The gut microbiome plays a key role in the pathogenesis and disease activity of inflammatory bowel disease(IBD).While research has focused on the bacterial microbiome,recent studies have shifted towards host genetics ...The gut microbiome plays a key role in the pathogenesis and disease activity of inflammatory bowel disease(IBD).While research has focused on the bacterial microbiome,recent studies have shifted towards host genetics and host-fungal interactions.The mycobiota is a vital component of the gastrointestinal microbial community and plays a significant role in immune regulation.Among fungi,Candida species,particularly Candida albicans(C.albicans),have been extensively studied due to their dual role as gut commensals and invasive pathogens.Recent findings indicate that various strains of C.albicans exhibit consid-erable differences in virulence factors,impacting IBD's pathophysiology.Intestinal fungal dysbiosis and antifungal mucosal immunity may be associated to IBD,especially Crohn's disease(CD).This article discusses intestinal fungal dysbiosis and antifungal immunity in healthy individuals and CD patients.It discusses factors influencing the mycobiome's role in IBD pathogenesis and highlights significant contributions from the scientific community aimed at enhancing understanding of the mycobiome and encouraging further research and targeted intervention studies on specific fungal populations.Our article also provided insights into a recent study by Wu et al in the World Journal of Gastroenterology regarding the role of the gut microbiota in the pathogenesis of CD.展开更多
Extracts of 21 marine invertebrates belonging to Coelenterata, Mollusca, Annelida, Bryozoa, Echiura, Arthropoda, Echinodermata and Urochordata were screened for the studies on their antitumor and immune regulation act...Extracts of 21 marine invertebrates belonging to Coelenterata, Mollusca, Annelida, Bryozoa, Echiura, Arthropoda, Echinodermata and Urochordata were screened for the studies on their antitumor and immune regulation activities. Antitumor activity was determined by MTT method and immune regulation activity was studied using T- and B-lymphocytes in mice spleen in vitro. It was found that the n-butanol part of Asterina pectinifera, the acetic ether part of Tubuaria marina,95% ethanol extract of Acanthochiton rubrolineatus have a high inhibition rate of 96.7%,63.9% and 50.5% respectively on tumor cell line HL-60 at the concentration of 0.063 mg/ml. The inhibition rate of the acetic ether part of Tubuaria marina on the tumor cell line A-549 is 65.4 % at concentration of 0.063 mg/mL. The 95% ethanol extract of Meretrix meretrix has so outstanding promoting effect on T-lymphocytes that their multiplication increases 25% when the sample concentration is only 1 μg/ml. On B-lymphocytes, the 95% extract of Rapana venosa, at concentration of 100 μg/ml, has a promotion percent- age of 60%. On the other hand, under the condition of no cytotoxic effect, the 95% ethanol extracts of Acantho- chiton rubrolineatus and Cellana toreum can reach 92% inhibition rate on T lymphocyte at concentration of 100 μg/ml, while the inhibition rate on B lymphocyte of the 95% extract of Acanthochiton rubrolineatus reaches 92% at the same concentration.展开更多
The continuous increase in the incidence rate of various fatal malignant tumors in the recent years warrants an imperative search for medications or drugs with obvious anti-tumor eflects and reliable curative effects....The continuous increase in the incidence rate of various fatal malignant tumors in the recent years warrants an imperative search for medications or drugs with obvious anti-tumor eflects and reliable curative effects.Previous studies have found that Curcuma zedoaria and its active ingredients,such as turmeric oil,curcumol,and P-elemene,have obvious antitumor effects,and they do not have the adverse reactions and side effects seen in the anti-tumor drugs of Western medicine.Based on the review and inductive analysis of related literature,we summarize in the present article the results of some researchers who investigated the anti-tumor effects of Curcuma zedoaria and its active ingredients through the immune regulation mechanism.展开更多
Mannose,a different isomer of the hydroxyl group at the C-2 position of glucose,shares the same transport carrier protein with glucose to enter cells and participate in the regulation of glucose metabolism.It affects ...Mannose,a different isomer of the hydroxyl group at the C-2 position of glucose,shares the same transport carrier protein with glucose to enter cells and participate in the regulation of glucose metabolism.It affects cell growth,differentiation,and function and plays an active role in tumor immunity and inflammatory processes.This paper provides theoretical support for expanding the clinical applications of mannose by exploring its constitution,metabolic pathways,and role in regulating immune cell function and treating immunology-related diseases.展开更多
As key players in humoral immunity,B cells play diverse roles in immune responses and disease development.Although early studies focused on the hallmark features of antibody production in B cells,increasing evidence h...As key players in humoral immunity,B cells play diverse roles in immune responses and disease development.Although early studies focused on the hallmark features of antibody production in B cells,increasing evidence has demonstrated the effector functions of cytokine secretion and antigen presentation by B cells in the development of various human diseases.Recent studies on the interactions of immune cells and nerve systems through neurotransmitters,including acetylcholine(ACh),have revealed novel functions of B cells in immune regulation and tissue homeostasis.Two newly published studies in Nature Immunology and Immunity demonstrated that B cells produce ACh to modulate antiviral inflammatory responses and liver regeneration after injury[1,2].These pivotal findings suggest the existence of a new functional subset of ACh-producing B cells,termed“cholinergic B cells”,which are characterized by their ability to synthesize ACh via high expression of choline acetyltransferase(ChAT).Cholinergic B cells span both innate B1 and conventional B2 cells and play a unique role in bridging neuroimmune crosstalk.Thus,elucidation of the functional features of cholinergic B cells will open new avenues for therapeutic intervention in acute inflammatory and regenerative disorders.展开更多
This paper investigates the effects of graphene quantum dots and mesoporous silica as nanomaterial adjuvants on immune activity in mice both in vitro and in vivo.The two materials have distinct properties;graphene qua...This paper investigates the effects of graphene quantum dots and mesoporous silica as nanomaterial adjuvants on immune activity in mice both in vitro and in vivo.The two materials have distinct properties;graphene quantum dots possess unique optical and electrical characteristics,while mesoporous silica features a regular pore structure.In vitro experiments show differences in their effects on immune cell activation and cytokine secretion;in vivo experiments reveal varying performances in antibody production and immune cell function regulation.Their mechanisms of action and safety profiles also differ,offering distinct advantages in application prospects.These two nanomaterial adjuvants provide new directions for the development of immunology,warranting further exploration.展开更多
AIM:To explore the immune cell infiltration and molecular mechanisms of retinal ischemia-reperfusion injury(RIRI)to identify potential therapeutic targets.METHODS:In the bulk RNA-seq analysis,This study performed diff...AIM:To explore the immune cell infiltration and molecular mechanisms of retinal ischemia-reperfusion injury(RIRI)to identify potential therapeutic targets.METHODS:In the bulk RNA-seq analysis,This study performed differential gene expression analysis,weighted gene co-expression network analysis,and protein-protein interaction network analysis to identify hub genes.QuanTIseq was used to determine the composition of infiltrating immune cells.Following the identification of hub genes,single-cell RNA-seq analysis was employed to pinpoint the specific immune cell types expressing these hub genes.Cell-cell communication analysis to explore signaling pathways and interactions between immune cells was further performed.Finally,the expression of these key immune regulators in vivo using quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction(qRT-PCR)was validated.RESULTS:Bulk RNA-seq analysis identified Stat2,Irf7,Irgm1,Igtp,Parp9,Irgm2,Nlrc5,and Tap1 as hub genes,with strong correlations to immune cell infiltration.Single-cell RNA-seq analysis further revealed six immune cell clusters,showing Irf7 predominantly in microglia and Tap1 in dendritic cells(DCs).And cell-cell communication analysis showed that microglia and DCs play central roles in coordinating immune activity.qRT-PCR validated the upregulation of these genes.CONCLUSION:In the acute phase of RIRI,Irf7 and Tap1 may be the potential therapeutic targets to reduce inflammation and promote neurological function recovery.展开更多
Precise and dynamic regulation of gene expression is a key feature of immunity.In recent years,rapid advances in transcriptome profiling analysis have led to recognize long noncoding RNAs(lncRNAs)as an additional laye...Precise and dynamic regulation of gene expression is a key feature of immunity.In recent years,rapid advances in transcriptome profiling analysis have led to recognize long noncoding RNAs(lncRNAs)as an additional layer of gene regulation context.In the immune system,lncRNAs are found to be widely expressed in immune cells including monocytes,macrophages,dendritic cells(DC),neutrophils,T cells and B cells during their development,differentiation and activation.However,the functional importance of immune-related lncRNAs is just emerging to be characterized.In this review,we discuss the up-to-date knowledge of lncRNAs in immune regulation.展开更多
Germinal center kinases （GCKs） participate in a variety of signaling pathways needed to regulate cellular functions including apoptosis, cell proliferation, polarity and migration. Recent studies have shown that GCK...Germinal center kinases （GCKs） participate in a variety of signaling pathways needed to regulate cellular functions including apoptosis, cell proliferation, polarity and migration. Recent studies have shown that GCKs are participants in both adaptive and innate immune regulation. However, the differential activation and regulatory mechanisms of GCKs, as well as upstream and downstream signaling molecules, remain to be fully defined. It remains unresolved whether and how GCKs may cross-talk with existing signaling pathways. This review stresses the progresses in research of GCKs relevant to the immune system.展开更多
Granulomatous mastitis(GM)is a benign granulomatous condition,and its pathogenesis may be related to autoimmune disorders.Cellular immunity,humoral immunity,immunoglobulins,and complement could all play a role in the ...Granulomatous mastitis(GM)is a benign granulomatous condition,and its pathogenesis may be related to autoimmune disorders.Cellular immunity,humoral immunity,immunoglobulins,and complement could all play a role in the disease process,showing certain clinical patterns.Corticosteroids can quickly control disease progression,and immunosuppressants can be used for complex and refractory GM cases.In traditional Chinese medicine(TCM),“healthy qi”is similar to immune system function.For GM with deficient healthy qi,TCM treatments such as internal and external herbal applications can help regulate immune function and shorten disease duration by staged and TCM treatment,regulating viscera,reinforcing healthy qi,and eliminating pathogenic factors.展开更多
Objective： To explore the effect of ricin temperature response gel on breast cancer and its regulatory effect on immune function in rats. Methods： Ricin was purified by chromatography and identified by immunoblottin...Objective： To explore the effect of ricin temperature response gel on breast cancer and its regulatory effect on immune function in rats. Methods： Ricin was purified by chromatography and identified by immunoblotting. The rat subcutaneously transplanted breast cancer model was established. Forty model rats with a tumor diameter of about 3.0 cm were subjected to the study. They were randomized into four groups equally： the model group and three treated groups （blank gel, ricin, ricin-gel） were administered with blank gel, ricin, and ricin temperature response gel via percutaneous intratumor injection, respectively. The tumor was isolated 10 days later for the estimation of tumor inhibition rate （FIR） by weighing, pathologic examination, and detection of tumor apoptosis-associated genes bcl-2 and bax with semiquantitative RT-PCR. Also, peripheral blood was obtained to test T-lymphocyte subsets, the killing function of lymphocytes, and the contents of tumor necrosis factor- oL （TNF- oL ） and interleukin-2 （IL-2）. The outcomes were compared between groups. Results： The TIR in the ricin-gel group was 61.8%, with the pathologic examination showing extensive tumor tissue necrosis. Compared with the model group, after ricin temperature response gel treatment, bcl-2 expression was down- regulated, bax expression was up-regulated, CD4＋ lymphocytes and CD4＋/CD8＋ ratio in peripheral blood were increased, the killing function of lymphocytes was enhanced, and the contents of TNF- α and IL-2 were elevated （P〈0.05 or P〈0.01）. Conclusion： Intratumor injection of ricin temperature-responsive gel showed significant antitumor effect on breast cancer and could enhance the immune function in the tumor-bearing rat.展开更多
Several types of modifications have been proven to participate in the metabolism and processing of different RNA types,including non-coding RNAs(ncRNAs).N-6-methyladenosine(m6A)is a dynamic and reversible RNA modifica...Several types of modifications have been proven to participate in the metabolism and processing of different RNA types,including non-coding RNAs(ncRNAs).N-6-methyladenosine(m6A)is a dynamic and reversible RNA modification that is closely involved in the ncRNA homeostasis,and serves as a crucial regulator for multiple cancer-associated signaling pathways.The ncRNAs usually regulate the epigenetic modification,mRNA transcription and other biological processes,displaying enormous roles in human cancers.In this review,we summarized the significant implications of m6A-ncRNA interaction in various types of cancers.In particular,the interplay between m6A and ncRNAs in cancer pathogenesis and therapeutic resistance are being widely recognized.We also discussed the relevance of m6A-ncRNA interaction in immune regulation,followed by the interference on cancer immunotherapeutic procedures.In addition,we briefly highlighted the computation tools that could identify the accurate features of m6A methylome among ncRNAs.In summary,this review would pave the way for a better understanding of the biological functions of m6A-ncRNA crosstalk in cancer research and treatment.展开更多
Ischemic stroke is a cerebrovascular disease associated with high mortality and disability rates. Since the inflammation and immune response play a central role in driving ischemic damage, it becomes essential to modu...Ischemic stroke is a cerebrovascular disease associated with high mortality and disability rates. Since the inflammation and immune response play a central role in driving ischemic damage, it becomes essential to modulate excessive inflammatory reactions to promote cell survival and facilitate tissue repair around the injury site. Various cell types are involved in the inflammatory response, including microglia, astrocytes, and neutrophils, each exhibiting distinct phenotypic profiles upon stimulation. They display either proinflammatory or anti-inflammatory states, a phenomenon known as ‘cell polarization.’ There are two cell polarization therapy strategies. The first involves inducing cells into a neuroprotective phenotype in vitro, then reintroducing them autologously. The second approach utilizes small molecular substances to directly affect cells in vivo. In this review, we elucidate the polarization dynamics of the three reactive cell populations(microglia, astrocytes, and neutrophils) in the context of ischemic stroke, and provide a comprehensive summary of the molecular mechanisms involved in their phenotypic switching. By unraveling the complexity of cell polarization, we hope to offer insights for future research on neuroinflammation and novel therapeutic strategies for ischemic stroke.展开更多
Microglia are present throughout the central nervous system and are vital in neural repair,nutrition,phagocytosis,immunological regulation,and maintaining neuronal function.In a healthy spinal cord,microglia are accou...Microglia are present throughout the central nervous system and are vital in neural repair,nutrition,phagocytosis,immunological regulation,and maintaining neuronal function.In a healthy spinal cord,microglia are accountable for immune surveillance,however,when a spinal cord injury occurs,the microenvironment drastically changes,leading to glial scars and failed axonal regeneration.In this context,microglia vary their gene and protein expression during activation,and proliferation in reaction to the injury,influencing injury responses both favorably and unfavorably.A dynamic and multifaceted injury response is mediated by microglia,which interact directly with neurons,astrocytes,oligodendrocytes,and neural stem/progenitor cells.Despite a clear understanding of their essential nature and origin,the mechanisms of action and new functions of microglia in spinal cord injury require extensive research.This review summarizes current studies on microglial genesis,physiological function,and pathological state,highlights their crucial roles in spinal cord injury,and proposes microglia as a therapeutic target.展开更多
Regulatory T cells,a subset of CD4^(+)T cells,play a critical role in maintaining immune tolerance and tissue homeostasis due to their potent immunosuppressive properties.Recent advances in research have highlighted t...Regulatory T cells,a subset of CD4^(+)T cells,play a critical role in maintaining immune tolerance and tissue homeostasis due to their potent immunosuppressive properties.Recent advances in research have highlighted the important therapeutic potential of Tregs in neurological diseases and tissue repair,emphasizing their multifaceted roles in immune regulation.This review aims to summarize and analyze the mechanisms of action and therapeutic potential of Tregs in relation to neurological diseases and neural regeneration.Beyond their classical immune-regulatory functions,emerging evidence points to non-immune mechanisms of regulatory T cells,particularly their interactions with stem cells and other non-immune cells.These interactions contribute to optimizing the repair microenvironment and promoting tissue repair and nerve regeneration,positioning non-immune pathways as a promising direction for future research.By modulating immune and non-immune cells,including neurons and glia within neural tissues,Tregs have demonstrated remarkable efficacy in enhancing regeneration in the central and peripheral nervous systems.Preclinical studies have revealed that Treg cells interact with neurons,glial cells,and other neural components to mitigate inflammatory damage and support functional recovery.Current mechanistic studies show that Tregs can significantly promote neural repair and functional recovery by regulating inflammatory responses and the local immune microenvironment.However,research on the mechanistic roles of regulatory T cells in other diseases remains limited,highlighting substantial gaps and opportunities for exploration in this field.Laboratory and clinical studies have further advanced the application of regulatory T cells.Technical advances have enabled efficient isolation,ex vivo expansion and functionalization,and adoptive transfer of regulatory T cells,with efficacy validated in animal models.Innovative strategies,including gene editing,cell-free technologies,biomaterial-based recruitment,and in situ delivery have expanded the therapeutic potential of regulatory T cells.Gene editing enables precise functional optimization,while biomaterial and in situ delivery technologies enhance their accumulation and efficacy at target sites.These advancements not only improve the immune-regulatory capacity of regulatory T cells but also significantly enhance their role in tissue repair.By leveraging the pivotal and diverse functions of Tregs in immune modulation and tissue repair,regulatory T cells–based therapies may lead to transformative breakthroughs in the treatment of neurological diseases.展开更多
The immunoregulation of tissue-engineered bone has emerged as a prominent area for bone defect repair.While this field dem-onstrates considerable potential,effectively managing relevant factors and maintaining a balan...The immunoregulation of tissue-engineered bone has emerged as a prominent area for bone defect repair.While this field dem-onstrates considerable potential,effectively managing relevant factors and maintaining a balanced immune microenvironment in practical applications remain substantial challenges that re-quire resolution.In this study,we tested a novel comprehensive hierarchical delivery system based on the requirements of a natural immune microenvironment for inflammatory factors,to optimize local immune responses through precise regulation of drug release.Quercetin(Que)-loaded zeolite imidazolate framework-8(ZIF-8)nanoparticles were embedded in gelatin methacrylate to create a drug-release system featuring a Zn^(2+)shell and quercetin core.In vivo and in vitro studies demonstrated that this dual sustained-release hydrogel-ZIF-8 system can produce low concentrations of Zn^(2+)at an early stage,resulting in a mild anti-inflammatory effect and proliferation of bone marrow mesen-chymal stem cells.Moreover,as inflammation advances,the release of quercetin works synergistically with Zn^(2+)to enhance anti-inflammatory responses,reconfigure the local microenvironment,and mitigate the inflammatory response that adversely impacts bone health by inhibiting the Nuclear Factor-kappa B(NF-κB)signaling pathway,thereby promoting osteogenic differentiation.This system is pioneering for sequential microenvironment regulation based on its diverse anti-inflammatory properties,offering a novel and comprehensive strategy for bone immune regulation in the clinical treatment of bone defects.展开更多
Objective:To assess the efficiency of a Sophora flavescens Ait(S.flavescens,Ku Shen)-soluble microneedle(SFA-MN)for improving skin lesion symptoms in mice with psoriasis.Methods:SFA-MNs were prepared using a two-mold ...Objective:To assess the efficiency of a Sophora flavescens Ait(S.flavescens,Ku Shen)-soluble microneedle(SFA-MN)for improving skin lesion symptoms in mice with psoriasis.Methods:SFA-MNs were prepared using a two-mold molding process with 20%w/v poly-vinylpyrrolidone and 15%w/v polyvinyl alcohol.The SFA-MNs were assessed for morphology,mechanical properties,in vitro dissolution,identification of components,and skin lesion improvement in imiquimod-induced psoriasis mice.Results:The SFA-MNs demonstrated good mechanical properties for efficiently penetrating the dermis,facilitating efficient drug delivery.Furthermore,they effectively inhibited mast cell levels in the dorsal lesion area of psoriasis mice and reduced the expression of the T-lymphocyte factor cluster of differ-entiation 3 and tumor necrosis factor-a.In addition,this system alleviated skin inflammation,splenic swelling,and thymic atrophy in the psoriasis-like mouse model.Seven major components were detected from SFA-MNs by comparison of the mass-to-nucleus ratios(m/z)of the secondary fragments N-methylcytisine,5a,9a-dihydroxymatrine,sophoramine,matrine,oxysophocarpine,oxymatrine,and kushenol O.Conclusion:The drug delivery strategy combining traditional herbal S.flavescens with soluble micro-needle technology provides more targeted and effective immune regulation for treating psoriasis-like mice models,enabling enhanced therapeutic effects compared with the control group.展开更多
BACKGROUND Uterine injury can cause uterine scarring,leading to a series of complications that threaten women’s health.Uterine healing is a complex process,and there are currently no effective treatments.Although our...BACKGROUND Uterine injury can cause uterine scarring,leading to a series of complications that threaten women’s health.Uterine healing is a complex process,and there are currently no effective treatments.Although our previous studies have shown that bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells(BMSCs)promote uterine damage repair,the underlying mechanisms remain unclear.However,exploring the specific regulatory roles of BMSCs in uterine injury treatment is crucial for further understanding their functions and enhancing therapeutic efficacy.AIM To investigate the underlying mechanism by which BMSCs promote the process of uterine healing.METHODS In in vivo experiments,we established a model of full-thickness uterine injury and injected BMSCs into the uterine wound.Transcriptome sequencing was per-formed to determine the enrichment of differentially expressed genes at the wound site.In in vitro experiments,we isolated rat uterine smooth muscle cells(USMCs)and cocultured them with BMSCs to observe the interaction between BMSCs and USMCs in the microenvironment.RESULTS We found that the differentially expressed genes were mainly related to cell growth,tissue repair,and angiogenesis,while the phosphoinositide 3-kinase(PI3K)/protein kinase B(AKT)pathway was highly enriched.Quantitative reverse-transcription polymerase chain reaction was used to validate differentially expressed genes,and the results demonstrated that BMSCs can upregulate genes related to regeneration and downregulate genes related to inflammation.Coculturing BMSCs promoted the migration and proliferation of USMCs,and the USMC microenvironment promoted the myogenic differentiation of BMSCs.Finally,we validated the PI3K/AKT pathway in tissues and cells and showed that BMSCs activate the PI3K/AKT pathway to promote the regeneration of uterine smooth muscle both in vivo and in vitro.CONCLUSION BMSCs upregulated uterine wound regeneration and anti-inflammatory factors and enhanced uterine smooth muscle proliferation through the PI3K/AKT pathway both in vivo and in vitro.展开更多
Crohn’s disease(CD)is a chronic inflammatory disorder characterized by dysregulated immune responses and significant disruption of intestinal immunity.A recent case-control study by Andreu-Ballester et al revealed de...Crohn’s disease(CD)is a chronic inflammatory disorder characterized by dysregulated immune responses and significant disruption of intestinal immunity.A recent case-control study by Andreu-Ballester et al revealed decreased expression of interleukin(IL)-2 receptor subunitγ(CD132)in CD tissues,a finding that has profound implications for understanding immune dysregulation in CD.CD132,an essential component of the IL-7/IL-2 signaling axis,is critical forγδT cell survival and function,which are pivotal for maintaining gut integrity and modulating inflammation.Here,we propose that reduced CD132 expression represents a key mechanism underlyingγδT cell deficiencies in CD,contributing to impaired immune surveillance and exacerbated inflammation.This hypothesis integrates emerging evidence from cytokine signaling and immunopathology in CD,offering new insights into its pathogenesis.These findings highlight the therapeutic potential of targeting the IL-7/IL-2 axis to restore immune homeostasis in CD,presenting a novel avenue for future research and intervention.展开更多
Plants have evolved complex immune networks to adapt to survival needs,and their immune mechanisms have unique regulatory patterns to cope with different environments.In rice,the maintenance of immune balance involves...Plants have evolved complex immune networks to adapt to survival needs,and their immune mechanisms have unique regulatory patterns to cope with different environments.In rice,the maintenance of immune balance involves the synergistic action of many factors.Yue Wu et al.'s latest research results on the immunomodulatory mechanism of rice(ROD1 and the interaction between various proteins in rice)are introduced in this paper.展开更多
文摘The gut microbiome plays a key role in the pathogenesis and disease activity of inflammatory bowel disease(IBD).While research has focused on the bacterial microbiome,recent studies have shifted towards host genetics and host-fungal interactions.The mycobiota is a vital component of the gastrointestinal microbial community and plays a significant role in immune regulation.Among fungi,Candida species,particularly Candida albicans(C.albicans),have been extensively studied due to their dual role as gut commensals and invasive pathogens.Recent findings indicate that various strains of C.albicans exhibit consid-erable differences in virulence factors,impacting IBD's pathophysiology.Intestinal fungal dysbiosis and antifungal mucosal immunity may be associated to IBD,especially Crohn's disease(CD).This article discusses intestinal fungal dysbiosis and antifungal immunity in healthy individuals and CD patients.It discusses factors influencing the mycobiome's role in IBD pathogenesis and highlights significant contributions from the scientific community aimed at enhancing understanding of the mycobiome and encouraging further research and targeted intervention studies on specific fungal populations.Our article also provided insights into a recent study by Wu et al in the World Journal of Gastroenterology regarding the role of the gut microbiota in the pathogenesis of CD.
基金Supported by HTRDPC Projects (2001 AA620403, 503) and Key Innovative Project o the Chinese Academy of Sciences(KZCX3-SW-215)
文摘Extracts of 21 marine invertebrates belonging to Coelenterata, Mollusca, Annelida, Bryozoa, Echiura, Arthropoda, Echinodermata and Urochordata were screened for the studies on their antitumor and immune regulation activities. Antitumor activity was determined by MTT method and immune regulation activity was studied using T- and B-lymphocytes in mice spleen in vitro. It was found that the n-butanol part of Asterina pectinifera, the acetic ether part of Tubuaria marina,95% ethanol extract of Acanthochiton rubrolineatus have a high inhibition rate of 96.7%,63.9% and 50.5% respectively on tumor cell line HL-60 at the concentration of 0.063 mg/ml. The inhibition rate of the acetic ether part of Tubuaria marina on the tumor cell line A-549 is 65.4 % at concentration of 0.063 mg/mL. The 95% ethanol extract of Meretrix meretrix has so outstanding promoting effect on T-lymphocytes that their multiplication increases 25% when the sample concentration is only 1 μg/ml. On B-lymphocytes, the 95% extract of Rapana venosa, at concentration of 100 μg/ml, has a promotion percent- age of 60%. On the other hand, under the condition of no cytotoxic effect, the 95% ethanol extracts of Acantho- chiton rubrolineatus and Cellana toreum can reach 92% inhibition rate on T lymphocyte at concentration of 100 μg/ml, while the inhibition rate on B lymphocyte of the 95% extract of Acanthochiton rubrolineatus reaches 92% at the same concentration.
基金Guangxi Natural Science Foundation Project(No.2018GXNSFAA294115)Guangxi Natural Science Foundation Project(No.2018GXNSFAA050064)Guangxi University of Traditional Chinese Medicine Guangxi First-Class Discipline Construction Open Project(No.2019XK038)。
文摘The continuous increase in the incidence rate of various fatal malignant tumors in the recent years warrants an imperative search for medications or drugs with obvious anti-tumor eflects and reliable curative effects.Previous studies have found that Curcuma zedoaria and its active ingredients,such as turmeric oil,curcumol,and P-elemene,have obvious antitumor effects,and they do not have the adverse reactions and side effects seen in the anti-tumor drugs of Western medicine.Based on the review and inductive analysis of related literature,we summarize in the present article the results of some researchers who investigated the anti-tumor effects of Curcuma zedoaria and its active ingredients through the immune regulation mechanism.
基金supported by Natural Science Foundation Project of Jilin Provincial Department of Science and Technology(YDZJ202301ZYTS348)。
文摘Mannose,a different isomer of the hydroxyl group at the C-2 position of glucose,shares the same transport carrier protein with glucose to enter cells and participate in the regulation of glucose metabolism.It affects cell growth,differentiation,and function and plays an active role in tumor immunity and inflammatory processes.This paper provides theoretical support for expanding the clinical applications of mannose by exploring its constitution,metabolic pathways,and role in regulating immune cell function and treating immunology-related diseases.
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(82471821)the Hong Kong Research Grants Council(17116424,17111222,17103821)the Centre for Oncology and Immunology under the Health@InnoHK Initiative funded by the Innovation and Technology Commission,Hong Kong,China.
文摘As key players in humoral immunity,B cells play diverse roles in immune responses and disease development.Although early studies focused on the hallmark features of antibody production in B cells,increasing evidence has demonstrated the effector functions of cytokine secretion and antigen presentation by B cells in the development of various human diseases.Recent studies on the interactions of immune cells and nerve systems through neurotransmitters,including acetylcholine(ACh),have revealed novel functions of B cells in immune regulation and tissue homeostasis.Two newly published studies in Nature Immunology and Immunity demonstrated that B cells produce ACh to modulate antiviral inflammatory responses and liver regeneration after injury[1,2].These pivotal findings suggest the existence of a new functional subset of ACh-producing B cells,termed“cholinergic B cells”,which are characterized by their ability to synthesize ACh via high expression of choline acetyltransferase(ChAT).Cholinergic B cells span both innate B1 and conventional B2 cells and play a unique role in bridging neuroimmune crosstalk.Thus,elucidation of the functional features of cholinergic B cells will open new avenues for therapeutic intervention in acute inflammatory and regenerative disorders.
文摘This paper investigates the effects of graphene quantum dots and mesoporous silica as nanomaterial adjuvants on immune activity in mice both in vitro and in vivo.The two materials have distinct properties;graphene quantum dots possess unique optical and electrical characteristics,while mesoporous silica features a regular pore structure.In vitro experiments show differences in their effects on immune cell activation and cytokine secretion;in vivo experiments reveal varying performances in antibody production and immune cell function regulation.Their mechanisms of action and safety profiles also differ,offering distinct advantages in application prospects.These two nanomaterial adjuvants provide new directions for the development of immunology,warranting further exploration.
基金Supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(No.82071312).
文摘AIM:To explore the immune cell infiltration and molecular mechanisms of retinal ischemia-reperfusion injury(RIRI)to identify potential therapeutic targets.METHODS:In the bulk RNA-seq analysis,This study performed differential gene expression analysis,weighted gene co-expression network analysis,and protein-protein interaction network analysis to identify hub genes.QuanTIseq was used to determine the composition of infiltrating immune cells.Following the identification of hub genes,single-cell RNA-seq analysis was employed to pinpoint the specific immune cell types expressing these hub genes.Cell-cell communication analysis to explore signaling pathways and interactions between immune cells was further performed.Finally,the expression of these key immune regulators in vivo using quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction(qRT-PCR)was validated.RESULTS:Bulk RNA-seq analysis identified Stat2,Irf7,Irgm1,Igtp,Parp9,Irgm2,Nlrc5,and Tap1 as hub genes,with strong correlations to immune cell infiltration.Single-cell RNA-seq analysis further revealed six immune cell clusters,showing Irf7 predominantly in microglia and Tap1 in dendritic cells(DCs).And cell-cell communication analysis showed that microglia and DCs play central roles in coordinating immune activity.qRT-PCR validated the upregulation of these genes.CONCLUSION:In the acute phase of RIRI,Irf7 and Tap1 may be the potential therapeutic targets to reduce inflammation and promote neurological function recovery.
基金This work was supported in part by the grants including R01DK064240(to XDT)and R21AA020494(to XDT)National Institutes of Health and Merit Review Award(I01BX001690 to XDT)from US Department of Veterans Affairs.
文摘Precise and dynamic regulation of gene expression is a key feature of immunity.In recent years,rapid advances in transcriptome profiling analysis have led to recognize long noncoding RNAs(lncRNAs)as an additional layer of gene regulation context.In the immune system,lncRNAs are found to be widely expressed in immune cells including monocytes,macrophages,dendritic cells(DC),neutrophils,T cells and B cells during their development,differentiation and activation.However,the functional importance of immune-related lncRNAs is just emerging to be characterized.In this review,we discuss the up-to-date knowledge of lncRNAs in immune regulation.
基金This work was supported by the 973 Program of the Ministry of Science and Technology of China （2010CB529700 and 2012CB910204）, the National Natural Science Foundation of China （NSFC10979005 and NSFC30970566） and the Science and Technology Commission of Shanghai Municipality （11JC14140000）. Dr ZZ is a scholar of the Hundred Talents Program of the Chinese Academy of Sciences. Dr Greene is supported by grants from the NIH, NCI, the Abramson Family Research Institute and the BCRF.
文摘Germinal center kinases （GCKs） participate in a variety of signaling pathways needed to regulate cellular functions including apoptosis, cell proliferation, polarity and migration. Recent studies have shown that GCKs are participants in both adaptive and innate immune regulation. However, the differential activation and regulatory mechanisms of GCKs, as well as upstream and downstream signaling molecules, remain to be fully defined. It remains unresolved whether and how GCKs may cross-talk with existing signaling pathways. This review stresses the progresses in research of GCKs relevant to the immune system.
基金supported by the 2022 National Clinical Research Base“Top List”Special Project of the Health Commission of Henan Province(2022JDZX086)2021 National Clinical Research Base Research Special Project of the Health Commission of Henan Province(2021JDZY018)National Distinguished and Veteran TCM Experts Inheritance Studio Construction Project of the National Administration of Traditional ChineseMedicine(2100601-CZ0175).
文摘Granulomatous mastitis(GM)is a benign granulomatous condition,and its pathogenesis may be related to autoimmune disorders.Cellular immunity,humoral immunity,immunoglobulins,and complement could all play a role in the disease process,showing certain clinical patterns.Corticosteroids can quickly control disease progression,and immunosuppressants can be used for complex and refractory GM cases.In traditional Chinese medicine(TCM),“healthy qi”is similar to immune system function.For GM with deficient healthy qi,TCM treatments such as internal and external herbal applications can help regulate immune function and shorten disease duration by staged and TCM treatment,regulating viscera,reinforcing healthy qi,and eliminating pathogenic factors.
基金Supported by the Fujian Provincial Funds of Natural Sciences for Creative Items of Youth(No.2009J05066)
文摘Objective： To explore the effect of ricin temperature response gel on breast cancer and its regulatory effect on immune function in rats. Methods： Ricin was purified by chromatography and identified by immunoblotting. The rat subcutaneously transplanted breast cancer model was established. Forty model rats with a tumor diameter of about 3.0 cm were subjected to the study. They were randomized into four groups equally： the model group and three treated groups （blank gel, ricin, ricin-gel） were administered with blank gel, ricin, and ricin temperature response gel via percutaneous intratumor injection, respectively. The tumor was isolated 10 days later for the estimation of tumor inhibition rate （FIR） by weighing, pathologic examination, and detection of tumor apoptosis-associated genes bcl-2 and bax with semiquantitative RT-PCR. Also, peripheral blood was obtained to test T-lymphocyte subsets, the killing function of lymphocytes, and the contents of tumor necrosis factor- oL （TNF- oL ） and interleukin-2 （IL-2）. The outcomes were compared between groups. Results： The TIR in the ricin-gel group was 61.8%, with the pathologic examination showing extensive tumor tissue necrosis. Compared with the model group, after ricin temperature response gel treatment, bcl-2 expression was down- regulated, bax expression was up-regulated, CD4＋ lymphocytes and CD4＋/CD8＋ ratio in peripheral blood were increased, the killing function of lymphocytes was enhanced, and the contents of TNF- α and IL-2 were elevated （P〈0.05 or P〈0.01）. Conclusion： Intratumor injection of ricin temperature-responsive gel showed significant antitumor effect on breast cancer and could enhance the immune function in the tumor-bearing rat.
基金This work was supported by The National Natural Science Foundation of China(No.81803035)The China Postdoctoral Science Foundation(No.2021T140754 and 2020M672521)+1 种基金The Natural Science Foundation of Hunan Province,China(No.2020JJ5934)The Postdoctoral Science Foundation of Central South University,China(No.248485).
文摘Several types of modifications have been proven to participate in the metabolism and processing of different RNA types,including non-coding RNAs(ncRNAs).N-6-methyladenosine(m6A)is a dynamic and reversible RNA modification that is closely involved in the ncRNA homeostasis,and serves as a crucial regulator for multiple cancer-associated signaling pathways.The ncRNAs usually regulate the epigenetic modification,mRNA transcription and other biological processes,displaying enormous roles in human cancers.In this review,we summarized the significant implications of m6A-ncRNA interaction in various types of cancers.In particular,the interplay between m6A and ncRNAs in cancer pathogenesis and therapeutic resistance are being widely recognized.We also discussed the relevance of m6A-ncRNA interaction in immune regulation,followed by the interference on cancer immunotherapeutic procedures.In addition,we briefly highlighted the computation tools that could identify the accurate features of m6A methylome among ncRNAs.In summary,this review would pave the way for a better understanding of the biological functions of m6A-ncRNA crosstalk in cancer research and treatment.
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China, Nos.82201474 (to GL), 82071330 (to ZT), and 92148206 (to ZT)Key Research and Discovery Program of Hubei Province, No.2021BCA109 (to ZT)。
文摘Ischemic stroke is a cerebrovascular disease associated with high mortality and disability rates. Since the inflammation and immune response play a central role in driving ischemic damage, it becomes essential to modulate excessive inflammatory reactions to promote cell survival and facilitate tissue repair around the injury site. Various cell types are involved in the inflammatory response, including microglia, astrocytes, and neutrophils, each exhibiting distinct phenotypic profiles upon stimulation. They display either proinflammatory or anti-inflammatory states, a phenomenon known as ‘cell polarization.’ There are two cell polarization therapy strategies. The first involves inducing cells into a neuroprotective phenotype in vitro, then reintroducing them autologously. The second approach utilizes small molecular substances to directly affect cells in vivo. In this review, we elucidate the polarization dynamics of the three reactive cell populations(microglia, astrocytes, and neutrophils) in the context of ischemic stroke, and provide a comprehensive summary of the molecular mechanisms involved in their phenotypic switching. By unraveling the complexity of cell polarization, we hope to offer insights for future research on neuroinflammation and novel therapeutic strategies for ischemic stroke.
文摘Microglia are present throughout the central nervous system and are vital in neural repair,nutrition,phagocytosis,immunological regulation,and maintaining neuronal function.In a healthy spinal cord,microglia are accountable for immune surveillance,however,when a spinal cord injury occurs,the microenvironment drastically changes,leading to glial scars and failed axonal regeneration.In this context,microglia vary their gene and protein expression during activation,and proliferation in reaction to the injury,influencing injury responses both favorably and unfavorably.A dynamic and multifaceted injury response is mediated by microglia,which interact directly with neurons,astrocytes,oligodendrocytes,and neural stem/progenitor cells.Despite a clear understanding of their essential nature and origin,the mechanisms of action and new functions of microglia in spinal cord injury require extensive research.This review summarizes current studies on microglial genesis,physiological function,and pathological state,highlights their crucial roles in spinal cord injury,and proposes microglia as a therapeutic target.
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China,Nos.32271389,31900987(both to PY)the Natural Science Foundation of Jiangsu Province,No.BK20230608(to JJ)。
文摘Regulatory T cells,a subset of CD4^(+)T cells,play a critical role in maintaining immune tolerance and tissue homeostasis due to their potent immunosuppressive properties.Recent advances in research have highlighted the important therapeutic potential of Tregs in neurological diseases and tissue repair,emphasizing their multifaceted roles in immune regulation.This review aims to summarize and analyze the mechanisms of action and therapeutic potential of Tregs in relation to neurological diseases and neural regeneration.Beyond their classical immune-regulatory functions,emerging evidence points to non-immune mechanisms of regulatory T cells,particularly their interactions with stem cells and other non-immune cells.These interactions contribute to optimizing the repair microenvironment and promoting tissue repair and nerve regeneration,positioning non-immune pathways as a promising direction for future research.By modulating immune and non-immune cells,including neurons and glia within neural tissues,Tregs have demonstrated remarkable efficacy in enhancing regeneration in the central and peripheral nervous systems.Preclinical studies have revealed that Treg cells interact with neurons,glial cells,and other neural components to mitigate inflammatory damage and support functional recovery.Current mechanistic studies show that Tregs can significantly promote neural repair and functional recovery by regulating inflammatory responses and the local immune microenvironment.However,research on the mechanistic roles of regulatory T cells in other diseases remains limited,highlighting substantial gaps and opportunities for exploration in this field.Laboratory and clinical studies have further advanced the application of regulatory T cells.Technical advances have enabled efficient isolation,ex vivo expansion and functionalization,and adoptive transfer of regulatory T cells,with efficacy validated in animal models.Innovative strategies,including gene editing,cell-free technologies,biomaterial-based recruitment,and in situ delivery have expanded the therapeutic potential of regulatory T cells.Gene editing enables precise functional optimization,while biomaterial and in situ delivery technologies enhance their accumulation and efficacy at target sites.These advancements not only improve the immune-regulatory capacity of regulatory T cells but also significantly enhance their role in tissue repair.By leveraging the pivotal and diverse functions of Tregs in immune modulation and tissue repair,regulatory T cells–based therapies may lead to transformative breakthroughs in the treatment of neurological diseases.
基金supported by grants from the Domestic Visiting and Training Program for Outstanding Young Backbone Teachers in High Schools(gxgnfx2022036)the Anhui Provincial Natural Science Foundation(2308085MH262)+1 种基金the Science and Technology Innovation Guidance Project of Bengbu City(2024ZD0058)the Natural Science Research Project of the Anhui Educational Committee(2023AH051939).
文摘The immunoregulation of tissue-engineered bone has emerged as a prominent area for bone defect repair.While this field dem-onstrates considerable potential,effectively managing relevant factors and maintaining a balanced immune microenvironment in practical applications remain substantial challenges that re-quire resolution.In this study,we tested a novel comprehensive hierarchical delivery system based on the requirements of a natural immune microenvironment for inflammatory factors,to optimize local immune responses through precise regulation of drug release.Quercetin(Que)-loaded zeolite imidazolate framework-8(ZIF-8)nanoparticles were embedded in gelatin methacrylate to create a drug-release system featuring a Zn^(2+)shell and quercetin core.In vivo and in vitro studies demonstrated that this dual sustained-release hydrogel-ZIF-8 system can produce low concentrations of Zn^(2+)at an early stage,resulting in a mild anti-inflammatory effect and proliferation of bone marrow mesen-chymal stem cells.Moreover,as inflammation advances,the release of quercetin works synergistically with Zn^(2+)to enhance anti-inflammatory responses,reconfigure the local microenvironment,and mitigate the inflammatory response that adversely impacts bone health by inhibiting the Nuclear Factor-kappa B(NF-κB)signaling pathway,thereby promoting osteogenic differentiation.This system is pioneering for sequential microenvironment regulation based on its diverse anti-inflammatory properties,offering a novel and comprehensive strategy for bone immune regulation in the clinical treatment of bone defects.
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(82274225)NATCM's Project of High-level Construction of Key TCM Disciplines-Beijing University of Chinese Medicine-Life Science from the Perspective of Chinese Medicine(zyyzdxk-2023263).
文摘Objective:To assess the efficiency of a Sophora flavescens Ait(S.flavescens,Ku Shen)-soluble microneedle(SFA-MN)for improving skin lesion symptoms in mice with psoriasis.Methods:SFA-MNs were prepared using a two-mold molding process with 20%w/v poly-vinylpyrrolidone and 15%w/v polyvinyl alcohol.The SFA-MNs were assessed for morphology,mechanical properties,in vitro dissolution,identification of components,and skin lesion improvement in imiquimod-induced psoriasis mice.Results:The SFA-MNs demonstrated good mechanical properties for efficiently penetrating the dermis,facilitating efficient drug delivery.Furthermore,they effectively inhibited mast cell levels in the dorsal lesion area of psoriasis mice and reduced the expression of the T-lymphocyte factor cluster of differ-entiation 3 and tumor necrosis factor-a.In addition,this system alleviated skin inflammation,splenic swelling,and thymic atrophy in the psoriasis-like mouse model.Seven major components were detected from SFA-MNs by comparison of the mass-to-nucleus ratios(m/z)of the secondary fragments N-methylcytisine,5a,9a-dihydroxymatrine,sophoramine,matrine,oxysophocarpine,oxymatrine,and kushenol O.Conclusion:The drug delivery strategy combining traditional herbal S.flavescens with soluble micro-needle technology provides more targeted and effective immune regulation for treating psoriasis-like mice models,enabling enhanced therapeutic effects compared with the control group.
基金support from the“111 program”of Ministry of Education of China and State Administration of Foreign Experts Affairs of China.
文摘BACKGROUND Uterine injury can cause uterine scarring,leading to a series of complications that threaten women’s health.Uterine healing is a complex process,and there are currently no effective treatments.Although our previous studies have shown that bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells(BMSCs)promote uterine damage repair,the underlying mechanisms remain unclear.However,exploring the specific regulatory roles of BMSCs in uterine injury treatment is crucial for further understanding their functions and enhancing therapeutic efficacy.AIM To investigate the underlying mechanism by which BMSCs promote the process of uterine healing.METHODS In in vivo experiments,we established a model of full-thickness uterine injury and injected BMSCs into the uterine wound.Transcriptome sequencing was per-formed to determine the enrichment of differentially expressed genes at the wound site.In in vitro experiments,we isolated rat uterine smooth muscle cells(USMCs)and cocultured them with BMSCs to observe the interaction between BMSCs and USMCs in the microenvironment.RESULTS We found that the differentially expressed genes were mainly related to cell growth,tissue repair,and angiogenesis,while the phosphoinositide 3-kinase(PI3K)/protein kinase B(AKT)pathway was highly enriched.Quantitative reverse-transcription polymerase chain reaction was used to validate differentially expressed genes,and the results demonstrated that BMSCs can upregulate genes related to regeneration and downregulate genes related to inflammation.Coculturing BMSCs promoted the migration and proliferation of USMCs,and the USMC microenvironment promoted the myogenic differentiation of BMSCs.Finally,we validated the PI3K/AKT pathway in tissues and cells and showed that BMSCs activate the PI3K/AKT pathway to promote the regeneration of uterine smooth muscle both in vivo and in vitro.CONCLUSION BMSCs upregulated uterine wound regeneration and anti-inflammatory factors and enhanced uterine smooth muscle proliferation through the PI3K/AKT pathway both in vivo and in vitro.
文摘Crohn’s disease(CD)is a chronic inflammatory disorder characterized by dysregulated immune responses and significant disruption of intestinal immunity.A recent case-control study by Andreu-Ballester et al revealed decreased expression of interleukin(IL)-2 receptor subunitγ(CD132)in CD tissues,a finding that has profound implications for understanding immune dysregulation in CD.CD132,an essential component of the IL-7/IL-2 signaling axis,is critical forγδT cell survival and function,which are pivotal for maintaining gut integrity and modulating inflammation.Here,we propose that reduced CD132 expression represents a key mechanism underlyingγδT cell deficiencies in CD,contributing to impaired immune surveillance and exacerbated inflammation.This hypothesis integrates emerging evidence from cytokine signaling and immunopathology in CD,offering new insights into its pathogenesis.These findings highlight the therapeutic potential of targeting the IL-7/IL-2 axis to restore immune homeostasis in CD,presenting a novel avenue for future research and intervention.
基金support of the National Natural Science Foundation of China(32472594)the Independent Deployment Project of Institute of Zoology,Chinese Academy of Sciences(2023IOZ010).
文摘Plants have evolved complex immune networks to adapt to survival needs,and their immune mechanisms have unique regulatory patterns to cope with different environments.In rice,the maintenance of immune balance involves the synergistic action of many factors.Yue Wu et al.'s latest research results on the immunomodulatory mechanism of rice(ROD1 and the interaction between various proteins in rice)are introduced in this paper.
