Nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide(NAD)is well known as a coenzyme involved in many redox reactions in cellular energy metabolism,or as a substrate for many NAD+-consuming enzymes,including those that generate the seco...Nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide(NAD)is well known as a coenzyme involved in many redox reactions in cellular energy metabolism,or as a substrate for many NAD+-consuming enzymes,including those that generate the second messenger cyclic ADP-ribose or deacetylate proteins(e.g.,histones).The role of NAD in non-catalytic proteins is poorly understood.IRBIT and L-IRBIT(the IRBITs)are two cytosolic proteins that are structurally related to dehydrogenases but lack catalytic activity.Instead,by interacting directly with their targets,the IRBITs modulate the function of numerous proteins with important roles,ranging from Ca2+signaling and intracellular pH(pHi)regulation to DNA metabolism to autophagy.Among the targets of the IRBITs is the Na+-HCO3−cotransporter NBCe1-B,which plays a central role in intracellular pH(pHi)regulation and epithelial electrolyte transport.Here,we demonstrate that NAD modulates NBCe1-B activation by serving as a cofactor of IRBIT or L-IRBIT.Blocking NAD salvage pathway greatly decreases NBCe1-B activation by the IRBITs.Administration of the oxidized form NAD+enhances,whereas the reduced form NADH decreases NBCe1-B activity.Our study represents the first example in which the redox state of NAD,via IRBIT or L-IRBIT,modulates the function of a membrane transport protein.Our findings reveal a new role of NAD and greatly expand our understanding of NAD biology.Because the NAD redox state fluctuates greatly with metabolic status,our work provides insight into how,via the IRBITs,energy metabolism could affect pHi regulation and many other IRBIT-dependent processes.展开更多
This paper presents lithologic and geochemical data from the sequence of the Eocene Irbit formation siliceous rocks(Transuralian Region) outcropping in a quarry in the Irbit deposit(thickness of 15 m) and in a large n...This paper presents lithologic and geochemical data from the sequence of the Eocene Irbit formation siliceous rocks(Transuralian Region) outcropping in a quarry in the Irbit deposit(thickness of 15 m) and in a large natural outcrop, Belaya Gorka(thickness of 13 m). The data show that both outcrops are composed of diatomites and clayey diatomites, both characterized by a certain degree of lithologic heterogeneity around their chemical,granulometric, and mineralogical compositions;microstructural features; and degree of diatom preservation. The values of indices important for the classification of siliceous rocks and determination of prospects for their industrial application—SiO_2, Al_2O_3, Fe_2O_3, and clay fraction content—ranged from 66% to 77%, 7% to 14%,3.00% to 5.60%, and 23% to 50%, respectively. In all studied lithologic varieties, element abundances of V, Cr,Mn, Co, Ni, Cu, Zn, Ga, Ge, and Sb were two to three times higher than their respective abundances in the Earth's crust. This is probably related to these elements' involvement in the biological cycle and favorable conditions for transport. Rb, Cs, Ba, and Sr, as well as rare earth elements,are considered the most reliable indicators of lithologic and geochemical subdivision of a sequence of siliceous rocks,as they are associated mainly with clayey minerals. Variations in these indicators have recorded, with great probability, even short-term cycles and semi-cycles of silicasedimentation in the Transuralian Region, as well as tectonic regime and involvement of terrigenous influx.展开更多
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(32271195)Shenzhen Science and Technology Program(JCYJ20220530161011025 and GJHZ20240218114705011)the National Institutes of Health,USA(R01-DK128315 to Walter F.Boron).
文摘Nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide(NAD)is well known as a coenzyme involved in many redox reactions in cellular energy metabolism,or as a substrate for many NAD+-consuming enzymes,including those that generate the second messenger cyclic ADP-ribose or deacetylate proteins(e.g.,histones).The role of NAD in non-catalytic proteins is poorly understood.IRBIT and L-IRBIT(the IRBITs)are two cytosolic proteins that are structurally related to dehydrogenases but lack catalytic activity.Instead,by interacting directly with their targets,the IRBITs modulate the function of numerous proteins with important roles,ranging from Ca2+signaling and intracellular pH(pHi)regulation to DNA metabolism to autophagy.Among the targets of the IRBITs is the Na+-HCO3−cotransporter NBCe1-B,which plays a central role in intracellular pH(pHi)regulation and epithelial electrolyte transport.Here,we demonstrate that NAD modulates NBCe1-B activation by serving as a cofactor of IRBIT or L-IRBIT.Blocking NAD salvage pathway greatly decreases NBCe1-B activation by the IRBITs.Administration of the oxidized form NAD+enhances,whereas the reduced form NADH decreases NBCe1-B activity.Our study represents the first example in which the redox state of NAD,via IRBIT or L-IRBIT,modulates the function of a membrane transport protein.Our findings reveal a new role of NAD and greatly expand our understanding of NAD biology.Because the NAD redox state fluctuates greatly with metabolic status,our work provides insight into how,via the IRBITs,energy metabolism could affect pHi regulation and many other IRBIT-dependent processes.
基金funded by RFBR according to the research project entitled Ge/Si ratio in opal-cristobalite rocks as a tool for diagnosing the sources of silica’s influx the the Paleocene-Eocene sedimentation basin of Western Siberia (Project No. 18-35-00034)
文摘This paper presents lithologic and geochemical data from the sequence of the Eocene Irbit formation siliceous rocks(Transuralian Region) outcropping in a quarry in the Irbit deposit(thickness of 15 m) and in a large natural outcrop, Belaya Gorka(thickness of 13 m). The data show that both outcrops are composed of diatomites and clayey diatomites, both characterized by a certain degree of lithologic heterogeneity around their chemical,granulometric, and mineralogical compositions;microstructural features; and degree of diatom preservation. The values of indices important for the classification of siliceous rocks and determination of prospects for their industrial application—SiO_2, Al_2O_3, Fe_2O_3, and clay fraction content—ranged from 66% to 77%, 7% to 14%,3.00% to 5.60%, and 23% to 50%, respectively. In all studied lithologic varieties, element abundances of V, Cr,Mn, Co, Ni, Cu, Zn, Ga, Ge, and Sb were two to three times higher than their respective abundances in the Earth's crust. This is probably related to these elements' involvement in the biological cycle and favorable conditions for transport. Rb, Cs, Ba, and Sr, as well as rare earth elements,are considered the most reliable indicators of lithologic and geochemical subdivision of a sequence of siliceous rocks,as they are associated mainly with clayey minerals. Variations in these indicators have recorded, with great probability, even short-term cycles and semi-cycles of silicasedimentation in the Transuralian Region, as well as tectonic regime and involvement of terrigenous influx.
