The gravitational memory effect manifests gravitational nonlinearity,degenerate vacua,and asymptotic symmetries;its detection is considered challenging.We propose using a space-borne interferometer to detect memory si...The gravitational memory effect manifests gravitational nonlinearity,degenerate vacua,and asymptotic symmetries;its detection is considered challenging.We propose using a space-borne interferometer to detect memory signals from stellar-mass binary black holes(BBHs),typically targeted by ground-based detectors.We use DECIGO detector as an example.Over 5 years,DECIGO is estimated to detect approximately 2,036 memory signals(SNRs>3)from stellar-mass BBHs.Simulations used frequency-domain memory waveforms for direct SNR estimation.Predictions utilized a GWTC-3 constrained BBH population model(Power law+Peak mass,DEFAULT spin,Madau-Dickinson merger rate).The analysis used conservative lower merger rate limits and considered orbital eccentricity.The high detection rate stems from strong memory signals within DECIGO’s bandwidth and the abundance of stellar-mass BBHs.This substantial and conservative detection count enables statistical use of the memory effect for fundamental physics and astrophysics.DECIGO exemplifies that space interferometers may better detect memory signals from smaller mass binaries than their typical targets.Detectors in lower frequency bands are expected to find strong memory signals from∼10^(4)M⊙binaries.展开更多
Photonic materials,which react to light,have garnered interest due to their capability to exhibit adjustable structural colors.Typically,light targets the UV,visible,or near-IR spectrums.In this study,microgel-based p...Photonic materials,which react to light,have garnered interest due to their capability to exhibit adjustable structural colors.Typically,light targets the UV,visible,or near-IR spectrums.In this study,microgel-based photonic materials that are capable of reversibly responding to Xrays have been engineered.To accomplish this,azobenzene(Azo)-containing poly(N-isopropylacrylamide)(pNiPAm)-based microgels are synthesized.Subsequently,ZnS scintillator and Cr/Au are applied on each side of the poly(methyl methacrylate(PMMA)substrate.Subsequently,the Azo MG monolayer is deposited onto the Au surface,followed by the deposition of an additional layer of Cr/Au.This process generates ZnS/PMMA/Cr/Au/Azo MG/Cr/Au or ZnS/Au-Azo MG-Au structure.Functioning as a typical interferometer,ZnS/Au-Azo MG-Au demonstrates tunable colors based on the separation distance between the two Au layers.The ZnS scintillator can absorb and convert X-rays into Uv light,initiating the transition of the Azo groups from a trans to a cis state.Consequently,this transition causes the Azo MG to swell.As Azo MG swells,the distance between the two Au layers increases,resulting in a red-shift of approximately 350 nm in the optical signal of the ZnS/Au-Azo MG-Au interferometer.Remarkably,this X-ray responsivity of the interferometer is reversible,as it returns to its initial state after being stored in the dark for 24 h.To demonstrate its capabilities,the ZnS/Au-Azo MG-Au interferometer successfully releases a drug when triggered by X-ray stimulation,thus validating its potential.The microgel-based interferometers hold significant promise for applications in chemoradiotherapy,radiobiology,and actuators in space.展开更多
Many delayed-choice experiments based on Mach-Zehnder interferometers （MZI） have been considered and made to address the fundamental problem of wave-particle duality. Conventional wisdom long holds that by inserting...Many delayed-choice experiments based on Mach-Zehnder interferometers （MZI） have been considered and made to address the fundamental problem of wave-particle duality. Conventional wisdom long holds that by inserting or removing the second beam splitter （BS2） in a controllable way, microscopic particles （photons, electrons, etc.） transporting within the MZI can lie in the quantum superposition of the wave and particle state as ψ= aw ψ wave ＋ ap ψ particle. Here we present an alternative interpretation to these delayed-choice experiments. We notice that as the BS2 is purely classical, the inserting and removing operation of the BS2 imposes a time- modulated Hamiltonian H mod （t） = a（t）Hin ＋ b（t）Hout, instead of a quantum superposition of H in and Hour as H = awHin ＋ apHout, to act upon the incident wave function. Solution of this quantum scattering problem, rather than the long held quantum eigen-problem yields a synchronically time-modulated output wave function as ψ mod （t） = a（t） ψ wave ＋b（t） ψ particle, instead of the stationary quantum superposition state ψ = aw ψ wave ＋ ap ψ particle. As a result, the probability of particle output from the MZI behaves as if they are in the superposition of the wave and particle state when many events over time accumulation are counted and averaged. We expect that these elementary but insightful analyses will shed a new light on exploring basic physics beyond the long-held wisdom of wave-particle duality and the principle of complementarity.展开更多
According to the orthodox interpretation of quantum physics, wave-particle duality(WPD) is the intrinsic property of all massive microscopic particles. All gedanken or realistic experiments based on atom interferomete...According to the orthodox interpretation of quantum physics, wave-particle duality(WPD) is the intrinsic property of all massive microscopic particles. All gedanken or realistic experiments based on atom interferometers(AI) have so far upheld the principle of WPD, either by the mechanism of the Heisenberg’s position-momentum uncertainty relation or by quantum entanglement. In this paper, we propose and make a systematic quantum mechanical analysis of several schemes of weak-measurement atom interferometer(WM-AI) and compare them with the historical schemes of strongmeasurement atom interferometer(SM-AI), such as Einstein’s recoiling slit and Feynman’s light microscope. As the critical part of these WM-AI setups, a weak-measurement path detector(WM-PD) deliberately interacting with the atomic internal electronic quantum states is designed and used to probe the which-path information of the atom, while only inducing negligible perturbation of the atomic center-of-mass motion. Another instrument that is used to directly interact with the atomic center-of-mass while being insensitive to the internal electronic quantum states is used to monitor the atomic centerof-mass interference pattern. Two typical schemes of WM-PD are considered. The first is the micromaser-cavity path detector, which allows us to probe the spontaneously emitted microwave photon from the incoming Rydberg atom in its excited electronic state and record unanimously the which-path information of the atom. The second is the optical-lattice Bragg-grating path detector, which can split the incoming atom beam into two different directions as determined by the internal electronic state and thus encode the which-path information of the atom into the internal states of the atom. We have used standard quantum mechanics to analyze the evolution of the atomic center-of-mass and internal electronic state wave function by directly solving Schr¨odinger’s equation for the composite atom-electron-photon system in these WM-AIs. We have also compared our analysis with the theoretical and experimental studies that have been presented in the previous literature. The results show that the two sets of instruments can work separately, collectively, and without mutual exclusion to enable simultaneous observation of both wave and particle nature of the atoms to a much higher level than the historical SM-AIs, while avoiding degradation from Heisenberg’s uncertainty relation and quantum entanglement. We have further investigated the space–time evolution of the internal electronic quantum state, as well as the combined atom–detector system and identified the microscopic origin and role of quantum entanglement, as emphasized in numerous previous studies. Based on these physics insights and theoretical analyses, we have proposed several new WM-AI schemes that can help to elucidate the puzzling physics of the WPD of the atoms. The principle of WM-AI scheme and quantum mechanical analyses made in this work can be directly extended to examine the principle of WPD for other massive particles.展开更多
We theoretically investigate the application of the fringe-locking method（FLM） in the dual-species quantum test of the weak equivalence principle（WEP）.With the FLM,the measurement is performed invariably at the mi...We theoretically investigate the application of the fringe-locking method（FLM） in the dual-species quantum test of the weak equivalence principle（WEP）.With the FLM,the measurement is performed invariably at the midfringe,and the extraction of the phase shift for atom interferometers is linearized.For the simultaneous interferometers,this linearization enables a good common-mode rejection of vibration noise,which is usually the main limit for high precision WEP tests of the dual-species kind.We note that this method also allows for an unbiased determination of the gravity accelerations difference,which meanwhile is ready to be implemented.展开更多
Periodic resistance oscillations in Fabry-Perot quantum Hall interferometers are observed at integer filling factors of the constrictions, fc=1, 2, 3, 4, 5 and 6. Rather than the Aharonov-Bohm interference, these osci...Periodic resistance oscillations in Fabry-Perot quantum Hall interferometers are observed at integer filling factors of the constrictions, fc=1, 2, 3, 4, 5 and 6. Rather than the Aharonov-Bohm interference, these oscillations are attributed to the Coulomb interactions between interfering edge states and localized states in the central island of an interferometer, as confirmed by the observation of a positive slope for the lines of constant oscillation phase in the image plot of resistance in the 13 Vs plane. Similar resistance oscillations are also observed when the area A of the center regime and the backseattering probability of interfering edge states are varied, by changing the side-gate voltages and the configuration of the quantum point contacts, respectively. The oscillation amplitudes decay exponentially with temperature in the ramge of 40mK〈 T ≤ 130 mK, with a characteristic temperature T0 -25 mK, consistent with recent theoretical and experimental works.展开更多
A distinct method to show a quantum object behaving both as wave and as particle is proposed and described in some detail. We make a systematic analysis using the elementary methodology of quantum mechanics upon Young...A distinct method to show a quantum object behaving both as wave and as particle is proposed and described in some detail. We make a systematic analysis using the elementary methodology of quantum mechanics upon Young＇s two-slit interferometer and the Mach-Zehnder two-arm interferometer with the focus placed on how to measure the interference pattern （wave nature） and the which-way information （particle nature） of quantum objects. We design several schemes to simultaneously acquire the which-way information for an individual quantum object and the high-contrast interference pattern for an ensemble of these quantum objects by placing two sets of measurement instruments that are well separated in space and whose perturbation of each other is negligibly small within the interferometer at the same time. Yet, improper arrangement and cooperation of these two sets of measurement instruments in the interferometer would lead to failure of simultaneous observation of wave and particle behaviors. The internal freedoms of quantum objects could be harnessed to probe both the which-way information and the interference pattern for the center-of-mass motion. That quantum objects can behave beyond the wave-particle duality and the complementarity principle would stimulate new conceptual examination and exploration of quantum theory at a deeper level.展开更多
We investigated the sensitivities of atom interferometers in the usual fringe-scanning method （FSM） versus the fringe- locking method （FLM）. The theoretical analysis shows that for typical noises in atom interfero...We investigated the sensitivities of atom interferometers in the usual fringe-scanning method （FSM） versus the fringe- locking method （FLM）. The theoretical analysis shows that for typical noises in atom interferometers, the FSM will degrade the sensitivity while the FLM does not. The sensitivity-improvement factor of the FLM over the FSM depends on the type of noises, which is validated by numerical simulations. The detailed quantitative analysis on this fundamental issue is presented, and our analysis is readily extendable to other kinds of noises as well as other fringe shapes in addition to a cosine one.展开更多
Systematic error suppression and test data processing are very important in improving the accuracy and sensitivity of the atom interferometer(AI)-based weak-equivalence-principle(WEP) test in space. Here we present a ...Systematic error suppression and test data processing are very important in improving the accuracy and sensitivity of the atom interferometer(AI)-based weak-equivalence-principle(WEP) test in space. Here we present a spectrum correlation method to investigate the test data of the AI-based WEP test in space by analyzing the characteristics of systematic errors and noises. The power spectrum of the Eotvos coefficient η, systematic errors, and noises in AI-based WEP test in space are analyzed and calculated in detail. By using the method, the WEP violation signal is modulated from direct current(DC) frequency band to alternating current(AC) frequency band. We find that the signal can be effectively extracted and the influence of systematic errors can be greatly suppressed by analyzing the power spectrum of the test data when the spacecraft is in an inertial pointing mode. Furthermore, the relation between the Eotvos coefficient η and the number of measurements is obtained under certain simulated parameters. This method will be useful for both isotopic and nonisotopic AI-based WEP tests in space.展开更多
On September 14, 2015 09:50:45 UTC, the two laser interferometers of the LIGO program simultaneously observed a first gravitational wave signal called GW150914. With the commissioning of the VIRGO interferometer in 20...On September 14, 2015 09:50:45 UTC, the two laser interferometers of the LIGO program simultaneously observed a first gravitational wave signal called GW150914. With the commissioning of the VIRGO interferometer in 2017, two other detections, GW170814 and GW170817, were observed and their positions given accurately by LIGO and VIRGO. In this article, I argue that the photons circulating in the cavities of the three interferometers of LIGO and VIRGO were sensitive to the field of attraction of the planets of our Solar System and more particularly to that of the Sun, and would not be due to a coalescence of black hole or neutron stars. The shape of the signals obtained by my interaction model (called GEAR) between the photons in the interferometer cavity and the gravitational field of the Sun is very similar to that of a compact binary coalescence, identical to those obtained by general relativity. Solving the equations of GEAR also gives the exact positions and pseudo-date of the coalescences of all the LIGO and VIRGO detections detected so far, and probably those that will come at the end of 2018 and beyond.展开更多
It is proved strictly based on general relativity that two important factors are neglected in LIGO experiments by using Michelson interferometers so that fatal mistakes were caused. One is that the gravitational wave ...It is proved strictly based on general relativity that two important factors are neglected in LIGO experiments by using Michelson interferometers so that fatal mistakes were caused. One is that the gravitational wave changes the wavelength of light. Another is that light’s speed is not a constant when gravitational waves exist. According to general relativity, gravitational wave affects spatial distance, so it also affects the wavelength of light synchronously. By considering this fact, the phase differences of lasers were invariable when gravitational waves passed through Michelson interferometers. In addition, when gravitational waves exist, the spatial part of metric changes but the time part of metric is unchanged. In this way, light’s speed is not a constant. When the calculation method of time difference is used in LIGO experiments, the phase shift of interference fringes is still zero. So the design principle of LIGO experiment is wrong. It was impossible for LIGO to detect gravitational wave by using Michelson interferometers. Because light’s speed is not a constant, the signals of LIGO experiments become mismatching. It means that these signals are noises actually, caused by occasional reasons, no gravitational waves are detected really. In fact, in the history of physics, Michelson and Morley tried to find the absolute motion of the earth by using Michelson interferometers but failed at last. The basic principle of LIGO experiment is the same as that of Michelson-Morley experiment in which the phases of lights were invariable. Only zero result can be obtained, so LIGO experiments are destined failed to find gravitational waves.展开更多
With the help of nonequilibrium Green＇s function technique, the electronic transport through series Aharonov-Bohm （AB） interferometers is investigated. We obtain the AB interference pattern of the transition probab...With the help of nonequilibrium Green＇s function technique, the electronic transport through series Aharonov-Bohm （AB） interferometers is investigated. We obtain the AB interference pattern of the transition probability characterized by the Mgebraic sum φ and the difference θ of two magnetic fluxes, and particularly a general rule of AB oscillation period depending on the ratio of integer quantum numbers of the fluxes. A parity effect is observed, showing the asymmetric AB oscillations with respect to the even and odd quantum numbers of the total flux in antiparallel AB interferometers. It is also shown that the AB flux can shift the Fano resonance peaks of the transmission spectrum.展开更多
SU(1,1) interferometers play an important role in quantum metrology. Previous studies focus on various inputs and detection strategies with symmetric gain. In this paper, we analyze a modified SU(1,1) interferometer u...SU(1,1) interferometers play an important role in quantum metrology. Previous studies focus on various inputs and detection strategies with symmetric gain. In this paper, we analyze a modified SU(1,1) interferometer using asymmetric gain. Two vacuum states are used as the input and on–off detection is performed at the output. In a lossless scenario,symmetric gain is the optimal selection and the corresponding phase sensitivity can achieve the Heisenberg limit as well as the quantum Cramer–Rao bound. In addition, we analyze the phase sensitivity with symmetric gain in the lossy scenario.The phase sensitivity is sensitive to internal losses but extremely robust against external losses. We address the optimal asymmetric gain and the results suggest that this method can improve the tolerance to internal losses. Our work may contribute to the practical development of quantum metrology.展开更多
The paper presents a number of signal processing approaches for the spectral interferometric interrogation of extrinsic Fabry-Perot interferometers(EFPIs). The analysis of attainable microdisplacement resolution is pe...The paper presents a number of signal processing approaches for the spectral interferometric interrogation of extrinsic Fabry-Perot interferometers(EFPIs). The analysis of attainable microdisplacement resolution is performed and the analytical equations describing the dependence of resolution on parameters of the interrogation setup are derived. The efficiency of the proposed signal processing approaches and the validity of analytical derivations are supported by experiments. The proposed approaches allow the interrogation of up to four multiplexed sensors with attained resolution between 30 pm and 80 pm, up to three times improvement of microdisplacement resolution of a single sensor by means of using the reference interferometer and noisecompensating approach, and ability to register signals with frequencies up to 1 kHz in the case of 1 Hz spectrum acquisition rate. The proposed approaches can be used for various applications, including biomedical, industrial inspection, and others, amongst the microdisplacement measurement.展开更多
Due to the potential of quantum advantage to surpass the standard quantum limit(SQL),nonlinear interferometers have garnered significant attention from researchers in the field of precision measurement.However,many pr...Due to the potential of quantum advantage to surpass the standard quantum limit(SQL),nonlinear interferometers have garnered significant attention from researchers in the field of precision measurement.However,many practical applications require multiparameter estimation.In this work,we discuss the precision limit of multi-parameter estimation of pure Gaussian states based on nonlinear interferometers,and derive the Holevo Cramér–Rao bound(HCRB)for the case where both modes undergo displacement estimation.Furthermore,we compare our analytical results with the quantum Cramér–Rao bound based on the symmetric logarithmic derivative(SLD-CRB),and with the result of the dual homodyne measurement.Through numerical analysis,we find that the HCRB equals the result of the dual homodyne measurement,whereas SLD-CRB is not saturable at small squeezed parameters.Therefore,this indicates that the HCRB is tight.Additionally,we provide intuitive analysis and visual representation of our numerical results in phase space.展开更多
The optical vernier effect serves as a potent mechanism for boosting sensitivity and accuracy in the communication band,which is a prominent hotspot in coherent detection.Extending vernier gain to the terahertz window...The optical vernier effect serves as a potent mechanism for boosting sensitivity and accuracy in the communication band,which is a prominent hotspot in coherent detection.Extending vernier gain to the terahertz window exhibits significant appeal in next-generation wireless communication and high-resolution sensing.Here,a terahertz vernier biosensor is constructed utilizing two overlapping Mach-Zehnder interferometers within a three-channel metallic waveguide.The self-reference feature of the vernier biosensor facilitates a sensitive envelope,and the vernier gain significantly amplifies the detection sensitivity and accuracy from the superposition of slightly detuned terahertz interference spectra mapping within the time-frequency-time domain.An exalting sensitivity of 22.54 THz/RIU is demonstrated at operating frequencies near 0.9 THz and experimentally shows immense sensing performance in detection sensitivity and accuracy of biochemical sample areic mass are 10^(7) GHz/(g/mm^(2))and 10^(−8)g/mm^(2),respectively,presenting an enhancement of>3000%compared to a single interferometer.Moreover,the sensor is employed to assess the amino acid oxidation characteristic curve analysis in the terahertz range,which assists in identifying specific amino acids.The validation of the vernier effect operating in the terahertz regime demonstrates the development of a rapid and label-free assistance tool for the identification of biochemical samples.展开更多
Improving the functionality of an optical sensor on a prefabricated platform relies heavily on an optical signal conditioning method that actively modulates optical signals.In this work,we present a method for active ...Improving the functionality of an optical sensor on a prefabricated platform relies heavily on an optical signal conditioning method that actively modulates optical signals.In this work,we present a method for active modulation of an optical sensor response that uses fiber modal interferometers integrated in parallel.Over a broad frequency range of 1 Hz to 1 kHz,the interferometers’technology allows for adjustable amplification,attenuation,and filtering of dynamic signals.The suggested method is also used to enhance the real-time response of an optical fluid flowmeter.In order to keep tabs on different physical fields,the suggested approach promotes the creation of self-conditioning sensing systems.展开更多
The gravitational redshift(GR),as predicted by Einstein’s general theory of relativity,posits that two identical clocks situated at different gravitational potentials will tick at different rates.In this study,we exp...The gravitational redshift(GR),as predicted by Einstein’s general theory of relativity,posits that two identical clocks situated at different gravitational potentials will tick at different rates.In this study,we explore the impact of the GR on a single-photon-based atom interferometer and propose a corresponding testing scheme.Our approach conceptualizes the atom interferometer as two coherent atomic clocks positioned at distinct elevations,which is referred to as an atomic clock interferometer,allowing us to derive the GR-induced phase shift.This effect becomes significant due to the notable energy difference between the two atomic internal states,comparable to other relativistic effects in single-photon-based atomic clock interferometers.Furthermore,our proposed scheme incorporates the velocity of the laser device to effectively mitigate other relativistic effects.The ensuing analysis indicates an anticipated GR test precision at the 10^(-5)level for our proposed approach.展开更多
Optical network-on-chip(ONoC) systems have emerged as a promising solution to overcome limitations of traditional electronic interconnects. Efficient ONoC architectures rely on optical routers, enabling high-speed dat...Optical network-on-chip(ONoC) systems have emerged as a promising solution to overcome limitations of traditional electronic interconnects. Efficient ONoC architectures rely on optical routers, enabling high-speed data transfer, efficient routing, and scalability. This paper presents a comprehensive survey analyzing optical router designs, specifically microring resonators(MRRs), Mach-Zehnder interferometers(MZIs), and hybrid architectures. Selected comparison criteria, chosen for their critical importance, significantly impact router functionality and performance. By emphasizing these criteria, valuable insights into the strengths and limitations of different designs are gained, facilitating informed decisions and advancements in optical networking. While other factors contribute to performance and efficiency, the chosen criteria consistently address fundamental elements, enabling meaningful evaluation. This work serves as a valuable resource for beginners, providing a solid foundation in understanding ONoC and optical routers. It also offers an in-depth survey for experts, laying the groundwork for further exploration. Additionally, the importance of considering design constraints and requirements when selecting an optimal router design is highlighted. Continued research and innovation will enable the development of efficient optical router solutions that meet the evolving needs of modern computing systems. This survey underscores the significance of ongoing advancements in the field and their potential impact on future technologies.展开更多
The infrared Fourier transform spectrometer needs a cold view field diaphragm to reduce stray radiation.For an infrared spectrometer with linear array detectors,the part of the view field diaphragm where the light pas...The infrared Fourier transform spectrometer needs a cold view field diaphragm to reduce stray radiation.For an infrared spectrometer with linear array detectors,the part of the view field diaphragm where the light passes can be regarded as a slit.If the infrared detectors are small in size,the width of the slit is also small,which will cause serious diffraction phenomena.If the widths of the view field diaphragm and the optical system are designed by geometric optics theory,the diffraction light cannot be fully received by the detectors,which will cause energy loss.Expanding the width of the view field diaphragm will introduce stray radiation.Meanwhile,spectrometer follow-up optics should be set in cold environments to reduce the infrared background of the instrument.Optical materials have different thermal characteristics,the optical and mechanical structures will deform at lowtemperature,and the cold view field diaphragm is installed at room temperature,so it is impossible to guarantee that the cold view field diaphragm remains in its design position when working at low-temperature.This paper solves the above problems by designing an adjustable cold view field diaphragm installed in its cryogenic vacuum chamber.The width and position of the view field diaphragm can be adjusted when working in cold temperatures,without opening the cryogenic vacuum chamber.Contrasting the interference signal obtained by the detectors in the adjustment process,the system can get the most suitable width and position of the cold view field diaphragm.The above works are based on the spectrometer used in the study named Accurate Infrared Magnetic Field Measurements of the Sun.展开更多
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(Grant Nos.11633001,11920101003,and 12205222 for S.H.)the Key Program of the National Natural Science Foundation of China(Grant No.12433001)+1 种基金the Strate-gic Priority Research Program of the Chinese Academy of Sciences(Grant No.XDB23000000)the National Key Research and Development Program of China(Grant No.2021YFC2203001 for Z.C.Z.).
文摘The gravitational memory effect manifests gravitational nonlinearity,degenerate vacua,and asymptotic symmetries;its detection is considered challenging.We propose using a space-borne interferometer to detect memory signals from stellar-mass binary black holes(BBHs),typically targeted by ground-based detectors.We use DECIGO detector as an example.Over 5 years,DECIGO is estimated to detect approximately 2,036 memory signals(SNRs>3)from stellar-mass BBHs.Simulations used frequency-domain memory waveforms for direct SNR estimation.Predictions utilized a GWTC-3 constrained BBH population model(Power law+Peak mass,DEFAULT spin,Madau-Dickinson merger rate).The analysis used conservative lower merger rate limits and considered orbital eccentricity.The high detection rate stems from strong memory signals within DECIGO’s bandwidth and the abundance of stellar-mass BBHs.This substantial and conservative detection count enables statistical use of the memory effect for fundamental physics and astrophysics.DECIGO exemplifies that space interferometers may better detect memory signals from smaller mass binaries than their typical targets.Detectors in lower frequency bands are expected to find strong memory signals from∼10^(4)M⊙binaries.
基金supported by Natural Science Foundation of Jiangsu Province(No.BK20221359)Interdisciplinary Basic Frontier Innovation Program of Suzhou Medical College of Soochow University,State Key Laboratory of Radiation Medicine and Protection(No.GZC00501)+1 种基金the National Natural Science Foundation of China(No.51873137)the Priority Academic Program Development of Jiangsu Higher Education Institutions(PAPD).
文摘Photonic materials,which react to light,have garnered interest due to their capability to exhibit adjustable structural colors.Typically,light targets the UV,visible,or near-IR spectrums.In this study,microgel-based photonic materials that are capable of reversibly responding to Xrays have been engineered.To accomplish this,azobenzene(Azo)-containing poly(N-isopropylacrylamide)(pNiPAm)-based microgels are synthesized.Subsequently,ZnS scintillator and Cr/Au are applied on each side of the poly(methyl methacrylate(PMMA)substrate.Subsequently,the Azo MG monolayer is deposited onto the Au surface,followed by the deposition of an additional layer of Cr/Au.This process generates ZnS/PMMA/Cr/Au/Azo MG/Cr/Au or ZnS/Au-Azo MG-Au structure.Functioning as a typical interferometer,ZnS/Au-Azo MG-Au demonstrates tunable colors based on the separation distance between the two Au layers.The ZnS scintillator can absorb and convert X-rays into Uv light,initiating the transition of the Azo groups from a trans to a cis state.Consequently,this transition causes the Azo MG to swell.As Azo MG swells,the distance between the two Au layers increases,resulting in a red-shift of approximately 350 nm in the optical signal of the ZnS/Au-Azo MG-Au interferometer.Remarkably,this X-ray responsivity of the interferometer is reversible,as it returns to its initial state after being stored in the dark for 24 h.To demonstrate its capabilities,the ZnS/Au-Azo MG-Au interferometer successfully releases a drug when triggered by X-ray stimulation,thus validating its potential.The microgel-based interferometers hold significant promise for applications in chemoradiotherapy,radiobiology,and actuators in space.
基金Supported by the National Basic Research Program of China under Grant No 2013CB632704the National Natural Science Foundation of China under Grant No 11434017
文摘Many delayed-choice experiments based on Mach-Zehnder interferometers （MZI） have been considered and made to address the fundamental problem of wave-particle duality. Conventional wisdom long holds that by inserting or removing the second beam splitter （BS2） in a controllable way, microscopic particles （photons, electrons, etc.） transporting within the MZI can lie in the quantum superposition of the wave and particle state as ψ= aw ψ wave ＋ ap ψ particle. Here we present an alternative interpretation to these delayed-choice experiments. We notice that as the BS2 is purely classical, the inserting and removing operation of the BS2 imposes a time- modulated Hamiltonian H mod （t） = a（t）Hin ＋ b（t）Hout, instead of a quantum superposition of H in and Hour as H = awHin ＋ apHout, to act upon the incident wave function. Solution of this quantum scattering problem, rather than the long held quantum eigen-problem yields a synchronically time-modulated output wave function as ψ mod （t） = a（t） ψ wave ＋b（t） ψ particle, instead of the stationary quantum superposition state ψ = aw ψ wave ＋ ap ψ particle. As a result, the probability of particle output from the MZI behaves as if they are in the superposition of the wave and particle state when many events over time accumulation are counted and averaged. We expect that these elementary but insightful analyses will shed a new light on exploring basic physics beyond the long-held wisdom of wave-particle duality and the principle of complementarity.
基金Project supported by the National Key Research and Development Program of China(Grant No.2018YFA 0306200)the National Natural Science Foundation of China(Grant No.11434017)the Guangdong Innovative and Entrepreneurial Research Team Program,China(Grant No.2016ZT06C594)
文摘According to the orthodox interpretation of quantum physics, wave-particle duality(WPD) is the intrinsic property of all massive microscopic particles. All gedanken or realistic experiments based on atom interferometers(AI) have so far upheld the principle of WPD, either by the mechanism of the Heisenberg’s position-momentum uncertainty relation or by quantum entanglement. In this paper, we propose and make a systematic quantum mechanical analysis of several schemes of weak-measurement atom interferometer(WM-AI) and compare them with the historical schemes of strongmeasurement atom interferometer(SM-AI), such as Einstein’s recoiling slit and Feynman’s light microscope. As the critical part of these WM-AI setups, a weak-measurement path detector(WM-PD) deliberately interacting with the atomic internal electronic quantum states is designed and used to probe the which-path information of the atom, while only inducing negligible perturbation of the atomic center-of-mass motion. Another instrument that is used to directly interact with the atomic center-of-mass while being insensitive to the internal electronic quantum states is used to monitor the atomic centerof-mass interference pattern. Two typical schemes of WM-PD are considered. The first is the micromaser-cavity path detector, which allows us to probe the spontaneously emitted microwave photon from the incoming Rydberg atom in its excited electronic state and record unanimously the which-path information of the atom. The second is the optical-lattice Bragg-grating path detector, which can split the incoming atom beam into two different directions as determined by the internal electronic state and thus encode the which-path information of the atom into the internal states of the atom. We have used standard quantum mechanics to analyze the evolution of the atomic center-of-mass and internal electronic state wave function by directly solving Schr¨odinger’s equation for the composite atom-electron-photon system in these WM-AIs. We have also compared our analysis with the theoretical and experimental studies that have been presented in the previous literature. The results show that the two sets of instruments can work separately, collectively, and without mutual exclusion to enable simultaneous observation of both wave and particle nature of the atoms to a much higher level than the historical SM-AIs, while avoiding degradation from Heisenberg’s uncertainty relation and quantum entanglement. We have further investigated the space–time evolution of the internal electronic quantum state, as well as the combined atom–detector system and identified the microscopic origin and role of quantum entanglement, as emphasized in numerous previous studies. Based on these physics insights and theoretical analyses, we have proposed several new WM-AI schemes that can help to elucidate the puzzling physics of the WPD of the atoms. The principle of WM-AI scheme and quantum mechanical analyses made in this work can be directly extended to examine the principle of WPD for other massive particles.
基金Project supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(Grant Nos.41127002,11574099,and 11474115)the National Basic Research Program of China(Grant No.2010CB832806)
文摘We theoretically investigate the application of the fringe-locking method（FLM） in the dual-species quantum test of the weak equivalence principle（WEP）.With the FLM,the measurement is performed invariably at the midfringe,and the extraction of the phase shift for atom interferometers is linearized.For the simultaneous interferometers,this linearization enables a good common-mode rejection of vibration noise,which is usually the main limit for high precision WEP tests of the dual-species kind.We note that this method also allows for an unbiased determination of the gravity accelerations difference,which meanwhile is ready to be implemented.
基金Supported by the National Basic Research Program of China under Grant No 2014CB920904the National Natural Science Foundation of China under Grant No 91221203the Strategic Priority Research Program B of the Chinese Academy of Sciences under Grant No XDB07010200
文摘Periodic resistance oscillations in Fabry-Perot quantum Hall interferometers are observed at integer filling factors of the constrictions, fc=1, 2, 3, 4, 5 and 6. Rather than the Aharonov-Bohm interference, these oscillations are attributed to the Coulomb interactions between interfering edge states and localized states in the central island of an interferometer, as confirmed by the observation of a positive slope for the lines of constant oscillation phase in the image plot of resistance in the 13 Vs plane. Similar resistance oscillations are also observed when the area A of the center regime and the backseattering probability of interfering edge states are varied, by changing the side-gate voltages and the configuration of the quantum point contacts, respectively. The oscillation amplitudes decay exponentially with temperature in the ramge of 40mK〈 T ≤ 130 mK, with a characteristic temperature T0 -25 mK, consistent with recent theoretical and experimental works.
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of Chinathe Ministry of Science and Technology of ChinaChinese Academy of Sciences
文摘A distinct method to show a quantum object behaving both as wave and as particle is proposed and described in some detail. We make a systematic analysis using the elementary methodology of quantum mechanics upon Young＇s two-slit interferometer and the Mach-Zehnder two-arm interferometer with the focus placed on how to measure the interference pattern （wave nature） and the which-way information （particle nature） of quantum objects. We design several schemes to simultaneously acquire the which-way information for an individual quantum object and the high-contrast interference pattern for an ensemble of these quantum objects by placing two sets of measurement instruments that are well separated in space and whose perturbation of each other is negligibly small within the interferometer at the same time. Yet, improper arrangement and cooperation of these two sets of measurement instruments in the interferometer would lead to failure of simultaneous observation of wave and particle behaviors. The internal freedoms of quantum objects could be harnessed to probe both the which-way information and the interference pattern for the center-of-mass motion. That quantum objects can behave beyond the wave-particle duality and the complementarity principle would stimulate new conceptual examination and exploration of quantum theory at a deeper level.
基金Project supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(Grant Nos.41127002,11574099,41504034,and 11474115)the National Basic Research Program of China(Grant No.2010CB832806)
文摘We investigated the sensitivities of atom interferometers in the usual fringe-scanning method （FSM） versus the fringe- locking method （FLM）. The theoretical analysis shows that for typical noises in atom interferometers, the FSM will degrade the sensitivity while the FLM does not. The sensitivity-improvement factor of the FLM over the FSM depends on the type of noises, which is validated by numerical simulations. The detailed quantitative analysis on this fundamental issue is presented, and our analysis is readily extendable to other kinds of noises as well as other fringe shapes in addition to a cosine one.
基金Project supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(Grants No.11947057)the Foundation for Distinguished Young Scientist of Jiangxi Province,China(Grant No.2016BCB23009)the Postdoctoral Applied Research Program of Qingdao City,Shandong Province,China(Grant No.62350079311135).
文摘Systematic error suppression and test data processing are very important in improving the accuracy and sensitivity of the atom interferometer(AI)-based weak-equivalence-principle(WEP) test in space. Here we present a spectrum correlation method to investigate the test data of the AI-based WEP test in space by analyzing the characteristics of systematic errors and noises. The power spectrum of the Eotvos coefficient η, systematic errors, and noises in AI-based WEP test in space are analyzed and calculated in detail. By using the method, the WEP violation signal is modulated from direct current(DC) frequency band to alternating current(AC) frequency band. We find that the signal can be effectively extracted and the influence of systematic errors can be greatly suppressed by analyzing the power spectrum of the test data when the spacecraft is in an inertial pointing mode. Furthermore, the relation between the Eotvos coefficient η and the number of measurements is obtained under certain simulated parameters. This method will be useful for both isotopic and nonisotopic AI-based WEP tests in space.
文摘On September 14, 2015 09:50:45 UTC, the two laser interferometers of the LIGO program simultaneously observed a first gravitational wave signal called GW150914. With the commissioning of the VIRGO interferometer in 2017, two other detections, GW170814 and GW170817, were observed and their positions given accurately by LIGO and VIRGO. In this article, I argue that the photons circulating in the cavities of the three interferometers of LIGO and VIRGO were sensitive to the field of attraction of the planets of our Solar System and more particularly to that of the Sun, and would not be due to a coalescence of black hole or neutron stars. The shape of the signals obtained by my interaction model (called GEAR) between the photons in the interferometer cavity and the gravitational field of the Sun is very similar to that of a compact binary coalescence, identical to those obtained by general relativity. Solving the equations of GEAR also gives the exact positions and pseudo-date of the coalescences of all the LIGO and VIRGO detections detected so far, and probably those that will come at the end of 2018 and beyond.
文摘It is proved strictly based on general relativity that two important factors are neglected in LIGO experiments by using Michelson interferometers so that fatal mistakes were caused. One is that the gravitational wave changes the wavelength of light. Another is that light’s speed is not a constant when gravitational waves exist. According to general relativity, gravitational wave affects spatial distance, so it also affects the wavelength of light synchronously. By considering this fact, the phase differences of lasers were invariable when gravitational waves passed through Michelson interferometers. In addition, when gravitational waves exist, the spatial part of metric changes but the time part of metric is unchanged. In this way, light’s speed is not a constant. When the calculation method of time difference is used in LIGO experiments, the phase shift of interference fringes is still zero. So the design principle of LIGO experiment is wrong. It was impossible for LIGO to detect gravitational wave by using Michelson interferometers. Because light’s speed is not a constant, the signals of LIGO experiments become mismatching. It means that these signals are noises actually, caused by occasional reasons, no gravitational waves are detected really. In fact, in the history of physics, Michelson and Morley tried to find the absolute motion of the earth by using Michelson interferometers but failed at last. The basic principle of LIGO experiment is the same as that of Michelson-Morley experiment in which the phases of lights were invariable. Only zero result can be obtained, so LIGO experiments are destined failed to find gravitational waves.
基金Project supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China （Grant No 10475053）.
文摘With the help of nonequilibrium Green＇s function technique, the electronic transport through series Aharonov-Bohm （AB） interferometers is investigated. We obtain the AB interference pattern of the transition probability characterized by the Mgebraic sum φ and the difference θ of two magnetic fluxes, and particularly a general rule of AB oscillation period depending on the ratio of integer quantum numbers of the fluxes. A parity effect is observed, showing the asymmetric AB oscillations with respect to the even and odd quantum numbers of the total flux in antiparallel AB interferometers. It is also shown that the AB flux can shift the Fano resonance peaks of the transmission spectrum.
基金Project supported by Leading Innovative Talents in Changzhou (Grant No.CQ20210107)Shuangchuang Ph.D Award (Grant No.JSSCBS20210915)+1 种基金Natural Science Research of Jiangsu Higher Education Institutions of China (Grant No.21KJB140007)the National Natural Science Foundation of China (Grant No.12104193)。
文摘SU(1,1) interferometers play an important role in quantum metrology. Previous studies focus on various inputs and detection strategies with symmetric gain. In this paper, we analyze a modified SU(1,1) interferometer using asymmetric gain. Two vacuum states are used as the input and on–off detection is performed at the output. In a lossless scenario,symmetric gain is the optimal selection and the corresponding phase sensitivity can achieve the Heisenberg limit as well as the quantum Cramer–Rao bound. In addition, we analyze the phase sensitivity with symmetric gain in the lossy scenario.The phase sensitivity is sensitive to internal losses but extremely robust against external losses. We address the optimal asymmetric gain and the results suggest that this method can improve the tolerance to internal losses. Our work may contribute to the practical development of quantum metrology.
文摘The paper presents a number of signal processing approaches for the spectral interferometric interrogation of extrinsic Fabry-Perot interferometers(EFPIs). The analysis of attainable microdisplacement resolution is performed and the analytical equations describing the dependence of resolution on parameters of the interrogation setup are derived. The efficiency of the proposed signal processing approaches and the validity of analytical derivations are supported by experiments. The proposed approaches allow the interrogation of up to four multiplexed sensors with attained resolution between 30 pm and 80 pm, up to three times improvement of microdisplacement resolution of a single sensor by means of using the reference interferometer and noisecompensating approach, and ability to register signals with frequencies up to 1 kHz in the case of 1 Hz spectrum acquisition rate. The proposed approaches can be used for various applications, including biomedical, industrial inspection, and others, amongst the microdisplacement measurement.
基金supported by the Shanghai Science and Technology Innovation Project(No.24LZ1400600)the Innovation Program for Quantum Science and Technology(No.2021ZD0303200)+4 种基金the National Natural Science Foundation of China(Grant Nos.U23A2075,12274132,11974111,12234014,11654005,11874152,and 91536114)Shanghai Municipal Science and Technology Major Project(Grant No.2019SHZDZX01)Innovation Program of Shanghai Municipal Education Commission(No.202101070008E00099)the National Key Research and Development Program of China(Grant No.2016YFA0302001)Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities.
文摘Due to the potential of quantum advantage to surpass the standard quantum limit(SQL),nonlinear interferometers have garnered significant attention from researchers in the field of precision measurement.However,many practical applications require multiparameter estimation.In this work,we discuss the precision limit of multi-parameter estimation of pure Gaussian states based on nonlinear interferometers,and derive the Holevo Cramér–Rao bound(HCRB)for the case where both modes undergo displacement estimation.Furthermore,we compare our analytical results with the quantum Cramér–Rao bound based on the symmetric logarithmic derivative(SLD-CRB),and with the result of the dual homodyne measurement.Through numerical analysis,we find that the HCRB equals the result of the dual homodyne measurement,whereas SLD-CRB is not saturable at small squeezed parameters.Therefore,this indicates that the HCRB is tight.Additionally,we provide intuitive analysis and visual representation of our numerical results in phase space.
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(62335012,62371258,62205160,62435010)Young Scientific and Technological Talents in Tianjin(QN20230227).
文摘The optical vernier effect serves as a potent mechanism for boosting sensitivity and accuracy in the communication band,which is a prominent hotspot in coherent detection.Extending vernier gain to the terahertz window exhibits significant appeal in next-generation wireless communication and high-resolution sensing.Here,a terahertz vernier biosensor is constructed utilizing two overlapping Mach-Zehnder interferometers within a three-channel metallic waveguide.The self-reference feature of the vernier biosensor facilitates a sensitive envelope,and the vernier gain significantly amplifies the detection sensitivity and accuracy from the superposition of slightly detuned terahertz interference spectra mapping within the time-frequency-time domain.An exalting sensitivity of 22.54 THz/RIU is demonstrated at operating frequencies near 0.9 THz and experimentally shows immense sensing performance in detection sensitivity and accuracy of biochemical sample areic mass are 10^(7) GHz/(g/mm^(2))and 10^(−8)g/mm^(2),respectively,presenting an enhancement of>3000%compared to a single interferometer.Moreover,the sensor is employed to assess the amino acid oxidation characteristic curve analysis in the terahertz range,which assists in identifying specific amino acids.The validation of the vernier effect operating in the terahertz regime demonstrates the development of a rapid and label-free assistance tool for the identification of biochemical samples.
基金Science and Engineering Research Board(STR/20/000069)Department of Science and Technology,Ministry of Science and Technology,India+3 种基金Centro de Investigação em Materiais Cerâmicos e Compósitos(LA/P/0006/2020,UIDB/50011/2020,UIDP/50011/2020)Fundação para a Ciência e a Tecnologia(PTDC/EEI-EEE/0415/2021)Operational Programme Just Transition(CZ.10.03.01/00/22_003/0000048)Ministry of Education,Youth,and Sports(SP2024/059,SP2024/081).
文摘Improving the functionality of an optical sensor on a prefabricated platform relies heavily on an optical signal conditioning method that actively modulates optical signals.In this work,we present a method for active modulation of an optical sensor response that uses fiber modal interferometers integrated in parallel.Over a broad frequency range of 1 Hz to 1 kHz,the interferometers’technology allows for adjustable amplification,attenuation,and filtering of dynamic signals.The suggested method is also used to enhance the real-time response of an optical fluid flowmeter.In order to keep tabs on different physical fields,the suggested approach promotes the creation of self-conditioning sensing systems.
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(Grant No.11922404,11727809,12004128,12104174,12205110,and 12274613)。
文摘The gravitational redshift(GR),as predicted by Einstein’s general theory of relativity,posits that two identical clocks situated at different gravitational potentials will tick at different rates.In this study,we explore the impact of the GR on a single-photon-based atom interferometer and propose a corresponding testing scheme.Our approach conceptualizes the atom interferometer as two coherent atomic clocks positioned at distinct elevations,which is referred to as an atomic clock interferometer,allowing us to derive the GR-induced phase shift.This effect becomes significant due to the notable energy difference between the two atomic internal states,comparable to other relativistic effects in single-photon-based atomic clock interferometers.Furthermore,our proposed scheme incorporates the velocity of the laser device to effectively mitigate other relativistic effects.The ensuing analysis indicates an anticipated GR test precision at the 10^(-5)level for our proposed approach.
文摘Optical network-on-chip(ONoC) systems have emerged as a promising solution to overcome limitations of traditional electronic interconnects. Efficient ONoC architectures rely on optical routers, enabling high-speed data transfer, efficient routing, and scalability. This paper presents a comprehensive survey analyzing optical router designs, specifically microring resonators(MRRs), Mach-Zehnder interferometers(MZIs), and hybrid architectures. Selected comparison criteria, chosen for their critical importance, significantly impact router functionality and performance. By emphasizing these criteria, valuable insights into the strengths and limitations of different designs are gained, facilitating informed decisions and advancements in optical networking. While other factors contribute to performance and efficiency, the chosen criteria consistently address fundamental elements, enabling meaningful evaluation. This work serves as a valuable resource for beginners, providing a solid foundation in understanding ONoC and optical routers. It also offers an in-depth survey for experts, laying the groundwork for further exploration. Additionally, the importance of considering design constraints and requirements when selecting an optimal router design is highlighted. Continued research and innovation will enable the development of efficient optical router solutions that meet the evolving needs of modern computing systems. This survey underscores the significance of ongoing advancements in the field and their potential impact on future technologies.
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(NSFC,Grant No.11427901)。
文摘The infrared Fourier transform spectrometer needs a cold view field diaphragm to reduce stray radiation.For an infrared spectrometer with linear array detectors,the part of the view field diaphragm where the light passes can be regarded as a slit.If the infrared detectors are small in size,the width of the slit is also small,which will cause serious diffraction phenomena.If the widths of the view field diaphragm and the optical system are designed by geometric optics theory,the diffraction light cannot be fully received by the detectors,which will cause energy loss.Expanding the width of the view field diaphragm will introduce stray radiation.Meanwhile,spectrometer follow-up optics should be set in cold environments to reduce the infrared background of the instrument.Optical materials have different thermal characteristics,the optical and mechanical structures will deform at lowtemperature,and the cold view field diaphragm is installed at room temperature,so it is impossible to guarantee that the cold view field diaphragm remains in its design position when working at low-temperature.This paper solves the above problems by designing an adjustable cold view field diaphragm installed in its cryogenic vacuum chamber.The width and position of the view field diaphragm can be adjusted when working in cold temperatures,without opening the cryogenic vacuum chamber.Contrasting the interference signal obtained by the detectors in the adjustment process,the system can get the most suitable width and position of the cold view field diaphragm.The above works are based on the spectrometer used in the study named Accurate Infrared Magnetic Field Measurements of the Sun.
