Synaptic pruning is a crucial process in synaptic refinement,eliminating unstable synaptic connections in neural circuits.This process is triggered and regulated primarily by spontaneous neural activity and experience...Synaptic pruning is a crucial process in synaptic refinement,eliminating unstable synaptic connections in neural circuits.This process is triggered and regulated primarily by spontaneous neural activity and experience-dependent mechanisms.The pruning process involves multiple molecular signals and a series of regulatory activities governing the“eat me”and“don't eat me”states.Under physiological conditions,the interaction between glial cells and neurons results in the clearance of unnecessary synapses,maintaining normal neural circuit functionality via synaptic pruning.Alterations in genetic and environmental factors can lead to imbalanced synaptic pruning,thus promoting the occurrence and development of autism spectrum disorder,schizophrenia,Alzheimer's disease,and other neurological disorders.In this review,we investigated the molecular mechanisms responsible for synaptic pruning during neural development.We focus on how synaptic pruning can regulate neural circuits and its association with neurological disorders.Furthermore,we discuss the application of emerging optical and imaging technologies to observe synaptic structure and function,as well as their potential for clinical translation.Our aim was to enhance our understanding of synaptic pruning during neural development,including the molecular basis underlying the regulation of synaptic function and the dynamic changes in synaptic density,and to investigate the potential role of these mechanisms in the pathophysiology of neurological diseases,thus providing a theoretical foundation for the treatment of neurological disorders.展开更多
BACKGROUND Congenital renal arteriovenous fistula(RAVF)is a clinically rare condition and frequently missed and misdiagnosed.Multimodal imaging techniques can pro-vide more detailed diagnostic information to help phys...BACKGROUND Congenital renal arteriovenous fistula(RAVF)is a clinically rare condition and frequently missed and misdiagnosed.Multimodal imaging techniques can pro-vide more detailed diagnostic information to help physicians more accurately diagnose and treat diseases.Combining imaging methods to diagnose RAVF has rarely been reported.CASE SUMMARY A 69-year-old female patient presented with gross hematuria that had persisted for 10 days.The patient underwent ultrasound examinations of the kidneys and renal blood vessels,enhanced computed tomography,three-dimensional com-puted tomography angiography,and digital subtraction angiography of the renal arteries.These revealed dilatation of the left renal vein and abnormal shunting between the left renal artery and vein.The patient was diagnosed with a left RAVF using combined multimodal imaging techniques.The patient was treated with left renal artery embolization immediately after renal arteriography.Hema-turia resolved following the left renal artery embolization without serious bleeding or other complications.The patient made a full recovery after one year of postoperative follow-up.CONCLUSION Multimodal imaging techniques complement each other when diagnosing RAVF,providing detailed diagnostic information that can aid in accurate diagnosis and treatment.In addition,this case reminds the sonographer to pay more attention to the color doppler flow imaging and blood flow spectrum when examining the kidney,so as to avoid misdiagnosis of renal cystic lesions as renal cysts and missed diagnosis of RAVF.展开更多
Benign gallbladder diseases usually present with intraluminal lesions and localized or diffuse wall thickening.Intraluminal lesions of the gallbladder include gallstones,cholesterol polyps,adenomas,or sludge and polyp...Benign gallbladder diseases usually present with intraluminal lesions and localized or diffuse wall thickening.Intraluminal lesions of the gallbladder include gallstones,cholesterol polyps,adenomas,or sludge and polypoid type of gallbladder cancer must subsequently be excluded.Polyp size,stalk width,and enhancement intensity on contrast-enhanced ultrasound and degree of diffusion restriction may help differentiate cholesterol polyps and adenomas from gallbladder cancer.Localized gallbladder wall thickening is largely due to segmental or focal gallbladder adenomyomatosis,although infiltrative cancer may present similarly.Identification of Rokitansky-Aschoff sinuses is pivotal in diagnosing adenomyomatosis.The layered pattern,degree of enhancement,and integrity of the wall are imaging clues that help discriminate innocuous thickening from gallbladder cancer.High-resolution ultrasound is especially useful for analyzing the layering of gallbladder wall.A diffusely thickened wall is frequently seen in inflammatory processes of the gallbladder.Nevertheless,it is important to check for coexistent cancer in instances of acute cholecystitis.Ultrasound used alone is limited in evaluating complicated cholecystitis and often requires complementary computed tomography.In chronic cholecystitis,preservation of a two-layered wall and weak wall enhancement are diagnostic clues for excluding malignancy.Magnetic resonance imaging in conjunction with diffusion-weighted imaging helps to differentiate xathogranulomatous cholecystitis from gallbladder cancer by identifying the presence of fat and degree of diffusion restriction.Such distinctions require a familiarity with typical imaging features of various gallbladder diseases and an understanding of the roles that assorted imaging modalities play in gallbladder evaluations.展开更多
Multiphasic multidetector computed tomography(CT)forms the mainstay for the characterization of renal masses whereas magnetic resonance imaging(MRI)acts as a problem-solving tool in some cases.However,a few of the ren...Multiphasic multidetector computed tomography(CT)forms the mainstay for the characterization of renal masses whereas magnetic resonance imaging(MRI)acts as a problem-solving tool in some cases.However,a few of the renal masses remain indeterminate even after evaluation by conventional imaging methods.To overcome the deficiency in current imaging techniques,advanced imaging methods have been devised and are being tested.This review will cover the role of contrast-enhanced ultrasonography,shear wave elastography,dual-energy CT,perfusion CT,MR perfusion,diffusion-weighted MRI,blood oxygen leveldependent MRI,MR spectroscopy,positron emission tomography(PET)/prostate-specific membrane antigen-PET in the characterization of renal masses.展开更多
Hypoparathyroidism is one of the main complications after total thyroidectomy,severely affecting patients’quality of life.How to effectively protect parathyroid function after surgery and reduce the incidence of hypo...Hypoparathyroidism is one of the main complications after total thyroidectomy,severely affecting patients’quality of life.How to effectively protect parathyroid function after surgery and reduce the incidence of hypoparathyroidism has always been a key research area in thyroid surgery.Therefore,precise localization of parathyroid glands during surgery,effective imaging,and accurate surgical resection have become hot topics of concern for thyroid surgeons.In response to this clinical phenomenon,this study compared several different imaging methods for parathyroid surgery,including nanocarbon,indocyanine green,near-infrared imaging techniques,and technetium-99m methoxyisobutylisonitrile combined with gamma probe imaging technology.The advantages and disadvantages of each method were analyzed,providing scientific recommendations for future parathyroid imaging.In recent years,some related basic and clinical research has also been conducted in thyroid surgery.This article reviewed relevant literature and provided an overview of the practical application progress of various imaging techniques in parathyroid surgery.展开更多
Gas–solid fluidized beds have historically been employed in a variety of fields owing to the excellent mixing they provide,which can enhance chemical reaction rates and make the control of the reactor temperature eas...Gas–solid fluidized beds have historically been employed in a variety of fields owing to the excellent mixing they provide,which can enhance chemical reaction rates and make the control of the reactor temperature easier than other technologies.Due to this wide application,heuristic knowledge of their functioning has been accumulating over the years.This knowledge,however,is not always backed by a deep understanding of the physical phenomena occurring in such systems.While this heuristic knowledge is sufficient to operate fluidized beds,operation optimization and scale-up are much harder to perform.A range of diagnostic techniques have been applied over the years to draw information about the inner workings of fluidized beds.Among these,x-ray imaging techniques,especially x-ray digital radiography and x-ray computed tomography,stand out for the kind and quality of information they can provide.Their high penetrating power enables visualization of phenomena taking place in the bulk of a fluidized bed,without disturbing the bed hydrodynamics.Furthermore,x rays are generated by a source that can be switched off,making them inherently safer than other imaging techniques relying on radioactive sources,such asγ-ray computed tomography.This work gives an overview of the techniques themselves,of the quantities they can measure,and of some modern applications of gas–solid fluidized beds they have been applied to,such as waste treatment and thermochemical conversion of biomass.Overall,x-ray digital radiography and x-ray computed tomography are better suited for process understanding than for process monitoring and are extremely useful in the study of voidage distribution and macro structures,such as bubbles and jets.展开更多
In multicellular and even single-celled organisms,individual components are interconnected at multiscale levels to produce enormously complex biological networks that help these systems maintain homeostasis for develo...In multicellular and even single-celled organisms,individual components are interconnected at multiscale levels to produce enormously complex biological networks that help these systems maintain homeostasis for development and environmental adaptation.Systems biology studies initially adopted network analysis to explore how relationships between individual components give rise to complex biological processes.Network analysis has been applied to dissect the complex connectivity of mammalian brains across different scales in time and space in The Human Brain Project.In plant science,network analysis has similarly been applied to study the connectivity of plant components at the molecular,subcellular,cellular,organic,and organism levels.Analysis of these multiscale networks contributes to our understanding of how genotype determines phenotype.In this review,we summarized the theoretical framework of plant multiscale networks and introduced studies investigating plant networks by various experimental and computational modalities.We next discussed the currently available analytic methodologies and multi-level imaging techniques used to map multiscale networks in plants.Finally,we highlighted some of the technical challenges and key questions remaining to be addressed in this emerging field.展开更多
The investigation of small bowel morphology is often mandatory in many patients with Crohn's disease. Traditional radiological techniques (small bowel enteroclysis and small bowel follow-through) have long been th...The investigation of small bowel morphology is often mandatory in many patients with Crohn's disease. Traditional radiological techniques (small bowel enteroclysis and small bowel follow-through) have long been the only suitable methods for this purpose. In recent years, several alternative imaging techniques have been proposed. To review the most recent advances in imaging studies of the small bowel, with particular reference to their possible application in Crohn's disease, we conducted a complete review of the most important studies in which traditional and newer imaging methods were performed and compared in patients with Crohn's disease. Several radiological and endoscopic techniques are now available for the study of the small bowel; each of them is characterized by a distinct profile of favourable and unfavourable features. In some cases, they may also be used as complementary rather than alternative techniques. In everyday practice, the choice of the technique to be used stands upon its availability and a careful evaluation of diagnostic accuracy, clinical usefulness, safety and cost. The recent development ofinnovative imaging techniques has opened a new and exciting area in the exploration of the small bowel in Crohn's disease patients.展开更多
In the world,nonalcoholic fatty liver disease(NAFLD)accounts for majority of diffuse hepatic diseases.Notably,substantial liver fat accumulation can trigger and accelerate hepatic fibrosis,thus contributing to disease...In the world,nonalcoholic fatty liver disease(NAFLD)accounts for majority of diffuse hepatic diseases.Notably,substantial liver fat accumulation can trigger and accelerate hepatic fibrosis,thus contributing to disease progression.Moreover,the presence of NAFLD not only puts adverse influences for liver but is also associated with an increased risk of type 2 diabetes and cardiovascular diseases.Therefore,early detection and quantified measurement of hepatic fat content are of great importance.Liver biopsy is currently the most accurate method for the evaluation of hepatic steatosis.However,liver biopsy has several limitations,namely,its invasiveness,sampling error,high cost and moderate intraobserver and interobserver reproducibility.Recently,various quantitative imaging techniques have been developed for the diagnosis and quantified measurement of hepatic fat content,including ultrasound-or magnetic resonancebased methods.These quantitative imaging techniques can provide objective continuous metrics associated with liver fat content and be recorded for comparison when patients receive check-ups to evaluate changes in liver fat content,which is useful for longitudinal follow-up.In this review,we introduce several imaging techniques and describe their diagnostic performance for the diagnosis and quantified measurement of hepatic fat content.展开更多
Imaging techniques have been widely implemented to study the dynamics of chip formation.They can offer a direct method and a full field measurement of the cutting process,providing kinematic information of the chip fo...Imaging techniques have been widely implemented to study the dynamics of chip formation.They can offer a direct method and a full field measurement of the cutting process,providing kinematic information of the chip formation process.In this article,the state of the art of the imaging techniques reported in the literature has been summarized and analyzed.The imaging techniques have been applied to study the chip formation mechanism,friction behavior,strain/strain rate,and stress fields.Furthermore,the study of surface integrity has been advanced by deriving the thermo‐mechanical loading,subsurface deformation,and material constitutive model from the imaging technique.Finally,achievements in the area of imaging techniques have been summarized,followed by future directions for their application in the study of surface integrity.展开更多
Advanced imaging techniques have been widely used in various biological studies.Currently,numerous imaging modalities are utilized in biological applications,including medical imaging,diagnosis,biometrics,and fundamen...Advanced imaging techniques have been widely used in various biological studies.Currently,numerous imaging modalities are utilized in biological applications,including medical imaging,diagnosis,biometrics,and fundamental biological research.Consequently,the demand for faster,clearer,and more accurate imaging techniques to support sophisticated biological studies has increased.However,there is a limitation in enhancing performance of imaging devices owing to the system complexity associated with bulky conventional optical elements.To address this issue,metasurfaces,which are flat and compact optical elements,have been considered potential candidates for biological imaging.Here,we comprehensively discuss the metasurface empowered various imaging applications in biology,including their working principles and design strategies.Furthermore,we compared conventional imaging modalities with the metasurface-based imaging system.Finally,we discuss the current challenges and offer future perspectives on metasurfaces.展开更多
Osteoarthritis(OA)is a degenerative joint disease with significant clinical and societal impact.Traditional diagnostic methods,including subjective clinical assessments and imaging techniques such as X-rays and MRIs,a...Osteoarthritis(OA)is a degenerative joint disease with significant clinical and societal impact.Traditional diagnostic methods,including subjective clinical assessments and imaging techniques such as X-rays and MRIs,are often limited in their ability to detect early-stage OA or capture subtle joint changes.These limitations result in delayed diagnoses and inconsistent outcomes.Additionally,the analysis of omics data is challenged by the complexity and high dimensionality of biological datasets,making it difficult to identify key molecular mechanisms and biomarkers.Recent advancements in artificial intelligence(AI)offer transformative potential to address these challenges.This review systematically explores the integration of AI into OA research,focusing on applications such as AI-driven early screening and risk prediction from electronic health records(EHR),automated grading and morphological analysis of imaging data,and biomarker discovery through multi-omics integration.By consolidating progress across clinical,imaging,and omics domains,this review provides a comprehensive perspective on how AI is reshaping OA research.The findings have the potential to drive innovations in personalized medicine and targeted interventions,addressing longstanding challenges in OA diagnosis and management.展开更多
The proliferative index of Ki-67 in pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma(PDAC)exhibits strong correlations with tumor progression and prognosis,holding significant clinical implications.Yang et al employed contrast-enhanc...The proliferative index of Ki-67 in pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma(PDAC)exhibits strong correlations with tumor progression and prognosis,holding significant clinical implications.Yang et al employed contrast-enhanced ultrasound(CEUS)to indirectly evaluate neovascularization in pancreatic cancer lesions.Specific CEUS parameters demonstrated significant diagnostic value in assessing Ki-67 expression.The falling slope 50%achieved an area under the curve of 0.838.Meanwhile,the rise slope 10%-90%exhibited superior overall diagnostic accuracy(area under the curve=0.863),showing a sensitivity of 0.92 and a moderate specificity of 0.759.These values demonstrate specificity in differentiating between low and high Ki-67 expression groups.This study effectively addresses the critical need for a non-invasive assessment of pancreatic cancer aggressiveness via Ki-67 expression.These findings strongly support the translational potential of CEUS biomarkers for non-invasive Ki-67 assessment and treatment stratification in PDAC.While Yang et al demonstrated exhibited encouraging methodologies,its retrospective design,modest sample size,and single-center nature may impede generalizability,pending validation in multi-institutional cohorts.We recommend expanding the sample size to enhance representativeness and adopting prospective studies integrating multimodal imaging techniques,such as magnetic resonance imaging and positron emission tomography to improve diagnostic reliability.This study is the first to integrate insights from CEUS,magnetic resonance imaging,and positron emission tomography for Ki-67 expression assessment in PDAC.Building on this innovation,we focus this article on recent advances in the clinical diagnosis of pancreatic cancer,aiming to provide insights for advancing research in this field.展开更多
AIM:To elucidate the manifestations and associated complications observed in patients with intraocular silicone oil(SO)emulsification through multiple imaging modalities.METHODS:This single-center,observational,retros...AIM:To elucidate the manifestations and associated complications observed in patients with intraocular silicone oil(SO)emulsification through multiple imaging modalities.METHODS:This single-center,observational,retrospective study included 116 patients who underwent pars plana vitrectomy(PPV)with SO injection for retinal detachment(RD),followed by subsequent SO removal at the Second Hospital of Hebei Medical University from January 2013 to January 2023.Comprehensive records of ophthalmic examinations utilizing multiple imaging techniques were maintained.RESULTS:The study comprised 56 females and 60 males,with a mean age of 52.75±13.6y.The mean follow-up duration for SO tamponade was 9.04±11.33mo(range:1-84mo).Among the participants,59 patients were diagnosed with SO emulsification,while 57 patients were in the SO unemulsified group.Patients with SO emulsification had a significantly prolonged SO tamponade duration(P<0.01).Multiple imaging techniques revealed notable signs of SO emulsification and its complications,such as 4 cases(3.4%)with posterior corneal SO-like keratic precipitates(KP)observed by anterior segment photography,23 cases(19.8%)exhibiting spherical high-reflection signals in the inter-retina,retinal pigment epithelium,or choroid detected by Spectralis spectral domain optical coherence tomography(SD-OCT),4 cases(3.4%)showing slow movement of emulsified SO droplets within retinal vessels during fluorescein angiography(FFA),plain and enhanced head magnetic resonance imaging(MRI)images of these four patients did not detect emulsified SO in the lateral ventricles,suprasellar cistern,subarachnoid space,third ventricle,fourth ventricle,or other intracranial locations.CONCLUSION:Intraocular emulsified SO can lead to damage in both anterior and posterior segment tissues,encompassing corneal degeneration,cataracts,glaucoma,retinal and choroid inflammation.Objective multiple imaging techniques such as anterior segment photography,SD-OCT,FFA,and MRI offer comprehensive evaluation and diagnosis of SO emulsification and its associated complications.展开更多
As a pathfinder of the SiTian project,the Mini-SiTian(MST)Array,employed three commercial CMOS cameras,represents a next-generation,cost-effective optical time-domain survey project.This paper focuses primarily on the...As a pathfinder of the SiTian project,the Mini-SiTian(MST)Array,employed three commercial CMOS cameras,represents a next-generation,cost-effective optical time-domain survey project.This paper focuses primarily on the precise data processing pipeline designed for wide-field,CMOS-based devices,including the removal of instrumental effects,astrometry,photometry,and flux calibration.When applying this pipeline to approximately3000 observations taken in the Field 02(f02)region by MST,the results demonstrate a remarkable astrometric precision of approximately 70–80 mas(about 0.1 pixel),an impressive calibration accuracy of approximately1 mmag in the MST zero points,and a photometric accuracy of about 4 mmag for bright stars.Our studies demonstrate that MST CMOS can achieve photometric accuracy comparable to that of CCDs,highlighting the feasibility of large-scale CMOS-based optical time-domain surveys and their potential applications for cost optimization in future large-scale time-domain surveys,like the SiTian project.展开更多
To evaluae small animal imaging with individual different high voltage, filter thickness and tube current, an animal X-ray micro-computed tomography （micro-CT） system based on panel detector is developed and a rat i...To evaluae small animal imaging with individual different high voltage, filter thickness and tube current, an animal X-ray micro-computed tomography （micro-CT） system based on panel detector is developed and a rat is scanned by using the system with individual high voltage, tube current, filter thickness, and exposure time. A model is presented based on the Monte Carlo code PENELOPE for generating the X-ray spectra of X-ray tube used in the micro-CT system. A platform developed based on Matlab allows for calculating beam quality parameters, including the average energy of X-ray beam, the change of transmition rate and the input X-ray fluence. The factors affecting the signal difference to noise ratio （SDNR） of micro-CT are investigated and the relationship between SDNR and scan combinations is analyzed. A series of tools and methods are developed for small animal imaging and imaging performance evaluation in the field of small animal imaging.展开更多
AIM:To investigate the diagnostic accuracy of acoustic radiation force impulse (ARFI) imaging as a noninvasive method for the assessment of liver fibrosis in chronic hepatitis C (CHC) patients.METHODS:We performed a p...AIM:To investigate the diagnostic accuracy of acoustic radiation force impulse (ARFI) imaging as a noninvasive method for the assessment of liver fibrosis in chronic hepatitis C (CHC) patients.METHODS:We performed a prospective blind com-parison of ARFI elastography,APRI index and FibroMax in a consecutive series of patients who underwent liver biopsy for CHC in University Hospital Bucharest. His-topathological staging of liver fibrosis according to the METAVIR scoring system served as the reference. A to-tal of 74 patients underwent ARFI elastography,APRI index,FibroMax and successful liver biopsy. RESULTS:The noninvasive tests had a good correlation with the liver biopsy results. The most powerful test in predicting fibrosis was ARFI elastography. The diagnostic accuracy of ARFI elastography,expressedas area under receiver operating characteristic curve (AUROC) had a validity of 90.2% (95% CI AUROC = 0.831-0.972,P < 0.001) for the diagnosis of significant f ibrosis (F ≥ 2). ARFI sonoelastography predicted even better F3 or F4 fibrosis (AUROC = 0.993,95% CI = 0.979-1).CONCLUSION:ARFI elastography had very good accuracy for the assessment of liver fibrosis and was superior to other noninvasive methods (APRI Index,FibroMax) for staging liver fibrosis.展开更多
Apical hypertrophic cardiomyopathy(AHCM) is a relatively rare morphologic variant of HCM in which the hypertrophy of myocardium is localized to the left ventricular apex. Symptoms of AHCM might vary from none to other...Apical hypertrophic cardiomyopathy(AHCM) is a relatively rare morphologic variant of HCM in which the hypertrophy of myocardium is localized to the left ventricular apex. Symptoms of AHCM might vary from none to others mimic coronary artery disease including acute coronary syndrome, thus resulting in inappropriate hospitalization. Transthoracic echocardiography is the firstline imaging technique for the diagnosis of hypertrophic cardiomyopathies. However, when the hypertrophy of the myocardium is localized in the ventricular apex might results in missed diagnosis. Aim of this paper is to review the different imaging techniques used for the diagnosis of AHCM and their role in the detection and comprehension of this uncommon disease.展开更多
In 2001,the concept of the neurovascular unit was introduced at the Stroke Progress Review Group meeting.The neurovascular unit is an important element of the health and disease status of blood vessels and nerves in t...In 2001,the concept of the neurovascular unit was introduced at the Stroke Progress Review Group meeting.The neurovascular unit is an important element of the health and disease status of blood vessels and nerves in the central nervous system.Since then,the neurovascular unit has attracted increasing interest from research teams,who have contributed greatly to the prevention,treatment,and prognosis of stroke and neurodegenerative diseases.However,additional research is needed to establish an efficient,low-cost,and low-energy in vitro model of the neurovascular unit,as well as enable noninvasive observation of neurovascular units in vivo and in vitro.In this review,we first summarize the composition of neurovascular units,then investigate the efficacy of different types of stem cells and cell culture methods in the construction of neurovascular unit models,and finally assess the progress of imaging methods used to observe neurovascular units in recent years and their positive role in the monitoring and investigation of the mechanisms of a variety of central nervous system diseases.展开更多
The book ＂micropedolog＂ by Kubieana and a large number of publications has induced many people to practice soil micromorphology. Quantification of the soil fabric and its components was a major challenge. The use of...The book ＂micropedolog＂ by Kubieana and a large number of publications has induced many people to practice soil micromorphology. Quantification of the soil fabric and its components was a major challenge. The use of the image analyses in soil science was a breakthrough. Attempts to make soil thin sections go back to the beginning of the 2oth century. Microscopic techniques and recently high resolution electron microscope and use of computer assisted imaging techniques enabled the in vitro study of soils in three dimensional levels. It is now possible to store and process massive amounts of data. Micro- morphological concepts and techniques are applied in paleopedological, ecological, and archaeological studies. The aim of this work was to examine soil micromorphological imaging in historical perspective.展开更多
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China,No.31760290,82160688the Key Development Areas Project of Ganzhou Science and Technology,No.2022B-SF9554(all to XL)。
文摘Synaptic pruning is a crucial process in synaptic refinement,eliminating unstable synaptic connections in neural circuits.This process is triggered and regulated primarily by spontaneous neural activity and experience-dependent mechanisms.The pruning process involves multiple molecular signals and a series of regulatory activities governing the“eat me”and“don't eat me”states.Under physiological conditions,the interaction between glial cells and neurons results in the clearance of unnecessary synapses,maintaining normal neural circuit functionality via synaptic pruning.Alterations in genetic and environmental factors can lead to imbalanced synaptic pruning,thus promoting the occurrence and development of autism spectrum disorder,schizophrenia,Alzheimer's disease,and other neurological disorders.In this review,we investigated the molecular mechanisms responsible for synaptic pruning during neural development.We focus on how synaptic pruning can regulate neural circuits and its association with neurological disorders.Furthermore,we discuss the application of emerging optical and imaging technologies to observe synaptic structure and function,as well as their potential for clinical translation.Our aim was to enhance our understanding of synaptic pruning during neural development,including the molecular basis underlying the regulation of synaptic function and the dynamic changes in synaptic density,and to investigate the potential role of these mechanisms in the pathophysiology of neurological diseases,thus providing a theoretical foundation for the treatment of neurological disorders.
文摘BACKGROUND Congenital renal arteriovenous fistula(RAVF)is a clinically rare condition and frequently missed and misdiagnosed.Multimodal imaging techniques can pro-vide more detailed diagnostic information to help physicians more accurately diagnose and treat diseases.Combining imaging methods to diagnose RAVF has rarely been reported.CASE SUMMARY A 69-year-old female patient presented with gross hematuria that had persisted for 10 days.The patient underwent ultrasound examinations of the kidneys and renal blood vessels,enhanced computed tomography,three-dimensional com-puted tomography angiography,and digital subtraction angiography of the renal arteries.These revealed dilatation of the left renal vein and abnormal shunting between the left renal artery and vein.The patient was diagnosed with a left RAVF using combined multimodal imaging techniques.The patient was treated with left renal artery embolization immediately after renal arteriography.Hema-turia resolved following the left renal artery embolization without serious bleeding or other complications.The patient made a full recovery after one year of postoperative follow-up.CONCLUSION Multimodal imaging techniques complement each other when diagnosing RAVF,providing detailed diagnostic information that can aid in accurate diagnosis and treatment.In addition,this case reminds the sonographer to pay more attention to the color doppler flow imaging and blood flow spectrum when examining the kidney,so as to avoid misdiagnosis of renal cystic lesions as renal cysts and missed diagnosis of RAVF.
文摘Benign gallbladder diseases usually present with intraluminal lesions and localized or diffuse wall thickening.Intraluminal lesions of the gallbladder include gallstones,cholesterol polyps,adenomas,or sludge and polypoid type of gallbladder cancer must subsequently be excluded.Polyp size,stalk width,and enhancement intensity on contrast-enhanced ultrasound and degree of diffusion restriction may help differentiate cholesterol polyps and adenomas from gallbladder cancer.Localized gallbladder wall thickening is largely due to segmental or focal gallbladder adenomyomatosis,although infiltrative cancer may present similarly.Identification of Rokitansky-Aschoff sinuses is pivotal in diagnosing adenomyomatosis.The layered pattern,degree of enhancement,and integrity of the wall are imaging clues that help discriminate innocuous thickening from gallbladder cancer.High-resolution ultrasound is especially useful for analyzing the layering of gallbladder wall.A diffusely thickened wall is frequently seen in inflammatory processes of the gallbladder.Nevertheless,it is important to check for coexistent cancer in instances of acute cholecystitis.Ultrasound used alone is limited in evaluating complicated cholecystitis and often requires complementary computed tomography.In chronic cholecystitis,preservation of a two-layered wall and weak wall enhancement are diagnostic clues for excluding malignancy.Magnetic resonance imaging in conjunction with diffusion-weighted imaging helps to differentiate xathogranulomatous cholecystitis from gallbladder cancer by identifying the presence of fat and degree of diffusion restriction.Such distinctions require a familiarity with typical imaging features of various gallbladder diseases and an understanding of the roles that assorted imaging modalities play in gallbladder evaluations.
文摘Multiphasic multidetector computed tomography(CT)forms the mainstay for the characterization of renal masses whereas magnetic resonance imaging(MRI)acts as a problem-solving tool in some cases.However,a few of the renal masses remain indeterminate even after evaluation by conventional imaging methods.To overcome the deficiency in current imaging techniques,advanced imaging methods have been devised and are being tested.This review will cover the role of contrast-enhanced ultrasonography,shear wave elastography,dual-energy CT,perfusion CT,MR perfusion,diffusion-weighted MRI,blood oxygen leveldependent MRI,MR spectroscopy,positron emission tomography(PET)/prostate-specific membrane antigen-PET in the characterization of renal masses.
基金Supported by The 2024 Hospital Research Funding,No.KYQ2024008.
文摘Hypoparathyroidism is one of the main complications after total thyroidectomy,severely affecting patients’quality of life.How to effectively protect parathyroid function after surgery and reduce the incidence of hypoparathyroidism has always been a key research area in thyroid surgery.Therefore,precise localization of parathyroid glands during surgery,effective imaging,and accurate surgical resection have become hot topics of concern for thyroid surgeons.In response to this clinical phenomenon,this study compared several different imaging methods for parathyroid surgery,including nanocarbon,indocyanine green,near-infrared imaging techniques,and technetium-99m methoxyisobutylisonitrile combined with gamma probe imaging technology.The advantages and disadvantages of each method were analyzed,providing scientific recommendations for future parathyroid imaging.In recent years,some related basic and clinical research has also been conducted in thyroid surgery.This article reviewed relevant literature and provided an overview of the practical application progress of various imaging techniques in parathyroid surgery.
文摘Gas–solid fluidized beds have historically been employed in a variety of fields owing to the excellent mixing they provide,which can enhance chemical reaction rates and make the control of the reactor temperature easier than other technologies.Due to this wide application,heuristic knowledge of their functioning has been accumulating over the years.This knowledge,however,is not always backed by a deep understanding of the physical phenomena occurring in such systems.While this heuristic knowledge is sufficient to operate fluidized beds,operation optimization and scale-up are much harder to perform.A range of diagnostic techniques have been applied over the years to draw information about the inner workings of fluidized beds.Among these,x-ray imaging techniques,especially x-ray digital radiography and x-ray computed tomography,stand out for the kind and quality of information they can provide.Their high penetrating power enables visualization of phenomena taking place in the bulk of a fluidized bed,without disturbing the bed hydrodynamics.Furthermore,x rays are generated by a source that can be switched off,making them inherently safer than other imaging techniques relying on radioactive sources,such asγ-ray computed tomography.This work gives an overview of the techniques themselves,of the quantities they can measure,and of some modern applications of gas–solid fluidized beds they have been applied to,such as waste treatment and thermochemical conversion of biomass.Overall,x-ray digital radiography and x-ray computed tomography are better suited for process understanding than for process monitoring and are extremely useful in the study of voidage distribution and macro structures,such as bubbles and jets.
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(31530084,32000558,32000483,and31800504)the Programme of Introducing Talents of Discipline to Universities(111 project,B13007)the China Postdoctoral Science Foundation Grant(2019M660494)。
文摘In multicellular and even single-celled organisms,individual components are interconnected at multiscale levels to produce enormously complex biological networks that help these systems maintain homeostasis for development and environmental adaptation.Systems biology studies initially adopted network analysis to explore how relationships between individual components give rise to complex biological processes.Network analysis has been applied to dissect the complex connectivity of mammalian brains across different scales in time and space in The Human Brain Project.In plant science,network analysis has similarly been applied to study the connectivity of plant components at the molecular,subcellular,cellular,organic,and organism levels.Analysis of these multiscale networks contributes to our understanding of how genotype determines phenotype.In this review,we summarized the theoretical framework of plant multiscale networks and introduced studies investigating plant networks by various experimental and computational modalities.We next discussed the currently available analytic methodologies and multi-level imaging techniques used to map multiscale networks in plants.Finally,we highlighted some of the technical challenges and key questions remaining to be addressed in this emerging field.
文摘The investigation of small bowel morphology is often mandatory in many patients with Crohn's disease. Traditional radiological techniques (small bowel enteroclysis and small bowel follow-through) have long been the only suitable methods for this purpose. In recent years, several alternative imaging techniques have been proposed. To review the most recent advances in imaging studies of the small bowel, with particular reference to their possible application in Crohn's disease, we conducted a complete review of the most important studies in which traditional and newer imaging methods were performed and compared in patients with Crohn's disease. Several radiological and endoscopic techniques are now available for the study of the small bowel; each of them is characterized by a distinct profile of favourable and unfavourable features. In some cases, they may also be used as complementary rather than alternative techniques. In everyday practice, the choice of the technique to be used stands upon its availability and a careful evaluation of diagnostic accuracy, clinical usefulness, safety and cost. The recent development ofinnovative imaging techniques has opened a new and exciting area in the exploration of the small bowel in Crohn's disease patients.
文摘In the world,nonalcoholic fatty liver disease(NAFLD)accounts for majority of diffuse hepatic diseases.Notably,substantial liver fat accumulation can trigger and accelerate hepatic fibrosis,thus contributing to disease progression.Moreover,the presence of NAFLD not only puts adverse influences for liver but is also associated with an increased risk of type 2 diabetes and cardiovascular diseases.Therefore,early detection and quantified measurement of hepatic fat content are of great importance.Liver biopsy is currently the most accurate method for the evaluation of hepatic steatosis.However,liver biopsy has several limitations,namely,its invasiveness,sampling error,high cost and moderate intraobserver and interobserver reproducibility.Recently,various quantitative imaging techniques have been developed for the diagnosis and quantified measurement of hepatic fat content,including ultrasound-or magnetic resonancebased methods.These quantitative imaging techniques can provide objective continuous metrics associated with liver fat content and be recorded for comparison when patients receive check-ups to evaluate changes in liver fat content,which is useful for longitudinal follow-up.In this review,we introduce several imaging techniques and describe their diagnostic performance for the diagnosis and quantified measurement of hepatic fat content.
基金National Natural Science Foundation of China,Grant/Award Numbers:51722505,52005200the National Natural Science Foundation of China for funding the projects:“Digital manufacturing and numerical control,”Grant number:51722505,and“Formation mechanism of residual stress in complex surface milling based on in situ imaging technology,”Grant number:52005200.
文摘Imaging techniques have been widely implemented to study the dynamics of chip formation.They can offer a direct method and a full field measurement of the cutting process,providing kinematic information of the chip formation process.In this article,the state of the art of the imaging techniques reported in the literature has been summarized and analyzed.The imaging techniques have been applied to study the chip formation mechanism,friction behavior,strain/strain rate,and stress fields.Furthermore,the study of surface integrity has been advanced by deriving the thermo‐mechanical loading,subsurface deformation,and material constitutive model from the imaging technique.Finally,achievements in the area of imaging techniques have been summarized,followed by future directions for their application in the study of surface integrity.
基金financially supported by National Research Foundation(NRF)grants(RS-2023-00266110,NRF-2020R1A5A1019649,NRF-2022M3C1A3081312,and NRF-2023M3K5A109482011)funded by the Ministry of Science and ICT(MSIT)of the Korean governmentI.Kim ac-knowledges the NRF Sejong Science Fellowship(NRF-2021R1C1C2004291)funded by the MSIT of the Korean government.
文摘Advanced imaging techniques have been widely used in various biological studies.Currently,numerous imaging modalities are utilized in biological applications,including medical imaging,diagnosis,biometrics,and fundamental biological research.Consequently,the demand for faster,clearer,and more accurate imaging techniques to support sophisticated biological studies has increased.However,there is a limitation in enhancing performance of imaging devices owing to the system complexity associated with bulky conventional optical elements.To address this issue,metasurfaces,which are flat and compact optical elements,have been considered potential candidates for biological imaging.Here,we comprehensively discuss the metasurface empowered various imaging applications in biology,including their working principles and design strategies.Furthermore,we compared conventional imaging modalities with the metasurface-based imaging system.Finally,we discuss the current challenges and offer future perspectives on metasurfaces.
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(82302757)Shenzhen Science and Technology Program(JCY20240813145204006,SGDX20201103095600002,JCYJ20220818103417037,KJZD20230923115200002)+1 种基金Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Digital Surgical Printing Project(ZDSYS201707311542415)Shenzhen Development and Reform Program(XMHT20220106001).
文摘Osteoarthritis(OA)is a degenerative joint disease with significant clinical and societal impact.Traditional diagnostic methods,including subjective clinical assessments and imaging techniques such as X-rays and MRIs,are often limited in their ability to detect early-stage OA or capture subtle joint changes.These limitations result in delayed diagnoses and inconsistent outcomes.Additionally,the analysis of omics data is challenged by the complexity and high dimensionality of biological datasets,making it difficult to identify key molecular mechanisms and biomarkers.Recent advancements in artificial intelligence(AI)offer transformative potential to address these challenges.This review systematically explores the integration of AI into OA research,focusing on applications such as AI-driven early screening and risk prediction from electronic health records(EHR),automated grading and morphological analysis of imaging data,and biomarker discovery through multi-omics integration.By consolidating progress across clinical,imaging,and omics domains,this review provides a comprehensive perspective on how AI is reshaping OA research.The findings have the potential to drive innovations in personalized medicine and targeted interventions,addressing longstanding challenges in OA diagnosis and management.
基金Supported by the National Key R&D Program of China,No.2023YFC2507900the National Natural Science Foundation of China,No.32270768,No.82273970,and No.82370715+2 种基金the Innovation Group Project of Hubei Province,No.2023AFA026the Key Cultivation Project of Hubei Province for Science and Technology,No.2024DJA037the National Natural Science Foundation of Hubei,No.2025AFA085.
文摘The proliferative index of Ki-67 in pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma(PDAC)exhibits strong correlations with tumor progression and prognosis,holding significant clinical implications.Yang et al employed contrast-enhanced ultrasound(CEUS)to indirectly evaluate neovascularization in pancreatic cancer lesions.Specific CEUS parameters demonstrated significant diagnostic value in assessing Ki-67 expression.The falling slope 50%achieved an area under the curve of 0.838.Meanwhile,the rise slope 10%-90%exhibited superior overall diagnostic accuracy(area under the curve=0.863),showing a sensitivity of 0.92 and a moderate specificity of 0.759.These values demonstrate specificity in differentiating between low and high Ki-67 expression groups.This study effectively addresses the critical need for a non-invasive assessment of pancreatic cancer aggressiveness via Ki-67 expression.These findings strongly support the translational potential of CEUS biomarkers for non-invasive Ki-67 assessment and treatment stratification in PDAC.While Yang et al demonstrated exhibited encouraging methodologies,its retrospective design,modest sample size,and single-center nature may impede generalizability,pending validation in multi-institutional cohorts.We recommend expanding the sample size to enhance representativeness and adopting prospective studies integrating multimodal imaging techniques,such as magnetic resonance imaging and positron emission tomography to improve diagnostic reliability.This study is the first to integrate insights from CEUS,magnetic resonance imaging,and positron emission tomography for Ki-67 expression assessment in PDAC.Building on this innovation,we focus this article on recent advances in the clinical diagnosis of pancreatic cancer,aiming to provide insights for advancing research in this field.
基金Supported by the Natural Science Foundation of Hebei Province(No.H2023206907).
文摘AIM:To elucidate the manifestations and associated complications observed in patients with intraocular silicone oil(SO)emulsification through multiple imaging modalities.METHODS:This single-center,observational,retrospective study included 116 patients who underwent pars plana vitrectomy(PPV)with SO injection for retinal detachment(RD),followed by subsequent SO removal at the Second Hospital of Hebei Medical University from January 2013 to January 2023.Comprehensive records of ophthalmic examinations utilizing multiple imaging techniques were maintained.RESULTS:The study comprised 56 females and 60 males,with a mean age of 52.75±13.6y.The mean follow-up duration for SO tamponade was 9.04±11.33mo(range:1-84mo).Among the participants,59 patients were diagnosed with SO emulsification,while 57 patients were in the SO unemulsified group.Patients with SO emulsification had a significantly prolonged SO tamponade duration(P<0.01).Multiple imaging techniques revealed notable signs of SO emulsification and its complications,such as 4 cases(3.4%)with posterior corneal SO-like keratic precipitates(KP)observed by anterior segment photography,23 cases(19.8%)exhibiting spherical high-reflection signals in the inter-retina,retinal pigment epithelium,or choroid detected by Spectralis spectral domain optical coherence tomography(SD-OCT),4 cases(3.4%)showing slow movement of emulsified SO droplets within retinal vessels during fluorescein angiography(FFA),plain and enhanced head magnetic resonance imaging(MRI)images of these four patients did not detect emulsified SO in the lateral ventricles,suprasellar cistern,subarachnoid space,third ventricle,fourth ventricle,or other intracranial locations.CONCLUSION:Intraocular emulsified SO can lead to damage in both anterior and posterior segment tissues,encompassing corneal degeneration,cataracts,glaucoma,retinal and choroid inflammation.Objective multiple imaging techniques such as anterior segment photography,SD-OCT,FFA,and MRI offer comprehensive evaluation and diagnosis of SO emulsification and its associated complications.
基金supported by the National Key Basic R&D Program of China via 2023YFA1608303the Strategic Priority Research Program of the Chinese Academy of Sciences(XDB0550103)+3 种基金the National Science Foundation of China 12422303,12403024,12222301,12173007,and 12261141690the Postdoctoral Fellowship Program of CPSF under grant Number GZB20240731the Young Data Scientist Project of the National Astronomical Data Center,and the China Post-doctoral Science Foundation No.2023M743447support from the NSFC through grant No.12303039 and No.12261141690.
文摘As a pathfinder of the SiTian project,the Mini-SiTian(MST)Array,employed three commercial CMOS cameras,represents a next-generation,cost-effective optical time-domain survey project.This paper focuses primarily on the precise data processing pipeline designed for wide-field,CMOS-based devices,including the removal of instrumental effects,astrometry,photometry,and flux calibration.When applying this pipeline to approximately3000 observations taken in the Field 02(f02)region by MST,the results demonstrate a remarkable astrometric precision of approximately 70–80 mas(about 0.1 pixel),an impressive calibration accuracy of approximately1 mmag in the MST zero points,and a photometric accuracy of about 4 mmag for bright stars.Our studies demonstrate that MST CMOS can achieve photometric accuracy comparable to that of CCDs,highlighting the feasibility of large-scale CMOS-based optical time-domain surveys and their potential applications for cost optimization in future large-scale time-domain surveys,like the SiTian project.
基金Supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (60672104,10527003)the Nation-al Basic Research Program of China ("973"Program)(2006CB705705)the Joint Research Foundation of Beijing Mu-nicipal Commission of Education (JD100010607)~~
文摘To evaluae small animal imaging with individual different high voltage, filter thickness and tube current, an animal X-ray micro-computed tomography （micro-CT） system based on panel detector is developed and a rat is scanned by using the system with individual high voltage, tube current, filter thickness, and exposure time. A model is presented based on the Monte Carlo code PENELOPE for generating the X-ray spectra of X-ray tube used in the micro-CT system. A platform developed based on Matlab allows for calculating beam quality parameters, including the average energy of X-ray beam, the change of transmition rate and the input X-ray fluence. The factors affecting the signal difference to noise ratio （SDNR） of micro-CT are investigated and the relationship between SDNR and scan combinations is analyzed. A series of tools and methods are developed for small animal imaging and imaging performance evaluation in the field of small animal imaging.
基金Supported by Grant 41066/2007, financed by the Ministry of Education and Research
文摘AIM:To investigate the diagnostic accuracy of acoustic radiation force impulse (ARFI) imaging as a noninvasive method for the assessment of liver fibrosis in chronic hepatitis C (CHC) patients.METHODS:We performed a prospective blind com-parison of ARFI elastography,APRI index and FibroMax in a consecutive series of patients who underwent liver biopsy for CHC in University Hospital Bucharest. His-topathological staging of liver fibrosis according to the METAVIR scoring system served as the reference. A to-tal of 74 patients underwent ARFI elastography,APRI index,FibroMax and successful liver biopsy. RESULTS:The noninvasive tests had a good correlation with the liver biopsy results. The most powerful test in predicting fibrosis was ARFI elastography. The diagnostic accuracy of ARFI elastography,expressedas area under receiver operating characteristic curve (AUROC) had a validity of 90.2% (95% CI AUROC = 0.831-0.972,P < 0.001) for the diagnosis of significant f ibrosis (F ≥ 2). ARFI sonoelastography predicted even better F3 or F4 fibrosis (AUROC = 0.993,95% CI = 0.979-1).CONCLUSION:ARFI elastography had very good accuracy for the assessment of liver fibrosis and was superior to other noninvasive methods (APRI Index,FibroMax) for staging liver fibrosis.
文摘Apical hypertrophic cardiomyopathy(AHCM) is a relatively rare morphologic variant of HCM in which the hypertrophy of myocardium is localized to the left ventricular apex. Symptoms of AHCM might vary from none to others mimic coronary artery disease including acute coronary syndrome, thus resulting in inappropriate hospitalization. Transthoracic echocardiography is the firstline imaging technique for the diagnosis of hypertrophic cardiomyopathies. However, when the hypertrophy of the myocardium is localized in the ventricular apex might results in missed diagnosis. Aim of this paper is to review the different imaging techniques used for the diagnosis of AHCM and their role in the detection and comprehension of this uncommon disease.
基金financially supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China,Nos.82104412(to TD),81873023(to JW)Natural Science Basic Research Program of Shaanxi Province of China,No.2020JQ-865(to TD)+1 种基金Education Department of Shaanxi Province of China,No.20JK0597(to TD)the Subject Innovation Team of Shaanxi University of Chinese Medicine of China,No.2019-QN02(to PW).
文摘In 2001,the concept of the neurovascular unit was introduced at the Stroke Progress Review Group meeting.The neurovascular unit is an important element of the health and disease status of blood vessels and nerves in the central nervous system.Since then,the neurovascular unit has attracted increasing interest from research teams,who have contributed greatly to the prevention,treatment,and prognosis of stroke and neurodegenerative diseases.However,additional research is needed to establish an efficient,low-cost,and low-energy in vitro model of the neurovascular unit,as well as enable noninvasive observation of neurovascular units in vivo and in vitro.In this review,we first summarize the composition of neurovascular units,then investigate the efficacy of different types of stem cells and cell culture methods in the construction of neurovascular unit models,and finally assess the progress of imaging methods used to observe neurovascular units in recent years and their positive role in the monitoring and investigation of the mechanisms of a variety of central nervous system diseases.
文摘The book ＂micropedolog＂ by Kubieana and a large number of publications has induced many people to practice soil micromorphology. Quantification of the soil fabric and its components was a major challenge. The use of the image analyses in soil science was a breakthrough. Attempts to make soil thin sections go back to the beginning of the 2oth century. Microscopic techniques and recently high resolution electron microscope and use of computer assisted imaging techniques enabled the in vitro study of soils in three dimensional levels. It is now possible to store and process massive amounts of data. Micro- morphological concepts and techniques are applied in paleopedological, ecological, and archaeological studies. The aim of this work was to examine soil micromorphological imaging in historical perspective.
