BACKGROUND The accuracy of blind intra-articular injections in the shoulder is rather low.Inaccurate injections tend to lead to poorer treatment outcomes.The“Delaware posterior bone touch technique”has shown higher ...BACKGROUND The accuracy of blind intra-articular injections in the shoulder is rather low.Inaccurate injections tend to lead to poorer treatment outcomes.The“Delaware posterior bone touch technique”has shown higher accuracy in young,slender,healthy volunteers than the classical“Cyriax technique”.AIM To investigate whether the Delaware technique would also be more accurate in older patients with capsulitis.METHODS We analyzed the files of 100 consecutive patients with capsulitis who were treated with an intra-articular injection containing a mixture of triamcinolone,lidocaine,and air.After the injection,the shoulder was moved to determine whether a squishing sound could be produced.The squishing sound was interpreted as an accurate injection.The scores with the new Delaware technique were compared against those with the Cyriax technique in a previous study.RESULTS Squishing was heard after 87%of the injections.This was 13%(10%points)more than the 77%in the previous study(P=0.004).CONCLUSION The Delaware technique was significantly more accurate than the Cyriax technique also in middle aged patients with capsulitis.We hypothesize that the difference is caused by a lower risk that a part of the opening of the needle is still outside the capsule.展开更多
BACKGROUND Knee osteoarthritis(OA)imposes a substantial burden through pain,functional limitation,and progressive cartilage loss.Bone marrow aspirate concentrate(BMAC)has emerged as a promising regenerative therapy fo...BACKGROUND Knee osteoarthritis(OA)imposes a substantial burden through pain,functional limitation,and progressive cartilage loss.Bone marrow aspirate concentrate(BMAC)has emerged as a promising regenerative therapy for OA due to its rich composition of mesenchymal stromal cells(MSCs)and bioactive factors.While intra-articular BMAC injections provide short-term symptomatic relief,recent literature suggests that targeting the subchondral bone—an area crucial to OA progression—may offer superior and longer-lasting clinical benefits.AIM To compares the outcomes of subchondral vs intra-articular BMAC injections in patients with primary knee OA.METHODS In this unicentric,double-blinded,randomized controlled trial,30 patients with radiologically confirmed primary knee OA(Kellgren-Lawrence grades II and III)will be equally randomized to receive either subchondral(Group A)or intra-articular(Group B)BMAC injections.BMAC will be harvested from the posterior iliac crest,processed using a standardized centrifugation protocol to yield a product with>85%cell viability,and administered under image guidance.The primary outcome is the change in pain intensity at 12 months as measured by the Visual Analog Scale(VAS).Secondary outcomes include functional improvement assessed by Knee Injury and Osteoarthritis Outcome Score(KOOS),International Knee Documentation Committee(IKDC),and Western Ontario and McMaster Universities Arthritis Index(WOMAC)scores,structural changes evaluated through advanced magnetic resonance imaging using(MRI)the whole-organ MRI Score,and safety as determined by the incidence of adverse events.RESULTS This study aims to evaluate pain reduction at 12 months post-injection,using the VAS as the primary outcome.Secondary outcomes include functional improvement(KOOS,WOMAC,IKDC),cartilage regeneration(T2 cartigram),adverse event incidence,patient satisfaction(standardized questionnaires,Likert scale),and quality of life(EQ-5D).Ethical considerations follow the Declaration of Helsinki and Good Clinical Practice,with institutional review board approval and participant informed consent ensured.Confidentiality and data security comply with regulations,and a data safety monitoring board oversees trial safety.Results will be shared via peer-reviewed journals,presentations at international orthopedic conferences,and detailed summaries for stakeholders and participants.The trial is registered under clinical trial registry of India/2024/04/065284.Findings emphasize patient-centered advancements in knee osteoarthritis management.CONCLUSION This trial aims to refine regenerative strategies for knee OA by comparing subchondral vs intra-articular BMAC injections,addressing long-term efficacy,safety,and treatment standardization to guide targeted interventions.This trial will provide critical insights into the comparative efficacy and safety of subchondral vs intra-articular BMAC injections in treating primary knee OA.展开更多
Hindfoot osteoarthritis(HFOA)leads to pain,impaired function,and reduced quality of life.Conservative management aims to alleviate symptoms and delay surgical interventions such as arthrodesis,particularly in young pa...Hindfoot osteoarthritis(HFOA)leads to pain,impaired function,and reduced quality of life.Conservative management aims to alleviate symptoms and delay surgical interventions such as arthrodesis,particularly in young patients with post-traumatic HFOA.Intra-articular injections of corticosteroids and hyaluronic acid are widely used as alternatives for treating foot and ankle osteoarthritis to provide temporary pain relief and functional improvement.Recently,orthobiologic treatments have gained interest for their potential regenerative effects.This review aims to summarize the current evidence on intra-articular injections for HFOA,highlighting the potential benefits,perspectives,and mechanisms of action of conventional and orthobiologic treatments such as platelet-rich plasma,bone marrow aspirate concentrate,and adipose-derived stem cells.展开更多
BACKGROUND Accurate surgical fixation of intra-articular distal humerus fractures require olecranon osteotomy.Repair of osteotomy is achieved with a variety of techniques but no consensus has been achieved regarding t...BACKGROUND Accurate surgical fixation of intra-articular distal humerus fractures require olecranon osteotomy.Repair of osteotomy is achieved with a variety of techniques but no consensus has been achieved regarding the optimum technique for fixing the olecranon osteotomy.In this retrospective study,we compared the functional and radiological outcome of the two commonly used techniques of fixing olecranon osteotomy after fixing distal humerus intra-articular fractures.We hypothesized that olecranon osteotomy fixed with 6.5 mm cancellous intramedullary screw alone yielded better radiological and functional outcome than fixation with cerclage wire over cancellous screw applied in figure of eight as tension band wiring(TBW).AIM To determine the radiological and functional outcome of olecranon osteotomy fixation with cancellous screw alone vs cancellous screw combined with cerclage wiring applied as TBW.METHODS This retrospective study was conducted in Lady Reading Hospital Peshawar Pakistan.Intra-articular distal humerus fractures fulfilling the inclusion criteria and operated during 2023 to 2025 were included.Olecranon osteotomy fixation with 6.5 mm cancellous screw alone was labelled as group A while cerclage wire over cancellous screw in figure of eight as TBW were labelled as group B.The demographics,radiological and functional outcome in both groups were compared at one year using Mayo Elbow Performance Score and Quick Disabilities of the Arm,Shoulder,and Hand Score.RESULTS We included 32 patients in this study.The mean age of group A patients was 34±5.5 years while group B had a mean age of 34±6.2 years.Radiological union of olecranon osteotomy was achieved in all cases in both groups.Functional outcome however was significantly better in group A than in group B(P<0.05).The Mayo Elbow Performance Score was excellent in 14(87.5%)and good in 2(12.5%)patients in group A while 7(43.47%)patients had excellent outcome,5(31.25%)good and 4(25%)had fair outcome in group B.The mean Quick Disabilities of the Arm,Shoulder,and Hand Score was 24.5±2.1 and 78.1±12.1 in group A and B respectively(P<0.05).CONCLUSION Similar radiological union was achieved in all patients of olecranon osteotomy treated with intramedullary screw alone and intramedullary screw with TBW.Functional outcome however was significantly better in intramedullary screw alone than in intramedullary screw with TBW.展开更多
BACKGROUND Non-steroid anti-inflammatory drugs(NSAIDs)have played a crucial role in the treatment of osteoarthritis,especially in the early stages.However,the cardiovascular risk and adverse gastrointestinal reactions...BACKGROUND Non-steroid anti-inflammatory drugs(NSAIDs)have played a crucial role in the treatment of osteoarthritis,especially in the early stages.However,the cardiovascular risk and adverse gastrointestinal reactions of oral NSAIDs in elderly people cannot be underestimated.Intra-articular injection of NSAIDs may be a new attempt for early knee osteoarthritis treatment.Parecoxib may be a suitable drug for intra-articular injection.AIM To observe the clinical efficacy of the intra-articular injection of parecoxib for early knee osteoarthritis.METHODS Early knee osteoarthritis patients(n=110)were retrospectively analyzed.These patients were divided into three groups:Basic treatment+oral glucosamine(group A,n=37),oral celecoxib+basic treatment+oral glucosamine(group B,n=37),and intra-articular injection of parecoxib+basic treatment+oral glucosamine(group C,n=36).Intra-articular injection of parecoxib was performed once every 2 wk at a dose of 40 mg each time,for three times total.The three groups were compared in terms of visual analogue scale(VAS)scores,Hospital for Special Surgery(HSS)scores and patient satisfaction before and after treatment.The levels of inflammatory cytokines in the synovial fluid were detected in the three groups before and after treatment.RESULTS All patients were followed up for an average of 15.5±2.7 mo.The clinical efficacy was estimated by VAS and HSS scores at 12 mo after treatment.Inflammatory cytokine levels in the synovial fluid were evaluated at 3 mo after treatment.VAS and HSS scores were significantly improved in each group compared with before(P<0.001).There were significant differences among the three groups in VAS and HSS scores(P<0.001).The clinical efficacy of group C was superior to that of groups A and B(P<0.001),while group B outperformed group A in this respect(P<0.001).The patient satisfaction was the highest in group C(P<0.001).After treatment,the levels of tumor necrosis factorα(TNF-α)and interleukin(IL)-6 in the synovial fluid decreased in each group compared with before(P<0.001),while the levels of IL-10 increased(P<0.001).The three groups differed significantly in the levels of TNF-a,IL-6 and IL-10 in the synovial fluid after treatment(P<0.001).CONCLUSION For patients with early knee osteoarthritis,intra-articular injection of parecoxib could effectively improve clinical symptoms.This method may be a reliable alternative for early knee osteoarthritis.展开更多
Tetramethylpyrazine(TMP) is a traditional Chinese herbal medicine with strong antiinflammatory and cartilage protection activities, and thus a promising candidate for treating osteoarthritis. However, TMP is rapidly c...Tetramethylpyrazine(TMP) is a traditional Chinese herbal medicine with strong antiinflammatory and cartilage protection activities, and thus a promising candidate for treating osteoarthritis. However, TMP is rapidly cleared from the joint cavity after intra-articular injection and requires multiple injections to maintain efficacy. The aim of this study was to encapsulate TMP into poly(lactic-co-glycolic acid)(PLGA) microspheres to enhance the TMP retention in the joint, reducing injection frequencies and decreasing dosage. TMP microspheres were prepared by emulsion/solvent evaporation method. The intra-articular retention of the drug was assessed by detecting the drug concentration distributed in the joint tissue at different time points. The therapeutic effect of TMP microspheres was evaluated by the swelling of knee joints and histologic analysis in papain-induced OA rat model. The prepared freezedried microspheres with a particle size of about 10 μm can effectively prolong the retention time of the drug in the articular cavity to 30 d, which is 4.7 times that of the TMP solution.Intra-articular injection of TMP microspheres efficiently relieved inflammatory symptoms,improved joint lesions and decreased the depletion of proteoglycan. In conclusion, intraarticular injection of TMP loaded microspheres was a promising therapeutic method in the treatment of OA.展开更多
The purpose of this study was to compare the functional outcomes, psychological impact, and complication rates associated with external fixation and volar or dorsal plating in relation to the functional parameters fol...The purpose of this study was to compare the functional outcomes, psychological impact, and complication rates associated with external fixation and volar or dorsal plating in relation to the functional parameters following treatment of intra-articular fractures of the distal radius （IFDR） in patients older than 65 years. We hypothesized that using volar or dorsal plating would improve functional outcomes, but that it would be associated with more complications and equivalent functional outcomes when compared with the external fixation group. A total of 123 consecutive patients suffering from IFDR were recruited into the study. The patients were measured for clinical, radiological, and psychosocial functioning outcomes and were followed up after I week and 3, 6 and 12 months. After 3 months, the plating group had better pronation （P = 0.001）, supination, （P = 0.047） and extension （P = 0.043） scores. These differences were somewhat attenuated by 6 months and disappeared at I year. The plating group had a greater occurrence of wound infection （P = 0.043）, tendonitis, （P = 0.024） and additional surgery compared with the external fixation group. The only TNO-AZL Adult Quality of Life scores in the plating group that were lower than those in the external fixation group were in the ＂gross motor＂ category （walking upstairs, bending over, walking 500 yards; P = 0.023）. Internal fixation was more advantageous than external fixation in the early rehabilitation period; after I year the outcomes were similar. The plating group showed significantly higher levels of wound infection and tendonitis and had a greater need for additional surgeries.展开更多
AIM: To test whether intra-articular injection of porcine adipose-derived stem cells(ADSCs) can treat canine osteoarthritis(OA).METHODS: To enroll in this study dogs must have stifle joint OA that had lasted ≥ 3 mo a...AIM: To test whether intra-articular injection of porcine adipose-derived stem cells(ADSCs) can treat canine osteoarthritis(OA).METHODS: To enroll in this study dogs must have stifle joint OA that had lasted ≥ 3 mo and been treated with OA medication without significant improvement. Three dogs fulfilled these criteria and were thus subjects for ADSCs treatment. ADSCs were isolated from abdominal adipose tissue of a 2-mo-old female Yorkshire pig. Their stem cell marker expression was examined by immunofluorescence staining. For treatment, 5 million ADSCs were injected into the diseased joint of each dog. In the next 48 h, the patient was observed for signs of inflammatory and allergic reactions. Thepatient was then discharged to the owner and, at 2, 6, and 12 wk, followed up with orthopedic assessment, owner questionnaire, X-ray imaging, and force-plate gait analysis.RESULTS: Porcine ADSCs expressed mesenchymal stem cell markers CD90 and CD105. Injection of porcine ADSCs into canine stifle joints did not cause any inflammatory or allergic reactions. Orthopedic evaluation found improvements in two dogs, particularly at the longest time point. Owners' evaluation found increased capacity and decreased pain in all three dogs' activities such as walking and running. Radiographic evaluation did not find statistically significant differences before and after treatment. Force-plate analysis found significant improvements in all three dogs after treatment.CONCLUSION: Xenotransplantation of ADSCs for the treatment of OA is feasible. Further studies are needed to validate this novel treatment modality, which can then be implemented for the routine treatment of OA in veterinary medicine.展开更多
Rheumatoid arthritis(RA)is a chronic inflammatory and destructive arthropathy with a high deformity rate.Despite numerous studies and clinical trials,no curative treatment is available for large weight-bearing joints....Rheumatoid arthritis(RA)is a chronic inflammatory and destructive arthropathy with a high deformity rate.Despite numerous studies and clinical trials,no curative treatment is available for large weight-bearing joints.Intra-articular(IA)injections could deliver high concentrations of drug to the afflicted joint and improve the drug efficacy while reducing systemic toxicity.However,free drugs are rapidly cleared from synovial fluid and do not significantly halt the progression of joint disease.Herein,a phospholipids-based controlledrelease gel was prepared for sustained IA delivery of celastrol(CEL)and the therapeutic efficiencywas evaluated in a rheumatoid arthritis rabbitmodel.The CEL-loaded gel(CEL-gel)contained up to 70%phospholipids yetwas easy to inject.After injecting into the joint cavity,CEL-gel achieved sol to gel phase transition without special stimuli and gelling agent.In vitro release and in vivo pharmacokinetic studies evidenced the stable and sustained release action of CEL-gel.A single IA injection of CEL-gel could maintain therapeutic efficiency for about 25 d and showed much better anti-arthritic efficacy compared to repeated injections of free drug solution(CEL-sol).Furthermore,the IA injection of CEL-gel greatly reduced the systemic toxicity of CEL.With good biocompatibility and biodegradability,CEL-gel might be a promising IA drug delivery system.展开更多
Objectives: To evaluate the postoperative analgesic yield of continuous intra-articular (IA) ropivacaine/tramadol infusion as against infusion of ropivacaine alone after total knee arthroplasty. Patients and Methods: ...Objectives: To evaluate the postoperative analgesic yield of continuous intra-articular (IA) ropivacaine/tramadol infusion as against infusion of ropivacaine alone after total knee arthroplasty. Patients and Methods: Sixty patients accompanied by arthrosis were randomly divided into three equal groups: The ropivacaine group, which obtained a continuous intraarticular (IA) infusion of ropivacaine alone;the combination group, which obtained a continuous (IA) infusion of a combination of ropivacaine and tramadol at a rate of 6 ml/h for 72 h postoperatively;and the control group, which did not receive IA medications. After release of the ischemic tourniquet and assurance of haemostasis, a vacuum drainage tube was applied. The (IA) infusion was delivered through a multipored catheter for 72 h. Postoperative pain was assessed using visual analogue pain scale (VAS), and intravenous meperidine was administered as rescue analgesia if the (VAS) pain score was greater than or equal to (4) or on patient’s request. The total rescue analgesia consumption, angle of flexion of the knee and hospital stay were recorded. Results: The ability to achieve better angle of flexion was significantly higher in the combination group compared with the other groups, with a significant difference in favour of the ropivacaine group compared with the control group. At 2 h postoperatively, the mean pain (VAS) scores were significantly lower in patients who received (IA) analgesia compared with the control group and in the ropivacaine/tramadol group versus the ropivacaine group. The number of requests and total dose of rescue analgesia consumed were significantly lower with (IA) analgesia, with a significant difference in favour of the combination group. There was significant correlation between pain (VAS) scores and angle of flexion of the knee joint. Conclusion: Continuous (IA) ropivacaine/tramadol infusion safely reduced postoperative pain and spared administration of rescue analgesics with a significantly improved range of joint movement.展开更多
PRIMARY synovial chondromatosis is a rarecondition in which foci of cartilage develop in thesynovial membrane of joints, bursae and tendonsheaths. It typically involves a single large jointin a young adult male.1 The ...PRIMARY synovial chondromatosis is a rarecondition in which foci of cartilage develop in thesynovial membrane of joints, bursae and tendonsheaths. It typically involves a single large jointin a young adult male.1 The ectopic foci of cartilage canresult in painful joint effusion, and the generation of loosebodies can cause mechanical symptoms.2,3 The etiology ofprimary synovial chondromatosis remains unknown, butmetaplastic theory is the most popular hypothesis. Thecommonly involved joints are knee, elbow, and hip.^4 Theshoulder is a rare site of synovial chondromatosis2,3,5 andthe extra-articular involvement even rarer, with only fewcases presented in literature. This report presents a rarecase of primary combined intra-articular andextra-articular synovial chondromatosis of shoulder jointtreated with arthroscopy.展开更多
The comparison of biochemical composition and biophysical properties of synovial fluid and blood serum leads to a conclusion about the pathogenetic expediency of using serum as a corrector of synovial medium of osteoa...The comparison of biochemical composition and biophysical properties of synovial fluid and blood serum leads to a conclusion about the pathogenetic expediency of using serum as a corrector of synovial medium of osteoarthritic joints. Serum modification was realized by preliminary prescription of a single-dose drug to the patient. Then, the patient’s blood was sampled in the period of its maximal saturation with the drug. Autoserum from such blood samples was injected thrice into the knee joints affected by osteoarthritis of the 2nd or 3rd stages. The value of treatment results after 4 - 6 months of described therapeutics shows a significantly better therapeutic effect in the experimental of patient’s group as compared with the control group. The effect is connected with pain diminishing, normalization of the tissue joint nutrition, suppression of the local inflammation, and improvement of cartilage lubrication.展开更多
Objective: To study the effect of intramuscular calcitonin injection combined with intra-articular ozone injection on the expression of the IL family and MMPs family of knee osteoarthritis. Methods: A total of 128 pat...Objective: To study the effect of intramuscular calcitonin injection combined with intra-articular ozone injection on the expression of the IL family and MMPs family of knee osteoarthritis. Methods: A total of 128 patients with knee osteoarthritis who were treated in the hospital between January 2015 and January 2017 were collected and divided into control group and observation group by random number table, each with 64 cases. Control group received intra-articular ozone injection therapy, and observation group received intramascular calcitonin injection combined with intra-articular ozone injection therapy. The differences in serum levels of IL family members and MMPs family members were compared between the two groups before and after treatment. Results: Before treatment, the differences in serum levels of IL family members and MMPs family members were not statistically significant between the two groups. 1 week after treatment, serum levels of IL family members IL-1β, IL-15, IL-17 and IL-18 as well as MMPs family members MMP-1, MMP-2, MMP-3 and MMP-13 of both groups of patients were significantly lower than those before treatment, and serum IL-1β, IL-15, IL-17, IL-18, MMP-1, MMP-2, MMP-3 and MMP-13 levels of observation group were significantly lower than those of control group. Conclusion: Intramuscular calcitonin injection combined with intra-articular ozone injection therapy can effectively inhibit the expression of IL family and MMPs family in patients with knee osteoarthritis.展开更多
Background Intra-articular fractures of the fingers are common problems to emergency physicians and hand surgeons Inappropriate management of these injuries may result in chronic pain, stiffness, deformity, or post tr...Background Intra-articular fractures of the fingers are common problems to emergency physicians and hand surgeons Inappropriate management of these injuries may result in chronic pain, stiffness, deformity, or post traumatic arthritis. Ideal treatment necessitates the restoration of a stable and congruent joint that will allow early mobilization. The purpose of this study was to investigate the results of intra-articular fracture of the fingers by mini external fixator combined with limited internal fixation. Methods From May 2005 to May 2007, a total of 26 patients with intra-articular fracture of the fingers were treated by mini external fixator combined with limited internal fixation. Of the 26 cases, 11 involved in metacarpophalangeal joint, and 15 interphalangeal joint in proximal interphalangeal. Kirschner wire, mini wire and absorbable suture were used for limited internal fixation. All patients were followed up and patients were accomplished with total active motion （TAM） of fingers. Results All patients were reviewed by an independent observer. The mean follow up was 13 months （range 9 to 24 months）. Subjective, objective and radiographic results were evaluated. X-ray films revealed fracture union and the average radiographic union time was 7 weeks with a range of 5-12 weeks and the phalange shortening or rotation in 2 cases, joint incongruity （less than 1 mm） and joint space narrowing in 3 cases respectively. Phalangeal shortening or rotation was observed in 2 cases and joint incongruity or joint space narrowing was observed in 3 cases. An artificial implant was performed on one case for traumatic arthritis 1.5 years after surgery. Based on TAM the overall good-excellent rate of joint motion function was 80.8%. Conclusion Mini external fixator combined with limited internal fixation is a reliable and effective method for treatment of intra-articular fracture of the fingers.展开更多
Objective To observe the therapeutic efficacy of warm needling moxibustion plus intra-articular injection of sodium hyaluronate in treating chondromalacia patellae and its effect on inflammatory factors in knee joint ...Objective To observe the therapeutic efficacy of warm needling moxibustion plus intra-articular injection of sodium hyaluronate in treating chondromalacia patellae and its effect on inflammatory factors in knee joint fluid.Methods Sixty-eight patients with chondromalacia patellae were randomized into a control group and an observation group,with 34 cases in each group.The control group was treated with intra-articular injection of sodium hyaluronate,while the observation group was given additional warm needling moxibustion treatment.Before and after treatment,the two groups were scored using Western Ontario and McMaster Universities osteoarthritis index(WOMAC)and visual analog scale(VAS),examined by magnetic resonance imaging(MRI)and determined for the levels of nuclear factor-KB(NF-kB),tumor necrosis factor(TNF)-αand interleukin(IL)-1βin knee joint fluid.Clinical efficacy was estimated after treatment.Results The effective rate was higher in the observation group than in the control group(P<0.05).After treatment,the scores of pain,stiffness and daily activities,as well as the general score of WOMAC declined significantly in both groups(all P<0.05),and were lower in the observation group than in the control group(all P<0.05);the time cost for climbing up and down one staircase and VAS score decreased markedly in both groups(all P<0.05),and were shorter or lower in the observation group than in the control group(both P<0.05);the MRI grading showed no significant change in the control group after intervention(P>0.05),while the grading in the observation group showed notable improvement(P<0.05),and was better than that in the control group(P<0.05);the levels of NF-kB and IL-1βin knee joint fluid dropped significantly in the control group after treatment(both P<0.05),while the levels of NF-kB,TNF-αand IL-1βin knee joint fluid all decreased significantly in the observation group(all P<0.05)and were lower than those in the control group(all P<0.05).Conclusion Warm needling moxibustion plus intra-articular injection of sodium hyaluronate can produce definite efficacy in treating chondromalacia patellae;it can mitigate the clinical symptoms,improve the lesion extent of chondromalacia and down-regulate the levels of NF-kB,TNF-αand IL-1βin knee joint fluid.展开更多
Objective Intra-articular fractures of the distal radius in young adults comprise a distinet fracture pattern that is diffficuh to manage and associated with a high frequency of post-traumatic arthritis.Restoration of...Objective Intra-articular fractures of the distal radius in young adults comprise a distinet fracture pattern that is diffficuh to manage and associated with a high frequency of post-traumatic arthritis.Restoration of articular congruency and alignment should improve the outcome.Methods In this study we prospectively re- viewed the results of 21 consecutive cases of dorsally displaced intra-articular distal radius fractures which were treated with internal fixation after failing to achieve articular congruency with closed reduction.Results 3 patients were lost to follow-up.For the rest of 18 patients,follow-up time ranges from 18 to 75 weeks the fractures had healed with highly satisfactory radiographic and functional results.The final volar tilt averaged 4.9°;radial inclination 23.9°;radial length 14mm;and articular incongruity,0.1 mm.Wrist motion at final follow-up examination aver- aged flexion 62°,extension 60°,radial deviation 16°,ulnar deviation 27°,pronation 77°and supination 74°.Grip strength averaged 83% of the uninjured side.The overall outcome of 18 patients(94.4%)had a good or excellent result according to the system of Gartland and Werley and 18 patients(72.2%)had a good result according to the modified system of Green and O'Brien at the most recent evaluation.The only complication in this series was a superficial pin tract infection,which was rapidly resolved with removal of pins at 5th week of external fixation. Conclusion Thus restoration of articular congruency and alignment is possible with minimal complication using modern non-angular stable methods of internal fixation.展开更多
BACKGROUND Inferior intra-articular patella dislocation is rare and comprises horizontal(type 1)and the more common vertical(type 2)dislocations in young and elderly patients respectively.In this case report,we descri...BACKGROUND Inferior intra-articular patella dislocation is rare and comprises horizontal(type 1)and the more common vertical(type 2)dislocations in young and elderly patients respectively.In this case report,we describe a case of an elderly patient who pre sented with a type 2 dislocation after a fall.The mechanisms of inferior patella dislocation,their classification,key imaging features and treatment options are discussed.CASE SUMMARY A 75-year-old woman presented with a right knee fixed flexion deformity after a fall.Preoperative imaging confirmed a vertical intra-articular patella dislocation with a femoral trochlear osteochondral defect and lax though grossly intact patella tendon.Closed reduction was performed under general anaesthesia.Knee arthroscopy confirmed the presence of a femoral trochlear osteochondral defect whose edges were subsequently smoothed and there was debridement of scant debris with thorough irrigation of the joint.Postoperative imaging demonstrated anatomical alignment,however,there was a new nondisplaced medial femoral trochlear.The patient however was able to mobilise well in a range of motion brace set at 0-30 degrees and was discharged 1-day post operatively.CONCLUSION Inferior patella dislocation is rare and this article highlights its types and imaging features which determine the most appropriate management.展开更多
文摘BACKGROUND The accuracy of blind intra-articular injections in the shoulder is rather low.Inaccurate injections tend to lead to poorer treatment outcomes.The“Delaware posterior bone touch technique”has shown higher accuracy in young,slender,healthy volunteers than the classical“Cyriax technique”.AIM To investigate whether the Delaware technique would also be more accurate in older patients with capsulitis.METHODS We analyzed the files of 100 consecutive patients with capsulitis who were treated with an intra-articular injection containing a mixture of triamcinolone,lidocaine,and air.After the injection,the shoulder was moved to determine whether a squishing sound could be produced.The squishing sound was interpreted as an accurate injection.The scores with the new Delaware technique were compared against those with the Cyriax technique in a previous study.RESULTS Squishing was heard after 87%of the injections.This was 13%(10%points)more than the 77%in the previous study(P=0.004).CONCLUSION The Delaware technique was significantly more accurate than the Cyriax technique also in middle aged patients with capsulitis.We hypothesize that the difference is caused by a lower risk that a part of the opening of the needle is still outside the capsule.
文摘BACKGROUND Knee osteoarthritis(OA)imposes a substantial burden through pain,functional limitation,and progressive cartilage loss.Bone marrow aspirate concentrate(BMAC)has emerged as a promising regenerative therapy for OA due to its rich composition of mesenchymal stromal cells(MSCs)and bioactive factors.While intra-articular BMAC injections provide short-term symptomatic relief,recent literature suggests that targeting the subchondral bone—an area crucial to OA progression—may offer superior and longer-lasting clinical benefits.AIM To compares the outcomes of subchondral vs intra-articular BMAC injections in patients with primary knee OA.METHODS In this unicentric,double-blinded,randomized controlled trial,30 patients with radiologically confirmed primary knee OA(Kellgren-Lawrence grades II and III)will be equally randomized to receive either subchondral(Group A)or intra-articular(Group B)BMAC injections.BMAC will be harvested from the posterior iliac crest,processed using a standardized centrifugation protocol to yield a product with>85%cell viability,and administered under image guidance.The primary outcome is the change in pain intensity at 12 months as measured by the Visual Analog Scale(VAS).Secondary outcomes include functional improvement assessed by Knee Injury and Osteoarthritis Outcome Score(KOOS),International Knee Documentation Committee(IKDC),and Western Ontario and McMaster Universities Arthritis Index(WOMAC)scores,structural changes evaluated through advanced magnetic resonance imaging using(MRI)the whole-organ MRI Score,and safety as determined by the incidence of adverse events.RESULTS This study aims to evaluate pain reduction at 12 months post-injection,using the VAS as the primary outcome.Secondary outcomes include functional improvement(KOOS,WOMAC,IKDC),cartilage regeneration(T2 cartigram),adverse event incidence,patient satisfaction(standardized questionnaires,Likert scale),and quality of life(EQ-5D).Ethical considerations follow the Declaration of Helsinki and Good Clinical Practice,with institutional review board approval and participant informed consent ensured.Confidentiality and data security comply with regulations,and a data safety monitoring board oversees trial safety.Results will be shared via peer-reviewed journals,presentations at international orthopedic conferences,and detailed summaries for stakeholders and participants.The trial is registered under clinical trial registry of India/2024/04/065284.Findings emphasize patient-centered advancements in knee osteoarthritis management.CONCLUSION This trial aims to refine regenerative strategies for knee OA by comparing subchondral vs intra-articular BMAC injections,addressing long-term efficacy,safety,and treatment standardization to guide targeted interventions.This trial will provide critical insights into the comparative efficacy and safety of subchondral vs intra-articular BMAC injections in treating primary knee OA.
文摘Hindfoot osteoarthritis(HFOA)leads to pain,impaired function,and reduced quality of life.Conservative management aims to alleviate symptoms and delay surgical interventions such as arthrodesis,particularly in young patients with post-traumatic HFOA.Intra-articular injections of corticosteroids and hyaluronic acid are widely used as alternatives for treating foot and ankle osteoarthritis to provide temporary pain relief and functional improvement.Recently,orthobiologic treatments have gained interest for their potential regenerative effects.This review aims to summarize the current evidence on intra-articular injections for HFOA,highlighting the potential benefits,perspectives,and mechanisms of action of conventional and orthobiologic treatments such as platelet-rich plasma,bone marrow aspirate concentrate,and adipose-derived stem cells.
文摘BACKGROUND Accurate surgical fixation of intra-articular distal humerus fractures require olecranon osteotomy.Repair of osteotomy is achieved with a variety of techniques but no consensus has been achieved regarding the optimum technique for fixing the olecranon osteotomy.In this retrospective study,we compared the functional and radiological outcome of the two commonly used techniques of fixing olecranon osteotomy after fixing distal humerus intra-articular fractures.We hypothesized that olecranon osteotomy fixed with 6.5 mm cancellous intramedullary screw alone yielded better radiological and functional outcome than fixation with cerclage wire over cancellous screw applied in figure of eight as tension band wiring(TBW).AIM To determine the radiological and functional outcome of olecranon osteotomy fixation with cancellous screw alone vs cancellous screw combined with cerclage wiring applied as TBW.METHODS This retrospective study was conducted in Lady Reading Hospital Peshawar Pakistan.Intra-articular distal humerus fractures fulfilling the inclusion criteria and operated during 2023 to 2025 were included.Olecranon osteotomy fixation with 6.5 mm cancellous screw alone was labelled as group A while cerclage wire over cancellous screw in figure of eight as TBW were labelled as group B.The demographics,radiological and functional outcome in both groups were compared at one year using Mayo Elbow Performance Score and Quick Disabilities of the Arm,Shoulder,and Hand Score.RESULTS We included 32 patients in this study.The mean age of group A patients was 34±5.5 years while group B had a mean age of 34±6.2 years.Radiological union of olecranon osteotomy was achieved in all cases in both groups.Functional outcome however was significantly better in group A than in group B(P<0.05).The Mayo Elbow Performance Score was excellent in 14(87.5%)and good in 2(12.5%)patients in group A while 7(43.47%)patients had excellent outcome,5(31.25%)good and 4(25%)had fair outcome in group B.The mean Quick Disabilities of the Arm,Shoulder,and Hand Score was 24.5±2.1 and 78.1±12.1 in group A and B respectively(P<0.05).CONCLUSION Similar radiological union was achieved in all patients of olecranon osteotomy treated with intramedullary screw alone and intramedullary screw with TBW.Functional outcome however was significantly better in intramedullary screw alone than in intramedullary screw with TBW.
基金National Natural Science Foundation of China,NO.81774274Project of Jiangsu Provincial Hospital of Traditional Chinese Medicine,NO.Y19058
文摘BACKGROUND Non-steroid anti-inflammatory drugs(NSAIDs)have played a crucial role in the treatment of osteoarthritis,especially in the early stages.However,the cardiovascular risk and adverse gastrointestinal reactions of oral NSAIDs in elderly people cannot be underestimated.Intra-articular injection of NSAIDs may be a new attempt for early knee osteoarthritis treatment.Parecoxib may be a suitable drug for intra-articular injection.AIM To observe the clinical efficacy of the intra-articular injection of parecoxib for early knee osteoarthritis.METHODS Early knee osteoarthritis patients(n=110)were retrospectively analyzed.These patients were divided into three groups:Basic treatment+oral glucosamine(group A,n=37),oral celecoxib+basic treatment+oral glucosamine(group B,n=37),and intra-articular injection of parecoxib+basic treatment+oral glucosamine(group C,n=36).Intra-articular injection of parecoxib was performed once every 2 wk at a dose of 40 mg each time,for three times total.The three groups were compared in terms of visual analogue scale(VAS)scores,Hospital for Special Surgery(HSS)scores and patient satisfaction before and after treatment.The levels of inflammatory cytokines in the synovial fluid were detected in the three groups before and after treatment.RESULTS All patients were followed up for an average of 15.5±2.7 mo.The clinical efficacy was estimated by VAS and HSS scores at 12 mo after treatment.Inflammatory cytokine levels in the synovial fluid were evaluated at 3 mo after treatment.VAS and HSS scores were significantly improved in each group compared with before(P<0.001).There were significant differences among the three groups in VAS and HSS scores(P<0.001).The clinical efficacy of group C was superior to that of groups A and B(P<0.001),while group B outperformed group A in this respect(P<0.001).The patient satisfaction was the highest in group C(P<0.001).After treatment,the levels of tumor necrosis factorα(TNF-α)and interleukin(IL)-6 in the synovial fluid decreased in each group compared with before(P<0.001),while the levels of IL-10 increased(P<0.001).The three groups differed significantly in the levels of TNF-a,IL-6 and IL-10 in the synovial fluid after treatment(P<0.001).CONCLUSION For patients with early knee osteoarthritis,intra-articular injection of parecoxib could effectively improve clinical symptoms.This method may be a reliable alternative for early knee osteoarthritis.
文摘Tetramethylpyrazine(TMP) is a traditional Chinese herbal medicine with strong antiinflammatory and cartilage protection activities, and thus a promising candidate for treating osteoarthritis. However, TMP is rapidly cleared from the joint cavity after intra-articular injection and requires multiple injections to maintain efficacy. The aim of this study was to encapsulate TMP into poly(lactic-co-glycolic acid)(PLGA) microspheres to enhance the TMP retention in the joint, reducing injection frequencies and decreasing dosage. TMP microspheres were prepared by emulsion/solvent evaporation method. The intra-articular retention of the drug was assessed by detecting the drug concentration distributed in the joint tissue at different time points. The therapeutic effect of TMP microspheres was evaluated by the swelling of knee joints and histologic analysis in papain-induced OA rat model. The prepared freezedried microspheres with a particle size of about 10 μm can effectively prolong the retention time of the drug in the articular cavity to 30 d, which is 4.7 times that of the TMP solution.Intra-articular injection of TMP microspheres efficiently relieved inflammatory symptoms,improved joint lesions and decreased the depletion of proteoglycan. In conclusion, intraarticular injection of TMP loaded microspheres was a promising therapeutic method in the treatment of OA.
基金supported by National Natural Science Foundation of China Grant 81560350
文摘The purpose of this study was to compare the functional outcomes, psychological impact, and complication rates associated with external fixation and volar or dorsal plating in relation to the functional parameters following treatment of intra-articular fractures of the distal radius （IFDR） in patients older than 65 years. We hypothesized that using volar or dorsal plating would improve functional outcomes, but that it would be associated with more complications and equivalent functional outcomes when compared with the external fixation group. A total of 123 consecutive patients suffering from IFDR were recruited into the study. The patients were measured for clinical, radiological, and psychosocial functioning outcomes and were followed up after I week and 3, 6 and 12 months. After 3 months, the plating group had better pronation （P = 0.001）, supination, （P = 0.047） and extension （P = 0.043） scores. These differences were somewhat attenuated by 6 months and disappeared at I year. The plating group had a greater occurrence of wound infection （P = 0.043）, tendonitis, （P = 0.024） and additional surgery compared with the external fixation group. The only TNO-AZL Adult Quality of Life scores in the plating group that were lower than those in the external fixation group were in the ＂gross motor＂ category （walking upstairs, bending over, walking 500 yards; P = 0.023）. Internal fixation was more advantageous than external fixation in the early rehabilitation period; after I year the outcomes were similar. The plating group showed significantly higher levels of wound infection and tendonitis and had a greater need for additional surgeries.
文摘AIM: To test whether intra-articular injection of porcine adipose-derived stem cells(ADSCs) can treat canine osteoarthritis(OA).METHODS: To enroll in this study dogs must have stifle joint OA that had lasted ≥ 3 mo and been treated with OA medication without significant improvement. Three dogs fulfilled these criteria and were thus subjects for ADSCs treatment. ADSCs were isolated from abdominal adipose tissue of a 2-mo-old female Yorkshire pig. Their stem cell marker expression was examined by immunofluorescence staining. For treatment, 5 million ADSCs were injected into the diseased joint of each dog. In the next 48 h, the patient was observed for signs of inflammatory and allergic reactions. Thepatient was then discharged to the owner and, at 2, 6, and 12 wk, followed up with orthopedic assessment, owner questionnaire, X-ray imaging, and force-plate gait analysis.RESULTS: Porcine ADSCs expressed mesenchymal stem cell markers CD90 and CD105. Injection of porcine ADSCs into canine stifle joints did not cause any inflammatory or allergic reactions. Orthopedic evaluation found improvements in two dogs, particularly at the longest time point. Owners' evaluation found increased capacity and decreased pain in all three dogs' activities such as walking and running. Radiographic evaluation did not find statistically significant differences before and after treatment. Force-plate analysis found significant improvements in all three dogs after treatment.CONCLUSION: Xenotransplantation of ADSCs for the treatment of OA is feasible. Further studies are needed to validate this novel treatment modality, which can then be implemented for the routine treatment of OA in veterinary medicine.
基金financially supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (Nos. 82173758, China)Sichuan major science and technology project on biotechnology and medicine (2018SZDZX0018, China)
文摘Rheumatoid arthritis(RA)is a chronic inflammatory and destructive arthropathy with a high deformity rate.Despite numerous studies and clinical trials,no curative treatment is available for large weight-bearing joints.Intra-articular(IA)injections could deliver high concentrations of drug to the afflicted joint and improve the drug efficacy while reducing systemic toxicity.However,free drugs are rapidly cleared from synovial fluid and do not significantly halt the progression of joint disease.Herein,a phospholipids-based controlledrelease gel was prepared for sustained IA delivery of celastrol(CEL)and the therapeutic efficiencywas evaluated in a rheumatoid arthritis rabbitmodel.The CEL-loaded gel(CEL-gel)contained up to 70%phospholipids yetwas easy to inject.After injecting into the joint cavity,CEL-gel achieved sol to gel phase transition without special stimuli and gelling agent.In vitro release and in vivo pharmacokinetic studies evidenced the stable and sustained release action of CEL-gel.A single IA injection of CEL-gel could maintain therapeutic efficiency for about 25 d and showed much better anti-arthritic efficacy compared to repeated injections of free drug solution(CEL-sol).Furthermore,the IA injection of CEL-gel greatly reduced the systemic toxicity of CEL.With good biocompatibility and biodegradability,CEL-gel might be a promising IA drug delivery system.
文摘Objectives: To evaluate the postoperative analgesic yield of continuous intra-articular (IA) ropivacaine/tramadol infusion as against infusion of ropivacaine alone after total knee arthroplasty. Patients and Methods: Sixty patients accompanied by arthrosis were randomly divided into three equal groups: The ropivacaine group, which obtained a continuous intraarticular (IA) infusion of ropivacaine alone;the combination group, which obtained a continuous (IA) infusion of a combination of ropivacaine and tramadol at a rate of 6 ml/h for 72 h postoperatively;and the control group, which did not receive IA medications. After release of the ischemic tourniquet and assurance of haemostasis, a vacuum drainage tube was applied. The (IA) infusion was delivered through a multipored catheter for 72 h. Postoperative pain was assessed using visual analogue pain scale (VAS), and intravenous meperidine was administered as rescue analgesia if the (VAS) pain score was greater than or equal to (4) or on patient’s request. The total rescue analgesia consumption, angle of flexion of the knee and hospital stay were recorded. Results: The ability to achieve better angle of flexion was significantly higher in the combination group compared with the other groups, with a significant difference in favour of the ropivacaine group compared with the control group. At 2 h postoperatively, the mean pain (VAS) scores were significantly lower in patients who received (IA) analgesia compared with the control group and in the ropivacaine/tramadol group versus the ropivacaine group. The number of requests and total dose of rescue analgesia consumed were significantly lower with (IA) analgesia, with a significant difference in favour of the combination group. There was significant correlation between pain (VAS) scores and angle of flexion of the knee joint. Conclusion: Continuous (IA) ropivacaine/tramadol infusion safely reduced postoperative pain and spared administration of rescue analgesics with a significantly improved range of joint movement.
文摘PRIMARY synovial chondromatosis is a rarecondition in which foci of cartilage develop in thesynovial membrane of joints, bursae and tendonsheaths. It typically involves a single large jointin a young adult male.1 The ectopic foci of cartilage canresult in painful joint effusion, and the generation of loosebodies can cause mechanical symptoms.2,3 The etiology ofprimary synovial chondromatosis remains unknown, butmetaplastic theory is the most popular hypothesis. Thecommonly involved joints are knee, elbow, and hip.^4 Theshoulder is a rare site of synovial chondromatosis2,3,5 andthe extra-articular involvement even rarer, with only fewcases presented in literature. This report presents a rarecase of primary combined intra-articular andextra-articular synovial chondromatosis of shoulder jointtreated with arthroscopy.
文摘The comparison of biochemical composition and biophysical properties of synovial fluid and blood serum leads to a conclusion about the pathogenetic expediency of using serum as a corrector of synovial medium of osteoarthritic joints. Serum modification was realized by preliminary prescription of a single-dose drug to the patient. Then, the patient’s blood was sampled in the period of its maximal saturation with the drug. Autoserum from such blood samples was injected thrice into the knee joints affected by osteoarthritis of the 2nd or 3rd stages. The value of treatment results after 4 - 6 months of described therapeutics shows a significantly better therapeutic effect in the experimental of patient’s group as compared with the control group. The effect is connected with pain diminishing, normalization of the tissue joint nutrition, suppression of the local inflammation, and improvement of cartilage lubrication.
文摘Objective: To study the effect of intramuscular calcitonin injection combined with intra-articular ozone injection on the expression of the IL family and MMPs family of knee osteoarthritis. Methods: A total of 128 patients with knee osteoarthritis who were treated in the hospital between January 2015 and January 2017 were collected and divided into control group and observation group by random number table, each with 64 cases. Control group received intra-articular ozone injection therapy, and observation group received intramascular calcitonin injection combined with intra-articular ozone injection therapy. The differences in serum levels of IL family members and MMPs family members were compared between the two groups before and after treatment. Results: Before treatment, the differences in serum levels of IL family members and MMPs family members were not statistically significant between the two groups. 1 week after treatment, serum levels of IL family members IL-1β, IL-15, IL-17 and IL-18 as well as MMPs family members MMP-1, MMP-2, MMP-3 and MMP-13 of both groups of patients were significantly lower than those before treatment, and serum IL-1β, IL-15, IL-17, IL-18, MMP-1, MMP-2, MMP-3 and MMP-13 levels of observation group were significantly lower than those of control group. Conclusion: Intramuscular calcitonin injection combined with intra-articular ozone injection therapy can effectively inhibit the expression of IL family and MMPs family in patients with knee osteoarthritis.
文摘Background Intra-articular fractures of the fingers are common problems to emergency physicians and hand surgeons Inappropriate management of these injuries may result in chronic pain, stiffness, deformity, or post traumatic arthritis. Ideal treatment necessitates the restoration of a stable and congruent joint that will allow early mobilization. The purpose of this study was to investigate the results of intra-articular fracture of the fingers by mini external fixator combined with limited internal fixation. Methods From May 2005 to May 2007, a total of 26 patients with intra-articular fracture of the fingers were treated by mini external fixator combined with limited internal fixation. Of the 26 cases, 11 involved in metacarpophalangeal joint, and 15 interphalangeal joint in proximal interphalangeal. Kirschner wire, mini wire and absorbable suture were used for limited internal fixation. All patients were followed up and patients were accomplished with total active motion （TAM） of fingers. Results All patients were reviewed by an independent observer. The mean follow up was 13 months （range 9 to 24 months）. Subjective, objective and radiographic results were evaluated. X-ray films revealed fracture union and the average radiographic union time was 7 weeks with a range of 5-12 weeks and the phalange shortening or rotation in 2 cases, joint incongruity （less than 1 mm） and joint space narrowing in 3 cases respectively. Phalangeal shortening or rotation was observed in 2 cases and joint incongruity or joint space narrowing was observed in 3 cases. An artificial implant was performed on one case for traumatic arthritis 1.5 years after surgery. Based on TAM the overall good-excellent rate of joint motion function was 80.8%. Conclusion Mini external fixator combined with limited internal fixation is a reliable and effective method for treatment of intra-articular fracture of the fingers.
文摘Objective To observe the therapeutic efficacy of warm needling moxibustion plus intra-articular injection of sodium hyaluronate in treating chondromalacia patellae and its effect on inflammatory factors in knee joint fluid.Methods Sixty-eight patients with chondromalacia patellae were randomized into a control group and an observation group,with 34 cases in each group.The control group was treated with intra-articular injection of sodium hyaluronate,while the observation group was given additional warm needling moxibustion treatment.Before and after treatment,the two groups were scored using Western Ontario and McMaster Universities osteoarthritis index(WOMAC)and visual analog scale(VAS),examined by magnetic resonance imaging(MRI)and determined for the levels of nuclear factor-KB(NF-kB),tumor necrosis factor(TNF)-αand interleukin(IL)-1βin knee joint fluid.Clinical efficacy was estimated after treatment.Results The effective rate was higher in the observation group than in the control group(P<0.05).After treatment,the scores of pain,stiffness and daily activities,as well as the general score of WOMAC declined significantly in both groups(all P<0.05),and were lower in the observation group than in the control group(all P<0.05);the time cost for climbing up and down one staircase and VAS score decreased markedly in both groups(all P<0.05),and were shorter or lower in the observation group than in the control group(both P<0.05);the MRI grading showed no significant change in the control group after intervention(P>0.05),while the grading in the observation group showed notable improvement(P<0.05),and was better than that in the control group(P<0.05);the levels of NF-kB and IL-1βin knee joint fluid dropped significantly in the control group after treatment(both P<0.05),while the levels of NF-kB,TNF-αand IL-1βin knee joint fluid all decreased significantly in the observation group(all P<0.05)and were lower than those in the control group(all P<0.05).Conclusion Warm needling moxibustion plus intra-articular injection of sodium hyaluronate can produce definite efficacy in treating chondromalacia patellae;it can mitigate the clinical symptoms,improve the lesion extent of chondromalacia and down-regulate the levels of NF-kB,TNF-αand IL-1βin knee joint fluid.
文摘Objective Intra-articular fractures of the distal radius in young adults comprise a distinet fracture pattern that is diffficuh to manage and associated with a high frequency of post-traumatic arthritis.Restoration of articular congruency and alignment should improve the outcome.Methods In this study we prospectively re- viewed the results of 21 consecutive cases of dorsally displaced intra-articular distal radius fractures which were treated with internal fixation after failing to achieve articular congruency with closed reduction.Results 3 patients were lost to follow-up.For the rest of 18 patients,follow-up time ranges from 18 to 75 weeks the fractures had healed with highly satisfactory radiographic and functional results.The final volar tilt averaged 4.9°;radial inclination 23.9°;radial length 14mm;and articular incongruity,0.1 mm.Wrist motion at final follow-up examination aver- aged flexion 62°,extension 60°,radial deviation 16°,ulnar deviation 27°,pronation 77°and supination 74°.Grip strength averaged 83% of the uninjured side.The overall outcome of 18 patients(94.4%)had a good or excellent result according to the system of Gartland and Werley and 18 patients(72.2%)had a good result according to the modified system of Green and O'Brien at the most recent evaluation.The only complication in this series was a superficial pin tract infection,which was rapidly resolved with removal of pins at 5th week of external fixation. Conclusion Thus restoration of articular congruency and alignment is possible with minimal complication using modern non-angular stable methods of internal fixation.
文摘BACKGROUND Inferior intra-articular patella dislocation is rare and comprises horizontal(type 1)and the more common vertical(type 2)dislocations in young and elderly patients respectively.In this case report,we describe a case of an elderly patient who pre sented with a type 2 dislocation after a fall.The mechanisms of inferior patella dislocation,their classification,key imaging features and treatment options are discussed.CASE SUMMARY A 75-year-old woman presented with a right knee fixed flexion deformity after a fall.Preoperative imaging confirmed a vertical intra-articular patella dislocation with a femoral trochlear osteochondral defect and lax though grossly intact patella tendon.Closed reduction was performed under general anaesthesia.Knee arthroscopy confirmed the presence of a femoral trochlear osteochondral defect whose edges were subsequently smoothed and there was debridement of scant debris with thorough irrigation of the joint.Postoperative imaging demonstrated anatomical alignment,however,there was a new nondisplaced medial femoral trochlear.The patient however was able to mobilise well in a range of motion brace set at 0-30 degrees and was discharged 1-day post operatively.CONCLUSION Inferior patella dislocation is rare and this article highlights its types and imaging features which determine the most appropriate management.
