Mitochondria play a crucial role as organelles,managing several physiological processes such as redox balance,cell metabolism,and energy synthesis.Initially,the assumption was that mitochondria primarily resided in th...Mitochondria play a crucial role as organelles,managing several physiological processes such as redox balance,cell metabolism,and energy synthesis.Initially,the assumption was that mitochondria primarily resided in the host cells and could exclusively transmit from oocytes to offspring by a mechanism known as vertical inheritance of mitochondria.Recent scholarly works,however,suggest that certain cell types transmit their mitochondria to other developmental cell types via a mechanism referred to as intercellular or horizontal mitochondrial transfer.This review details the process of which mitochondria are transferred across cells and explains the impact of mitochondrial transfer between cells on the efficacy and functionality of cancer cells in various cancer forms.Specifically,we review the role of mitochondria transfer in regulating cellular metabolism restoration,excess reactive oxygen species(ROS)generation,proliferation,invasion,metastasis,mitophagy activation,mitochondrial DNA(mtDNA)inheritance,immune system modulation and therapeutic resistance in cancer.Additionally,we highlight the possibility of using intercellular mitochondria transfer as a therapeutic approach to treat cancer and enhance the efficacy of cancer treatments.展开更多
The gut microbiome is a complex community of microorganisms that plays a direct role in the health of both the gastrointestinal tract and the entire body.Numerous factors influence the abundance and diversity of gut m...The gut microbiome is a complex community of microorganisms that plays a direct role in the health of both the gastrointestinal tract and the entire body.Numerous factors influence the abundance and diversity of gut microbiota.Microbial imbalance can contribute to disease development.Probiotics are biologically active supplements with promising properties that have high therapeutic potential.Currently,there is a tendency to switch from classic probiotic microorganisms represented by lactic acid bacteria to next-generation probiotics due to their unique ability to influence the human immune system.New-generation probiotics include bacteria such as Akkermansia muciniphila,Faecalibacterium prausnitzii,Bacteroides sp.,Prevotella sp.,Roseburia sp.,and Eubacterium sp.Nextgeneration probiotics can affect host immune cells by secreting various substances,such as butyrate in F.prausnitzii,or through interaction with Toll-like receptors of intestinal epithelial cells,such as A.muciniphila.Studying the role of next-generation probiotics in immune regulation is a promising area of research.This study describes the interactions of next-generation probiotics with the immune system.Understanding the mechanisms of such interactions will improve the treatment of various diseases.展开更多
Mood disorders include a set of psychiatric manifestations of increasing prevalence in our society,being mainly represented by major depressive disorder(MDD)and bipolar disorder(BD).The etiopathogenesis of mood disord...Mood disorders include a set of psychiatric manifestations of increasing prevalence in our society,being mainly represented by major depressive disorder(MDD)and bipolar disorder(BD).The etiopathogenesis of mood disorders is extremely complex,with a wide spectrum of biological,psychological,and sociocultural factors being responsible for their appearance and development.In this sense,immune system dysfunction represents a key mechanism in the onset and pathophysiology of mood disorders,worsening mainly the central nervous system(neuroinflammation)and the periphery of the body(systemic inflammation).However,these alterations cannot be understood separately,but as part of a complex picture in which different factors and systems interact with each other.Psychoneuroimmunoendocrinology(PNIE)is the area responsible for studying the relationship between these elements and the impact of mind–body integration,placing the immune system as part of a whole.Thus,the dysfunction of the immune system is capable of influencing and activating different mechanisms that promote disruption of the psyche,damage to the nervous system,alterations to the endocrine and metabolic systems,and disruption of the microbiota and intestinal ecosystem,as well as of other organs and,in turn,all these mechanisms are responsible for inducing and enhancing the immune dysfunction.Similarly,the clinical approach to these patients is usually multidisciplinary,and the therapeutic arsenal includes different pharmacological(for example,antidepressants,antipsychotics,and lithium)and non-pharmacological(i.e.,psychotherapy,lifestyle,and electroconvulsive therapy)treatments.These interventions also modulate the immune system and other elements of the PNIE in these patients,which may be interesting to understand the therapeutic success or failure of these approaches.In this sense,this review aims to delve into the relationship between immune dysfunction and mood disorders and their integration in the complex context of PNIE.Likewise,an attempt will be made to explore the effects on the immune system of different strategies available in the clinical approach to these patients,in order to identify the mechanisms described and their possible uses as biomarkers.展开更多
The gut microbiome,a complex ecosystem of trillions of microorganisms,plays a crucial role in immune system regulation and overall health.This review explores the intricate cross-talk between the gut microbiota and th...The gut microbiome,a complex ecosystem of trillions of microorganisms,plays a crucial role in immune system regulation and overall health.This review explores the intricate cross-talk between the gut microbiota and the host immune system,emphasizing how microbial communities shape immune cell differentiation,modulate inflammatory responses,and contribute to immune homeostasis.Key interactions between innate and adaptive immune cells–including macrophages,dendritic cells,natural killer cells,innate Lymphoid cells,T cells,and B cells–and gut microbiota-derived metabolites such as short-chain fatty acids are discussed.The role of commensal bacteria in neonatal immune system development,mucosal barrier integrity,and systemic immunity is highlighted,along with implications for autoimmune diseases,inflammatory conditions,and cancer immunotherapy.Recent advances in metagenomics,metabolomics,and single-cell sequencing have provided deeper insights into the microbiota-immune axis,opening new avenues for microbiome-based therapeutic strategies.Understanding these interactions paves the way for novel interventions targeting immune-mediated diseases and optimizing health through microbiome modulation.展开更多
Germ-free mice exhibit profound immunological immaturity.Despite recent studies emphasizing the role of specific bacterium-derived metabolites in immune cell development and differentiation,the mechanisms linking micr...Germ-free mice exhibit profound immunological immaturity.Despite recent studies emphasizing the role of specific bacterium-derived metabolites in immune cell development and differentiation,the mechanisms linking microbiota absence to systemic immune deficits remain incompletely defined.Here,droplet-based single-cell RNA sequencing of bone marrow and peripheral blood from both germ-free and specific pathogen-free mice was performed,identifying 25 transcriptionally distinct cell types.Neutrophil apoptosis was elevated in germ-free mice,potentially due to the absence of niacin dehydrogenase,a metabolite primarily produced by Pseudomonas.In addition,germ-free mice exhibited increased excretion of 5’-methylthioadenosine,enhanced ERK activation driven by reactive oxygen species,and disruption of bone marrow stromal antigen 2 signaling.Monocytes and CD8^(+)T cells from germ-free mice showed diminished responses to interferon-β and interferon-γ,consistent with heightened viral susceptibility.These findings establish a microbiota-dependent regulatory pathway linking immunodeficiency to microbial absence in germ-free mice,confirmed through complementary validation techniques.展开更多
In this paper,different kinds of enzymes,immune factors and regulatory factors of the immune system of crustaceans are summarized and then combed systematically and thoroughly. According to the mutual influence and ef...In this paper,different kinds of enzymes,immune factors and regulatory factors of the immune system of crustaceans are summarized and then combed systematically and thoroughly. According to the mutual influence and effects of these factors,different symbolic forms are introduced to express the effects,and ultimately the whole node graph of the system is obtained. The graph theory can be used for further researches on the immune system of crustacean.展开更多
The tumor microenvironment(TME)is characterized by a symbiosis between cancer cells and the immune cells.The scarcity of oxygen generates hostility that forces cancer cells to alter their biological features in solid ...The tumor microenvironment(TME)is characterized by a symbiosis between cancer cells and the immune cells.The scarcity of oxygen generates hostility that forces cancer cells to alter their biological features in solid tumors.In response to low oxygen availability,the Hypoxia Inducible Factors(HIF-1/2/3α)act as metabolic mediators,producing extracellular metabolites in the tumor microenvironment that influence the immune cells.The modulation of lactate and adenosine on immune evasion has been widely described;however,under hypoxic conditions,it has been barely addressed.Evidence has demonstrated an interplay between cancer and the immune cells,and the present review explores thefindings that support HIFs bridging the gap between the rise of these metabolites and the immunosurveillance failure in a hypoxic context.Moreover,new insights based on systemic oxygen administration are discussed,which might counterbalance the effect mediated by lactate and adenosine,to recover anti-tumor immunity.Thus,the disruption of anti-tumor immunity has been the focus of recent research and this novel avenue opens therapeutic vulnerabilities that can be useful for cancer patients.展开更多
Major depression during pregnancy is a common psychiatric disorder that arises from a complex and mul- tifactorial etiology. Psychosocial stress, sex, hormones, and genetic vulnerability increase the risk for triggeri...Major depression during pregnancy is a common psychiatric disorder that arises from a complex and mul- tifactorial etiology. Psychosocial stress, sex, hormones, and genetic vulnerability increase the risk for triggering mood disorders. Microglia and toll-like receptor 4 play a crucial role in triggering wide and varied stress-induced responses mediated through activation of the inflammasome; this leads to the secretion of inflammatory cytokines, increased serotonin metabolism, and reduction of neurotransmitter availability along with hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis hyperactivity. Dysregulation of this intricate neu- roimmune communication network during pregnancy modifies the maternal milieu, enhancing the emergence of depressive symptoms and negative obstetric and neu- ropsychiatric outcomes. Although several studies have clearly demonstrated the role of the innate immune system in major depression, it is still unclear how the placenta, the brain, and the monoaminergic and neuroendocrine systems interact during perinatal depression. Thus, in the present review we describe the cellular and molecular interactions between these systems in major depression during preg- nancy, proposing that the same stress-related mechanisms involved in the activation of the NLRP3 inflammasome in microglia and peripheral myeloid cells in depressed patients operate in a similar fashion in the neuroimmune placenta during perinatal depression. Thus, activation of Toll-like receptor 2 and 4 signaling and the NLRP3 inflammasome in placental immune cells may promote a shift of the Thl/Th2 bias towards a predominant Thl/Thl7 inflammatory response, associated with increased secretion of pro-inflammatory cytokines, among other secreted autocrine and paracrine mediators, which play a crucial role in triggering and/or exacerbating depressive symptoms during pregnancy.展开更多
Obesity is increasingly being recognized as a risk factor for a number of benign and malignant gastrointestinal conditions. However, literature on the underlying pathophysiological mechanisms is sparse and ambiguous. ...Obesity is increasingly being recognized as a risk factor for a number of benign and malignant gastrointestinal conditions. However, literature on the underlying pathophysiological mechanisms is sparse and ambiguous. There is compelling evidence that both overnutrition and undernutrition negatively interfere with the immune system. Overnutrition has been found to increase susceptibility to the development of inflammatory diseases, autoimmune diseases and cancer. In the regulation of immune and in? ammatory processes, white adipose tissue plays a critical role, not only as an energy store but also as an important endocrine organ. The obese state is characterised by a low-grade systemic in? ammation, mainly as a result of increased adipocytes as well as fat resident-and recruited-macrophage activity. In the past few years, various products of adipose tissue including adipokines and cytokines have been characterised and a number of pathways linking adipose tissue metabolism with the immune system have been identified. Activation of the innate immune system plays a major role in hepatic steatosis. Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease includes a wide spectrum of diseases, from pure steatosis to non-alcoholic steato-hepatitis in the absence of signif icant alcohol consumption. Although steatosis is considered a non-progressive disease, non-alcoholic steatohepatitis may deteriorate in advanced chronic liver diseases, cirrhosis, and hepatocellular carcinoma. An important parallel between obesityrelated pathology of adipose tissue and liver pertains to the emerging role of macrophages, and growing evidence suggests that Kupffer cells critically contribute to progression of non-alcoholic fatty liver disease. Moreover, a close link between specif ic immune activation and atherosclerosis has been well established, suggesting that fat can directly trigger immune responses. This review discusses the role of fat as "a matter of disturbance for the immune system" with a focus on hepatic steatosis.展开更多
The immune system plays a complex role in the development and progression of pancreatic cancer. Inflammation can promote the formation of premalignant lesions and accelerate pancreatic cancer development. Conversely, ...The immune system plays a complex role in the development and progression of pancreatic cancer. Inflammation can promote the formation of premalignant lesions and accelerate pancreatic cancer development. Conversely, pancreatic cancer is characterized by an immunosuppressive environment, which is thought to promote tumor progression and invasion. Here we review the current literature describing the role of the immune response in the progressive development of pancreatic cancer, with a focus on the mechanisms that drive recruitment and activation of immune cells at the tumor site, and our current understanding of the function of the immune cell types at the tumor. Recent clinical and preclinical data are reviewed, detailing the involvement of the immune response in pancreatitis and pancreatic cancer, including the role of specific cytokines and implications for disease outcome. Acute pancreatitis is characterized by a predominantly innate immune response, while chronic pancreatitis elicits an immune response that involves both innate and adaptive immune cells, and often results in profound sys-temic immune-suppression. Pancreatic adenocarcinoma is characterized by marked immune dysfunction driven by immunosuppressive cell types, tumor-promoting immune cells, and defective or absent inflammatory cells. Recent studies reveal that immune cells interact with cancer stem cells and tumor stromal cells, and these interactions have an impact on development and progression of pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma(PDAC). Finally, current PDAC therapies are reviewed and the potential for harnessing the actions of the immune response to assist in targeting pancreatic cancer using immunotherapy is discussed.展开更多
The mucosal immune system defends against a vast array of pathogens, yet it exhibits limited responses to commensal microorganisms under healthy conditions. The oral-pharyngeal cavity, the gateway for both the gastroi...The mucosal immune system defends against a vast array of pathogens, yet it exhibits limited responses to commensal microorganisms under healthy conditions. The oral-pharyngeal cavity, the gateway for both the gastrointestinal and respiratory tracts, is composed of complex anatomical structures and is constantly challenged by antigens from air and food. The mucosal immune system of the oral-pharyngeal cavity must prevent pathogen entry while maintaining immune homeostasis, which is achieved via a range of mechanisms that are similar or different to those utilized by the gastrointestinal immune system. In this review, we summarize the features of the mucosal immune system,focusing on T cell subsets and their functions. We also discuss our current understanding of the oral-pharyngeal mucosal immune system.展开更多
Nutrition during perinatal period is more critical for the developme nt of the immune system than during adulthood, and the relationship between earl y nutrition and diseases in later life has been established. In hum...Nutrition during perinatal period is more critical for the developme nt of the immune system than during adulthood, and the relationship between earl y nutrition and diseases in later life has been established. In humans and labor atory animals, the plasticity of metabolic function in foetuses or neonates enab les them to adapt to malnutrition for survival; however, such an adaptation, as usually evidenced by retarded growth, stunted development of lymphoid organs and impaired immunocompetence, can maintain and persist into later life even when n utrition is improved. Early nutrition may thus programme' the immune system of a nimals. Limited experimental studies have also revealed that long-term immunity against nematode parasites in sheep can be enhanced by a short-term protein su pplementation shortly after weaning, a form of 'nutritional programming', but su ch an effect appears to vanish if the nutritional status of young animals alread y meets at least the requirement for maintenance.展开更多
To improve the performance of the K-shortest paths search in intelligent traffic guidance systems, this paper proposes an optimal search algorithm based on the intelligent optimization search theory and the metaphor m...To improve the performance of the K-shortest paths search in intelligent traffic guidance systems, this paper proposes an optimal search algorithm based on the intelligent optimization search theory and the metaphor mechanism of vertebrate immune systems. This algorithm, applied to the urban traffic network model established by the node-expanding method, can expediently realize K-shortest paths search in the urban traffic guidance systems. Because of the immune memory and global parallel search ability from artificial immune systems, K shortest paths can be found without any repeat, which indicates evidently the superiority of the algorithm to the conventional ones. Not only does it perform a better parallelism, the algorithm also prevents premature phenomenon that often occurs in genetic algorithms. Thus, it is especially suitable for real-time requirement of the traffic guidance system and other engineering optimal applications. A case study verifies the efficiency and the practicability of the algorithm aforementioned.展开更多
With the Industry 4.0 era coming, modern chemical plants will be gradually transformed into smart factories, which sets higher requirements for fault detection and diagnosis(FDD) to enhance operation safety intelligen...With the Industry 4.0 era coming, modern chemical plants will be gradually transformed into smart factories, which sets higher requirements for fault detection and diagnosis(FDD) to enhance operation safety intelligence. In a typical chemical process, there are hundreds of process variables. Feature selection is a key to the efficiency and effectiveness of FDD. Even though artificial immune system has advantages in adaptation and independency on a large number of fault samples, antibody library construction used to be based on experience. It is not only time consuming, but also lack of scientific foundation in fault feature selection, which may deteriorate the FDD performance of the AIS. In this paper, a fault antibody feature selection optimization(FAFSO) algorithm is proposed based on genetic algorithm to optimize the fault antibody features and the antibody libraries' thresholds simultaneously. The performance of the proposed FAFSO algorithms is illustrated through the Tennessee Eastman benchmark problem.展开更多
Steel jacket-type platforms are the common kind of the offshore structures and health monitoring is an important issue in their safety assessment. In the present study, a new damage detection method is adopted for thi...Steel jacket-type platforms are the common kind of the offshore structures and health monitoring is an important issue in their safety assessment. In the present study, a new damage detection method is adopted for this kind of structures and inspected experimentally by use of a laboratory model. The method is investigated for developing the robust damage detection technique which is less sensitive to both measurement and analytical model uncertainties. For this purpose, incorporation of the artificial immune system with weighted attributes （AISWA） method into finite element （FE） model updating is proposed and compared with other methods for exploring its effectiveness in damage identification. Based on mimicking immune recognition, noise simulation and attributes weighting, the method offers important advantages and has high success rates. Therefore, it is proposed as a suitable method for the detection of the failures in the large civil engineering structures with complicated structural geometry, such as the considered case study.展开更多
IM To undergo apoptosis during negative and positive selection processes in rat mucosal immune system which are implicated in the pathogenesis of various mucosal diseases. METHODS Female SpragueDawley rats were g...IM To undergo apoptosis during negative and positive selection processes in rat mucosal immune system which are implicated in the pathogenesis of various mucosal diseases. METHODS Female SpragueDawley rats were given protein synthesis inhibitor, cycloheximide, intravenously or intraperitoneally, an apoptosis was recognized by morphological hallmark under light and electronmicroscopy, and the expression of proliferating cell nuclear antigen was visualized immunohistochemically. RESULTS The apoptosis of mucosal lymphocytes in the digestive tract, as well as in trachea, uterus and lacrimal gland was induced by cycloheximide (>10mg·kg-1 body weight), which were located mainly in lamina propria and germinal centers of lymphoid nodules. At the same time, a portion of crypt epithelial cells of proliferating zone in small and large intestine, and the epithelial cells in genital tract were also found to undergo apoptosis. Immunostainings showed that apoptotic cells expressed proliferating cell nuclear antigen. CONCLUSION Apoptosis of lymphocytes in mucosal immune system can be induced by cycloheximide. This model will facilitate the understanding of normal mucosal immune system and its role in the pathogenesis of related diseases such as inflammatory bowel diseases.展开更多
Liver cancer is a leading cause of death worldwide,and hepatocellular carcinoma(HCC)is the most frequent primary liver tumour,followed by cholangiocarcinoma.Notably,secondary tumours represent up to 90% of liver tumou...Liver cancer is a leading cause of death worldwide,and hepatocellular carcinoma(HCC)is the most frequent primary liver tumour,followed by cholangiocarcinoma.Notably,secondary tumours represent up to 90% of liver tumours.Chronic liver disease is a recognised risk factor for liver cancer development.Up to 90% of the patients with HCC and about 20% of those with cholangiocarcinoma have an underlying liver alteration.The gut microbiota-liver axis represents the bidirectional relationship between gut microbiota,its metabolites and the liver through the portal flow.The interplay between the immune system and gut microbiota is also well-known.Although primarily resulting from experiments in animal models and on HCC,growing evidence suggests a causal role for the gut microbiota in the development and progression of chronic liver pathologies and liver tumours.Despite the curative intent of“traditional”treatments,tumour recurrence remains high.Therefore,microbiota modulation is an appealing therapeutic target for liver cancer prevention and treatment.Furthermore,microbiota could represent a non-invasive biomarker for early liver cancer diagnosis.This review summarises the potential role of the microbiota and immune system in primary and secondary liver cancer development,focusing on the potential therapeutic implications.展开更多
This paper focuses on investigating immunological principles in designing a multi-agent security architecture for intrusion detection and response in wireless mesh networks.In this approach,the immunity-based agents m...This paper focuses on investigating immunological principles in designing a multi-agent security architecture for intrusion detection and response in wireless mesh networks.In this approach,the immunity-based agents monitor the situation in the network.These agents can take appropriate actions according to the underlying security policies.Specifically,their activities are coordinated in a hierarchical fashion while sensing,communicating,determining and generating responses.Such an agent can learn about and adapt to its environment dynamically and can detect both known and unknown intrusions.The proposed intrusion detection architecture is designed to be flexible,extendible,and adaptable so that it can perform real-time monitoring.This paper provides the conceptual view and a general framework of the proposed system.In the end,the architecture is illustrated by an example and by simulation to show it can prevent attacks efficiently.展开更多
Information regarding immunocompetence of the adaptive immune system （AIS） in zebrafish Danio rerio remains limited. Here, we stimulated an immune response in fish embryos, larvae and adults using lipopolysaccharide...Information regarding immunocompetence of the adaptive immune system （AIS） in zebrafish Danio rerio remains limited. Here, we stimulated an immune response in fish embryos, larvae and adults using lipopolysaccharide （LPS） and measured the upregulation of a number of AIS-related genes （Rag2, AID, TCRAC, IgLC-1, mIg, slg, IgZ and DAB） 3 and 18 h later. We found that all of the genes evaluated were strongly induced following LPS stimulation, with most of them responding at 8 d post fertilization. This confirms that a functional adaptive immune response is present in D. rerio larvae, and provides a window for further functional analyses.展开更多
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(Grant No.:82272749)the Natural Science Foundation of Liaoning Province,China(Grant No.:2022-MS-190).
文摘Mitochondria play a crucial role as organelles,managing several physiological processes such as redox balance,cell metabolism,and energy synthesis.Initially,the assumption was that mitochondria primarily resided in the host cells and could exclusively transmit from oocytes to offspring by a mechanism known as vertical inheritance of mitochondria.Recent scholarly works,however,suggest that certain cell types transmit their mitochondria to other developmental cell types via a mechanism referred to as intercellular or horizontal mitochondrial transfer.This review details the process of which mitochondria are transferred across cells and explains the impact of mitochondrial transfer between cells on the efficacy and functionality of cancer cells in various cancer forms.Specifically,we review the role of mitochondria transfer in regulating cellular metabolism restoration,excess reactive oxygen species(ROS)generation,proliferation,invasion,metastasis,mitophagy activation,mitochondrial DNA(mtDNA)inheritance,immune system modulation and therapeutic resistance in cancer.Additionally,we highlight the possibility of using intercellular mitochondria transfer as a therapeutic approach to treat cancer and enhance the efficacy of cancer treatments.
基金carried out at the expense of a grant from the Russian Science Foundation No.24-24-20036,https://rscf.ru/project/24-24-20036(accessed on 5 June 2025).
文摘The gut microbiome is a complex community of microorganisms that plays a direct role in the health of both the gastrointestinal tract and the entire body.Numerous factors influence the abundance and diversity of gut microbiota.Microbial imbalance can contribute to disease development.Probiotics are biologically active supplements with promising properties that have high therapeutic potential.Currently,there is a tendency to switch from classic probiotic microorganisms represented by lactic acid bacteria to next-generation probiotics due to their unique ability to influence the human immune system.New-generation probiotics include bacteria such as Akkermansia muciniphila,Faecalibacterium prausnitzii,Bacteroides sp.,Prevotella sp.,Roseburia sp.,and Eubacterium sp.Nextgeneration probiotics can affect host immune cells by secreting various substances,such as butyrate in F.prausnitzii,or through interaction with Toll-like receptors of intestinal epithelial cells,such as A.muciniphila.Studying the role of next-generation probiotics in immune regulation is a promising area of research.This study describes the interactions of next-generation probiotics with the immune system.Understanding the mechanisms of such interactions will improve the treatment of various diseases.
基金supported by the Instituto de Salud Carlos III(EstataldeI+D+I2020-2027)co-financed by the European Development Regional Fund“A way to achieve Europe”P2022/BMD-7321(Comunidad de Madrid)and ProACapital,Halekulani S.L.and MJR.
文摘Mood disorders include a set of psychiatric manifestations of increasing prevalence in our society,being mainly represented by major depressive disorder(MDD)and bipolar disorder(BD).The etiopathogenesis of mood disorders is extremely complex,with a wide spectrum of biological,psychological,and sociocultural factors being responsible for their appearance and development.In this sense,immune system dysfunction represents a key mechanism in the onset and pathophysiology of mood disorders,worsening mainly the central nervous system(neuroinflammation)and the periphery of the body(systemic inflammation).However,these alterations cannot be understood separately,but as part of a complex picture in which different factors and systems interact with each other.Psychoneuroimmunoendocrinology(PNIE)is the area responsible for studying the relationship between these elements and the impact of mind–body integration,placing the immune system as part of a whole.Thus,the dysfunction of the immune system is capable of influencing and activating different mechanisms that promote disruption of the psyche,damage to the nervous system,alterations to the endocrine and metabolic systems,and disruption of the microbiota and intestinal ecosystem,as well as of other organs and,in turn,all these mechanisms are responsible for inducing and enhancing the immune dysfunction.Similarly,the clinical approach to these patients is usually multidisciplinary,and the therapeutic arsenal includes different pharmacological(for example,antidepressants,antipsychotics,and lithium)and non-pharmacological(i.e.,psychotherapy,lifestyle,and electroconvulsive therapy)treatments.These interventions also modulate the immune system and other elements of the PNIE in these patients,which may be interesting to understand the therapeutic success or failure of these approaches.In this sense,this review aims to delve into the relationship between immune dysfunction and mood disorders and their integration in the complex context of PNIE.Likewise,an attempt will be made to explore the effects on the immune system of different strategies available in the clinical approach to these patients,in order to identify the mechanisms described and their possible uses as biomarkers.
文摘The gut microbiome,a complex ecosystem of trillions of microorganisms,plays a crucial role in immune system regulation and overall health.This review explores the intricate cross-talk between the gut microbiota and the host immune system,emphasizing how microbial communities shape immune cell differentiation,modulate inflammatory responses,and contribute to immune homeostasis.Key interactions between innate and adaptive immune cells–including macrophages,dendritic cells,natural killer cells,innate Lymphoid cells,T cells,and B cells–and gut microbiota-derived metabolites such as short-chain fatty acids are discussed.The role of commensal bacteria in neonatal immune system development,mucosal barrier integrity,and systemic immunity is highlighted,along with implications for autoimmune diseases,inflammatory conditions,and cancer immunotherapy.Recent advances in metagenomics,metabolomics,and single-cell sequencing have provided deeper insights into the microbiota-immune axis,opening new avenues for microbiome-based therapeutic strategies.Understanding these interactions paves the way for novel interventions targeting immune-mediated diseases and optimizing health through microbiome modulation.
基金supported by the Science Technology and Innovation Commission of Shenzhen Municipality,China(SGCX20190919142801722)。
文摘Germ-free mice exhibit profound immunological immaturity.Despite recent studies emphasizing the role of specific bacterium-derived metabolites in immune cell development and differentiation,the mechanisms linking microbiota absence to systemic immune deficits remain incompletely defined.Here,droplet-based single-cell RNA sequencing of bone marrow and peripheral blood from both germ-free and specific pathogen-free mice was performed,identifying 25 transcriptionally distinct cell types.Neutrophil apoptosis was elevated in germ-free mice,potentially due to the absence of niacin dehydrogenase,a metabolite primarily produced by Pseudomonas.In addition,germ-free mice exhibited increased excretion of 5’-methylthioadenosine,enhanced ERK activation driven by reactive oxygen species,and disruption of bone marrow stromal antigen 2 signaling.Monocytes and CD8^(+)T cells from germ-free mice showed diminished responses to interferon-β and interferon-γ,consistent with heightened viral susceptibility.These findings establish a microbiota-dependent regulatory pathway linking immunodeficiency to microbial absence in germ-free mice,confirmed through complementary validation techniques.
文摘In this paper,different kinds of enzymes,immune factors and regulatory factors of the immune system of crustaceans are summarized and then combed systematically and thoroughly. According to the mutual influence and effects of these factors,different symbolic forms are introduced to express the effects,and ultimately the whole node graph of the system is obtained. The graph theory can be used for further researches on the immune system of crustacean.
文摘The tumor microenvironment(TME)is characterized by a symbiosis between cancer cells and the immune cells.The scarcity of oxygen generates hostility that forces cancer cells to alter their biological features in solid tumors.In response to low oxygen availability,the Hypoxia Inducible Factors(HIF-1/2/3α)act as metabolic mediators,producing extracellular metabolites in the tumor microenvironment that influence the immune cells.The modulation of lactate and adenosine on immune evasion has been widely described;however,under hypoxic conditions,it has been barely addressed.Evidence has demonstrated an interplay between cancer and the immune cells,and the present review explores thefindings that support HIFs bridging the gap between the rise of these metabolites and the immunosurveillance failure in a hypoxic context.Moreover,new insights based on systemic oxygen administration are discussed,which might counterbalance the effect mediated by lactate and adenosine,to recover anti-tumor immunity.Thus,the disruption of anti-tumor immunity has been the focus of recent research and this novel avenue opens therapeutic vulnerabilities that can be useful for cancer patients.
基金supported by the National Institute of Perinatology,Mexico City(234560)FONSEC SSA/IMSS/ISSSTE 2015-1(261435)
文摘Major depression during pregnancy is a common psychiatric disorder that arises from a complex and mul- tifactorial etiology. Psychosocial stress, sex, hormones, and genetic vulnerability increase the risk for triggering mood disorders. Microglia and toll-like receptor 4 play a crucial role in triggering wide and varied stress-induced responses mediated through activation of the inflammasome; this leads to the secretion of inflammatory cytokines, increased serotonin metabolism, and reduction of neurotransmitter availability along with hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis hyperactivity. Dysregulation of this intricate neu- roimmune communication network during pregnancy modifies the maternal milieu, enhancing the emergence of depressive symptoms and negative obstetric and neu- ropsychiatric outcomes. Although several studies have clearly demonstrated the role of the innate immune system in major depression, it is still unclear how the placenta, the brain, and the monoaminergic and neuroendocrine systems interact during perinatal depression. Thus, in the present review we describe the cellular and molecular interactions between these systems in major depression during preg- nancy, proposing that the same stress-related mechanisms involved in the activation of the NLRP3 inflammasome in microglia and peripheral myeloid cells in depressed patients operate in a similar fashion in the neuroimmune placenta during perinatal depression. Thus, activation of Toll-like receptor 2 and 4 signaling and the NLRP3 inflammasome in placental immune cells may promote a shift of the Thl/Th2 bias towards a predominant Thl/Thl7 inflammatory response, associated with increased secretion of pro-inflammatory cytokines, among other secreted autocrine and paracrine mediators, which play a crucial role in triggering and/or exacerbating depressive symptoms during pregnancy.
文摘Obesity is increasingly being recognized as a risk factor for a number of benign and malignant gastrointestinal conditions. However, literature on the underlying pathophysiological mechanisms is sparse and ambiguous. There is compelling evidence that both overnutrition and undernutrition negatively interfere with the immune system. Overnutrition has been found to increase susceptibility to the development of inflammatory diseases, autoimmune diseases and cancer. In the regulation of immune and in? ammatory processes, white adipose tissue plays a critical role, not only as an energy store but also as an important endocrine organ. The obese state is characterised by a low-grade systemic in? ammation, mainly as a result of increased adipocytes as well as fat resident-and recruited-macrophage activity. In the past few years, various products of adipose tissue including adipokines and cytokines have been characterised and a number of pathways linking adipose tissue metabolism with the immune system have been identified. Activation of the innate immune system plays a major role in hepatic steatosis. Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease includes a wide spectrum of diseases, from pure steatosis to non-alcoholic steato-hepatitis in the absence of signif icant alcohol consumption. Although steatosis is considered a non-progressive disease, non-alcoholic steatohepatitis may deteriorate in advanced chronic liver diseases, cirrhosis, and hepatocellular carcinoma. An important parallel between obesityrelated pathology of adipose tissue and liver pertains to the emerging role of macrophages, and growing evidence suggests that Kupffer cells critically contribute to progression of non-alcoholic fatty liver disease. Moreover, a close link between specif ic immune activation and atherosclerosis has been well established, suggesting that fat can directly trigger immune responses. This review discusses the role of fat as "a matter of disturbance for the immune system" with a focus on hepatic steatosis.
基金Supported by The National Institute of Health(NIH/NCI R01CA140290-3 to Murray NR)
文摘The immune system plays a complex role in the development and progression of pancreatic cancer. Inflammation can promote the formation of premalignant lesions and accelerate pancreatic cancer development. Conversely, pancreatic cancer is characterized by an immunosuppressive environment, which is thought to promote tumor progression and invasion. Here we review the current literature describing the role of the immune response in the progressive development of pancreatic cancer, with a focus on the mechanisms that drive recruitment and activation of immune cells at the tumor site, and our current understanding of the function of the immune cell types at the tumor. Recent clinical and preclinical data are reviewed, detailing the involvement of the immune response in pancreatitis and pancreatic cancer, including the role of specific cytokines and implications for disease outcome. Acute pancreatitis is characterized by a predominantly innate immune response, while chronic pancreatitis elicits an immune response that involves both innate and adaptive immune cells, and often results in profound sys-temic immune-suppression. Pancreatic adenocarcinoma is characterized by marked immune dysfunction driven by immunosuppressive cell types, tumor-promoting immune cells, and defective or absent inflammatory cells. Recent studies reveal that immune cells interact with cancer stem cells and tumor stromal cells, and these interactions have an impact on development and progression of pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma(PDAC). Finally, current PDAC therapies are reviewed and the potential for harnessing the actions of the immune response to assist in targeting pancreatic cancer using immunotherapy is discussed.
基金supported by the Intramural Research Program of the National Institutes of HealthNational Institute of Dental and Craniofacial Research, USA+1 种基金supported by grant 2012DFA31370 from the International S&T Cooperation Program of Chinathe National Nature Science Foundation of China (81321002)
文摘The mucosal immune system defends against a vast array of pathogens, yet it exhibits limited responses to commensal microorganisms under healthy conditions. The oral-pharyngeal cavity, the gateway for both the gastrointestinal and respiratory tracts, is composed of complex anatomical structures and is constantly challenged by antigens from air and food. The mucosal immune system of the oral-pharyngeal cavity must prevent pathogen entry while maintaining immune homeostasis, which is achieved via a range of mechanisms that are similar or different to those utilized by the gastrointestinal immune system. In this review, we summarize the features of the mucosal immune system,focusing on T cell subsets and their functions. We also discuss our current understanding of the oral-pharyngeal mucosal immune system.
文摘Nutrition during perinatal period is more critical for the developme nt of the immune system than during adulthood, and the relationship between earl y nutrition and diseases in later life has been established. In humans and labor atory animals, the plasticity of metabolic function in foetuses or neonates enab les them to adapt to malnutrition for survival; however, such an adaptation, as usually evidenced by retarded growth, stunted development of lymphoid organs and impaired immunocompetence, can maintain and persist into later life even when n utrition is improved. Early nutrition may thus programme' the immune system of a nimals. Limited experimental studies have also revealed that long-term immunity against nematode parasites in sheep can be enhanced by a short-term protein su pplementation shortly after weaning, a form of 'nutritional programming', but su ch an effect appears to vanish if the nutritional status of young animals alread y meets at least the requirement for maintenance.
基金This work was supported by the Natural Science Foundation of Shandong Province(No.Y2005G12)National Natural ScienceFoundation of China(No.60674062)and the Information Industry Foundation of Shandong Province(No.2006R00046).
文摘To improve the performance of the K-shortest paths search in intelligent traffic guidance systems, this paper proposes an optimal search algorithm based on the intelligent optimization search theory and the metaphor mechanism of vertebrate immune systems. This algorithm, applied to the urban traffic network model established by the node-expanding method, can expediently realize K-shortest paths search in the urban traffic guidance systems. Because of the immune memory and global parallel search ability from artificial immune systems, K shortest paths can be found without any repeat, which indicates evidently the superiority of the algorithm to the conventional ones. Not only does it perform a better parallelism, the algorithm also prevents premature phenomenon that often occurs in genetic algorithms. Thus, it is especially suitable for real-time requirement of the traffic guidance system and other engineering optimal applications. A case study verifies the efficiency and the practicability of the algorithm aforementioned.
基金Supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(61433001)
文摘With the Industry 4.0 era coming, modern chemical plants will be gradually transformed into smart factories, which sets higher requirements for fault detection and diagnosis(FDD) to enhance operation safety intelligence. In a typical chemical process, there are hundreds of process variables. Feature selection is a key to the efficiency and effectiveness of FDD. Even though artificial immune system has advantages in adaptation and independency on a large number of fault samples, antibody library construction used to be based on experience. It is not only time consuming, but also lack of scientific foundation in fault feature selection, which may deteriorate the FDD performance of the AIS. In this paper, a fault antibody feature selection optimization(FAFSO) algorithm is proposed based on genetic algorithm to optimize the fault antibody features and the antibody libraries' thresholds simultaneously. The performance of the proposed FAFSO algorithms is illustrated through the Tennessee Eastman benchmark problem.
文摘Steel jacket-type platforms are the common kind of the offshore structures and health monitoring is an important issue in their safety assessment. In the present study, a new damage detection method is adopted for this kind of structures and inspected experimentally by use of a laboratory model. The method is investigated for developing the robust damage detection technique which is less sensitive to both measurement and analytical model uncertainties. For this purpose, incorporation of the artificial immune system with weighted attributes （AISWA） method into finite element （FE） model updating is proposed and compared with other methods for exploring its effectiveness in damage identification. Based on mimicking immune recognition, noise simulation and attributes weighting, the method offers important advantages and has high success rates. Therefore, it is proposed as a suitable method for the detection of the failures in the large civil engineering structures with complicated structural geometry, such as the considered case study.
文摘IM To undergo apoptosis during negative and positive selection processes in rat mucosal immune system which are implicated in the pathogenesis of various mucosal diseases. METHODS Female SpragueDawley rats were given protein synthesis inhibitor, cycloheximide, intravenously or intraperitoneally, an apoptosis was recognized by morphological hallmark under light and electronmicroscopy, and the expression of proliferating cell nuclear antigen was visualized immunohistochemically. RESULTS The apoptosis of mucosal lymphocytes in the digestive tract, as well as in trachea, uterus and lacrimal gland was induced by cycloheximide (>10mg·kg-1 body weight), which were located mainly in lamina propria and germinal centers of lymphoid nodules. At the same time, a portion of crypt epithelial cells of proliferating zone in small and large intestine, and the epithelial cells in genital tract were also found to undergo apoptosis. Immunostainings showed that apoptotic cells expressed proliferating cell nuclear antigen. CONCLUSION Apoptosis of lymphocytes in mucosal immune system can be induced by cycloheximide. This model will facilitate the understanding of normal mucosal immune system and its role in the pathogenesis of related diseases such as inflammatory bowel diseases.
文摘Liver cancer is a leading cause of death worldwide,and hepatocellular carcinoma(HCC)is the most frequent primary liver tumour,followed by cholangiocarcinoma.Notably,secondary tumours represent up to 90% of liver tumours.Chronic liver disease is a recognised risk factor for liver cancer development.Up to 90% of the patients with HCC and about 20% of those with cholangiocarcinoma have an underlying liver alteration.The gut microbiota-liver axis represents the bidirectional relationship between gut microbiota,its metabolites and the liver through the portal flow.The interplay between the immune system and gut microbiota is also well-known.Although primarily resulting from experiments in animal models and on HCC,growing evidence suggests a causal role for the gut microbiota in the development and progression of chronic liver pathologies and liver tumours.Despite the curative intent of“traditional”treatments,tumour recurrence remains high.Therefore,microbiota modulation is an appealing therapeutic target for liver cancer prevention and treatment.Furthermore,microbiota could represent a non-invasive biomarker for early liver cancer diagnosis.This review summarises the potential role of the microbiota and immune system in primary and secondary liver cancer development,focusing on the potential therapeutic implications.
基金supported by National Natural Science Foundation of China under Grant No.60932003National High Technical Research and Development Program of China(863 program) Grant No.2007AA01Z452,No.2009AA01Z118+1 种基金Shanghai Municipal Natural Science Foundation under Grant No.09ZR1414900National Undergraduate Innovative Test Program under Grant No.091024812
文摘This paper focuses on investigating immunological principles in designing a multi-agent security architecture for intrusion detection and response in wireless mesh networks.In this approach,the immunity-based agents monitor the situation in the network.These agents can take appropriate actions according to the underlying security policies.Specifically,their activities are coordinated in a hierarchical fashion while sensing,communicating,determining and generating responses.Such an agent can learn about and adapt to its environment dynamically and can detect both known and unknown intrusions.The proposed intrusion detection architecture is designed to be flexible,extendible,and adaptable so that it can perform real-time monitoring.This paper provides the conceptual view and a general framework of the proposed system.In the end,the architecture is illustrated by an example and by simulation to show it can prevent attacks efficiently.
基金Supported by the Ministry of Science and Technology (MOST) of China (No. 2008AA09Z409)
文摘Information regarding immunocompetence of the adaptive immune system （AIS） in zebrafish Danio rerio remains limited. Here, we stimulated an immune response in fish embryos, larvae and adults using lipopolysaccharide （LPS） and measured the upregulation of a number of AIS-related genes （Rag2, AID, TCRAC, IgLC-1, mIg, slg, IgZ and DAB） 3 and 18 h later. We found that all of the genes evaluated were strongly induced following LPS stimulation, with most of them responding at 8 d post fertilization. This confirms that a functional adaptive immune response is present in D. rerio larvae, and provides a window for further functional analyses.
