In this work,the selected icebreaker model experiment is performed in a towing tank.We focus on the influence of seawater salinity on ship ice resistance in the ice floe field and the innovative ice model and ship mod...In this work,the selected icebreaker model experiment is performed in a towing tank.We focus on the influence of seawater salinity on ship ice resistance in the ice floe field and the innovative ice model and ship model test technology,including the similitude rule of ship model tests,test principles,and validation with full-scale ship data.A formula for calculating the relationship between the temperature and salinity of the water is constructed,which can be used to simulate the role of seawater in freshwater ice pools.On this basis,the effect of salinity on the resistance of ships sailing in broken ice fields is studied.A technique in which artificial ice made of polyethylene spheres is used to simulate ice resistance is proposed.With a series of ship model experiments in spherical and triangular ice fields,the effects of salinity and velocity on the ice resistance test of the ship model are analyzed.A relationship of the ice resistance of the ship model to the spherical ice field and the triangular ice field is proposed.The conversion results are consistent with onsite data of the full-size ship,which verifies the method of converting the test results of the ship model to the prototype.展开更多
Prydz Bay,East Antarctica,is a critical region for studying ocean–sea ice–ice shelf interactions and their role in the global climate system.This review synthesizes the advancements in numerical modeling of physical...Prydz Bay,East Antarctica,is a critical region for studying ocean–sea ice–ice shelf interactions and their role in the global climate system.This review synthesizes the advancements in numerical modeling of physical oceanographic processes in Prydz Bay,highlighting the evolution from early one-dimensional thermodynamic models to contemporary high-resolution,three-dimensional coupled ocean–sea ice–ice shelf frameworks.We discuss key milestones in understanding processes such as frazil ice dynamics and its impact on the basal mass balance of the Amery Ice Shelf,the pathways and mechanisms of Modified Circumpolar Deep Water intrusions,and the dynamic influences of large icebergs on regional circulation.Despite significant progress,challenges remain in integrating multi-component interactions and achieving long-term,high-resolution climate projections.Future efforts should focus on developing fully coupled models that incorporate atmosphere–ocean–sea ice–ice shelf–iceberg interactions,supported by enhanced observational networks and improved computational efficiency.This review underscores the importance of continued modeling advancement to better predict the responses of Antarctic ice shelves and polar climate to global change.展开更多
Predicting Antarctic sea ice is of substantial academic and practical significance.However,current prediction models,including deep learning(DL)-based models,show notable bias in the marginal ice zone.In this study,we...Predicting Antarctic sea ice is of substantial academic and practical significance.However,current prediction models,including deep learning(DL)-based models,show notable bias in the marginal ice zone.In this study,we developed a pure data-driven DL model for predicting the Antarctic austral summer monthly-to-seasonal sea ice concentration(SIC)by incorporating a novel hybrid sea ice edge constraint loss function(HybridLoss).The model is referred to as ASICNet.Independent testing based on the last five years(2019–23)demonstrates that ASICNet with HybridLoss achieves significantly higher skill metrics than without,with a reduced mean absolute error of 0.021 from 0.022,a reduced integrated ice edge error of 1.714×10^(6)from 1.794×10^(6)km^(2),but an increased pattern correlation coefficient of 0.40 from 0.38,although both ASICNet versions outperform dynamical and statistical models.Furthermore,enhanced heat maps were developed to interpret the predictability sources of sea ice within DL-based models,and the results suggest that the predictability of Antarctic sea ice is attributable to factors like the Antarctic Dipole(ADP),Amundsen Sea Low(ASL),and Southern Ocean sea surface temperature(SST),as revealed in previous studies.Thus,ASICNet is an efficient tool for austral summer Antarctic SIC prediction.展开更多
China’s winter sports boom creates jobs and spurs economic growth,bringing substantial benefit to the general public,local governments,and businesses.CHINA’s ice and snow economy,riding on the winter sports boom,is ...China’s winter sports boom creates jobs and spurs economic growth,bringing substantial benefit to the general public,local governments,and businesses.CHINA’s ice and snow economy,riding on the winter sports boom,is stimulating consumption across the country,fueling regional development and creating new industrial ecosystems.This trend perfectly matches one of China’s key tasks for 2026.展开更多
Rock-ice avalanches in cold high-mountain regions pose severe hazards due to their high mobility,yet the quantitative controls of particle-size ratio and ice content remain insufficiently constrained.This study invest...Rock-ice avalanches in cold high-mountain regions pose severe hazards due to their high mobility,yet the quantitative controls of particle-size ratio and ice content remain insufficiently constrained.This study investigates their coupled effects using inclinedflume experiments and Discrete Element Method(DEM)simulations,covering three gravel sizes(2-5 mm,5-7 mm,7-10 mm)and four ice-content levels(0%,20%,40%,60%).Run-out distance,velocity,energy components,flow regime(Savage number),and segregation indexαwere quantified.Increasing ice content significantly enhances mobility,but with diminishing marginal effectiveness.From 0%to 40%ice content,run-out distance increases by 41%-86%,whereas the additional increase from 40%to 60%contributes only 12%-23%.Particle-size ratio strongly governs segregation intensity.Fine-gravel groups reach segregation indices ofα=0.92-0.98,indicating nearly complete upward migration of ice,whereas medium-gravel and coarse-gravel groups exhibit much weaker segregation,stabilizing atα=0.68-0.74 and 0.60-0.69.Savage number analyses reveal marked flow-regime transitions.At 0%ice content,Savage numbers reach 1.0-1.5,indicating a collisional regime.Increasing ice content suppresses collisionality,with Savage numbers decreasing to 0.03-0.07 at 60%ice content,consistent with dense-regime flow.DEM energy analyses confirm this regime shift:for finegravel mixtures,collision energy decreases by 14%,while sliding-friction energy increases by 33%as ice content increases from 0%to 60%,reflecting enhanced overburden effects imposed by upward-segregated ice layers.Medium and coarse mixtures exhibit weaker or opposite energy-shift patterns,demonstrating strong size dependence.Mechanistically,large particle-size contrasts promote strong segregation and form dense basal rock layers that increase basal friction and reduce mobility.When particle sizes are similar or ice content is high,segregation remains limited,allowing ice to mix into the basal layer,thereby reducing basal friction and enhancing mobility.This research quantitatively demonstrates how composition controls particle spatial distribution,flow regime,and energy dissipation,offering new mechanistic insights into the propagation and deposition behaviors of rock-ice avalanches and improving hazard assessment in vulnerable high-mountain regions.展开更多
ICE(inducer of CBF expression)基因家族是植物低温信号转导通路中的重要转录调控因子之一,为系统解析白菜型油菜中ICE家族的成员特征及其低温响应表达模式,基于白菜型油菜全基因组数据,通过BLAST与HMM方法鉴定出74个ICE基因家族成员...ICE(inducer of CBF expression)基因家族是植物低温信号转导通路中的重要转录调控因子之一,为系统解析白菜型油菜中ICE家族的成员特征及其低温响应表达模式,基于白菜型油菜全基因组数据,通过BLAST与HMM方法鉴定出74个ICE基因家族成员。染色体定位结果显示,该家族在全部10条染色体上均有分布,其中以第9号染色体上成员数最多。蛋白质特性分析显示,所有成员均定位于细胞核,分子量和等电点差异较大,70个成员蛋白不稳定性指数超过稳定性阈值。基因结构与保守功能模块分析揭示成员间结构组成存在多样性,其中Motif 1和Motif 2在绝大多数成员中高度保守。共线性分析表明,该家族扩展主要受全基因组复制与片段复制事件驱动。启动子区顺式调控元件分析显示大部分基因含有光响应、ABA、MeJA及MYB结合位点等顺式调控元件,其中34个BraICE含有低温响应元件。基于西藏白菜型油菜转录组数据的表达分析发现,BraICE17在低温处理后表达上调幅度最大,BraICE35表达下调幅度最为明显,qRT-PCR实验总体支持转录组数据的可靠性。本研究结果为进一步解析BraICE的分子功能与低温应答机制奠定了理论基础,并提供了潜在的耐寒研究基因资源。展开更多
SINCE December 2025,Urumqi City and Altay Prefecture in northwest China’s Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region,and northeast China’s Jilin Province have both entered their snow seasons.The snow holidays(for primary and ...SINCE December 2025,Urumqi City and Altay Prefecture in northwest China’s Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region,and northeast China’s Jilin Province have both entered their snow seasons.The snow holidays(for primary and secondary school students)in Urumqi and Altay ran from December 1 to 5.When combined with the preceding and following weekends,the holiday extended to nine days.展开更多
The correlation between the Soil Moisture and Ocean Salinity(SMOS)L-band brightness temperature and thin sea ice thickness has been widely exploited using semi-empirical retrieval approaches based on a single-tie poin...The correlation between the Soil Moisture and Ocean Salinity(SMOS)L-band brightness temperature and thin sea ice thickness has been widely exploited using semi-empirical retrieval approaches based on a single-tie point(STP).However,due to pronounced spatial heterogeneity in seawater and sea ice properties across the Arctic,the use of an STP often leads to regionally biased.To address this limitation,this study proposes a multi-tie point(MTP)sea ice thickness retrieval method based on SMOS brightness temperature and sea ice concentration time series.Multiple seawater and sea ice tie-point values are identified through point-by-point time series analysis,quality control,and statistical hypothesis testing,allowing spatial variability in radiometric properties to be explicitly considered.The MTP-based retrieval is applied to Arctic freeze-up conditions.Validation against independent SMOS thin sea ice thickness products shows that the MTP approach yields significantly reduced bias and root mean square error compared with the conventional STP method,with statistically significant improvements confirmed by paired t-tests.While retrieval accuracy stabilizes beyond a certain number of tie points,the preprocessing cost associated with tie-point selection increases substantially.Considering both accuracy and efficiency,the MTP framework provides a practical and robust approach for large-scale Arctic thin sea ice thickness retrieval and enables improved characterization of regional freezing processes and maximum ice thickness.展开更多
Arctic sea ice concentration(SIC)prediction on a subseasonal scale plays an important role in polar navigation.To reduce the high uncertainty of daily forecasts,three time series prediction models are combined with em...Arctic sea ice concentration(SIC)prediction on a subseasonal scale plays an important role in polar navigation.To reduce the high uncertainty of daily forecasts,three time series prediction models are combined with empirical orthogonal function(EOF)decomposition to forecast Arctic pentad-mean SIC,where each month is divided into six pentad-means–the first five each span five days,and the last encompasses the remaining days,which may vary in length.The models were trained on SIC data from 1989 to2018 and tested from 2019 to 2023,with lead times ranging from 1 to 12 pentad-means.Model skill was evaluated based on SIC spatial patterns,sea ice area(SIA),and the sea ice edge in September from 2019 to 2023.The moving-averaged 2-m temperature helps reduce the long short-term memory model's error in the Beaufort and Chukchi Seas.Based on the models'scores for each EOF time series,weighted ensemble prediction results were obtained.These results outperform two benchmark models across all lead times.In addition,the ensemble prediction better reproduces the seasonal cycle of the SIA,with relative errors ranging from 1.04%to 3.85%.The predicted September ice edge closely matches observations,with binary accuracy consistently above 90%.Forecast models show the lowest errors in the central Arctic,while relatively higher errors appear in the Barents and Kara Seas.展开更多
Ice premelting,the formation of a quasi-liquid layer on ice surfaces below the bulk melting point,plays a crucial role in various processes,ranging from glacier dynamics to ice friction and surface chemistry.Despite i...Ice premelting,the formation of a quasi-liquid layer on ice surfaces below the bulk melting point,plays a crucial role in various processes,ranging from glacier dynamics to ice friction and surface chemistry.Despite intensive research,the microscopic structure of the premelting layer and underlying molecular mechanisms remain poorly understood.In this work,we studied the temperature-and pressure-dependent structural disordering of crystalline Ih(0001)surface near the onset of premelting on the atomic scale by qPlus-based cryogenic atomic force microscopy.The linear correlation between the density of planar local structure(PLS)and the fraction of disordered surface region showed that the PLS mediated early-stage premelting by serving as a metastable seeding state.Notably,the associated surface disordering is cooperative,extending over an area of roughly~2 nm^(2) around a PLS.We further found a striking structural similarity between the kinetic-trapped regime below the surface crystallization temperature(T_(c))and the premelting-dominated regime above T_(c).As the deposition pressure increased,the characteristic temperature dependence was preserved,with only T_(c) shifting to higher values due to kinetic effects.Finally,we proposed a surface phase diagram for ice Ih(0001)based on our experimental observations.展开更多
Ice crystal icing is an important cause of accidents in aircraft engines.Ice formation in aircraft engines can cause internal blades to freeze,affecting the quality of the air flow field and blocking the flow path.On ...Ice crystal icing is an important cause of accidents in aircraft engines.Ice formation in aircraft engines can cause internal blades to freeze,affecting the quality of the air flow field and blocking the flow path.On the other hand,the entry of ice crystal particles into the combustion chamber can cause a decrease in temperature or even flameout,leading to engine surge or shutdown.Therefore,it is necessary to conduct multiphase flow tests on ice crystals for aircraft components such as aircraft engines.Conducting ice crystal multiphase flow tests on aircraft is an effective research method,but it requires the construction of an ice crystal multiphase flow test platform that meets relevant technical requirements.The paper focuses on the relevant experimental requirements and combines wind tunnel test structures to conduct multiphase flow numerical simulations on various forms of jet pipelines,obtaining particle motion distribution results.After comparison,the optimal form of jet structure is obtained,providing the best selection scheme for the design of relevant wind tunnel structures.展开更多
Debate over the benefits and harms of icing acute muscle injuries remains unresolved.Some contend that ice is ineffective or even harmful,while others promote cryotherapy as a universal remedy.Centrists,often academic...Debate over the benefits and harms of icing acute muscle injuries remains unresolved.Some contend that ice is ineffective or even harmful,while others promote cryotherapy as a universal remedy.Centrists,often academics,call for more high-quality randomized controlled trials(RCTs)to resolve the issue.This viewpoint reframes the debate around 3 key points:first,although ice produces analgesia,evidence for sustained pain relief,beyond the immediate post-treatment period.展开更多
The rapid melting of Arctic sea ice poses significant risks to the safety of shipping routes.Accurate remote sensing data on sea ice concentration(SIC)is crucial for effective route planning of ships and ensuring navi...The rapid melting of Arctic sea ice poses significant risks to the safety of shipping routes.Accurate remote sensing data on sea ice concentration(SIC)is crucial for effective route planning of ships and ensuring navigational safety.Despite the availability of numerous SIC products in China,these datasets still lag behind mainstream international products in terms of data accuracy,spatiotemporal resolution,and time span.To enhance the accuracy of China's domestic SIC remote sensing data,this study used the SIC data derived from the passive microwave remote sensing dataset provided by the University of Bremen(BRM-SIC)as a reference to conduct a comprehensive evaluation and analysis of two additional SIC datasets:the dataset derived from the microwave radiation imager(MWRI)aboard the FY-3D satellite,provided by the National Satellite Meteorological Center(FY-SIC),and the dataset obtained through the DT-ASI algorithm from the microwave imager of the FY-3D satellite,provided by Ocean University of China(OUC-SIC).Based on the evaluation results,a TransUnet fusion correction model was developed.The performance of this model was then compared against Ordinary Least Squares(OLS),Random Forest(RF),and UNet correction models,through spatial and temporal analyses.Results indicate that,compared to FY-SIC data,the RMSE of the OUC-SIC data and the standard data is reduced by24.245%,while the R is increased by 12.516%.Overall,the accuracy of OUC-SIC data is superior to that of FY-SIC data.During the research period(2020–2022),the standard deviation(SD)and coefficient of variation(CV)of OUC-SIC were 3.877%and 10.582%,respectively,while those for FY-SIC were 7.836%and 7.982%,respectively.In the study area,compared with OUC-SIC data,FYSIC data exhibited a larger standard deviation of deviation and a smaller coefficient of variation of deviation across most sea areas.These results indicate that the OUC-SIC data exhibit better temporal and spatial stability,whereas the FY-SIC data show stronger relative dimensionless stability.Among the four correction models,all showed improvements over the original,unfused corrected data.The fusion corrections using the OLS,RF,UNet,and TransUnet models reduced RMSE by 5.563%,14.601%,42.927%,and48.316%,respectively.Correspondingly,R increased by 0.463%,1.176%,3.951%,and 4.342%,respectively.Among these models,TransUnet performed the best,effectively integrating the advantages of FY-SIC and OUC-SIC data and notably improving the overall accuracy and spatiotemporal stability of SIC data.展开更多
China’s winter sports boom is expanding beyond its traditional northern heartlands,fueling a dynamic ice-snow economy and culture nationwide.This seasonal surge is driven by sustained investment and innovative develo...China’s winter sports boom is expanding beyond its traditional northern heartlands,fueling a dynamic ice-snow economy and culture nationwide.This seasonal surge is driven by sustained investment and innovative development models that are turning cold climates into hot economic opportunities.展开更多
The Balkhash Lake Basin(BLB),a vital Central Asian watershed,faces hydrological uncertainty under climate warming.This study integrated multi-source remote sensing data(Sentinel-1 snow depth,Randolph Glacier Inventory...The Balkhash Lake Basin(BLB),a vital Central Asian watershed,faces hydrological uncertainty under climate warming.This study integrated multi-source remote sensing data(Sentinel-1 snow depth,Randolph Glacier Inventory(RGI)v.7.0 glacier inventory,and Advanced Spaceborne Thermal Emission and Reflection Radiometer(ASTER)mass balance)with a degree-day model to reconstruct decadal snow and ice dynamics across 13 sub-basins and analyzed their hydrological impacts from 1950 to 2014.The results showed that:(1)while flows from the downstream river of the BLB decreased from 1950 to 1982 due to land surface changes,runoff increased significantly after 1982 in the Ili River(18.0%)and moderately increased in most rivers in the east(1.3%–8.3%),driven by increased precipitation and glacier melt.Runoff in the Ayaguz catchment(no glaciers with the highest climate warming)declined(10.5%);(2)climate warming reduced precipitation falling as snow caused snow melt water to decline(0.03–0.22 mm/a)across the BLB,leading to downward shifts in runoff and runoff coefficient,especially in the rivers in the east.However,snow melt during April–June positively correlated with runoff coefficient,contributing to an upward shift in the Ili River Basin;and(3)meltwater from glacierized areas(<5.0%of basin area)contributed to 14.3%of total ablation water.Net glacier melt provided substantial excess flows(11.6 m3/s in the Ili River and<1.0 m3/s in the rivers in the east),generally counterbalancing the negative effect of rising potential evaporation at decadal scales and positively correlating with the runoff coefficient.Therefore,water stress in the BLB may be more severe in the future due to the accelerating glacier melt after the abrupt increase in air temperature in 2000,the continuing decline in snow melt,and the significant inter-annual variations in precipitation.展开更多
Ice lens initiation is the core issue in understanding the dynamic process of frost heave.However,there are still limitations to find an adequate criterion for describing the formation of ice lens.A series of one-dime...Ice lens initiation is the core issue in understanding the dynamic process of frost heave.However,there are still limitations to find an adequate criterion for describing the formation of ice lens.A series of one-dimensional freezing tests is designed using the particle image velocimetry(PIV)method to monitor the frost heave and ice lens formation.The results show that the conventional parameters,such as displacement and velocity,cannot be used to track the ice lens formation,while the strain can be employed to detect the ice lens formation and investigate the freezing change patterns.This study proposes strain as a new criterion for assessing ice lens initiation,applicable across various soil types and freezing conditions(constant freezing and ramped freezing).The strain change in the region where the ice lens forms is the largest during the freezing process.Additionally,strain curves at the top of the soil samples can reveal different freezing patterns and distinguish the first and second frost heave stages.This newly developed technology enables continuous,non-destructive monitoring of ice lens initiation across diverse conditions and soil types,enhancing data visualization and three-dimensional modeling of freezing parameters while improving traditional methods by directly measuring velocity and strain in frost heave investigations.The study is expected to enhance the research of ice lens criterion and provide a new perspective for monitoring the freezing process.展开更多
Ice-breaking methods have become increasingly significant with the ongoing development of the polar regions.Among many ice-breaking methods,ice-breaking that utilizes a moving load is unique compared with the common c...Ice-breaking methods have become increasingly significant with the ongoing development of the polar regions.Among many ice-breaking methods,ice-breaking that utilizes a moving load is unique compared with the common collision or impact methods.A moving load can generate flexural-gravity waves(FGWs),under the influence of which the ice sheet undergoes deformation and may even experience structural damage.Moving loads can be divided into above-ice loads and underwater loads.For the above-ice loads,we discuss the characteristics of the FGWs generated by a moving load acting on a complete ice sheet,an ice sheet with a crack,and an ice sheet with a lead of open water.For underwater loads,we discuss the influence on the ice-breaking characteristics of FGWs of the mode of motion,the geometrical features,and the trajectory of motion of the load.In addition to discussing the status of current research and the technical challenges of ice-breaking by moving loads,this paper also looks ahead to future research prospects and presents some preliminary ideas for consideration.展开更多
In the vast tand of Northeast China,we are slowly starting an ultimate journey of the ice and snow carnival and exploration of folk customs.This is a magic kingdom of ice and snow ,from the meticulously crafted wonder...In the vast tand of Northeast China,we are slowly starting an ultimate journey of the ice and snow carnival and exploration of folk customs.This is a magic kingdom of ice and snow ,from the meticulously crafted wonders of the ice city to the snowcovered wonderland of rime ice.展开更多
Sea ice and snow are the most sensitive and important crucial components of the global climate system,affecting the global climate by modulating the energy exchange between the ocean and the atmosphere.The sea near Zh...Sea ice and snow are the most sensitive and important crucial components of the global climate system,affecting the global climate by modulating the energy exchange between the ocean and the atmosphere.The sea near Zhongshan Station in Antarctica is covered by landfast sea ice,with snow depth influenced by both thermal factors and wind.This region frequently experiences katabatic winds and cyclones from the westerlies,leading to frequent snow blowing events that redistribute the snow and affects its depth,subsequently impacting the thermodynamic growth of sea ice.This study utilized the one-dimensional thermodynamic model ICEPACK to simulate landfast sea ice thickness and snow depth near Zhongshan Station in 2016.Two parameterization schemes for snow blowing,the Bulk scheme,and the ITDrdg(ITD/ridges)scheme are evaluated for their impact on snow depth.The results show that simulations using snow blowing schemes more closely align with observed results,with the ITDrdg scheme providing more accurate simulations,evidenced by root mean square errors of less than 10 cm for both snow depth and sea ice thickness.Snow blowing also impacts the thermodynamic growth of sea ice,particularly bottom growth.The sea ice bottom increases by 9.0 cm using the ITDrdg scheme compared to simulations without the snow blowing,accounting for 12.5%of total sea ice bottom growth.Furthermore,snow blowing process also influences snow ice formation,highlighting its primary role in affecting snow depth.Continued field observations of snow blowing are necessary to evaluate and improve parameterization schemes.展开更多
基金financially supported by Jiangsu Province University(High Tech Ship)Collaborative Innovation Center(Grant No.XTCXKY20230008).
文摘In this work,the selected icebreaker model experiment is performed in a towing tank.We focus on the influence of seawater salinity on ship ice resistance in the ice floe field and the innovative ice model and ship model test technology,including the similitude rule of ship model tests,test principles,and validation with full-scale ship data.A formula for calculating the relationship between the temperature and salinity of the water is constructed,which can be used to simulate the role of seawater in freshwater ice pools.On this basis,the effect of salinity on the resistance of ships sailing in broken ice fields is studied.A technique in which artificial ice made of polyethylene spheres is used to simulate ice resistance is proposed.With a series of ship model experiments in spherical and triangular ice fields,the effects of salinity and velocity on the ice resistance test of the ship model are analyzed.A relationship of the ice resistance of the ship model to the spherical ice field and the triangular ice field is proposed.The conversion results are consistent with onsite data of the full-size ship,which verifies the method of converting the test results of the ship model to the prototype.
基金supported by the Southern Marine Science and Engineering Guangdong Laboratory(Zhuhai)(Grant nos.SML2021SP306,SML2023SP201)the National Key R&D Program of China(Grant no.2024YFF0506603)+1 种基金the National Natural Science Foundation of China(Grant no.42576020)Guangdong Basic and Applied Basic Research Foundation,China(Grant nos.2024A1515012717,2026A1515012241).
文摘Prydz Bay,East Antarctica,is a critical region for studying ocean–sea ice–ice shelf interactions and their role in the global climate system.This review synthesizes the advancements in numerical modeling of physical oceanographic processes in Prydz Bay,highlighting the evolution from early one-dimensional thermodynamic models to contemporary high-resolution,three-dimensional coupled ocean–sea ice–ice shelf frameworks.We discuss key milestones in understanding processes such as frazil ice dynamics and its impact on the basal mass balance of the Amery Ice Shelf,the pathways and mechanisms of Modified Circumpolar Deep Water intrusions,and the dynamic influences of large icebergs on regional circulation.Despite significant progress,challenges remain in integrating multi-component interactions and achieving long-term,high-resolution climate projections.Future efforts should focus on developing fully coupled models that incorporate atmosphere–ocean–sea ice–ice shelf–iceberg interactions,supported by enhanced observational networks and improved computational efficiency.This review underscores the importance of continued modeling advancement to better predict the responses of Antarctic ice shelves and polar climate to global change.
基金jointly supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(Grant No.42376250)the Strategic Priority Research Program of the Chinese Academy of Sciences(Grant No.XDA19070402).
文摘Predicting Antarctic sea ice is of substantial academic and practical significance.However,current prediction models,including deep learning(DL)-based models,show notable bias in the marginal ice zone.In this study,we developed a pure data-driven DL model for predicting the Antarctic austral summer monthly-to-seasonal sea ice concentration(SIC)by incorporating a novel hybrid sea ice edge constraint loss function(HybridLoss).The model is referred to as ASICNet.Independent testing based on the last five years(2019–23)demonstrates that ASICNet with HybridLoss achieves significantly higher skill metrics than without,with a reduced mean absolute error of 0.021 from 0.022,a reduced integrated ice edge error of 1.714×10^(6)from 1.794×10^(6)km^(2),but an increased pattern correlation coefficient of 0.40 from 0.38,although both ASICNet versions outperform dynamical and statistical models.Furthermore,enhanced heat maps were developed to interpret the predictability sources of sea ice within DL-based models,and the results suggest that the predictability of Antarctic sea ice is attributable to factors like the Antarctic Dipole(ADP),Amundsen Sea Low(ASL),and Southern Ocean sea surface temperature(SST),as revealed in previous studies.Thus,ASICNet is an efficient tool for austral summer Antarctic SIC prediction.
文摘China’s winter sports boom creates jobs and spurs economic growth,bringing substantial benefit to the general public,local governments,and businesses.CHINA’s ice and snow economy,riding on the winter sports boom,is stimulating consumption across the country,fueling regional development and creating new industrial ecosystems.This trend perfectly matches one of China’s key tasks for 2026.
基金funded by the Natural Science Foundation of China(Grants No 42277127)。
文摘Rock-ice avalanches in cold high-mountain regions pose severe hazards due to their high mobility,yet the quantitative controls of particle-size ratio and ice content remain insufficiently constrained.This study investigates their coupled effects using inclinedflume experiments and Discrete Element Method(DEM)simulations,covering three gravel sizes(2-5 mm,5-7 mm,7-10 mm)and four ice-content levels(0%,20%,40%,60%).Run-out distance,velocity,energy components,flow regime(Savage number),and segregation indexαwere quantified.Increasing ice content significantly enhances mobility,but with diminishing marginal effectiveness.From 0%to 40%ice content,run-out distance increases by 41%-86%,whereas the additional increase from 40%to 60%contributes only 12%-23%.Particle-size ratio strongly governs segregation intensity.Fine-gravel groups reach segregation indices ofα=0.92-0.98,indicating nearly complete upward migration of ice,whereas medium-gravel and coarse-gravel groups exhibit much weaker segregation,stabilizing atα=0.68-0.74 and 0.60-0.69.Savage number analyses reveal marked flow-regime transitions.At 0%ice content,Savage numbers reach 1.0-1.5,indicating a collisional regime.Increasing ice content suppresses collisionality,with Savage numbers decreasing to 0.03-0.07 at 60%ice content,consistent with dense-regime flow.DEM energy analyses confirm this regime shift:for finegravel mixtures,collision energy decreases by 14%,while sliding-friction energy increases by 33%as ice content increases from 0%to 60%,reflecting enhanced overburden effects imposed by upward-segregated ice layers.Medium and coarse mixtures exhibit weaker or opposite energy-shift patterns,demonstrating strong size dependence.Mechanistically,large particle-size contrasts promote strong segregation and form dense basal rock layers that increase basal friction and reduce mobility.When particle sizes are similar or ice content is high,segregation remains limited,allowing ice to mix into the basal layer,thereby reducing basal friction and enhancing mobility.This research quantitatively demonstrates how composition controls particle spatial distribution,flow regime,and energy dissipation,offering new mechanistic insights into the propagation and deposition behaviors of rock-ice avalanches and improving hazard assessment in vulnerable high-mountain regions.
文摘SINCE December 2025,Urumqi City and Altay Prefecture in northwest China’s Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region,and northeast China’s Jilin Province have both entered their snow seasons.The snow holidays(for primary and secondary school students)in Urumqi and Altay ran from December 1 to 5.When combined with the preceding and following weekends,the holiday extended to nine days.
基金supported by the National Key Research and Development Program of China(Grant nos.2023YFC2809103,2024YFC2813505)the Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities(Grant nos.2042025kf0083,2042025gf0014)the Antarctic Zhongshan Ice and Space Environment National Observation and Research Station(Grant no.ZSNORS-20252702).
文摘The correlation between the Soil Moisture and Ocean Salinity(SMOS)L-band brightness temperature and thin sea ice thickness has been widely exploited using semi-empirical retrieval approaches based on a single-tie point(STP).However,due to pronounced spatial heterogeneity in seawater and sea ice properties across the Arctic,the use of an STP often leads to regionally biased.To address this limitation,this study proposes a multi-tie point(MTP)sea ice thickness retrieval method based on SMOS brightness temperature and sea ice concentration time series.Multiple seawater and sea ice tie-point values are identified through point-by-point time series analysis,quality control,and statistical hypothesis testing,allowing spatial variability in radiometric properties to be explicitly considered.The MTP-based retrieval is applied to Arctic freeze-up conditions.Validation against independent SMOS thin sea ice thickness products shows that the MTP approach yields significantly reduced bias and root mean square error compared with the conventional STP method,with statistically significant improvements confirmed by paired t-tests.While retrieval accuracy stabilizes beyond a certain number of tie points,the preprocessing cost associated with tie-point selection increases substantially.Considering both accuracy and efficiency,the MTP framework provides a practical and robust approach for large-scale Arctic thin sea ice thickness retrieval and enables improved characterization of regional freezing processes and maximum ice thickness.
基金supported by the National Key Research and Development Program(No.2023YFC2809101)the Laoshan Laboratory Technology Innovation Project(No.LSKJ202202301)。
文摘Arctic sea ice concentration(SIC)prediction on a subseasonal scale plays an important role in polar navigation.To reduce the high uncertainty of daily forecasts,three time series prediction models are combined with empirical orthogonal function(EOF)decomposition to forecast Arctic pentad-mean SIC,where each month is divided into six pentad-means–the first five each span five days,and the last encompasses the remaining days,which may vary in length.The models were trained on SIC data from 1989 to2018 and tested from 2019 to 2023,with lead times ranging from 1 to 12 pentad-means.Model skill was evaluated based on SIC spatial patterns,sea ice area(SIA),and the sea ice edge in September from 2019 to 2023.The moving-averaged 2-m temperature helps reduce the long short-term memory model's error in the Beaufort and Chukchi Seas.Based on the models'scores for each EOF time series,weighted ensemble prediction results were obtained.These results outperform two benchmark models across all lead times.In addition,the ensemble prediction better reproduces the seasonal cycle of the SIA,with relative errors ranging from 1.04%to 3.85%.The predicted September ice edge closely matches observations,with binary accuracy consistently above 90%.Forecast models show the lowest errors in the central Arctic,while relatively higher errors appear in the Barents and Kara Seas.
基金Project supported by the National Key R&D Program of China(Grant Nos.2021YFA1400500 and 2025YFF1502400)the National Natural Science Foundation of China(Grant Nos.92361302,12250001,12535001,and U22A20260)+3 种基金the China Postdoctoral Science Foundation(Grant Nos.BX20230021,2023T160011,and 2024M760068)support from the National Program for Support of Top-notch Young professionalssupport from Beijing Outstanding Young Scientist Program(Grant No.JWZQ20240101002)the New Cornerstone Science Foundation through the New Cornerstone Investigator Program and the XPLORER PRIZE。
文摘Ice premelting,the formation of a quasi-liquid layer on ice surfaces below the bulk melting point,plays a crucial role in various processes,ranging from glacier dynamics to ice friction and surface chemistry.Despite intensive research,the microscopic structure of the premelting layer and underlying molecular mechanisms remain poorly understood.In this work,we studied the temperature-and pressure-dependent structural disordering of crystalline Ih(0001)surface near the onset of premelting on the atomic scale by qPlus-based cryogenic atomic force microscopy.The linear correlation between the density of planar local structure(PLS)and the fraction of disordered surface region showed that the PLS mediated early-stage premelting by serving as a metastable seeding state.Notably,the associated surface disordering is cooperative,extending over an area of roughly~2 nm^(2) around a PLS.We further found a striking structural similarity between the kinetic-trapped regime below the surface crystallization temperature(T_(c))and the premelting-dominated regime above T_(c).As the deposition pressure increased,the characteristic temperature dependence was preserved,with only T_(c) shifting to higher values due to kinetic effects.Finally,we proposed a surface phase diagram for ice Ih(0001)based on our experimental observations.
文摘Ice crystal icing is an important cause of accidents in aircraft engines.Ice formation in aircraft engines can cause internal blades to freeze,affecting the quality of the air flow field and blocking the flow path.On the other hand,the entry of ice crystal particles into the combustion chamber can cause a decrease in temperature or even flameout,leading to engine surge or shutdown.Therefore,it is necessary to conduct multiphase flow tests on ice crystals for aircraft components such as aircraft engines.Conducting ice crystal multiphase flow tests on aircraft is an effective research method,but it requires the construction of an ice crystal multiphase flow test platform that meets relevant technical requirements.The paper focuses on the relevant experimental requirements and combines wind tunnel test structures to conduct multiphase flow numerical simulations on various forms of jet pipelines,obtaining particle motion distribution results.After comparison,the optimal form of jet structure is obtained,providing the best selection scheme for the design of relevant wind tunnel structures.
文摘Debate over the benefits and harms of icing acute muscle injuries remains unresolved.Some contend that ice is ineffective or even harmful,while others promote cryotherapy as a universal remedy.Centrists,often academics,call for more high-quality randomized controlled trials(RCTs)to resolve the issue.This viewpoint reframes the debate around 3 key points:first,although ice produces analgesia,evidence for sustained pain relief,beyond the immediate post-treatment period.
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(No.41971339)the SDUST Research Fund(No.2019TDJH103)。
文摘The rapid melting of Arctic sea ice poses significant risks to the safety of shipping routes.Accurate remote sensing data on sea ice concentration(SIC)is crucial for effective route planning of ships and ensuring navigational safety.Despite the availability of numerous SIC products in China,these datasets still lag behind mainstream international products in terms of data accuracy,spatiotemporal resolution,and time span.To enhance the accuracy of China's domestic SIC remote sensing data,this study used the SIC data derived from the passive microwave remote sensing dataset provided by the University of Bremen(BRM-SIC)as a reference to conduct a comprehensive evaluation and analysis of two additional SIC datasets:the dataset derived from the microwave radiation imager(MWRI)aboard the FY-3D satellite,provided by the National Satellite Meteorological Center(FY-SIC),and the dataset obtained through the DT-ASI algorithm from the microwave imager of the FY-3D satellite,provided by Ocean University of China(OUC-SIC).Based on the evaluation results,a TransUnet fusion correction model was developed.The performance of this model was then compared against Ordinary Least Squares(OLS),Random Forest(RF),and UNet correction models,through spatial and temporal analyses.Results indicate that,compared to FY-SIC data,the RMSE of the OUC-SIC data and the standard data is reduced by24.245%,while the R is increased by 12.516%.Overall,the accuracy of OUC-SIC data is superior to that of FY-SIC data.During the research period(2020–2022),the standard deviation(SD)and coefficient of variation(CV)of OUC-SIC were 3.877%and 10.582%,respectively,while those for FY-SIC were 7.836%and 7.982%,respectively.In the study area,compared with OUC-SIC data,FYSIC data exhibited a larger standard deviation of deviation and a smaller coefficient of variation of deviation across most sea areas.These results indicate that the OUC-SIC data exhibit better temporal and spatial stability,whereas the FY-SIC data show stronger relative dimensionless stability.Among the four correction models,all showed improvements over the original,unfused corrected data.The fusion corrections using the OLS,RF,UNet,and TransUnet models reduced RMSE by 5.563%,14.601%,42.927%,and48.316%,respectively.Correspondingly,R increased by 0.463%,1.176%,3.951%,and 4.342%,respectively.Among these models,TransUnet performed the best,effectively integrating the advantages of FY-SIC and OUC-SIC data and notably improving the overall accuracy and spatiotemporal stability of SIC data.
文摘China’s winter sports boom is expanding beyond its traditional northern heartlands,fueling a dynamic ice-snow economy and culture nationwide.This seasonal surge is driven by sustained investment and innovative development models that are turning cold climates into hot economic opportunities.
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(U2003202,42071054)the Key Research and Development Program of Jiangxi Province,China(20223BBG74003)the Science and Technology Planning Project of Nanjing Institute of Geography and Limnology(NIGLAS2022GS09).
文摘The Balkhash Lake Basin(BLB),a vital Central Asian watershed,faces hydrological uncertainty under climate warming.This study integrated multi-source remote sensing data(Sentinel-1 snow depth,Randolph Glacier Inventory(RGI)v.7.0 glacier inventory,and Advanced Spaceborne Thermal Emission and Reflection Radiometer(ASTER)mass balance)with a degree-day model to reconstruct decadal snow and ice dynamics across 13 sub-basins and analyzed their hydrological impacts from 1950 to 2014.The results showed that:(1)while flows from the downstream river of the BLB decreased from 1950 to 1982 due to land surface changes,runoff increased significantly after 1982 in the Ili River(18.0%)and moderately increased in most rivers in the east(1.3%–8.3%),driven by increased precipitation and glacier melt.Runoff in the Ayaguz catchment(no glaciers with the highest climate warming)declined(10.5%);(2)climate warming reduced precipitation falling as snow caused snow melt water to decline(0.03–0.22 mm/a)across the BLB,leading to downward shifts in runoff and runoff coefficient,especially in the rivers in the east.However,snow melt during April–June positively correlated with runoff coefficient,contributing to an upward shift in the Ili River Basin;and(3)meltwater from glacierized areas(<5.0%of basin area)contributed to 14.3%of total ablation water.Net glacier melt provided substantial excess flows(11.6 m3/s in the Ili River and<1.0 m3/s in the rivers in the east),generally counterbalancing the negative effect of rising potential evaporation at decadal scales and positively correlating with the runoff coefficient.Therefore,water stress in the BLB may be more severe in the future due to the accelerating glacier melt after the abrupt increase in air temperature in 2000,the continuing decline in snow melt,and the significant inter-annual variations in precipitation.
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(Grant No.52178376)National Key R&D Program of China(Grant No.2022YFB2603301)Science and Technology Research and Development Program of China Railway Group Limited(Grant No.2022-ZD-13).
文摘Ice lens initiation is the core issue in understanding the dynamic process of frost heave.However,there are still limitations to find an adequate criterion for describing the formation of ice lens.A series of one-dimensional freezing tests is designed using the particle image velocimetry(PIV)method to monitor the frost heave and ice lens formation.The results show that the conventional parameters,such as displacement and velocity,cannot be used to track the ice lens formation,while the strain can be employed to detect the ice lens formation and investigate the freezing change patterns.This study proposes strain as a new criterion for assessing ice lens initiation,applicable across various soil types and freezing conditions(constant freezing and ramped freezing).The strain change in the region where the ice lens forms is the largest during the freezing process.Additionally,strain curves at the top of the soil samples can reveal different freezing patterns and distinguish the first and second frost heave stages.This newly developed technology enables continuous,non-destructive monitoring of ice lens initiation across diverse conditions and soil types,enhancing data visualization and three-dimensional modeling of freezing parameters while improving traditional methods by directly measuring velocity and strain in frost heave investigations.The study is expected to enhance the research of ice lens criterion and provide a new perspective for monitoring the freezing process.
基金Supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(Nos.52192693,52192690,52371270,U20A20327)the National Key Research and Development Program of China(Nos.2021YFC2803400).
文摘Ice-breaking methods have become increasingly significant with the ongoing development of the polar regions.Among many ice-breaking methods,ice-breaking that utilizes a moving load is unique compared with the common collision or impact methods.A moving load can generate flexural-gravity waves(FGWs),under the influence of which the ice sheet undergoes deformation and may even experience structural damage.Moving loads can be divided into above-ice loads and underwater loads.For the above-ice loads,we discuss the characteristics of the FGWs generated by a moving load acting on a complete ice sheet,an ice sheet with a crack,and an ice sheet with a lead of open water.For underwater loads,we discuss the influence on the ice-breaking characteristics of FGWs of the mode of motion,the geometrical features,and the trajectory of motion of the load.In addition to discussing the status of current research and the technical challenges of ice-breaking by moving loads,this paper also looks ahead to future research prospects and presents some preliminary ideas for consideration.
文摘In the vast tand of Northeast China,we are slowly starting an ultimate journey of the ice and snow carnival and exploration of folk customs.This is a magic kingdom of ice and snow ,from the meticulously crafted wonders of the ice city to the snowcovered wonderland of rime ice.
基金The National Natural Science Foundation of China under contract Nos 42306255 and 41976217the National Key R&D Program of China under contract No.2018YFA0605903。
文摘Sea ice and snow are the most sensitive and important crucial components of the global climate system,affecting the global climate by modulating the energy exchange between the ocean and the atmosphere.The sea near Zhongshan Station in Antarctica is covered by landfast sea ice,with snow depth influenced by both thermal factors and wind.This region frequently experiences katabatic winds and cyclones from the westerlies,leading to frequent snow blowing events that redistribute the snow and affects its depth,subsequently impacting the thermodynamic growth of sea ice.This study utilized the one-dimensional thermodynamic model ICEPACK to simulate landfast sea ice thickness and snow depth near Zhongshan Station in 2016.Two parameterization schemes for snow blowing,the Bulk scheme,and the ITDrdg(ITD/ridges)scheme are evaluated for their impact on snow depth.The results show that simulations using snow blowing schemes more closely align with observed results,with the ITDrdg scheme providing more accurate simulations,evidenced by root mean square errors of less than 10 cm for both snow depth and sea ice thickness.Snow blowing also impacts the thermodynamic growth of sea ice,particularly bottom growth.The sea ice bottom increases by 9.0 cm using the ITDrdg scheme compared to simulations without the snow blowing,accounting for 12.5%of total sea ice bottom growth.Furthermore,snow blowing process also influences snow ice formation,highlighting its primary role in affecting snow depth.Continued field observations of snow blowing are necessary to evaluate and improve parameterization schemes.
