Inorganic fertilizer NPK （nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium） （S） 25：5：5：5 is generally recommended for optimum yield and quality of tea （Camellia sinensis）. Non-judicious use of this inorganic fertilizer how...Inorganic fertilizer NPK （nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium） （S） 25：5：5：5 is generally recommended for optimum yield and quality of tea （Camellia sinensis）. Non-judicious use of this inorganic fertilizer however acidifies the soils and pollutes the environment. Integrated soil fertility management （ISFM） which involves the combined use of organic and inorganic fertilizer is recommended for improved crop yield and soil health. An experiment was carried out to determine the effect of enriching cattle manure with different ratios of inorganic fertilizers （OM： NPKS at ratios 1：2 and 1：4）, and rates on soil nutrient status, nitrogen uptake and yield of tea in the east of Rift Valley, Kenya. Enriching manures and organic manure up to a rate of 150 kg N/ha increased the level of P mature leaf. A higher N and K level in the mature leaf was observed when NPKS was applied at higher rates. In the soil, fertilizer rate up to 150 kg N/ha showed higher pH and K where organic manure and enriched manures were applied while NPKS treatment showed higher P content throughout the soil depths. Enriching organic manures with inorganic fertilizers increased yield significantly.展开更多
ISFM （integrated soil fertility management） involving annual sequencing of dual-purpose early-maturing first crop of cowpeas with biomass incorporation before seeding second crop of early-maturing NERICA （New Rice ...ISFM （integrated soil fertility management） involving annual sequencing of dual-purpose early-maturing first crop of cowpeas with biomass incorporation before seeding second crop of early-maturing NERICA （New Rice for Africa） was evaluated to enhance rice productivity and soil-nitrogen. Five dual-purpose early-maturing cowpea cultivars and local cultivar （Katche） were seeded early in the wet season in five farmers＇ fields at Ouake （9046＇ N, 1°35′ E, highly degraded-savanna）, Benin. After pod harvest, cowpea residues were minimally worked into the soil using minimum tillage with hand-hoe and seeded with early-maturing, resilient NERICA8 rice that received either 20 kg N/ha or zero-N. Cowpea grain yield averaged 0.1-0.3 Mg/ha, and mean aboveground cowpea biomass produced and recycled was 0.54-0.64 Mg/ha among best cultivars （IT97-568-11 and IT89KD-288）. NERICA8 seeded after cowpea cv. IT97-568-11 and supplied with 20N gave the greatest grain yield of about 2.0 Mg/ha, accounting for 500% heavier grains than fallow-rice rotation with zero-N. Mineral-N dynamics monitored under NERICA8 in year 2 showed that previous IT97-568-11 plots had the highest mineral-N at tillering which persisted till panicle initiation stage. The adoption of an ISFM comprising annual cowpea-NERICA sequence by smallholder rice farmers could enhance productivity and improve N-supply in fragile savannas.展开更多
Nutrient-balance assessments are valuable tools for both planning and monitoring the implementation of sustainable integrated soil fertility management strategies. The aim of this study was to assess nutrient flows as...Nutrient-balance assessments are valuable tools for both planning and monitoring the implementation of sustainable integrated soil fertility management strategies. The aim of this study was to assess nutrient flows as affected by cropping systems and production niche in soils of Cyabayaga watershed. yabayaga watershed is located in Nyagatare district, Eastern province of Rwanda. Production niches considered are homestead fields, remote hillside fields and wetland fields. Partial nutrient (N, P and K) flows were collected through a survey using MonQi structured questionnaire, administrated to a random sample of 35 farmers. There was nitrogen (N) and Potassium (K) negative balances (– 67.5 kg N ha<sup>-1</sup> season<sup>-1</sup> and – 7.7 kg K ha<sup>-1</sup> season<sup>-1</sup> respectively) whereas phosphorous (P) balance was positive (17.4 kg P ha<sup>-1</sup> season<sup>-1</sup>). N, P and K balances were negative in bean, maize-bean, cassava, groundnut, maize, onion, sorghum and tomato and positive in rice, banana and banana-bean. Highest amount of nutrients were significantly allocated in wetland fields while allocation of nutrients in homestead fields and remote hillside fields was almost the same. Groundnut and maize plots were experiencing highest negative nutrients balance (e.g. N balance in groundnut plot was – 40.6 N ha<sup>-1</sup> season<sup>-1</sup>). N and K balance were positive in rice and banana plots;whilst P balance was positive in banana, bean, maize, rice and tomato plots. Partial nutrients flow and balance from this study show that nutrient depletion is a problem in the study area. A special attention should be put to fertility management and alternative solution for less fertile soil (uplands in particular), especially for farm that have reduced land size. From this respect, conservation agriculture is the main farm management which could be recommended.展开更多
Agricultural extension is an approach to rural development and agricultural transformation in which training,demonstration and technology transfer are key to reducing rural poverty,ensuring food security,and sustainab...Agricultural extension is an approach to rural development and agricultural transformation in which training,demonstration and technology transfer are key to reducing rural poverty,ensuring food security,and sustainably managing natural resources.During recent decades,different extension approaches have been tested and validated by the Ethiopian government and nongovernmental organizations to stimulate participation in the agricultural extension system(AES).The most recent was a German-funded project entitled“Integrated Soil Fertility Management Project”(ISFM+),which employed a novel approach to piloting and upscaling proven technology and best practice.The purpose of this study was to analyze and document the modalities of ISFM+and illustrate its effects on technology uptake and dissemination.The study used a mixed methods approach to collect data.ATLAS.ti and SPSS were used for data management and analysis.Farmer Research and Extension Groups and Farmer Field Schools were found to be central to the participation process.Also,the ISFM+was found to aid technology transfer and helped to increase grain and residue yields as well as farmer livelihoods.Based on these empirical findings,it is argued that the ISFM+approach and technology should be integrated and institutionalized in the mainstream AES in order to promote their extensive application.展开更多
文摘Inorganic fertilizer NPK （nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium） （S） 25：5：5：5 is generally recommended for optimum yield and quality of tea （Camellia sinensis）. Non-judicious use of this inorganic fertilizer however acidifies the soils and pollutes the environment. Integrated soil fertility management （ISFM） which involves the combined use of organic and inorganic fertilizer is recommended for improved crop yield and soil health. An experiment was carried out to determine the effect of enriching cattle manure with different ratios of inorganic fertilizers （OM： NPKS at ratios 1：2 and 1：4）, and rates on soil nutrient status, nitrogen uptake and yield of tea in the east of Rift Valley, Kenya. Enriching manures and organic manure up to a rate of 150 kg N/ha increased the level of P mature leaf. A higher N and K level in the mature leaf was observed when NPKS was applied at higher rates. In the soil, fertilizer rate up to 150 kg N/ha showed higher pH and K where organic manure and enriched manures were applied while NPKS treatment showed higher P content throughout the soil depths. Enriching organic manures with inorganic fertilizers increased yield significantly.
文摘ISFM （integrated soil fertility management） involving annual sequencing of dual-purpose early-maturing first crop of cowpeas with biomass incorporation before seeding second crop of early-maturing NERICA （New Rice for Africa） was evaluated to enhance rice productivity and soil-nitrogen. Five dual-purpose early-maturing cowpea cultivars and local cultivar （Katche） were seeded early in the wet season in five farmers＇ fields at Ouake （9046＇ N, 1°35′ E, highly degraded-savanna）, Benin. After pod harvest, cowpea residues were minimally worked into the soil using minimum tillage with hand-hoe and seeded with early-maturing, resilient NERICA8 rice that received either 20 kg N/ha or zero-N. Cowpea grain yield averaged 0.1-0.3 Mg/ha, and mean aboveground cowpea biomass produced and recycled was 0.54-0.64 Mg/ha among best cultivars （IT97-568-11 and IT89KD-288）. NERICA8 seeded after cowpea cv. IT97-568-11 and supplied with 20N gave the greatest grain yield of about 2.0 Mg/ha, accounting for 500% heavier grains than fallow-rice rotation with zero-N. Mineral-N dynamics monitored under NERICA8 in year 2 showed that previous IT97-568-11 plots had the highest mineral-N at tillering which persisted till panicle initiation stage. The adoption of an ISFM comprising annual cowpea-NERICA sequence by smallholder rice farmers could enhance productivity and improve N-supply in fragile savannas.
文摘Nutrient-balance assessments are valuable tools for both planning and monitoring the implementation of sustainable integrated soil fertility management strategies. The aim of this study was to assess nutrient flows as affected by cropping systems and production niche in soils of Cyabayaga watershed. yabayaga watershed is located in Nyagatare district, Eastern province of Rwanda. Production niches considered are homestead fields, remote hillside fields and wetland fields. Partial nutrient (N, P and K) flows were collected through a survey using MonQi structured questionnaire, administrated to a random sample of 35 farmers. There was nitrogen (N) and Potassium (K) negative balances (– 67.5 kg N ha<sup>-1</sup> season<sup>-1</sup> and – 7.7 kg K ha<sup>-1</sup> season<sup>-1</sup> respectively) whereas phosphorous (P) balance was positive (17.4 kg P ha<sup>-1</sup> season<sup>-1</sup>). N, P and K balances were negative in bean, maize-bean, cassava, groundnut, maize, onion, sorghum and tomato and positive in rice, banana and banana-bean. Highest amount of nutrients were significantly allocated in wetland fields while allocation of nutrients in homestead fields and remote hillside fields was almost the same. Groundnut and maize plots were experiencing highest negative nutrients balance (e.g. N balance in groundnut plot was – 40.6 N ha<sup>-1</sup> season<sup>-1</sup>). N and K balance were positive in rice and banana plots;whilst P balance was positive in banana, bean, maize, rice and tomato plots. Partial nutrients flow and balance from this study show that nutrient depletion is a problem in the study area. A special attention should be put to fertility management and alternative solution for less fertile soil (uplands in particular), especially for farm that have reduced land size. From this respect, conservation agriculture is the main farm management which could be recommended.
基金part of the ISFM^(+) which is financed by the German Federal Ministry of Economic Cooperation and Development。
文摘Agricultural extension is an approach to rural development and agricultural transformation in which training,demonstration and technology transfer are key to reducing rural poverty,ensuring food security,and sustainably managing natural resources.During recent decades,different extension approaches have been tested and validated by the Ethiopian government and nongovernmental organizations to stimulate participation in the agricultural extension system(AES).The most recent was a German-funded project entitled“Integrated Soil Fertility Management Project”(ISFM+),which employed a novel approach to piloting and upscaling proven technology and best practice.The purpose of this study was to analyze and document the modalities of ISFM+and illustrate its effects on technology uptake and dissemination.The study used a mixed methods approach to collect data.ATLAS.ti and SPSS were used for data management and analysis.Farmer Research and Extension Groups and Farmer Field Schools were found to be central to the participation process.Also,the ISFM+was found to aid technology transfer and helped to increase grain and residue yields as well as farmer livelihoods.Based on these empirical findings,it is argued that the ISFM+approach and technology should be integrated and institutionalized in the mainstream AES in order to promote their extensive application.
