Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons(PAHs),along with their derivatives nitro-PAHs and oxy-PAHs,are globally recognized toxic pollutants.This research conducted daily PM_(2.5)sampling in winter 2021 at three urban(YNCE,SW...Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons(PAHs),along with their derivatives nitro-PAHs and oxy-PAHs,are globally recognized toxic pollutants.This research conducted daily PM_(2.5)sampling in winter 2021 at three urban(YNCE,SWP,and NG)and three suburban sites(HC,CTV,and YNE)in the Ili River Valley(IRV).For the first time in the IRV,a comprehensive study on 39 PAHs and derivatives was carried out.The results showed that the average∑_(16)PAHs concentration was 130.21±98.94 ng/m^(3),with 16PAHs constituting the dominant fraction(112.51±86.48 ng/m^(3)).The mean BaP and the total BaP equivalent quotient(TEQ)concentrations were 10.28±8.85 ng/m^(3)and 19.74±16.70 ng/m^(3),respectively.Approximately 88%of the daily BaP averages and 98%of the daily TEQ averages exceeded the national daily average standard of BaP(2.5 ng/m^(3)),indicating severe local BaP pollution.Urban sites had notably higher∑PAHs and TEQ concentrations than suburban sites,attributed to increased vehicular traffic and coal combustion in urban areas.PMF results showed that traffic emissions(32.7%-60.5%),coal combustion(13.9%-24.3%)and secondary formation(14.7%-22.7%)were the primary contributors to∑PAHs.Urban sites experienced a greater influence from traffic,while suburban sites were more impacted by coal and biomass burning.On polluted days,traffic sources’contributions increased significantly at HC,YNE,NG and YNCE sites,and secondary formation sources’contributions grew at CTV and YNCE sites.The sourcedependent BaPeq results underscored the role of secondary-formed PAH derivatives in TEQ.展开更多
[Objectives] To analyze the dynamic changes of maximum vegetation coverage in Ili River Basin from 2006 to 2020,and to explore the vegetation change and its influencing factors in the forest-grassland ecotone of Ili r...[Objectives] To analyze the dynamic changes of maximum vegetation coverage in Ili River Basin from 2006 to 2020,and to explore the vegetation change and its influencing factors in the forest-grassland ecotone of Ili region.[Methods] The pixel dichotomy model was used to process the MODIS data and analyze the change of vegetation coverage in the Ili River Basin from 2006 to 2020.[Results] (i)The vegetation coverage in the Ili River Basin increases gradually from west to east,and fluctuates greatly between years.(ii)By monitoring the change rate of the maximum vegetation coverage,it is found that the vegetation coverage of the basin has experienced a process of first decline and then recovery in the past 15 years.(iii)In spatial distribution,vegetation coverage has improved in some regions,while it has deteriorated in others,which may be related to regional climate change and human activities.[Conclusions] The vegetation coverage in the Ili River Basin showed significant spatial and temporal differences during the study period,and its changes were affected by both natural and human factors.展开更多
We analyzed and estimated the distribution and reserves of soil organic carbon under nine different vegetation conditions including alpine meadow, meadow steppe, typical steppe, desert steppe, and temperate coniferous...We analyzed and estimated the distribution and reserves of soil organic carbon under nine different vegetation conditions including alpine meadow, meadow steppe, typical steppe, desert steppe, and temperate coniferous forest and so on, in the Ill River valley, Xin- jiang according to data from field investigations and laboratory analyses in 2008 and 2009. The study results show that the soil organic carbon content in the Ili River valley varies with the type of vegetation. In the 0-50 cm soil horizon, the soil organic carbon content is the highest under the vegetation types of alpine meadow and meadow steppe, slightly lower under temperate coniferous forest and typical steppe, and the lowest under the intrazonal vegetation and desert vegetation types. The soil organic carbon content shows basically a tendency to decrease as soil depth increases under various vegetation types except in the case of the intrazonal vegetation. Similarly, the soil organic carbon density is the highest and varies little under the vegetation types of alpine meadow, meadow steppe and temperate coniferous forest, and is the lowest under the desert vegetation type. Both the soil organic carbon content and density in the topsoil of meadows in the Ili River valley are high, so pro- tecting meadows in the Ili River valley, and especially their topsoil, should be a priority so that the potential of change in soil organic carbon in the shallow soil horizon is reduced, and this means maintenance of the stability of the soil carbon pool.展开更多
This study applies ArcGIS to analyze the spatiotemporal distribution of cultural sites in the Ill River Valley in northwestern China. It explores relationships between the sites＇ spatiotemporal evolutionary character...This study applies ArcGIS to analyze the spatiotemporal distribution of cultural sites in the Ill River Valley in northwestern China. It explores relationships between the sites＇ spatiotemporal evolutionary characteristics, human history, and the natural environment. The results indicate that the numbers and proportions of the sites, and the frequency of their oc- currence, exhibited an inverted V-shaped change trend during six historical periods. The ＂high in the east and low in the west＂ spatial distribution pattern of the first three periods shifted to the one the ＂high in the west and low in the east＂ during the latter three periods, demonstrating a change in the spatial center of gravity of human activities. The sites were mainly distributed on slopes of grades 1-5, with their proportions increasing from 75% during the Spring and Autumn Period （770 BC-476 BC）-Qin Dynasty （221 BC-207 BC） to 93.75% during the Qing Dynasty-Modern period. The concentrated distribution of site elevations shifted from grades 4-8 during the Spring and Autumn Period-Qin Dynasty, and the Western Han （206 BC-8）-Southern and Northern Dynasties （420-589）, to grades 1-4 during the latter three periods. The number of sites showed a shifting trend from high-elevation mountains and hills to low-elevation plains, and from high slopes to low slopes. In particular, the sites exhibited a special ＂moist＂ evolutionary pattern of migration from middle and upstream areas to downstream areas, as opposed to the migration pattern of sites located in typical arid areas. The study also considered factors influencing the distribution and spatiotemporal evolution of cultural sites, notably, human factors and natural factors.展开更多
It is necessary to quantitatively study the relationship between climate and human factors on net primary productivity(NPP)inorder to understand the driving mechanism of NPP and prevent desertification.This study inve...It is necessary to quantitatively study the relationship between climate and human factors on net primary productivity(NPP)inorder to understand the driving mechanism of NPP and prevent desertification.This study investigated the spatial and temporal differentiation features of actual net primary productivity(ANPP)in the Ili River Basin,a transboundary river between China and Kazakhstan,as well as the proportional contributions of climate and human causes to ANPP variation.Additionally,we analyzed the pixel-scale relationship between ANPP and significant climatic parameters.ANPP in the Ili River Basin increased from 2001 to 2020 and was lower in the northeast and higher in the southwest;furthermore,it was distributed in a ring around the Tianshan Mountains.In the vegetation improvement zone,human activities were the dominant driving force,whereas in the degraded zone,climate change was the primary major driving force.The correlation coefficients of ANPP with precipitation and temperature were 0.322 and 0.098,respectively.In most areas,there was a positive relationship between vegetation change,temperature and precipitation.During 2001 to 2020,the basin’s climatic change trend was warm and humid,which promoted vegetation growth.One of the driving factors in the vegetation improvement area was moderate grazing by livestock.展开更多
The Ili River Delta(IRD)is an ecological security barrier for the Lake Balkhash and an important water conservation area in Central Asia.In this study,we selected the IRD as a typical research area,and simulated the w...The Ili River Delta(IRD)is an ecological security barrier for the Lake Balkhash and an important water conservation area in Central Asia.In this study,we selected the IRD as a typical research area,and simulated the water yield and water conservation from 1975 to 2020 using the water yield module of the Integrated Valuation of Ecosystem Services and Tradeoffs(InVEST)model.We further analyzed the temporal and spatial variations in the water yield and water conservation in the IRD from 1975 to 2020,and investigated the main driving factors(precipitation,potential evapotranspiration,land use/land cover change,and inflow from the Ili River)of the water conservation variation based on the linear regression,piecewise linear regression,and Pearson's correlation coefficient analyses.The results indicated that from 1975 to 2020,the water yield and water conservation in the IRD showed a decreasing trend,and the spatial distribution pattern was"high in the east and low in the west";overall,the water conservation of all land use types decreased slightly.The water conservation volume of grassland was the most reduced,although the area of grassland increased owing to the increased inflow from the Ili River.At the same time,the increased inflow has led to the expansion of wetland areas,the improvement of vegetation growth,and the increase of regional evapotranspiration,thus resulting in an overall reduction in the water conservation.The water conservation depth and precipitation had similar spatial distribution patterns;the change in climate factors was the main reason for the decline in the water conservation function in the delta.The reservoir in the upper reaches of the IRD regulated runoff into the Lake Balkhash,promoted vegetation restoration,and had a positive effect on the water conservation;however,this positive effect cannot offset the negative effect of enhanced evapotranspiration.These results provide a reference for the rational allocation of water resources and ecosystem protection in the IRD.展开更多
Soil carbon to nitrogen(C/N) ratio is one of the most important variables reflecting soil quality and ecological function,and an indicator for assessing carbon and nitrogen nutrition balance of soils.Its variation ref...Soil carbon to nitrogen(C/N) ratio is one of the most important variables reflecting soil quality and ecological function,and an indicator for assessing carbon and nitrogen nutrition balance of soils.Its variation reflects the carbon and nitrogen cycling of soils.In order to explore the spatial variability of soil C/N ratio and its controlling factors of the Ili River valley in Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region,Northwest China,the traditional statistical methods,including correlation analysis,geostatistic alanalys and multiple regression analysis were used.The statistical results showed that the soil C/N ratio varied from 7.00 to 23.11,with a mean value of 10.92,and the coefficient of variation was 31.3%.Correlation analysis showed that longitude,altitude,precipitation,soil water,organic carbon,and total nitrogen were positively correlated with the soil C/N ratio(P < 0.01),whereas negative correlations were found between the soil C/N ratio and latitude,temperature,soil bulk density and soil p H.Ordinary Cokriging interpolation showed that r and ME were 0.73 and 0.57,respectively,indicating that the prediction accuracy was high.The spatial autocorrelation of the soil C/N ratio was 6.4 km,and the nugget effect of the soil C/N ratio was 10% with a patchy distribution,in which the area with high value(12.00–20.41) accounted for 22.6% of the total area.Land uses changed the soil C/N ratio with the order of cultivated land > grass land > forest land > garden.Multiple regression analysis showed that geographical and climatic factors,and soil physical and chemical properties could independently explain 26.8%and 55.4% of the spatial features of soil C/N ratio,while human activities could independently explain 5.4% of the spatial features only.The spatial distribution of soil C/N ratio in the study has important reference value for managing soil carbon and nitrogen,and for improving ecological function to similar regions.展开更多
[Objectives]To analyze the genetic similarity among varieties of Armeniaca vulgaris Shushanggan in Ili.[Methods]The genetic distance among 13 A.vulgaris Shushanggan varieties was compared at the DNA molecular level,an...[Objectives]To analyze the genetic similarity among varieties of Armeniaca vulgaris Shushanggan in Ili.[Methods]The genetic distance among 13 A.vulgaris Shushanggan varieties was compared at the DNA molecular level,and clustering analysis was performed on them.[Results]The 13 varieties of A.vulgaris Shushanggan were classified into four clusters.The first cluster included Shushang Ganxing 1,Shushang Ganxing 4,Gongliu Yexing and Zhenzhu Youxing,and the similarity coefficient between Shushang Ganxing 1 and Shushang Ganxing4 reached 0.808;the second cluster were Shushang Ganxing 2,Shushang Ganxing 3 and Liguangxing,and the similarity coefficient between Shushang Ganxing 2 and Shushang Ganxing 3 was 0.846[1];Ili Baixing,61 Tuan Guyexing,Chaxian Yexing and Huocheng Yexing were classified into the third cluster,and the similarity coefficient between Ili Baixing and 61 Tuan Guyexing was 0.692;and the fourth cluster included Shushang Ganxing W1 and Yixian Yexing,between which the similarity coefficient was 0.692.[Conclusions]This will lay a foundation for the research of variety identification and genetic structure of A.vulgaris Shushanggan.展开更多
[Objectives]To explore the threat factors of frost damage to‘Shushanggan’Apricot in the Ili River Valley,and to provide measures for avoiding frost damage.[Methods]Based on the meteorological data of the Ili River V...[Objectives]To explore the threat factors of frost damage to‘Shushanggan’Apricot in the Ili River Valley,and to provide measures for avoiding frost damage.[Methods]Based on the meteorological data of the Ili River Valley counties and cities during the 12 years from 2010 to 2021 and using the critical low temperature of‘Shushanggan’Apricot as the main factor,we comprehensively analyzed the threats of low temperature in winter in January and late frost in April in spring in the Ili River Valley.[Results]During the 12 years,there were 4 years of low temperature below the critical(-26—-28℃)of‘Shushanggan’Apricot in the Ili River Valley counties and cities in January,accounting for 33.3%,and a total of 59 d.The frequency of occurrence was:Nilka County>Qapqal County>Yining City>Gongliu County>Huocheng County>Khorgos City>Yining County>Tekes County>Xinyuan County.In April,there were 9 years with a low temperature below the critical temperature(-0.6℃)flowering and fruit setting of‘Shushanggan’Apricot,accounting for 75%,and a total of 134 d.The frequency of occurrence was:Nilka County>Tekes County>Gongliu County>Yining County>Huocheng County>Khorgos City>Xinyuan County>Yining City>Qapqal County.The low temperature threats of‘Shushanggan’Apricot suitable cultivation areas were ranked as follows:Nilka County>Gongliu County>Tekes County>Qapqal County>Huocheng County>Yining City>Yining County>Khorgos City>Xinyuan County.Combined with the observation and survey of frost damage on the spot,we comprehensively analyzed and evaluated the cultivation area of‘Shushanggan’Apricot in the Ili River Valley:three counties(Nilka County,Gongliu County,and Tekes County)in the eastern region,except Xinyuan County,suffered frequent late frost damage,are suitable areas for the cultivation of‘Shushanggan’Apricot;three counties and two cities in the western region(Qapqal County,Huocheng County,Yining City,Yining County,Khorgos City)and Xinyuan County in the eastern region are suitable areas for‘Shushanggan’Apricot.The inversion zone at an altitude of 820-1100 in the valley is the superior area for‘Shushanggan’Apricot.[Conclusions]We explored the suitable areas in the origin area of‘Shushanggan’Apricot,and came up with measures to avoid frost damage,to provide a reference for the development of‘Shushanggan’Apricot.展开更多
Food can represent the past,mark the places we visited and remind us of the people we met,so each new bite revives warm memories.Xinjiang,a Good Place is a popular song known across China.If you ask Wang Meng,a famed ...Food can represent the past,mark the places we visited and remind us of the people we met,so each new bite revives warm memories.Xinjiang,a Good Place is a popular song known across China.If you ask Wang Meng,a famed writer who spent many years in the region during the tumultuous 1960s and 70s,Ili in western Xinjiang is the best of the best.Its food is one reason he rates it so highly.展开更多
The Ili River is a typical transboundary river between China and Kazakhstan,with glaciers within its basin serving as a crucial solid water resource.Recently,we compiled the Chinese Glacier Inventory of Xinjiang in 20...The Ili River is a typical transboundary river between China and Kazakhstan,with glaciers within its basin serving as a crucial solid water resource.Recently,we compiled the Chinese Glacier Inventory of Xinjiang in 2020(CGI-XJ2020)using high-resolution satellite imagery(<2 m),based on visual interpretation.This study presented the state of glaciers in the Ili River Basin in 2020 by utilizing the data from CGI-XJ2020.It quantified glacier changes in 1960s–2020 based on CGI-XJ2020 and revised datasets from the First and Second Chinese Glacier Inventories.The results indicated that in 2020,the Ili River Basin contained 2,177 glaciers,totaling 1,433.19 km^(2)in area.Among them,213 glaciers were covered by 57.43 km^(2)of debris.The total uncertainty in glacier area was 46.43 km^(2),accounting for approximately 3.2%of the total area.Mapped glacier areas varied from 0.003 to 74.67 km^(2),with an average area of 0.66 km^(2)and a median area of 0.15 km^(2).Glaciers<0.5 km^(2)in size dominated in numbers,accounting for 75.1%of the total.Glaciers in the basin have undergone significant retreat during 1960s–2020,with their total area decreasing by 589.38 km^(2)(29.15%).A total of 495 glaciers(with an area of 49.67 km^(2))disappeared.The average annual glacier area retreat rates for 1960s-2007 and 2007–2020 were 10.86 km^(2)/a(0.54%/a)and 9.41 km^(2)/a(0.61%/a),respectively,showing a continued acceleration in glacier shrinkage,despite a slight decrease in absolute retreat rates.展开更多
Over the past two decades, magnetoclimatological studies of loess-paleosol sequences in the Chinese Loess Plateau (CLP) have made outstanding achievements, which greatly promote the understanding of East Asian paleomo...Over the past two decades, magnetoclimatological studies of loess-paleosol sequences in the Chinese Loess Plateau (CLP) have made outstanding achievements, which greatly promote the understanding of East Asian paleomonsoon evolution, inland aridification of Asia, and past global climate changes. Loess magnetic properties of the CLP have been well studied. In contrast, loess magnetic properties from outside the CLP in China have not been fully understood. We have little knowledge about the magnetic properties of loess in the Ili Basin, an intermontane depression of the Tianshan (or Tien Shan) Mountains. Here, we present the results of rock magnetic measurements of the Ili loess including mass magnetic susceptibility (χ) and anhysteretic remanent magnetization (ARM), high/low temperature dependence of susceptibility (TDS) and hysteresis, as well as X-ray diffraction (XRD) for mineral analysis. Based on the comparison with loess-paleosol sequences in the CLP (hereafter referred to as the Chinese loess), we discuss the possible magnetic susceptibility enhancement mechanism of the Ili loess. The results show that 1) the total magnetic mineral concentration of the Ili loess is far lower than that of the Chinese loess, though they have similar magnetic mineral compositions. The ferrimagnetic minerals in the Ili loess are magnetite and maghemite, and the antiferromagnetic mineral is hematite; XRD analysis also identifies the presence of ilmenite. The ratio of maghemite is lower in the Ili loess than in the Chinese loess, but the ratios of magnetite and hematite are higher in the Ili loess than in the Chinese loess. 2) The granularity of magnetic minerals in the Ili loess, dominated by pseudo-single domain (PSD) and multi-domain (MD) grains, is generally much coarser than that of the Chinese loess. Ultrafine pedogenically-produced magnetic grains have a very limited contribution to the susceptibility enhancement. Rather, PSD and MD particles of magnetite and maghemite are the main contributors to the enhancement of susceptibility in the Ili loess. 3) The susceptibility enhancement mechanism for the Ili loess is complicated and superimposes both a wind velocity/vigor model (Alaskan or Siberian model) and the in situ ultrafine grain pedogenic model; the former might play an important role in the Ili loess. 4) Magnetic susceptibility enhancements of the Ili loess are related not only to the eolian input of the source area, but also to the local climate, landform, and geological background. Therefore, great care should be taken when reconstructing paleoclimate using magnetic susceptibility data from the Ili loess.展开更多
基金supported by the National Key R&D Program of China(No.2017YFC0212501)the Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities(No.2021YJSMT09)the research project on deep source apportionment of urban air pollution and pollution control strategies in the core area of the Ili River Valley。
文摘Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons(PAHs),along with their derivatives nitro-PAHs and oxy-PAHs,are globally recognized toxic pollutants.This research conducted daily PM_(2.5)sampling in winter 2021 at three urban(YNCE,SWP,and NG)and three suburban sites(HC,CTV,and YNE)in the Ili River Valley(IRV).For the first time in the IRV,a comprehensive study on 39 PAHs and derivatives was carried out.The results showed that the average∑_(16)PAHs concentration was 130.21±98.94 ng/m^(3),with 16PAHs constituting the dominant fraction(112.51±86.48 ng/m^(3)).The mean BaP and the total BaP equivalent quotient(TEQ)concentrations were 10.28±8.85 ng/m^(3)and 19.74±16.70 ng/m^(3),respectively.Approximately 88%of the daily BaP averages and 98%of the daily TEQ averages exceeded the national daily average standard of BaP(2.5 ng/m^(3)),indicating severe local BaP pollution.Urban sites had notably higher∑PAHs and TEQ concentrations than suburban sites,attributed to increased vehicular traffic and coal combustion in urban areas.PMF results showed that traffic emissions(32.7%-60.5%),coal combustion(13.9%-24.3%)and secondary formation(14.7%-22.7%)were the primary contributors to∑PAHs.Urban sites experienced a greater influence from traffic,while suburban sites were more impacted by coal and biomass burning.On polluted days,traffic sources’contributions increased significantly at HC,YNE,NG and YNCE sites,and secondary formation sources’contributions grew at CTV and YNCE sites.The sourcedependent BaPeq results underscored the role of secondary-formed PAH derivatives in TEQ.
基金General Program of Natural Science Foundation of Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region(2022D01A275)Project of Inner Mongolia M-Grass Ecology and Environment(Group)Co.,Ltd.(2022-NFGA-004).
文摘[Objectives] To analyze the dynamic changes of maximum vegetation coverage in Ili River Basin from 2006 to 2020,and to explore the vegetation change and its influencing factors in the forest-grassland ecotone of Ili region.[Methods] The pixel dichotomy model was used to process the MODIS data and analyze the change of vegetation coverage in the Ili River Basin from 2006 to 2020.[Results] (i)The vegetation coverage in the Ili River Basin increases gradually from west to east,and fluctuates greatly between years.(ii)By monitoring the change rate of the maximum vegetation coverage,it is found that the vegetation coverage of the basin has experienced a process of first decline and then recovery in the past 15 years.(iii)In spatial distribution,vegetation coverage has improved in some regions,while it has deteriorated in others,which may be related to regional climate change and human activities.[Conclusions] The vegetation coverage in the Ili River Basin showed significant spatial and temporal differences during the study period,and its changes were affected by both natural and human factors.
基金The National Science and Technology Support Plan, No.2007BAC15B08CAS Western Light Program, No.RCPY 200801
文摘We analyzed and estimated the distribution and reserves of soil organic carbon under nine different vegetation conditions including alpine meadow, meadow steppe, typical steppe, desert steppe, and temperate coniferous forest and so on, in the Ill River valley, Xin- jiang according to data from field investigations and laboratory analyses in 2008 and 2009. The study results show that the soil organic carbon content in the Ili River valley varies with the type of vegetation. In the 0-50 cm soil horizon, the soil organic carbon content is the highest under the vegetation types of alpine meadow and meadow steppe, slightly lower under temperate coniferous forest and typical steppe, and the lowest under the intrazonal vegetation and desert vegetation types. The soil organic carbon content shows basically a tendency to decrease as soil depth increases under various vegetation types except in the case of the intrazonal vegetation. Similarly, the soil organic carbon density is the highest and varies little under the vegetation types of alpine meadow, meadow steppe and temperate coniferous forest, and is the lowest under the desert vegetation type. Both the soil organic carbon content and density in the topsoil of meadows in the Ili River valley are high, so pro- tecting meadows in the Ili River valley, and especially their topsoil, should be a priority so that the potential of change in soil organic carbon in the shallow soil horizon is reduced, and this means maintenance of the stability of the soil carbon pool.
基金National Science and Technology Pillar Program, No.2012BAH48F01 Chinese Academy of Sciences Visiting Professorship for Senior International Scientists, No.2013T2Z0004+1 种基金 National Natural Science Foundation of China, No.41171165 No.41301204
文摘This study applies ArcGIS to analyze the spatiotemporal distribution of cultural sites in the Ill River Valley in northwestern China. It explores relationships between the sites＇ spatiotemporal evolutionary characteristics, human history, and the natural environment. The results indicate that the numbers and proportions of the sites, and the frequency of their oc- currence, exhibited an inverted V-shaped change trend during six historical periods. The ＂high in the east and low in the west＂ spatial distribution pattern of the first three periods shifted to the one the ＂high in the west and low in the east＂ during the latter three periods, demonstrating a change in the spatial center of gravity of human activities. The sites were mainly distributed on slopes of grades 1-5, with their proportions increasing from 75% during the Spring and Autumn Period （770 BC-476 BC）-Qin Dynasty （221 BC-207 BC） to 93.75% during the Qing Dynasty-Modern period. The concentrated distribution of site elevations shifted from grades 4-8 during the Spring and Autumn Period-Qin Dynasty, and the Western Han （206 BC-8）-Southern and Northern Dynasties （420-589）, to grades 1-4 during the latter three periods. The number of sites showed a shifting trend from high-elevation mountains and hills to low-elevation plains, and from high slopes to low slopes. In particular, the sites exhibited a special ＂moist＂ evolutionary pattern of migration from middle and upstream areas to downstream areas, as opposed to the migration pattern of sites located in typical arid areas. The study also considered factors influencing the distribution and spatiotemporal evolution of cultural sites, notably, human factors and natural factors.
基金Under the auspices of the Key Laboratory of Xinjiang Science and Technology Department(No.2022D04009)National Social Science Foundation of China’s Major Program(No.17ZDA064)。
文摘It is necessary to quantitatively study the relationship between climate and human factors on net primary productivity(NPP)inorder to understand the driving mechanism of NPP and prevent desertification.This study investigated the spatial and temporal differentiation features of actual net primary productivity(ANPP)in the Ili River Basin,a transboundary river between China and Kazakhstan,as well as the proportional contributions of climate and human causes to ANPP variation.Additionally,we analyzed the pixel-scale relationship between ANPP and significant climatic parameters.ANPP in the Ili River Basin increased from 2001 to 2020 and was lower in the northeast and higher in the southwest;furthermore,it was distributed in a ring around the Tianshan Mountains.In the vegetation improvement zone,human activities were the dominant driving force,whereas in the degraded zone,climate change was the primary major driving force.The correlation coefficients of ANPP with precipitation and temperature were 0.322 and 0.098,respectively.In most areas,there was a positive relationship between vegetation change,temperature and precipitation.During 2001 to 2020,the basin’s climatic change trend was warm and humid,which promoted vegetation growth.One of the driving factors in the vegetation improvement area was moderate grazing by livestock.
基金funded by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(42071245)the Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region Innovation Environment Construction Special Project&Science and Technology Innovation Base Construction Project(PT2107)+2 种基金the Third Xinjiang Comprehensive Scientific Survey Project Sub-topic(2021xjkk140305)the Tianshan Talent Training Program of Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region(2022TSYCLJ0011)the K.C.Wong Education Foundation(GJTD-2020-14).
文摘The Ili River Delta(IRD)is an ecological security barrier for the Lake Balkhash and an important water conservation area in Central Asia.In this study,we selected the IRD as a typical research area,and simulated the water yield and water conservation from 1975 to 2020 using the water yield module of the Integrated Valuation of Ecosystem Services and Tradeoffs(InVEST)model.We further analyzed the temporal and spatial variations in the water yield and water conservation in the IRD from 1975 to 2020,and investigated the main driving factors(precipitation,potential evapotranspiration,land use/land cover change,and inflow from the Ili River)of the water conservation variation based on the linear regression,piecewise linear regression,and Pearson's correlation coefficient analyses.The results indicated that from 1975 to 2020,the water yield and water conservation in the IRD showed a decreasing trend,and the spatial distribution pattern was"high in the east and low in the west";overall,the water conservation of all land use types decreased slightly.The water conservation volume of grassland was the most reduced,although the area of grassland increased owing to the increased inflow from the Ili River.At the same time,the increased inflow has led to the expansion of wetland areas,the improvement of vegetation growth,and the increase of regional evapotranspiration,thus resulting in an overall reduction in the water conservation.The water conservation depth and precipitation had similar spatial distribution patterns;the change in climate factors was the main reason for the decline in the water conservation function in the delta.The reservoir in the upper reaches of the IRD regulated runoff into the Lake Balkhash,promoted vegetation restoration,and had a positive effect on the water conservation;however,this positive effect cannot offset the negative effect of enhanced evapotranspiration.These results provide a reference for the rational allocation of water resources and ecosystem protection in the IRD.
基金Under the auspices of National Science and Technology Support Program of China(No.2014BAC15B03)the West Light Funds of Chinese Academy of Sciences(No.YB201302)
文摘Soil carbon to nitrogen(C/N) ratio is one of the most important variables reflecting soil quality and ecological function,and an indicator for assessing carbon and nitrogen nutrition balance of soils.Its variation reflects the carbon and nitrogen cycling of soils.In order to explore the spatial variability of soil C/N ratio and its controlling factors of the Ili River valley in Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region,Northwest China,the traditional statistical methods,including correlation analysis,geostatistic alanalys and multiple regression analysis were used.The statistical results showed that the soil C/N ratio varied from 7.00 to 23.11,with a mean value of 10.92,and the coefficient of variation was 31.3%.Correlation analysis showed that longitude,altitude,precipitation,soil water,organic carbon,and total nitrogen were positively correlated with the soil C/N ratio(P < 0.01),whereas negative correlations were found between the soil C/N ratio and latitude,temperature,soil bulk density and soil p H.Ordinary Cokriging interpolation showed that r and ME were 0.73 and 0.57,respectively,indicating that the prediction accuracy was high.The spatial autocorrelation of the soil C/N ratio was 6.4 km,and the nugget effect of the soil C/N ratio was 10% with a patchy distribution,in which the area with high value(12.00–20.41) accounted for 22.6% of the total area.Land uses changed the soil C/N ratio with the order of cultivated land > grass land > forest land > garden.Multiple regression analysis showed that geographical and climatic factors,and soil physical and chemical properties could independently explain 26.8%and 55.4% of the spatial features of soil C/N ratio,while human activities could independently explain 5.4% of the spatial features only.The spatial distribution of soil C/N ratio in the study has important reference value for managing soil carbon and nitrogen,and for improving ecological function to similar regions.
文摘[Objectives]To analyze the genetic similarity among varieties of Armeniaca vulgaris Shushanggan in Ili.[Methods]The genetic distance among 13 A.vulgaris Shushanggan varieties was compared at the DNA molecular level,and clustering analysis was performed on them.[Results]The 13 varieties of A.vulgaris Shushanggan were classified into four clusters.The first cluster included Shushang Ganxing 1,Shushang Ganxing 4,Gongliu Yexing and Zhenzhu Youxing,and the similarity coefficient between Shushang Ganxing 1 and Shushang Ganxing4 reached 0.808;the second cluster were Shushang Ganxing 2,Shushang Ganxing 3 and Liguangxing,and the similarity coefficient between Shushang Ganxing 2 and Shushang Ganxing 3 was 0.846[1];Ili Baixing,61 Tuan Guyexing,Chaxian Yexing and Huocheng Yexing were classified into the third cluster,and the similarity coefficient between Ili Baixing and 61 Tuan Guyexing was 0.692;and the fourth cluster included Shushang Ganxing W1 and Yixian Yexing,between which the similarity coefficient was 0.692.[Conclusions]This will lay a foundation for the research of variety identification and genetic structure of A.vulgaris Shushanggan.
基金the Finance and Forestry Project of Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region:Integration and Demonstration of Technology for Quality Improvement and Efficiency Improvement of‘Shushanggan’Apricot in Ili River Valley(XJLYKJ-2020-01).
文摘[Objectives]To explore the threat factors of frost damage to‘Shushanggan’Apricot in the Ili River Valley,and to provide measures for avoiding frost damage.[Methods]Based on the meteorological data of the Ili River Valley counties and cities during the 12 years from 2010 to 2021 and using the critical low temperature of‘Shushanggan’Apricot as the main factor,we comprehensively analyzed the threats of low temperature in winter in January and late frost in April in spring in the Ili River Valley.[Results]During the 12 years,there were 4 years of low temperature below the critical(-26—-28℃)of‘Shushanggan’Apricot in the Ili River Valley counties and cities in January,accounting for 33.3%,and a total of 59 d.The frequency of occurrence was:Nilka County>Qapqal County>Yining City>Gongliu County>Huocheng County>Khorgos City>Yining County>Tekes County>Xinyuan County.In April,there were 9 years with a low temperature below the critical temperature(-0.6℃)flowering and fruit setting of‘Shushanggan’Apricot,accounting for 75%,and a total of 134 d.The frequency of occurrence was:Nilka County>Tekes County>Gongliu County>Yining County>Huocheng County>Khorgos City>Xinyuan County>Yining City>Qapqal County.The low temperature threats of‘Shushanggan’Apricot suitable cultivation areas were ranked as follows:Nilka County>Gongliu County>Tekes County>Qapqal County>Huocheng County>Yining City>Yining County>Khorgos City>Xinyuan County.Combined with the observation and survey of frost damage on the spot,we comprehensively analyzed and evaluated the cultivation area of‘Shushanggan’Apricot in the Ili River Valley:three counties(Nilka County,Gongliu County,and Tekes County)in the eastern region,except Xinyuan County,suffered frequent late frost damage,are suitable areas for the cultivation of‘Shushanggan’Apricot;three counties and two cities in the western region(Qapqal County,Huocheng County,Yining City,Yining County,Khorgos City)and Xinyuan County in the eastern region are suitable areas for‘Shushanggan’Apricot.The inversion zone at an altitude of 820-1100 in the valley is the superior area for‘Shushanggan’Apricot.[Conclusions]We explored the suitable areas in the origin area of‘Shushanggan’Apricot,and came up with measures to avoid frost damage,to provide a reference for the development of‘Shushanggan’Apricot.
文摘Food can represent the past,mark the places we visited and remind us of the people we met,so each new bite revives warm memories.Xinjiang,a Good Place is a popular song known across China.If you ask Wang Meng,a famed writer who spent many years in the region during the tumultuous 1960s and 70s,Ili in western Xinjiang is the best of the best.Its food is one reason he rates it so highly.
基金supported by Third Xinjiang Scientific Expedition Program(Grant No.2022xjkk0101)Second Qinghai-Tibet Scientific Expedition Program(Grant No.2019 QZKK0201)+2 种基金Third Xinjiang Sci-entific Expedition Program(Grant No.2021xjkk0401)National Natural Science Foundation of China(Grant No.42301166)National Natural Science Foundation of China(Grant No.42371148)。
文摘The Ili River is a typical transboundary river between China and Kazakhstan,with glaciers within its basin serving as a crucial solid water resource.Recently,we compiled the Chinese Glacier Inventory of Xinjiang in 2020(CGI-XJ2020)using high-resolution satellite imagery(<2 m),based on visual interpretation.This study presented the state of glaciers in the Ili River Basin in 2020 by utilizing the data from CGI-XJ2020.It quantified glacier changes in 1960s–2020 based on CGI-XJ2020 and revised datasets from the First and Second Chinese Glacier Inventories.The results indicated that in 2020,the Ili River Basin contained 2,177 glaciers,totaling 1,433.19 km^(2)in area.Among them,213 glaciers were covered by 57.43 km^(2)of debris.The total uncertainty in glacier area was 46.43 km^(2),accounting for approximately 3.2%of the total area.Mapped glacier areas varied from 0.003 to 74.67 km^(2),with an average area of 0.66 km^(2)and a median area of 0.15 km^(2).Glaciers<0.5 km^(2)in size dominated in numbers,accounting for 75.1%of the total.Glaciers in the basin have undergone significant retreat during 1960s–2020,with their total area decreasing by 589.38 km^(2)(29.15%).A total of 495 glaciers(with an area of 49.67 km^(2))disappeared.The average annual glacier area retreat rates for 1960s-2007 and 2007–2020 were 10.86 km^(2)/a(0.54%/a)and 9.41 km^(2)/a(0.61%/a),respectively,showing a continued acceleration in glacier shrinkage,despite a slight decrease in absolute retreat rates.
基金supported by Natural Science Foundation of China (Grant Nos. 40772116, 40871018, 40972230)National Basic Research Program of China (Grant No. 2010CB833406)+1 种基金MOST Special Fund for SKLLQG (Grant No. 0701)the Netherlands Organization for Scientific Research Fund
文摘Over the past two decades, magnetoclimatological studies of loess-paleosol sequences in the Chinese Loess Plateau (CLP) have made outstanding achievements, which greatly promote the understanding of East Asian paleomonsoon evolution, inland aridification of Asia, and past global climate changes. Loess magnetic properties of the CLP have been well studied. In contrast, loess magnetic properties from outside the CLP in China have not been fully understood. We have little knowledge about the magnetic properties of loess in the Ili Basin, an intermontane depression of the Tianshan (or Tien Shan) Mountains. Here, we present the results of rock magnetic measurements of the Ili loess including mass magnetic susceptibility (χ) and anhysteretic remanent magnetization (ARM), high/low temperature dependence of susceptibility (TDS) and hysteresis, as well as X-ray diffraction (XRD) for mineral analysis. Based on the comparison with loess-paleosol sequences in the CLP (hereafter referred to as the Chinese loess), we discuss the possible magnetic susceptibility enhancement mechanism of the Ili loess. The results show that 1) the total magnetic mineral concentration of the Ili loess is far lower than that of the Chinese loess, though they have similar magnetic mineral compositions. The ferrimagnetic minerals in the Ili loess are magnetite and maghemite, and the antiferromagnetic mineral is hematite; XRD analysis also identifies the presence of ilmenite. The ratio of maghemite is lower in the Ili loess than in the Chinese loess, but the ratios of magnetite and hematite are higher in the Ili loess than in the Chinese loess. 2) The granularity of magnetic minerals in the Ili loess, dominated by pseudo-single domain (PSD) and multi-domain (MD) grains, is generally much coarser than that of the Chinese loess. Ultrafine pedogenically-produced magnetic grains have a very limited contribution to the susceptibility enhancement. Rather, PSD and MD particles of magnetite and maghemite are the main contributors to the enhancement of susceptibility in the Ili loess. 3) The susceptibility enhancement mechanism for the Ili loess is complicated and superimposes both a wind velocity/vigor model (Alaskan or Siberian model) and the in situ ultrafine grain pedogenic model; the former might play an important role in the Ili loess. 4) Magnetic susceptibility enhancements of the Ili loess are related not only to the eolian input of the source area, but also to the local climate, landform, and geological background. Therefore, great care should be taken when reconstructing paleoclimate using magnetic susceptibility data from the Ili loess.
