Multi-operation within a field and multi-machinery within a machinery operation are common in the scene of scaled farm machinery service,especially with soaring usage of automated steering system in small and medium m...Multi-operation within a field and multi-machinery within a machinery operation are common in the scene of scaled farm machinery service,especially with soaring usage of automated steering system in small and medium machinery cooperatives.The object of this study was to explore a precise and efficient in-field coordination method to realize flow-shop scheduling for farm machinery fleet equipped with RTK-GNSS based auto-steering system.The new method is based on three-dimensional coordinate system(XYZ),within which the concept of field,operation strip,and operation task were defined.Under this concept framework,the operation strip state was further defined and its updating algorithm was designed,which can be used for optimization simulations and experiments.To evaluate the method,the waiting time between simulation and a real-world case was compared,and one cloud based prototype system was developed to demonstrate the practicability in the field by using NX200+automated steering system.The simulations showed that the in-field coordination can shorten the waiting time between two adjacent operations.The waiting time between rotary hoeing and seeding can be shortened from 4 h to 6.3 min.The field experiment showed that the prototype system could keep good consistency of ridges for a fleet by sharing the guidance line.展开更多
Irradiation can accurately manipulate defects and adjust pinning landscapes within REBa_(2)Cu_(3)O_(7-δ) (REBCO, RE: rare earths) coated conductors (CCs). This study reports a productive method to dramatically boost ...Irradiation can accurately manipulate defects and adjust pinning landscapes within REBa_(2)Cu_(3)O_(7-δ) (REBCO, RE: rare earths) coated conductors (CCs). This study reports a productive method to dramatically boost the in-field critical current density (J_(c) ) for GdBCO CCs using cooperative irradiation with Ti ions and protons. Remarkably, the in-field J_(c) of commercial CCs can be almost doubled at a wide range of temperatures and magnetic fields. Defects of various sizes induced by cooperative irradiation are more uniform distribution through the entire GdBCO film to improve the vortex pinning characteristics, thereby enhancing the in-field performance of the GdBCO CC. This method highlights how combining different particle irradiation types can tailor defect size and distribution, optimizing pinning landscapes for commercial REBCO CCs.展开更多
With improved outcomes associated with radiotherapy, radiation-induced sarcomas(RIS) are increasingly seen in long-term survivors of head and neck cancers, with an estimated risk of up to 0.3%. They exhibit no subsite...With improved outcomes associated with radiotherapy, radiation-induced sarcomas(RIS) are increasingly seen in long-term survivors of head and neck cancers, with an estimated risk of up to 0.3%. They exhibit no subsite predilection within the head and neck and can arise in any irradiated tissue of mesenchymal origin. Common histologic subtypes of RIS parallel their de novo counterparts and include osteosarcoma, chondrosarcoma, malignant fibrous histiocytoma/sarcoma nitricoxide synthase, and fibrosarcoma. While imaging features of RIS are not pathognomonic, large size, extensive local invasion with bony destruction, marked enhancement within a prior radiotherapy field, and an appropriate latency period are suggestive of a diagnosis of RIS. RIS development may be influenced by factors such as radiation dose, age at initial exposure, exposure to chemotherapeutic agents and genetic tendency. Precise pathogenetic mechanisms of RIS are poorly understood and both directly mutagenizing effects of radiotherapy as well as changes in microenvironments are thought to play a role. Management of RIS is challenging, entailing surgery in irradiated tissue and a limited scope for further radiotherapy and chemotherapy. RIS is associated with significantly poorer outcomes than stagematched sarcomas that arise independent of irradiationand surgical resection with clear margins seems to offer the best chance for cure.展开更多
There is a growing interest in the Open Ag community to use inexpensive sensors controlled by open-source software to measure plant height and plant canopy temperature of agricultural crops. Plant height and plant can...There is a growing interest in the Open Ag community to use inexpensive sensors controlled by open-source software to measure plant height and plant canopy temperature of agricultural crops. Plant height and plant canopy temperature are key indicators of plant health. This research study reports on an ongoing research initiative to test a compact and inexpensive mobile sensor to measure plant height and plant canopy temperature. The system is controlled by open source software and hardware. The specific objectives for this study were to analyze the relationship between plant height and plant canopy temperature of soybeans (Glycine max L.) measured with the mobile system and to analyze the spatial correlation of the plant height and plant canopy temperature measurements. Data were collected in a soybean plot in 2018 and 2019. Descriptive statistics, Pearson correlation, and geostatistical techniques were used to evaluate the data. A negative statistically significant (p ≤ 0.05) relationship was observed between the plant height and the plant canopy temperature measurements (r = −0.54, 2018;r = −0.37, 2019). Also, both parameters were spatially correlated;however, plant height had a greater spatial continuity than plant canopy temperature. Furthermore, similar patterns were observed for the in-field variability of the plant height and plant temperature maps derived via kriging. Similarities in plant height and plant canopy temperatures were observed from one year to the next, suggesting that the sensor technologies could be used as a historical record for monitoring growth patterns in soybean fields. The sensors and techniques used in this study can be easily adapted to other crops, thus providing two important layers for monitoring plant growth and potentially plant stress.展开更多
Our prior study focused on development of internet of things(IoT)and edge-compute enabled crop physiology sensing system(CPSS)for apple sunburn monitoring.Edge compute algorithm on CPSS estimated sunburn susceptibilit...Our prior study focused on development of internet of things(IoT)and edge-compute enabled crop physiology sensing system(CPSS)for apple sunburn monitoring.Edge compute algorithm on CPSS estimated sunburn susceptibility as fruit surface temperature(FST)through pixel-by-pixel multiplication of captured thermal infrared images with segmented fruits binary mask.The segmentation was performed using color-based K means clustering approach.This limited CPSS applicability to monitor sunburn of red colored cultivars only and when fruits develop color,typically late growing season.This is a key research gap as recent weather patterns have shown that sunburn can occur during early growing season when fruits are green to yellow.Therefore,aim of this study was to develop and field evaluate cultivar and color independent mask region-convolution neural network(R-CNN)aided fruit segmentation model and edge compute compatible FST estimation algorithm.Season long field data were collected in 2021 using eight CPSS nodes(three in cv.WA38[Cosmic crisp]and five in cv.Honeycrisp).Collected data were used to develop and validate mask R-CNN based fruit segmentation model.Developed mask R-CNN based model was able to segment fruits of two apple cultivars and of varying colors with 91.4%average precision.In orchard evaluations(2022 season),the resulting algorithm ported on CPSS was able to accurately segment(dice similarity coefficient=0.89)and estimate apple FST with<0.5℃error compared to ground truth data.With compute time of about 37 s,data processing time was reduced by 22%over previous algorithm.High ambient temperature(>35℃)on a warmer day resulted in multiple throttling errors caused by excessive CPU temperature;however,the CPSS performance was uncompromised in FST estimation.Ambient air temperature did not affect RAM utilization and CPU clock frequency.Overall,developed FST algorithm can potentially be used as input to actuate water-based cooling system.展开更多
Within the context of in-field path planning this paper discusses freeformpath fitting for theminimisation of the number of transitions between headland path and interior laneswithin agricultural fields.This topic ism...Within the context of in-field path planning this paper discusses freeformpath fitting for theminimisation of the number of transitions between headland path and interior laneswithin agricultural fields.This topic ismotivated by two observations.Due to crossings of tyre traces such transitions in practice often cause an increase of compacted area.Furthermore,for very tight angles between headland path and interior lanes undesired hairpin turnsmay becomenecessary due to the limited agility of in-field operating tractors.Byminimising the number of interior lanes both detrimental effects can be mitigated.The potential of minimising the number of interior lanes by freeform path fitting is evaluated on 10 non-convex real-world fields including obstacle areas,and compared to the more common technique of fitting straight interior lanes.展开更多
基金Thanks for the support of National Key Research and Development Program of China(No.2016YFB0501805)Chinese Universities Scientific Fund(No.2017QC140).
文摘Multi-operation within a field and multi-machinery within a machinery operation are common in the scene of scaled farm machinery service,especially with soaring usage of automated steering system in small and medium machinery cooperatives.The object of this study was to explore a precise and efficient in-field coordination method to realize flow-shop scheduling for farm machinery fleet equipped with RTK-GNSS based auto-steering system.The new method is based on three-dimensional coordinate system(XYZ),within which the concept of field,operation strip,and operation task were defined.Under this concept framework,the operation strip state was further defined and its updating algorithm was designed,which can be used for optimization simulations and experiments.To evaluate the method,the waiting time between simulation and a real-world case was compared,and one cloud based prototype system was developed to demonstrate the practicability in the field by using NX200+automated steering system.The simulations showed that the in-field coordination can shorten the waiting time between two adjacent operations.The waiting time between rotary hoeing and seeding can be shortened from 4 h to 6.3 min.The field experiment showed that the prototype system could keep good consistency of ridges for a fleet by sharing the guidance line.
基金National Key R&D Program of China(No.2022YFE03150203)National Natural Science Foundation of China(Grant Nos.U2032217 and 52072366)+1 种基金Dalian National Laboratory for Clean Energy(DNL),Chinese Academy of Sciences(CAS),the DNL Cooperation Fund,CAS(DNL202021)Youth Innovation Promotion Association of the Chinese Academy of Sciences(Y202041).
文摘Irradiation can accurately manipulate defects and adjust pinning landscapes within REBa_(2)Cu_(3)O_(7-δ) (REBCO, RE: rare earths) coated conductors (CCs). This study reports a productive method to dramatically boost the in-field critical current density (J_(c) ) for GdBCO CCs using cooperative irradiation with Ti ions and protons. Remarkably, the in-field J_(c) of commercial CCs can be almost doubled at a wide range of temperatures and magnetic fields. Defects of various sizes induced by cooperative irradiation are more uniform distribution through the entire GdBCO film to improve the vortex pinning characteristics, thereby enhancing the in-field performance of the GdBCO CC. This method highlights how combining different particle irradiation types can tailor defect size and distribution, optimizing pinning landscapes for commercial REBCO CCs.
文摘With improved outcomes associated with radiotherapy, radiation-induced sarcomas(RIS) are increasingly seen in long-term survivors of head and neck cancers, with an estimated risk of up to 0.3%. They exhibit no subsite predilection within the head and neck and can arise in any irradiated tissue of mesenchymal origin. Common histologic subtypes of RIS parallel their de novo counterparts and include osteosarcoma, chondrosarcoma, malignant fibrous histiocytoma/sarcoma nitricoxide synthase, and fibrosarcoma. While imaging features of RIS are not pathognomonic, large size, extensive local invasion with bony destruction, marked enhancement within a prior radiotherapy field, and an appropriate latency period are suggestive of a diagnosis of RIS. RIS development may be influenced by factors such as radiation dose, age at initial exposure, exposure to chemotherapeutic agents and genetic tendency. Precise pathogenetic mechanisms of RIS are poorly understood and both directly mutagenizing effects of radiotherapy as well as changes in microenvironments are thought to play a role. Management of RIS is challenging, entailing surgery in irradiated tissue and a limited scope for further radiotherapy and chemotherapy. RIS is associated with significantly poorer outcomes than stagematched sarcomas that arise independent of irradiationand surgical resection with clear margins seems to offer the best chance for cure.
文摘There is a growing interest in the Open Ag community to use inexpensive sensors controlled by open-source software to measure plant height and plant canopy temperature of agricultural crops. Plant height and plant canopy temperature are key indicators of plant health. This research study reports on an ongoing research initiative to test a compact and inexpensive mobile sensor to measure plant height and plant canopy temperature. The system is controlled by open source software and hardware. The specific objectives for this study were to analyze the relationship between plant height and plant canopy temperature of soybeans (Glycine max L.) measured with the mobile system and to analyze the spatial correlation of the plant height and plant canopy temperature measurements. Data were collected in a soybean plot in 2018 and 2019. Descriptive statistics, Pearson correlation, and geostatistical techniques were used to evaluate the data. A negative statistically significant (p ≤ 0.05) relationship was observed between the plant height and the plant canopy temperature measurements (r = −0.54, 2018;r = −0.37, 2019). Also, both parameters were spatially correlated;however, plant height had a greater spatial continuity than plant canopy temperature. Furthermore, similar patterns were observed for the in-field variability of the plant height and plant temperature maps derived via kriging. Similarities in plant height and plant canopy temperatures were observed from one year to the next, suggesting that the sensor technologies could be used as a historical record for monitoring growth patterns in soybean fields. The sensors and techniques used in this study can be easily adapted to other crops, thus providing two important layers for monitoring plant growth and potentially plant stress.
基金funded in part by USDA-NIFA/NSF Cyber-Physical Systems program,Washington Tree Fruit Research Commission,and WNP0745 projects.
文摘Our prior study focused on development of internet of things(IoT)and edge-compute enabled crop physiology sensing system(CPSS)for apple sunburn monitoring.Edge compute algorithm on CPSS estimated sunburn susceptibility as fruit surface temperature(FST)through pixel-by-pixel multiplication of captured thermal infrared images with segmented fruits binary mask.The segmentation was performed using color-based K means clustering approach.This limited CPSS applicability to monitor sunburn of red colored cultivars only and when fruits develop color,typically late growing season.This is a key research gap as recent weather patterns have shown that sunburn can occur during early growing season when fruits are green to yellow.Therefore,aim of this study was to develop and field evaluate cultivar and color independent mask region-convolution neural network(R-CNN)aided fruit segmentation model and edge compute compatible FST estimation algorithm.Season long field data were collected in 2021 using eight CPSS nodes(three in cv.WA38[Cosmic crisp]and five in cv.Honeycrisp).Collected data were used to develop and validate mask R-CNN based fruit segmentation model.Developed mask R-CNN based model was able to segment fruits of two apple cultivars and of varying colors with 91.4%average precision.In orchard evaluations(2022 season),the resulting algorithm ported on CPSS was able to accurately segment(dice similarity coefficient=0.89)and estimate apple FST with<0.5℃error compared to ground truth data.With compute time of about 37 s,data processing time was reduced by 22%over previous algorithm.High ambient temperature(>35℃)on a warmer day resulted in multiple throttling errors caused by excessive CPU temperature;however,the CPSS performance was uncompromised in FST estimation.Ambient air temperature did not affect RAM utilization and CPU clock frequency.Overall,developed FST algorithm can potentially be used as input to actuate water-based cooling system.
文摘Within the context of in-field path planning this paper discusses freeformpath fitting for theminimisation of the number of transitions between headland path and interior laneswithin agricultural fields.This topic ismotivated by two observations.Due to crossings of tyre traces such transitions in practice often cause an increase of compacted area.Furthermore,for very tight angles between headland path and interior lanes undesired hairpin turnsmay becomenecessary due to the limited agility of in-field operating tractors.Byminimising the number of interior lanes both detrimental effects can be mitigated.The potential of minimising the number of interior lanes by freeform path fitting is evaluated on 10 non-convex real-world fields including obstacle areas,and compared to the more common technique of fitting straight interior lanes.
