The paper primarily focuses on social safety nets and their effectiveness in poverty alleviation.Social Safety Net(SSN)programs pertain to social service initiatives aimed at providing temporary assistance to individu...The paper primarily focuses on social safety nets and their effectiveness in poverty alleviation.Social Safety Net(SSN)programs pertain to social service initiatives aimed at providing temporary assistance to individuals or groups facing vulnerabilities or unexpected hardships,such as those with lower incomes.Poverty poses a significant obstacle to the progress of social development,and its impacts are worsened by various factors including insecurity,frequent flooding,and droughts in Somalia.A total of 342 households in the Banadir region of Somalia were interviewed for the social safety nets(SSN)study.Data collection in the study was facilitated through the utilization of Kobo Toolbox,while the data analysis was conducted using EViews v.12.The results obtained from the ADP and PP tests indicated that all variables exhibited stationarity at the level.The Impact Assessment(IA)reveals a positive correlation with Household Income and Poverty Indices(HIPI),suggesting a risk of dependency without a strategic exit strategy,potentially leading to a 26%increase in poverty levels.A well-executed Program Implementation and Design(PID)can result in a 33%increase in income and poverty indices.Recipients perceive the Social Safety Net(PSSN)as reducing poverty and increasing income by 11%.Therefore,the study recommends integrating beneficiaries into the urban economy through sustainable livelihood options.Finally,the Somali government should prioritize the implementation of sustainable livelihood programs to mitigate dependency and alleviate poverty among SSN beneficiaries.展开更多
People's livelihood in several Himalayan regions largely depends on collection,use,and trade of medicinal plants.Traditional use is generally not a problem,but commercial gathering of selected species to meet incr...People's livelihood in several Himalayan regions largely depends on collection,use,and trade of medicinal plants.Traditional use is generally not a problem,but commercial gathering of selected species to meet increasing national and international demand can result in over-exploitation.Sustainable management of medicinal plants requires a clear understanding of the respective roles,responsibilities and viewpoints of the various stakeholders involved.Through personal interviews and group discussions,this study aimed at investigating the views of two stakeholder groups on use,trade and conservation of medicinal plants in the Rasuwa district of Nepal.Local people and district and national organizations agreed that medicinal plants are collected for a combination of commercial and personal uses.Perceptions on market availability differed significantly:100 % of the respondents from district and national organizations saw markets as easily available,against only 36 % for local people.This could explain why medicinal plants were perceived by local people to contribute less to income generation than to livelihood improvement.Different viewpoints were also expressed concerning the status of medicinal plants in the district:81 % of the respondents from district and national organizationsconsidered that medicinal plants were threatened,compared to only 28 % for local people.Despite this disparity,both stakeholder groups agreed upon potential threats to medicinal plants:over-harvesting;habitat loss due to land-use change and deforestation;and over-grazing by livestock.Several challenges were identified regarding sustainable management of medicinal plants,such as ambiguous policies;lack of resources,information and infrastructures;habitat degradation;and over-exploitation.Despite these challenges,respondents agreed that the medicinal plants sector offers huge opportunities in the Rasuwa district,given resource availability,community awareness and motivation,and the priority given to the sector by governments and other agencies.Proper collaboration,communication and coordination among stakeholders are needed to grab these opportunities.展开更多
文摘The paper primarily focuses on social safety nets and their effectiveness in poverty alleviation.Social Safety Net(SSN)programs pertain to social service initiatives aimed at providing temporary assistance to individuals or groups facing vulnerabilities or unexpected hardships,such as those with lower incomes.Poverty poses a significant obstacle to the progress of social development,and its impacts are worsened by various factors including insecurity,frequent flooding,and droughts in Somalia.A total of 342 households in the Banadir region of Somalia were interviewed for the social safety nets(SSN)study.Data collection in the study was facilitated through the utilization of Kobo Toolbox,while the data analysis was conducted using EViews v.12.The results obtained from the ADP and PP tests indicated that all variables exhibited stationarity at the level.The Impact Assessment(IA)reveals a positive correlation with Household Income and Poverty Indices(HIPI),suggesting a risk of dependency without a strategic exit strategy,potentially leading to a 26%increase in poverty levels.A well-executed Program Implementation and Design(PID)can result in a 33%increase in income and poverty indices.Recipients perceive the Social Safety Net(PSSN)as reducing poverty and increasing income by 11%.Therefore,the study recommends integrating beneficiaries into the urban economy through sustainable livelihood options.Finally,the Somali government should prioritize the implementation of sustainable livelihood programs to mitigate dependency and alleviate poverty among SSN beneficiaries.
文摘People's livelihood in several Himalayan regions largely depends on collection,use,and trade of medicinal plants.Traditional use is generally not a problem,but commercial gathering of selected species to meet increasing national and international demand can result in over-exploitation.Sustainable management of medicinal plants requires a clear understanding of the respective roles,responsibilities and viewpoints of the various stakeholders involved.Through personal interviews and group discussions,this study aimed at investigating the views of two stakeholder groups on use,trade and conservation of medicinal plants in the Rasuwa district of Nepal.Local people and district and national organizations agreed that medicinal plants are collected for a combination of commercial and personal uses.Perceptions on market availability differed significantly:100 % of the respondents from district and national organizations saw markets as easily available,against only 36 % for local people.This could explain why medicinal plants were perceived by local people to contribute less to income generation than to livelihood improvement.Different viewpoints were also expressed concerning the status of medicinal plants in the district:81 % of the respondents from district and national organizationsconsidered that medicinal plants were threatened,compared to only 28 % for local people.Despite this disparity,both stakeholder groups agreed upon potential threats to medicinal plants:over-harvesting;habitat loss due to land-use change and deforestation;and over-grazing by livestock.Several challenges were identified regarding sustainable management of medicinal plants,such as ambiguous policies;lack of resources,information and infrastructures;habitat degradation;and over-exploitation.Despite these challenges,respondents agreed that the medicinal plants sector offers huge opportunities in the Rasuwa district,given resource availability,community awareness and motivation,and the priority given to the sector by governments and other agencies.Proper collaboration,communication and coordination among stakeholders are needed to grab these opportunities.
