slightly positive anomaly of TC genesis during developing falls and decaying springs, but the MGPI failed to capture this variation.展开更多
文摘The Gabes aquifer system,located in southeastern Tunisia,is a crucial resource for supporting local socio-economic activities.Due to its dual porosity structure,is particularly vulnerable to pollution.This study aims to develop a hybrid model that combines the Fracture Aquifer Index(FAI)with the conventional GOD(Groundwater occurrence,Overall lithology,Depth to water table)method,to assess groundwater vulnerability in fractured aquifer.To develop the hybrid model,the classical GOD method was integrated with FAI to produce a single composite index.Each parameter within both GOD and FAI was scored,and a final index was calculated to delineate vulnerable areas.The results show that the study area can be classified into four vulnerability levels:Very low,low,moderate,and high,indicating that approximately 8%of the area exhibits very low vulnerability,29%has low vulnerability,25%falls into the moderate category,and 38%is considered highly vulnerable.The FAI-GOD model further incorporates fracture network characteristics.This refinement reduces the classification to three vulnerability classes:Low,medium,and high.The outcomes demonstrate that 46%of the area is highly vulnerable due to a dense concentration of fractures,while 17%represents an intermediate zone characterized by either shallow or deeper fractures.In contrast,37%corresponds to areas with lightly fractured rock,where the impact on vulnerability is minimal.Multivariate statistical analysis was employed using Principal Components Analysis(PCA)and Hierarchical Cluster Analysis(HCA)on 24 samples across six variables.The first three components account for over 76%of the total variance,reinforcing the significance of fracture dynamics in classifying vulnerability levels.The FAI-GOD model removes the very-low-vulnerability class and expands the spatial extent of low-and high-vulnerability zones,reflecting the dominant influence of fracture networks on aquifer sensitivity.While both indices use a five-class system,FAI-GOD redistributes vulnerability by eliminating very-low-vulnerability areas and amplifying low/high categories,highlighting the critical role of fractures.A strong correlation(R2=0.94)between the GOD and FAI-GOD indices,demonstrated through second-order polynomial regression,confirms the robustness of the FAI-GOD model in accurately predicting vulnerability to pollution.This model provides a useful framework for assessing the vulnerability of complex aquifers and serves as a decision-making tool for groundwater managers in similar areas.
文摘This commentary critically appraises the study by Li et al which pioneered the exploration of the triglyceride-glucose(TyG)index as a prognostic marker in hepatitis B virus-related advanced hepatocellular carcinoma patients undergoing combined camrelizumab and lenvatinib therapy.While we acknowledge the study’s clinical relevance in proposing an easily accessible metabolic biomarker,we delve into the mechanistic plausibility linking insulin resistance to immunotherapy response and angiogenic inhibition.We further critically examine the methodological limitations,including the retrospective design,the populationspecific TyG cut-off value,and unaddressed metabolic confounders.We highlight the imperative for future research to validate its utility across diverse etiologies and treatment settings,and to unravel the underlying immunometabolic pathways.
基金Supported by Inter Disciplinary Direction Cultivation Project of Hunan University of Chinese Medicine,No.2025JC01032025 Hunan Province Science and Technology Innovation Plan Project,No.2025RC9012+2 种基金2022"Unveiling and Leading"Project of Discipline Construction at Hunan University of Chinese Medicine,No.22JBZ044Changsha Municipal Natural Science Foundation,No.kq2402174Hunan Provincial Science Popularization Fund Project,No.2025ZK4223.
文摘BACKGROUND Timely and accurate evaluation of mental disorders in adolescents using appropriate mental health literacy assessment tools is essential for improving their mental health literacy levels.AIM To develop an evaluation index system for the mental health literacy of adolescent patients with mental disorders,providing a scientific,comprehensive,and reliable tool for the monitoring and intervention of mental health literacy of such patients.METHODS From December 2022 to June 2023,the evaluation index system for mental health literacy of adolescents with mental disorders was developed through literature reviews,semi-structured interviews,expert letter consultations,and the analytic hierarchy process.Based on this index system,a self-assessment questionnaire was compiled and administered to 305 adolescents with mental disorders to test the reliability and validity of the index system.RESULTS The final evaluation index system for mental health literacy of adolescents with mental disorders included 4 first-level indicators,10 second-level indicators,and 52 third-level indicators.The overall Cronbach’sαcoefficient of the index system was 0.957,with a partial reliability of 0.826 and a content validity index of 0.975.The cumulative variance contribution rate of 10 common factors was 66.491%.The correlation coefficients between each dimension and the total questionnaire ranged from 0.672 to 0.724,while the correlation coefficients in each dimension ranged from 0.389 to 0.705.CONCLUSION The evaluation index system for mental health literacy of adolescents with mental disorders,developed in this study,demonstrated notable reliability and validity,making it a valuable tool for evaluating mental health literacy in this population.
基金Projects (51039001, 50978087, 51009063, 50808071) supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of ChinaProject (SX2010-026) supported by State Council Three Gorges Project Construction Committee Executive Office,China+2 种基金Project (2009ZX07212-001) supported by Ministry of Environmental Protection of ChinaProject (BYHGLC-2010-02) supported by Guangzhou Water Authority,ChinaProject (CX2010B157) supported by Hunan Provincial Innovation Foundation for Postgraduate,China
文摘Modified potential ecological risk index （MRI） was proposed based on the potential ecological risk index （RI） and risk assessment code （RAC） by modifying an index. The modified index was relevant to the chemical speciation of heavy metals. Xiawan Port, a typical region contaminated by industrial production, was selected as a case study area. The total concentrations and chemical speciation of heavy metals in sediments of Xiawan Port were analyzed. The experimental data indicate that Xiawan Port is seriously polluted by heavy metals, especially by Cd. The risks of heavy metals are evaluated by RI, RAC and MRI, respectively. The resluts of MRI show that the risks of heavy metals are in the decreasing order of Cd〉Pb〉Cu〉Zn. Comparison of results by different methods reveals that MRI integrates the characters of RI and RAC. MRI is recognized to be useful for risk managemnt of heavy metals in sediments.
基金The National Natural Science Foundation of China(No.11104029)
文摘A self-normalized statistic the modified modal scintillation index MMSI is proposed and defined as the variance of the modulus of modal excitation normalized by the square of its expected value over some observation intervals.It is proved in an analytical form that the MMSI is a depth dependent signature and independent of the source level and the source range under the condition of the ideal waveguide while the classical modal scintillation index MSI depends on both the source level and the source range.The MSI and the MMSI in the Pekeris waveguide at 70 Hz are simulated with different source levels and source ranges by the Kraken normal mode model.The simulation results are consistent with the theoretical deduction.The MMSI probability density functions PDFs of different normal modes for surface and submerged sources are calculated using the mode filtering methods with the same variations of vertical motions.It is indicated that the PDFs can be used to separate the submerged and the surface sources except for the fourth mode.
文摘BACKGROUND:This study aimed to determine whether modified shock index(MSI)is associated with mortality that is superior to heart rate,blood pressure,or the shock index(SI).in emergency patients.METHODS:A retrospective database review was performed on 22 161 patients who presented to Peking Union Medical College Hospital Emergency Department and received intravenous fluids from January 1 to December 31,2009.We gathered data of the patients on age,gender,vital signs,levels of consciousness,presenting complaints,and SI and MSI were calculated for all patients.RESULTS:Multivariate regression analysis was performed to determine the correlation between risk factors and outcome.There is a significant correlation between emergency patient mortality rate and patient's vital signs obtained at the triage desk(HR>120 beats/min,systolic BP<90 mmHg,diastolic BP<60 mmHg).MSI is a stronger predictor of emergency patient mortality compared to heart rate and blood pressure alone,whereas SI does not have a significant correlation with emergency patient mortality rate.CONCLUSION:MSI is a clinically significant predictor of mortality in emergency patients.It may be better than using heart rate and blood pressure alone.SI is not significantly correlated with the mortality rate of the emergency patient.
基金Under the auspices of the National Natural Science Foundation of China(No.41801180)the Natural Science Basic Research Plan in Shaanxi Province of China(No.2020JQ415,2019JQ-767)。
文摘Spatio-temporal dynamic monitoring of soil moisture is highly important to management of agricultural and vegetation eco-systems.The temperature-vegetation dryness index based on the triangle or trapezoid method has been used widely in previous studies.However,most existing studies simply used linear regression to construct empirical models to fit the edges of the feature space.This requires extensive data from a vast study area,and may lead to subjective results.In this study,a Modified Temperature-Vegetation Dryness Index(MTVDI)was used to monitor surface soil moisture status using MODIS(Moderate-resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer)remote sensing data,in which the dry edge conditions were determined at the pixel scale based on surface energy balance.The MTVDI was validated by field measurements at 30 sites for 10 d and compared with the Temperature-Vegetation Dryness Index(TVDI).The results showed that the R^(2) for MTVDI and soil moisture obviously improved(0.45 for TVDI,0.69 for MTVDI).As for spatial changes,MTVDI can also better reflect the actual soil moisture condition than TVDI.As a result,MTVDI can be considered an effective method to monitor the spatio-temporal changes in surface soil moisture on a regional scale.
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (No.10972084)
文摘A new computation scheme proposed to tackle commensurate problems is devel- oped by modifying the semi-analytic approach for minimizing computational complexity. Using the proposed scheme, the limit state equations, usually referred to as the failure surface, are obtained from transformation of an interval variable to a normalized one. In order to minimize the computational cost, two algorithms for optimizing the calculation steps have been proposed. The monotonicity of the objective function can be determined from narrowing the scope of interval variables in normalized infinite space by incorporating the algorithms into the computational scheme. Two examples are used to illustrate the operation and computational efficiency of the approach. The results of these examples show that the proposed algorithms can greatly reduce the computation complexity without sacrificing the computational accuracy. The advantage of the proposed scheme can be even more efficient for analyzing sophistic structures.
基金funded by the Major Program of National Natural Science Foundation of China(No.41790431)。
文摘Subsurface stormflow is a dominant runoff mechanism in steep humid mountainous areas.An insite measurement of subsurface stormflow suggests that the bedrock surface plays an important role in the runoff generation and routing process,which was rarely adopted in hydrological modelling studies.To improve the runoff simulation performance,the bedrock surface topographic index is introduced,and a modified TOPMODEL based on the bedrock surface topographic index is developed to simulate the runoff.The modified TOPMODEL is applied to the Huangbengliu(HBL),a steep watershed in Gongga Mountain,and proved to be more appropriate for the HBL watershed,especially for peak simulation.The Nash-Sutcliffe model efficiency(NSE)is improved from 0.24 to 0.58 in the calibration period and from 0.40 to 0.62 in the verification period.The result of this study can advance the understanding of the mechanism of flash floods and contribute flood control and disaster prevention in the HBL watershed and similar areas.
文摘Groundwater is the main source for water supply in Jordan. Surface water is limited due to low precipitation rates. Studying groundwater vulnerability helps to protect this main source of depletion and degradation for present and coming generations. Different vulnerability indices were built taking into consideration the different environmental setting of the different areas for which these indices were established. Environmental and weather conditions are very important factors in determination groundwater vulnerability hence arid to semi arid areas conditions must be taken into account in applying different indices. The reason after selecting Azraq as a rest point is related directly to the availability of fresh water resources in the form of the wetland supported by many potential springs making Azraq a rich environment for economic activities. A modified DRASTIC vulnerability index was applied to Azraq basin area due to its special climate and wetland area conditions. The index takes the special landuse and the different groundwater depths into consideration and suggests a few measures to alleviate the vulnerability of the groundwater resources due to overexploitation and human activities changing the value of landuse. Azraq basin represents four different vulnerability classes, ranging from Low to very high vulnerability class. The lower vulnerability class areas are distributed in theareas with high depth to water table and low recharge areas with low human activities. The higher vulnerability classes are shown in the areas with high possibility of the pollutants to reach the groundwater. The modified DRASTIC index added the value of the human activity and the structural features in the area which give a more ease to pollutant to permit the aquifer.
基金supported by Tianjin Natural Science Foundation Project (14JCYBJC22500)
文摘Due to the fast development of industrialization and urbanization, shorelineextraction is necessary for the sustainable development and environment protection inmany countries. This study focused on the accurate methods of extracting theinstantaneous waterline —shoreline obtained as the same instant as the satellite imageis acquired. Based on NDWI (Normalized Difference Water Index) and MNDWI(Modified Normalized Difference Water Index), the study changed the bandcombination and proposed a second modified normalized water index (SMNDWI) toextract the waterline. And, this new index is applied to three types of coast to evaluatethe performance of this method with traditional ones. Results show that SNDWI isbetter than NDWI and suitable for applying to the waterline extraction.
基金the financial support given by the Special Funds for Science and Technology Innovation on Carbon Peak Carbon Neutral of Jiangsu Province,China(BK20220017)the Innovation Development Project of China Meteorological Administration(CXFZ2023J073)the National Key R&D Program of China(2018YFC1506606).
文摘Otindag Sandy Land in China is an important ecological barrier to Beijing;the changes in its ecological quality are major concerns for sustainable development and planning of this area.Based on principal component analysis and path analysis,we first generated a modified remote sensing ecological index(MRSEI)coupled with satellite and ground observational data during 2001–2020 that integrated four local indicators(greenness,wetness,and heatness that reflect vegetation status,water,and heat conditions,respectively,as well as soil erosion).Then,we assessed the ecological quality in Otindag Sandy Land during 2001–2020 based on the MRSEI at different time scales(i.e.,the whole year,growing season,and non-growing season).MRSEI generally increased with an upward rate of 0.006/a during 2001–2020,with clear seasonal and spatial variations.Ecological quality was significantly improved in most regions of Otindag Sandy Land but degraded in the southern part.Regions with ecological degradation expanded to 18.64%of the total area in the non-growing season.The area with the worst grade of MRSEI shrunk by 15.83%of the total area from 2001 to 2020,while the area with the best grade of MRSEI increased by 9.77%of the total area.The temporal heterogeneity of ecological conditions indicated that the improvement process of ecological quality in the growing season may be interrupted or deteriorated in the following non-growing season.The implementation of ecological restoration measures in Otindag Sandy Land should not ignore the seasonal characteristics and spatial heterogeneity of local ecological quality.The results can explore the effectiveness of ecological restoration and provide scientific guides on sustainable development measures for drylands.
文摘Kashaf rud river is located in border zone of East Alborz and Kopet Dagh physiographic provinces in the north east Iran. Geomorphic indices are useful tools to show the neotectonic regimes. These indices have got the advantage of being calculated from Arc GIS and remote sensing packages over large area as a useful tool to identify geomorphic anomalies possibly related to active tectonics. In this research, seven geomorphic indices (stream-gradient index, valley floor width-valley height ratio, mountain-front sinuosity, drainage basin asymmetry, hypsometric integral, drainage basin shape and transverse topographic symmetry factor) were calculated along the Kashaf rud river. Then, based on a new index or modified index of active tectonics (Miat) values that calculated by average of seven geomorphic indices, relative tectonic activities levels were revealed. The low class of Miat is mainly in the sub-basins of No. 6, 10, 13, 14, 21, 22, 23, 24 & 28 while the rest of the study area has moderate tectonic activities in the other sub-basins. Our results show that the moderate value has located along faulted area, which shows 2 class of relative tectonic activity. These faults have been formed above an old suture zone between Cimmerian and Eurasian plates.
基金Project(50978112) supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China
文摘Routine reliability index method, first order second moment (FOSM), may not ensure convergence of iteration when the performance function is strongly nonlinear. A modified method was proposed to calculate reliability index based on maximum entropy (MaxEnt) principle. To achieve this goal, the complicated iteration of first order second moment (FOSM) method was replaced by the calculation of entropy density function. Local convergence of Newton iteration method utilized to calculate entropy density function was proved, which ensured the convergence of iteration when calculating reliability index. To promote calculation efficiency, Newton down-hill algorithm was incorporated into calculating entropy density function and Monte Carlo simulations (MCS) were performed to assess the efficiency of the presented method. Two numerical examples were presented to verify the validation of the presented method. Moreover, the execution and advantages of the presented method were explained. From Example 1, after seven times iteration, the proposed method is capable of calculating the reliability index when the performance function is strongly nonlinear and at the same time the proposed method can preserve the calculation accuracy; From Example 2, the reliability indices calculated using the proposed method, FOSM and MCS are 3.823 9, 3.813 0 and 3.827 6, respectively, and the according iteration times are 5, 36 and 10 6 , which shows that the presented method can improve calculation accuracy without increasing computational cost for the performance function of which the reliability index can be calculated using first order second moment (FOSM) method.
基金supported by National Natural Science Foundation of China(Grant Nos.70802043,71225006 and 71002105)
文摘The existing research of process capability indices of multiple quality characteristics mainly focuses on nonconforming of process output,the concept development of tmivariate process capability indices,quality loss function and various comprehensive evaluation methods.The multivariate complexity increases the computation difficulty of multivariate process capability indices(MPCI),which makes them hard to be used in practice.In this paper,a new PCA-based MPCI approach is proposed to assess the production capability of the processes that involve multiple product quality characteristics.This approach first transforms the original quality variables into standardized normal variables.MPCI measures are then provided based on the Taam index.Moreover,the statistical properties of these MPCIs,such as confidence intervals and lower confidence bound,are given to let the practitioners understand the capability indices as random variables instead of deterministic variables.A real manufacturing data set and a synthetic data set are used to demonstrate the effectiveness of the proposed method.An implementation procedure is also provided for quality engineers to apply our MPCI approach in their manufacturing processes.The case studies demonstrate the effectiveness and feasibility of this new kind of MPCI,which is easier to be used in production practice.The proposed research provides a novel approach of MPCI calculation.
文摘The purpose of this study is to investigate the effect of using Bicarbonate and Calcium parameters as alternatives to the lithostratigraphic units covered the catchment area, on water quality index (WQI) values that have been implemented with GIS technique at Wadi Al-Arab Dam. The analyzed results (by WQI method) have been used to depict water quality for the two approaches. Based on physico-chemical parameters, the calculated values for WQI over the 3-year for study period were 169, 168, and 157, respectively. While the WQI values were 184, 183 and 172, respectively, as a result of incorporated Bicarbonate and Calcium parameters in WQI calculations that significantly contributed to increasing the WQI. The elevated values may be attributed to the influence of carbonate stone dissolution and mechanical erosion under weathering conditions that are prevalent during winter season in the catchment area. As a consequence of lithostratigraphic unites product and GIS technique integration and normalization processes, most of water quality ranks are good and only autumn season has poor water quality in the 2012 and 2013, while in 2014 it has good water quality in the same season. The WQI values increase in general trend from winter to autumn seasons during the study period that may be referred to outflow by daily consumption, evaporation rising, and seepage water. The analysis shows that the modified water quality values of the Wadi Al-Arab Dam Reservoir (WADR) vary after using Bicarbonate and Calcium parameters by constant value. Generally, the results signify that the WADR is not polluted based on the physical and chemical characteristics of water.
基金Under the auspices of National Key Research and Development Project of China (No. 2021YFB3901101)National Natural Science Foundation of China (No. 41971322, 42071336, 42001311, 41730104)+2 种基金Jilin Provincial Science and Technology Development Project (No. 20180519021JH)Youth Innovation Promotion Association of Chinese Academy of Sciences (No. 2020234)China Postdoctoral Science Foundation (No. 2020M681057)。
文摘Algal blooms in lakes have become a common global environmental problem. Nowadays, remote sensing is widely used to monitor algal blooms in lakes due to the macroscopic, fast, real-time characteristics. However, it is often difficult to distinguish between algal blooms and aquatic vegetation due to their similar spectral characteristics. In this paper, we used modified vegetation presence frequency index(VPF) based on Moderate-resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer(MODIS) imagery to distinguish algal blooms from aquatic vegetation, and analyzed the spatial and temporal variations of algal blooms and aquatic vegetation from a phenological perspective for five large natural lakes with frequent algal bloom outbreaks in China from 2019 to 2020. We simplified the VPF method to make it with a higher spatial transferability so that it could be applied to other lakes in different climatic zones. Through accuracy validation, we found that the modified VPF method can effectively distinguish between algal blooms and aquatic vegetation, and the results vary from lake to lake. The highest accuracy of 97% was achieved in Hulun Lake, where the frequency of algal outbreaks is low and the extent of aquatic vegetation is stable, while the lowest accuracy of 76% was achieved in Dianchi Lake, which is rainy in summer and the lake is small. Analyses suggests that the time period when algal blooms occur most frequently might not coincide with that when they have the largest area. However, in most cases these two are close in terms of time period. The modified VPF method has a broad scope of application, is easy to implement, and has a high practical value. Furthermore, the method could be established using only a small amount of measured data, which is useful for water quality monitoring on large spatial scales.
基金supported by the National Key Research and Development Program(Grant No.2021YFA0716100)the National Key Research and Development Program of China Project(Grant No.2018YFC0603502)+1 种基金the Henan Youth Science Fund Program(Grant No.212300410105)the provincial key R&D and promotion special project of Henan Province(Grant No.222102320279).
文摘Joint inversion is one of the most effective methods for reducing non-uniqueness for geophysical inversion.The current joint inversion methods can be divided into the structural consistency constraint and petrophysical consistency constraint methods,which are mutually independent.Currently,there is a need for joint inversion methods that can comprehensively consider the structural consistency constraints and petrophysical consistency constraints.This paper develops the structural similarity index(SSIM)as a new structural and petrophysical consistency constraint for the joint inversion of gravity and vertical gradient data.The SSIM constraint is in the form of a fraction,which may have analytical singularities.Therefore,converting the fractional form to the subtractive form can solve the problem of analytic singularity and finally form a modified structural consistency index of the joint inversion,which enhances the stability of the SSIM constraint applied to the joint inversion.Compared to the reconstructed results from the cross-gradient inversion,the proposed method presents good performance and stability.The SSIM algorithm is a new joint inversion method for petrophysical and structural constraints.It can promote the consistency of the recovered models from the distribution and the structure of the physical property values.Then,applications to synthetic data illustrate that the algorithm proposed in this paper can well process the synthetic data and acquire good reconstructed results.
基金Supported by the National Basic Research Program of China(973Program)(No.2012CB417402)the State Key Laboratory of Tropical Oceanography,South China Sea Institute of Oceanology,Chinese Academy of Sciences(No.LTO1510)+3 种基金the Strategic Priority Research Program of Chinese Academy of Sciences(No.XDA11010102)the National Natural Science Foundation of China(No.41106018)the Funds for Creative Research Groups of China(No.41421005)the NSFC-Shandong Joint Fund for Marine Science Research Centers(No.U1406401)
文摘To understand the impacts of large-scale circulation during the evolution of E1 Nifio cycle on tropical cyclones （TC） is important and useful for TC forecast. Based on best-track data from the Joint Typhoon Warning Center and reanalysis data from National Centers for Environmental Prediction for the period 1975- 2014, we investigated the influences of two types of E1 Nifio, the eastern Pacific E1 Nifio （EP-E1 Nifio） and central Pacific E1 Nifio （CP-E1 Nifio）, on global TC genesis. We also examined how various environmental factors contribute to these influences using a modified genesis potential index （MGPI）. The composites reproduced for two types of E1 Nifio, from their developing to decaying phases, were able to qualitatively replicate observed cyclogenesis in several basins except for the Arabian Sea. Certain factors of MGPI with more influence than others in various regions are identified. Over the western North Pacific, five variables were all important in the two E1Nifio types during developing summer （July-August-September） and fall （October- November-December）, and decaying spring （April-May-June） and summer. In the eastern Pacific, vertical shear and relative vorticity are the crucial factors for the two types of El Nifio during developing and decaying summers. In the Atlantic, vertical shear, potential intensity and relative humidity are important for the opposite variation of EP- and CP-EI Nifios during decaying summers. In the Southern Hemisphere, the five variables have varying contributions to TC genesis variation during peak season （January-February-March） for the two types of E1 Nifio. In the Bay of Bengal, relative vorticity, humidity and omega may be responsible for clearly reduced TC genesis during developing fall for the two types and slightly suppressed TC cyclogenesis during EP-E1 Nifio decaying spring. In the Arabian Sea, the EP-E1 Nifio generates a slightly positive anomaly of TC genesis during developing falls and decaying springs, but the MGPI failed to capture this variation.
