本文通过中层大气高空冰探测器(Aeronomy of Ice in the Mesosphere,AIM)卫星的仪器载荷——用于云成像和粒子实验的探测器(Cloud Imaging and Particle Size,CIPS)和用于冰晶实验的太阳掩星探测器(Solar Occultation for Ice Experimen...本文通过中层大气高空冰探测器(Aeronomy of Ice in the Mesosphere,AIM)卫星的仪器载荷——用于云成像和粒子实验的探测器(Cloud Imaging and Particle Size,CIPS)和用于冰晶实验的太阳掩星探测器(Solar Occultation for Ice Experiment,SOFIE)在2007—2014年间南、北半球的观测数据,分析了2007—2014年间夜光云的反照率、冰水含量(ice water content,IWC)、每日发生率及中层顶温度在南、北半球的变化趋势,讨论了夜光云发生位置和年变化,并且对夜光云反照率、中层顶温度和IWC的相关性进行了分析。结果表明:南、北半球夜光云主要发生在80°~85°纬度范围内,与南半球相比,北半球夜光云反照率持续时间更长、年波动更小、IWC更高且每日发生率更高,而南半球90°W~150°W位置的反照率总是较低;南、北半球夜光云反照率和IWC均与中层顶温度之间存在负相关关系,但反照率和冰水含量相关性表现不明显。本文的研究结果为夜光云作为中间层大气变化的敏感指标提供了量化依据;同时,南、北半球夜光云的差异特性有助于改进气候模型,对理解长期气候变化中的半球不对称响应具有参考意义。展开更多
This paper, for the goal of revealing the mechanism of compromise and change in coordination, will focus on US-Japan conflict over commercial whaling. The regime like the international whaling regulation, where countr...This paper, for the goal of revealing the mechanism of compromise and change in coordination, will focus on US-Japan conflict over commercial whaling. The regime like the international whaling regulation, where countries agree in general but disagree on coordination methods, is known as the Battle of the Sexes in game theory. It has been believed that in regimes presented as the Battle of the Sexes （BoS） situation, once the countries could somehow coordinate their interests and reach an agreement on the specific method of coordination, neither country would have the incentive to withdraw from that agreement. This case study, however, shows that this belief is not always true. From the analysis of this study, it will be concluded that coordination methods change over time even in regimes where the countries agree in general and disagree on coordination methods. In this case, ＂power,＂ ＂institution＂ and ＂consensus＂ are pointed out as incentives to make the two countries accept a specific coordination method.展开更多
文摘本文通过中层大气高空冰探测器(Aeronomy of Ice in the Mesosphere,AIM)卫星的仪器载荷——用于云成像和粒子实验的探测器(Cloud Imaging and Particle Size,CIPS)和用于冰晶实验的太阳掩星探测器(Solar Occultation for Ice Experiment,SOFIE)在2007—2014年间南、北半球的观测数据,分析了2007—2014年间夜光云的反照率、冰水含量(ice water content,IWC)、每日发生率及中层顶温度在南、北半球的变化趋势,讨论了夜光云发生位置和年变化,并且对夜光云反照率、中层顶温度和IWC的相关性进行了分析。结果表明:南、北半球夜光云主要发生在80°~85°纬度范围内,与南半球相比,北半球夜光云反照率持续时间更长、年波动更小、IWC更高且每日发生率更高,而南半球90°W~150°W位置的反照率总是较低;南、北半球夜光云反照率和IWC均与中层顶温度之间存在负相关关系,但反照率和冰水含量相关性表现不明显。本文的研究结果为夜光云作为中间层大气变化的敏感指标提供了量化依据;同时,南、北半球夜光云的差异特性有助于改进气候模型,对理解长期气候变化中的半球不对称响应具有参考意义。
文摘This paper, for the goal of revealing the mechanism of compromise and change in coordination, will focus on US-Japan conflict over commercial whaling. The regime like the international whaling regulation, where countries agree in general but disagree on coordination methods, is known as the Battle of the Sexes in game theory. It has been believed that in regimes presented as the Battle of the Sexes （BoS） situation, once the countries could somehow coordinate their interests and reach an agreement on the specific method of coordination, neither country would have the incentive to withdraw from that agreement. This case study, however, shows that this belief is not always true. From the analysis of this study, it will be concluded that coordination methods change over time even in regimes where the countries agree in general and disagree on coordination methods. In this case, ＂power,＂ ＂institution＂ and ＂consensus＂ are pointed out as incentives to make the two countries accept a specific coordination method.
