Understanding and modeling individuals’behaviors during epidemics is crucial for effective epidemic control.However,existing research ignores the impact of users’irrationality on decision-making in the epidemic.Mean...Understanding and modeling individuals’behaviors during epidemics is crucial for effective epidemic control.However,existing research ignores the impact of users’irrationality on decision-making in the epidemic.Meanwhile,existing disease control methods often assume users’full compliance with measures like mandatory isolation,which does not align with the actual situation.To address these issues,this paper proposes a prospect theorybased framework to model users’decision-making process in epidemics and analyzes how irrationality affects individuals’behaviors and epidemic dynamics.According to the analysis results,irrationality tends to prompt conservative behaviors when the infection risk is low but encourages risk-seeking behaviors when the risk is high.Then,this paper proposes a behavior inducement algorithm to guide individuals’behaviors and control the spread of disease.Simulations and real user tests validate our analysis,and simulation results show that the proposed behavior inducement algorithm can effectively guide individuals’behavior.展开更多
The paper discusses several wide-spread misunderstandings of Kuhn＇s theory of scientific development, most prominently the ascription that he conceives of scientific development as irrational. The core of this ascrip...The paper discusses several wide-spread misunderstandings of Kuhn＇s theory of scientific development, most prominently the ascription that he conceives of scientific development as irrational. The core of this ascription is an assessment of incommensurability as implying the lack of any rational possibility of theory comparison. This is supposed to be due to Gestalt switches and a quasi-religious element of conversion in theory change. Accordingly, scientific revolutions cannot be a serious matter for philosophical analysis; they furthermore foreclose any scientific progress. It is shown that such images of Kuhn＇s theory rest on deep misunderstandings that are partly due to Kuhn＇s writing style.展开更多
We give a proof of the irrationality of p-adic zeta-values ξp（κ） for p = 2, 3 and κ = 2,3.Such results were recently obtained by Calegari as an application of overconvergent p-adic modular forms. In this paper we...We give a proof of the irrationality of p-adic zeta-values ξp（κ） for p = 2, 3 and κ = 2,3.Such results were recently obtained by Calegari as an application of overconvergent p-adic modular forms. In this paper we present an approach using classical continued fractions discovered by Stieltjes. In addition we show the irrationality of some other p-adic L-series values, and values of the p-adic Hurwitz zeta-function.展开更多
Dr.Strangelove or:How I learned to Stop Worrying and Love the Bomb is a 1964 black comedy film with satire of arm races and nuclear scare by the director Stanley Kubrick.In the movie,irrational practice and ideologies...Dr.Strangelove or:How I learned to Stop Worrying and Love the Bomb is a 1964 black comedy film with satire of arm races and nuclear scare by the director Stanley Kubrick.In the movie,irrational practice and ideologies manifest themselves as collective rationality and result in the destruction of the earth.In this thesis,the writer argues for those phenomenons with the feature of irrational collective rationality.They are of irrationality essence under the veil of rationality and deserve a social collective examination and recollection instead of the whole responsibility burdened on one single individual.There are three dimensions of irrational collective rationality:firstly,collective acquiescence and feeble voices of common public are misled by the mass media propaganda and suppressed by the privilege.Secondly,irrational collective practice causes the deviation from the reasonable motivations,usually because of distrust in each other,lack of team spirit,and absence of hearted cooperation.Thirdly,high-technology widely worshiped by modernists can be more of a hindrance than a help,separated discourse systems,out-of-control machines and irretrievable destruction,if used in an extreme way.They are flaws in national and international systems,foretelling the crossroad the collective group-human beings-making for.The writer advocates a notion reformation in the information procession,international cooperation and appropriate usage of incredible technology,considering human beings as a whole and standing at a new-height to be truly collective rational.展开更多
This paper summarizes research intended to develop a pedagogically friendly argument that establishes the fact that (x,ex ) is never a rational point in the plane. A point (x, y)∈R2 is rational if both x and y are ra...This paper summarizes research intended to develop a pedagogically friendly argument that establishes the fact that (x,ex ) is never a rational point in the plane. A point (x, y)∈R2 is rational if both x and y are rational. Applying a method based on Hurwitz polynomials, the research establishes simple irrationality proofs for nonzero rational powers of e and logarithms of positive rationals (excluding one).展开更多
On the basis of the analysis of past case studies of crashes or disasters, it has been clarified how cultural difference and cognitive biases become a trigger of serious crashes or disasters. Heuristic-based biases su...On the basis of the analysis of past case studies of crashes or disasters, it has been clarified how cultural difference and cognitive biases become a trigger of serious crashes or disasters. Heuristic-based biases such as confirmation bias, groupthink, and social loafing surely appeared in the process of crash or disaster breakout. Overconfidence-bases biases such as illusion of control, fallacy of plan, and optimistic bias are also ubiquitous in the route to a critical crash or disaster. Moreover, framing biases contribute to the distorted decision making, and eventually turn into the main cause of critical crash or disaster. In this way, as well as human factors or ergonomics approaches for designing man-machine systems, the prevention and the deletion of cognitive biases are indispensable for the preventing serious crashes or disasters from occurring. Until now, the distortion of decision making has not been discussed from the cultural differences of way of thinking. As well as a variety of cognitive biases, cultural difference in behavior is expected to be important for understanding the root causes of critical crash or disaster. We found that cultural difference distorted judgment through case studies of critical crashes or disasters. It was also demonstrated that considering cultural difference, as well as cognitive biases, is important to prevent irrational and biased decision making from occurring in safety management.展开更多
Bayesianism is a theory of probabilistic reasoning that attempts to capture the logic of confirming and disconfirming hypotheses. I first argue that Bayesianism reveals striking parallels between structures universall...Bayesianism is a theory of probabilistic reasoning that attempts to capture the logic of confirming and disconfirming hypotheses. I first argue that Bayesianism reveals striking parallels between structures universally held as paradigms of rational belief systems and structures typically considered clear examples of irrational belief systems. I next explain that the crucial difference between these two types of belief systems is found not inside the systems but outside them, in the dynamics, i.e., the attitudes, by which such systems are revised and maintained. The principal attitude that distinguishes these belief systems is ＂open-mindedness.＂ I conclude that rationality and irrationality are primarily properties of attitudes, and derivatively of persons （who exhibit such attitudes） and of beliefs （that are maintained by such attitudes）. It turns out then that, on the one hand, the Bayesian approach reveals important truths about the nature of rationality and irrationality, but, on the other hand, it is inadequate as a theory of rationality, since it leaves some aspects of rationality and irrationality unaccounted for. The Bayesian analysis on the basis of which these conclusions are reached arises from a careful examination of the Duhem problem, which is the problem of determining the disconfirmation impact on the plausibility of hypotheses collectively responsible for a false observational consequence.展开更多
The paper tests the hypothesis that the traditional Phillips curve will have a new relevance today, though with very different purposes from those who have inspired research in the past. Therefore, we investigated the...The paper tests the hypothesis that the traditional Phillips curve will have a new relevance today, though with very different purposes from those who have inspired research in the past. Therefore, we investigated the hypothesis that the traditional trade-off between inflation and unemployment can be ascertained during the period of abnormal real estate boom and whether there are differences in its manifestation. With the analytical method and econometric was ascertained the validity of the trade-off between inflation and unemployment in the period of serious instability of economic systems, in large part with both rising variables. Trade-off is absent in relatively stable economies. The Phillips relation is not an event that renews itself in all economic systems, regardless of time and space. On the contrary, it is a temporary phenomenon, which occurs when the economy is struggling with the upward trend in inflation. It should therefore be listed as a manifestation of the unstable state in which a system is subjected due to shock. In this context, the relationship Phillips can manifest itself in an independent manner, without there being a recognizable direction, so it can be a sort of signal that the engine of the economy is jamming. According to this view, therefore, the Phillips relationship could be reborn to new life, regaining value as a phenomenon generated by instability and therefore recognized as a marker that leaves its mark, when an economy is suffering.展开更多
We examined the degradation of dibromophenols （DBPs）, i.e. 2,4-DBP, 2,6-DBP and 3,5-DBP by ultraviolet （UV） irradiation and estimated the relationship between degradability and molecular orbital properties of each...We examined the degradation of dibromophenols （DBPs）, i.e. 2,4-DBP, 2,6-DBP and 3,5-DBP by ultraviolet （UV） irradiation and estimated the relationship between degradability and molecular orbital properties of each dibromopbenol. The removal of DBPs under a UV lamp system was successfully performed in an aqueous solution. After 5 min of irradiation, the initial DBPs concentration of 20 mg/L was decreased to below 1 mg/L, and about 60% of bromide ion was released. A decrease in the concentration of dissolved organic carbon （DOC） suggested the mineralization of DBPs, The mineralization may occur after release of bromide ions because the decrease of DOC was slower than the release of bromide ions. The degradability of 3,5-DBP was slightly lower than 2,6-DBP and 2,4-DBE Molecular orbital calculation suggested that the electrophilic frontier density and the highest occupied molecular orbital （HOMO） energy may be related to the degradability of DBPs.展开更多
This paper concerns the linearization problem on rational maps of degree d≥2 and polynomials of degree d>2 from the perspective of non-linearizability.The authors introduce a set l_(∞) of irrational numbers and s...This paper concerns the linearization problem on rational maps of degree d≥2 and polynomials of degree d>2 from the perspective of non-linearizability.The authors introduce a set l_(∞) of irrational numbers and show that if α∈l_(∞),then any rational map is not linearizable and has infinitely many cycles in every neighborhood of the fixed point with multiplier λ=e^(2πiα),Adding more constraints to cubic polynomials,they discuss the above problems by polynomial-like maps.For the family of polynomials,with the help of Yoccoz's method,they obtain its maximum dimension of the set in which the polynomials are non-linearizable.展开更多
Shakespeare's Julius Caesar is remarkable for its rational mode as manifested in the use of language, style, action as well as its characterization. In this essay, I argue that the play is also striking with its n...Shakespeare's Julius Caesar is remarkable for its rational mode as manifested in the use of language, style, action as well as its characterization. In this essay, I argue that the play is also striking with its numerous(ir)rational ambiguities. The same Latin word, ratio, is at the root of two words that are often used to explain human behaviors: reason and rationality. The fi rst related ambiguity is organized around the confl ict between reason and passion. The other is related to rational choice, which is opposed to the diverse forms of irrationality. This paper argues that Julius Caesar challenges the idea that a rational actor is one who acts only for sufficient reasons, and the play also subverts the conventional understanding of reason and rationality.展开更多
If all prime closed geodesics on(S^n, F) with an irreversible Finsler metric F are irrationally elliptic,there exist either exactly 2 [(n+1)/2] or infinitely many distinct closed geodesics. As an application, we show ...If all prime closed geodesics on(S^n, F) with an irreversible Finsler metric F are irrationally elliptic,there exist either exactly 2 [(n+1)/2] or infinitely many distinct closed geodesics. As an application, we show the existence of three distinct closed geodesics on bumpy Finsler(S^3, F) if any prime closed geodesic has non-zero Morse index.展开更多
文摘Understanding and modeling individuals’behaviors during epidemics is crucial for effective epidemic control.However,existing research ignores the impact of users’irrationality on decision-making in the epidemic.Meanwhile,existing disease control methods often assume users’full compliance with measures like mandatory isolation,which does not align with the actual situation.To address these issues,this paper proposes a prospect theorybased framework to model users’decision-making process in epidemics and analyzes how irrationality affects individuals’behaviors and epidemic dynamics.According to the analysis results,irrationality tends to prompt conservative behaviors when the infection risk is low but encourages risk-seeking behaviors when the risk is high.Then,this paper proposes a behavior inducement algorithm to guide individuals’behaviors and control the spread of disease.Simulations and real user tests validate our analysis,and simulation results show that the proposed behavior inducement algorithm can effectively guide individuals’behavior.
文摘The paper discusses several wide-spread misunderstandings of Kuhn＇s theory of scientific development, most prominently the ascription that he conceives of scientific development as irrational. The core of this ascription is an assessment of incommensurability as implying the lack of any rational possibility of theory comparison. This is supposed to be due to Gestalt switches and a quasi-religious element of conversion in theory change. Accordingly, scientific revolutions cannot be a serious matter for philosophical analysis; they furthermore foreclose any scientific progress. It is shown that such images of Kuhn＇s theory rest on deep misunderstandings that are partly due to Kuhn＇s writing style.
文摘We give a proof of the irrationality of p-adic zeta-values ξp（κ） for p = 2, 3 and κ = 2,3.Such results were recently obtained by Calegari as an application of overconvergent p-adic modular forms. In this paper we present an approach using classical continued fractions discovered by Stieltjes. In addition we show the irrationality of some other p-adic L-series values, and values of the p-adic Hurwitz zeta-function.
文摘Dr.Strangelove or:How I learned to Stop Worrying and Love the Bomb is a 1964 black comedy film with satire of arm races and nuclear scare by the director Stanley Kubrick.In the movie,irrational practice and ideologies manifest themselves as collective rationality and result in the destruction of the earth.In this thesis,the writer argues for those phenomenons with the feature of irrational collective rationality.They are of irrationality essence under the veil of rationality and deserve a social collective examination and recollection instead of the whole responsibility burdened on one single individual.There are three dimensions of irrational collective rationality:firstly,collective acquiescence and feeble voices of common public are misled by the mass media propaganda and suppressed by the privilege.Secondly,irrational collective practice causes the deviation from the reasonable motivations,usually because of distrust in each other,lack of team spirit,and absence of hearted cooperation.Thirdly,high-technology widely worshiped by modernists can be more of a hindrance than a help,separated discourse systems,out-of-control machines and irretrievable destruction,if used in an extreme way.They are flaws in national and international systems,foretelling the crossroad the collective group-human beings-making for.The writer advocates a notion reformation in the information procession,international cooperation and appropriate usage of incredible technology,considering human beings as a whole and standing at a new-height to be truly collective rational.
文摘This paper summarizes research intended to develop a pedagogically friendly argument that establishes the fact that (x,ex ) is never a rational point in the plane. A point (x, y)∈R2 is rational if both x and y are rational. Applying a method based on Hurwitz polynomials, the research establishes simple irrationality proofs for nonzero rational powers of e and logarithms of positive rationals (excluding one).
文摘On the basis of the analysis of past case studies of crashes or disasters, it has been clarified how cultural difference and cognitive biases become a trigger of serious crashes or disasters. Heuristic-based biases such as confirmation bias, groupthink, and social loafing surely appeared in the process of crash or disaster breakout. Overconfidence-bases biases such as illusion of control, fallacy of plan, and optimistic bias are also ubiquitous in the route to a critical crash or disaster. Moreover, framing biases contribute to the distorted decision making, and eventually turn into the main cause of critical crash or disaster. In this way, as well as human factors or ergonomics approaches for designing man-machine systems, the prevention and the deletion of cognitive biases are indispensable for the preventing serious crashes or disasters from occurring. Until now, the distortion of decision making has not been discussed from the cultural differences of way of thinking. As well as a variety of cognitive biases, cultural difference in behavior is expected to be important for understanding the root causes of critical crash or disaster. We found that cultural difference distorted judgment through case studies of critical crashes or disasters. It was also demonstrated that considering cultural difference, as well as cognitive biases, is important to prevent irrational and biased decision making from occurring in safety management.
文摘Bayesianism is a theory of probabilistic reasoning that attempts to capture the logic of confirming and disconfirming hypotheses. I first argue that Bayesianism reveals striking parallels between structures universally held as paradigms of rational belief systems and structures typically considered clear examples of irrational belief systems. I next explain that the crucial difference between these two types of belief systems is found not inside the systems but outside them, in the dynamics, i.e., the attitudes, by which such systems are revised and maintained. The principal attitude that distinguishes these belief systems is ＂open-mindedness.＂ I conclude that rationality and irrationality are primarily properties of attitudes, and derivatively of persons （who exhibit such attitudes） and of beliefs （that are maintained by such attitudes）. It turns out then that, on the one hand, the Bayesian approach reveals important truths about the nature of rationality and irrationality, but, on the other hand, it is inadequate as a theory of rationality, since it leaves some aspects of rationality and irrationality unaccounted for. The Bayesian analysis on the basis of which these conclusions are reached arises from a careful examination of the Duhem problem, which is the problem of determining the disconfirmation impact on the plausibility of hypotheses collectively responsible for a false observational consequence.
文摘The paper tests the hypothesis that the traditional Phillips curve will have a new relevance today, though with very different purposes from those who have inspired research in the past. Therefore, we investigated the hypothesis that the traditional trade-off between inflation and unemployment can be ascertained during the period of abnormal real estate boom and whether there are differences in its manifestation. With the analytical method and econometric was ascertained the validity of the trade-off between inflation and unemployment in the period of serious instability of economic systems, in large part with both rising variables. Trade-off is absent in relatively stable economies. The Phillips relation is not an event that renews itself in all economic systems, regardless of time and space. On the contrary, it is a temporary phenomenon, which occurs when the economy is struggling with the upward trend in inflation. It should therefore be listed as a manifestation of the unstable state in which a system is subjected due to shock. In this context, the relationship Phillips can manifest itself in an independent manner, without there being a recognizable direction, so it can be a sort of signal that the engine of the economy is jamming. According to this view, therefore, the Phillips relationship could be reborn to new life, regaining value as a phenomenon generated by instability and therefore recognized as a marker that leaves its mark, when an economy is suffering.
文摘We examined the degradation of dibromophenols （DBPs）, i.e. 2,4-DBP, 2,6-DBP and 3,5-DBP by ultraviolet （UV） irradiation and estimated the relationship between degradability and molecular orbital properties of each dibromopbenol. The removal of DBPs under a UV lamp system was successfully performed in an aqueous solution. After 5 min of irradiation, the initial DBPs concentration of 20 mg/L was decreased to below 1 mg/L, and about 60% of bromide ion was released. A decrease in the concentration of dissolved organic carbon （DOC） suggested the mineralization of DBPs, The mineralization may occur after release of bromide ions because the decrease of DOC was slower than the release of bromide ions. The degradability of 3,5-DBP was slightly lower than 2,6-DBP and 2,4-DBE Molecular orbital calculation suggested that the electrophilic frontier density and the highest occupied molecular orbital （HOMO） energy may be related to the degradability of DBPs.
文摘This paper concerns the linearization problem on rational maps of degree d≥2 and polynomials of degree d>2 from the perspective of non-linearizability.The authors introduce a set l_(∞) of irrational numbers and show that if α∈l_(∞),then any rational map is not linearizable and has infinitely many cycles in every neighborhood of the fixed point with multiplier λ=e^(2πiα),Adding more constraints to cubic polynomials,they discuss the above problems by polynomial-like maps.For the family of polynomials,with the help of Yoccoz's method,they obtain its maximum dimension of the set in which the polynomials are non-linearizable.
文摘Shakespeare's Julius Caesar is remarkable for its rational mode as manifested in the use of language, style, action as well as its characterization. In this essay, I argue that the play is also striking with its numerous(ir)rational ambiguities. The same Latin word, ratio, is at the root of two words that are often used to explain human behaviors: reason and rationality. The fi rst related ambiguity is organized around the confl ict between reason and passion. The other is related to rational choice, which is opposed to the diverse forms of irrationality. This paper argues that Julius Caesar challenges the idea that a rational actor is one who acts only for sufficient reasons, and the play also subverts the conventional understanding of reason and rationality.
基金National Natural Science Foundation of China (Grant Nos. 11131004, 11471169 and 11401555)the Key Laboratory of Pure Mathematics and Combinatorics of Ministry of Education of China and Nankai University, China Postdoctoral Science Foundation (Grant No. 2014T70589)Chinese Universities Scientific Fund (Grant No. WK0010000037)
文摘If all prime closed geodesics on(S^n, F) with an irreversible Finsler metric F are irrationally elliptic,there exist either exactly 2 [(n+1)/2] or infinitely many distinct closed geodesics. As an application, we show the existence of three distinct closed geodesics on bumpy Finsler(S^3, F) if any prime closed geodesic has non-zero Morse index.
