From international student to professor,Tripathi Mani shares his thoughts on Chinese and Indian cultures and the beneficial exchanges between them.TRIPATHI Vivek Mani first learned about China from bedtime stories tol...From international student to professor,Tripathi Mani shares his thoughts on Chinese and Indian cultures and the beneficial exchanges between them.TRIPATHI Vivek Mani first learned about China from bedtime stories told by his father,a Sanskrit teacher in rural Bihar,a state in east India.Many of the stories were about the Chinese monk Xuanzang’s adventures during his long journey to India to find Buddhist scriptures.They kindled the young boy’s interest in China and the desire to visit it one day.展开更多
Diabetes affects an estimated 828 million people globally,with approximately 44%living in China and India.Rural residents with diabetes in these countries face significant challenges in access to care.Although digital...Diabetes affects an estimated 828 million people globally,with approximately 44%living in China and India.Rural residents with diabetes in these countries face significant challenges in access to care.Although digital health interventions are increasingly used to reach underserved populations,considerable knowledge gaps exist.This mini-review presents the first comparative analysis of digital health implementations for diabetes care in rural China and India,comprising clinical decision support tools,telemedicine,and mobile health applications.The review examines how their distinct health system structures influence technology adoption and clinical outcomes.China's hierarchical administrative structure facilitates standardized nationwide platforms with consistent protocols,while India's federal system enables diverse localized innovations that accommodate regional diversity.Cluster-randomized trials for digital health tools in rural China show significant improvements in glycemic control.In India,interventions examined in this review were associated with improved health behaviors and medication adherence.Both countries demonstrate that digital interventions leveraging existing social structures and co-created with stakeholders yield better outcomes than standard care approaches.This analysis provides actionable insights for policymakers globally while identifying valuable opportunities for knowledge exchange between these two nations that together are home to nearly half of all people living with diabetes worldwide.展开更多
Benzene,toluene,ethylbenzene,and xylene(BTEX)pollution poses a serious threat to public health and the environment because of its respiratory and neurological effects,carcinogenic properties,and adverse effects on air...Benzene,toluene,ethylbenzene,and xylene(BTEX)pollution poses a serious threat to public health and the environment because of its respiratory and neurological effects,carcinogenic properties,and adverse effects on air quality.BTEX exposure is a matter of grave concern in India owing to the growing vehicular and development activities,necessitating the assessment of atmospheric concentrations and their spatial variation.This paper presents a comprehensive assessment of ambient concentrations and spatiotemporal variations of BTEX in India.The study investigates the correlation of BTEX with other criteria pollutants andmeteorological parameters,aiming to identify interrelationships and diagnostic indicators for the source characterization of BTEX emissions.Additionally,the paper categorizes various regions in India according to the Air Quality Index(AQI)based on BTEX pollution levels.The results reveal that the northern zone of India exhibits the highest levels of BTEX pollution compared to central,eastern,and western regions.In contrast,the southern zone experiences the least pollution with BTEX.Seasonal analysis indicates that winter and postmonsoon periods,characterized by lower temperatures,are associated with higher BTEX levels due to the accumulation of localized emissions.When comparing the different zones in India,high traffic emissions and localized activities,such as solvent use and solvent evaporation,are found to be the primary sources of BTEX.The findings of the current study aid in source characterization and identification,and better understanding of the region’s air quality problems,which helps in the development of focused BTEX pollution reduction and control strategies.展开更多
AIM:To describe the demographics,clinical characteristics and treatment outcomes of childhood amblyopia in a tertiary eye center in western India.METHODS:This was a retrospective longitudinal hospital-based study of 1...AIM:To describe the demographics,clinical characteristics and treatment outcomes of childhood amblyopia in a tertiary eye center in western India.METHODS:This was a retrospective longitudinal hospital-based study of 1382 children aged≤12y included in the National Institute of OphthalMology AmBlyopia StUdy in Indian Paediatric EyeS(NIMBUS)Study.Data on patient demographics,treatment approach,and best-corrected visual acuity(BCVA)changes were reviewed.RESULTS:The mean age of the study cohort was 4.54±2.46y,with males constituting the majority(55.4%).The cause of amblyopia was refractive error in 73.2%,strabismus in 7.3%,and anisometropia in 6.8%of eyes.The majority of therapies comprised glasses(74.4%),followed by occlusion+glasses(10.3%),occlusion alone(7.3%),and surgery+patching+glasses(5.1%).The mean occlusion time was 2.46±1.14h.After a median follow-up of 10.00(6-85)mo,the mean BCVA significantly improved from 0.85±0.41 to 0.55±0.42 logMAR.Subgroup analysis revealed BCVA gain for all etiologies,including refractive errors(P<0.001),strabismus(P<0.001),cataract(P<0.001),and ptosis(P<0.001).Additionally,eyes with refractive errors showed significantly better BCVA than eyes with cataracts(P<0.001),strabismus(P<0.001)and marginally better BCVA than eyes with ptosis(P<0.05),both at the baseline and final visit.CONCLUSION:Refractive errors are the commonest cause of amblyopia,followed by strabismus and anisometropia.Timely detection,optimal therapy,and periodic follow-up are crucial in bettering visual acuity regardless of the cause.展开更多
Subduction polarity reversal typically occurs in intra-oceanic arc settings;the existence of an ancient intraoceanic arc and its associated back-arc system within the Neotethyan plate has been deliberated.In this stud...Subduction polarity reversal typically occurs in intra-oceanic arc settings;the existence of an ancient intraoceanic arc and its associated back-arc system within the Neotethyan plate has been deliberated.In this study,we investigate the possible role of subduction initiation of polarity reversal in the formation of Nagaland-Manipur ophiolite(NMO),evaluate the petrological and geochronological data and compare it with the neighboring natural examples of subduction polarity reversal of the Andaman-Nicobar ophiolite(ANO).The ancient intra-oceanic arc,namely the Incertus-Woyla Arc,and its associated back-arc remnant have been correlated with the back-arc mafic of the ANO.We found that the geochemical signatures of mafic rocks of NMO and ANO are comparable,and the available geochronology data of~145 Ma from the NMO basalt and chert fit well with the evolution and formation of the intra-oceanic arc,i.e.,Incertus-Woyla Arc.The evolution and age of the Incertus-Woyla Arc are between 135 and 150 Ma.Although the oldest age of the ANO has been reported from metamor-phic sole at about 106.4 and 105.3 Ma,the back-arc affinity of the amphibole has been credited to the back-arc spreading that occurred behind the Woyla Arc.Previous paleomagnetic and geochronological studies have suggested that the development of the back-arc basin behind the Incertus-Woyla Arc was a result of divergent double subduction.Therefore,we have inferred a similar scenario for the development of the back-arc affinity rocks of the NMO behind the Incertus-Woyla Arc and the reinterpretation for the evolution of the supra-subduction zone affinity rocks of NMO and ANO during subduction initiation after subduction polarity reversal.展开更多
Agriculture,significantly impacted by climate change and climate variability,serves as the primary livelihood for smallholder farmers in South Asia.This study aims to examine and evaluate the factors influencing small...Agriculture,significantly impacted by climate change and climate variability,serves as the primary livelihood for smallholder farmers in South Asia.This study aims to examine and evaluate the factors influencing smallholder farmers'adaptive capacity(AC)in addressing these risks through surveys from 633 households across Nepal,India,and Bangladesh.The findings reveal that AC is influenced by various indicators categorized under eight principal factors.The first three factors,which explain about one-third of the variance in each country,include distinct significant indicators for each nation:in Nepal,these indicators are landholding size,skill-development training,knowledge of improved seed varieties,number of income sources,access to markets,and access to financial institutions;in India,they encompass ac-cess to agricultural-input information,knowledge of seed varieties,access to markets,access to crop insurance,changing the sowing/harvesting times of crops,and access to financial ser-vices;in Bangladesh,the key factors are access to financial institutions,community coopera-tion,changing the sowing/harvesting times of crops,knowledge of improved seed varieties,and access to agricultural-input information.Notably,indicators such as trust in weather in-formation,changing sowing/harvesting times of crops,and crop insurance were identified as important determinants of AC,which have been overlooked in previous studies.展开更多
BACKGROUND Intra-arterial chemotherapy(IAC)has become a first-line standard treatment for retinoblastoma(RB).However,studies describing its adverse events are sparse,especially from the developing world.Our study desc...BACKGROUND Intra-arterial chemotherapy(IAC)has become a first-line standard treatment for retinoblastoma(RB).However,studies describing its adverse events are sparse,especially from the developing world.Our study described the outcomes and adverse events from a single center in South India.AIM To describe the challenges,treatment outcomes,and complications of selective IAC for RB in Indian eyes.METHODS This study was a single center,retrospective study that included 17 patients with RB who underwent IAC using melphalan(5/7.5 mg)and topotecan(1/2 mg)(n=12)or melphalan(5 mg)alone(n=3)or triple therapy that included carboplatin(30 mg)along with these drugs(n=2)between January 2018 and December 2023.In all,17 IAC procedures were performed using selective ophthalmic artery cannulation.Treatment outcomes were evaluated in terms of tumor control,vitreous and subretinal seed control,complications,and globe salvage rates.RESULTS Out of the 17 patients,11 were diagnosed with unilateral RB and 6 were diag-nosed with bilateral RB.The mean age at the time of diagnosis was 19.8 months.The mean interval between the first symptom and presentation was 6.5 months.IAC was employed as the primary(n=9)or secondary(n=8)modality of treatment.Each eye received a mean of 1.5 IAC sessions(median:1 session;range:1-3 sessions).Eyes were classified according to the international classification of RB as group B(n=5),group C(n=1),group D(n=4),and group E(n=7).Following IAC,complete regression of the main tumor was seen in 15 eyes(88%)and partial regression in 2 eyes(12%).Globe salvage was achieved in 15 eyes(88%).Adverse effects included vitreous hemorrhage(n=3),rhegmatogenous retinal de-tachment(n=2),choroidal ischemia(n=1),isolated subretinal hemorrhage(n=2),retinal pigment epithelium degeneration(n=2),forehead pigmentation(n=1),third nerve palsy with complete ptosis(n=1),and 30-degree exotropia(n=1).The mean follow-up period was 28.6 months(median:24 months,range:1–72 months).CONCLUSION IAC is an effective way to control RB and globe preservation.In the Indian context we encountered many cha-llenges highlighting the importance of case selection.Further studies in India are required to thoroughly un-derstand IAC as a treatment for RB.展开更多
The lack of a comprehensive whole-rock geochemical and mineralogical dataset for the Archean granitoids of the Aravalli-Banded Gneissic Complex(BGC),northwest India,results in significant challenges for their correct ...The lack of a comprehensive whole-rock geochemical and mineralogical dataset for the Archean granitoids of the Aravalli-Banded Gneissic Complex(BGC),northwest India,results in significant challenges for their correct characterization and assessment of their antiquity.The new field,mineralogical and geochemical data classify the Jaisamand granitoids into sanukitoids,TTGs,and transitional TTGs,which are most likely coeval in nature.The obtained results,in conjuncture with the previously published geochemical and geochronological results of the Aravalli-BGC granitoids,unveil the Neoarchean affinity of the Jaisamand pluton.The TTGs were generated by the melting of a subducting slab(metabasite)at shallow(high-HREE-Y TTGs)to moderate depths(medium-HREE-Y TTGs)above the garnet-in line but still within the plagioclase stability field,with garnet-poor residue.The ascending TTG melts were transformed into sanukitoids through differential interaction with the overlying mantle wedge peridotite.The TTG melts,generated at different pressures,interacted with older TTGs at lower and middle crustal levels to form the transitional TTGs.The coexistence of high-HREE-Y and medium-HREE-Y TTGs and sanukitoids suggests a subduction-related setting for the Jaisamand granitoids.The heat required for simultaneous melting at shallow and deeper depths during the Neoarchean was provided by the upwelling asthenosphere due to slab break-off.The study also revealed the occurrence of altered granitoids in the Jaisamand pluton,showing evidence of albitization and silicification.These rocks do not represent the pristine mineralogy and should be carefully examined to avoid misleading interpretations,particularly for the Archean granitoids.展开更多
Emerald mineralization from the Bahutiya and Gurabanda areas of Jharkhand in the eastern part of India is a recent discovery.In this deposit,emerald mineralization occurs along the contact zone between pegmatite and e...Emerald mineralization from the Bahutiya and Gurabanda areas of Jharkhand in the eastern part of India is a recent discovery.In this deposit,emerald mineralization occurs along the contact zone between pegmatite and epidiorite-hornblende schist of the Dhanjori Group(2.1-2.9 Ga).Host rock petrographic characteristics,along with the spatial distribution of the emerald,suggest a metasomatic origin for the emerald mineralization in the study area.The well-developed emerald crystals are found along the S_(2)schistosity plane,suggesting lithological and structural control on the mineralization.Electron microprobe data of the emerald indicates that the green hue is primarily due to the variable chromium content and Be could have been derived from the soda-granite of the Singhbhum Shear Zone.The average Cr_(2)O_(3)and Cr concentration in the emerald is 0.038 wt%and 0.003 apfu,respectively.The ternary diagrams FeO-MgO-Cr_(2)O_(3)and FeO-Cr_(2)O_(3)-V_(2)O_(5)are plotted and superimposed on global emerald data,compiled from the literature,which shows the similarity of this deposit to other emerald deposits of the world.From the present study,it is inferred that the emerald deposits of Bahutiya and Gurabanda,Jharkhand,belong to the Type-IA category.展开更多
BACKGROUND Leptospirosis is a globally prevalent zoonotic disease with a significant burden in tropical and subtropical regions,including India.Despite its high fatality rate and endemic nature,the disease remains und...BACKGROUND Leptospirosis is a globally prevalent zoonotic disease with a significant burden in tropical and subtropical regions,including India.Despite its high fatality rate and endemic nature,the disease remains underreported in many areas,particularly in Northern India.AIM To analyze the demography,clinical presentation,complications,and mortality risk factors in presumptive leptospirosis patients admitted to a tertiary care hospital over the last 7 years from the Himalayan and Sub-Himalayan regions of Northern India.METHODS A retrospective analysis was conducted on hospital records of patients admitted with leptospirosis at the All India Institute of Medical Sciences,Rishikesh,between January 2018 and December 2024.Diagnosis was based on the Modified Faine’s Criteria and laboratory confirmation via IgM enzyme-linked immu-nosorbent assay(ELISA)and other diagnostic tests.Statistical analysis,including logistic regression,was performed to determine mortality predictors.RESULTS A total of 62 patients were included in the study.The most common symptoms were fever(98.39%),myalgia(41.94%),and jaundice(20.97%).Thrombocytopenia was the most frequent complication,occurring in 72.58%of cases,followed by hepatic involvement(62.9%)and acute kidney injury(40.32%).Multiorgan dys-function syndrome was present in 66.13%of cases,with 19.35%developing acute respiratory distress syndrome(ARDS).The overall mortality rate was 20.97%,with a higher but non-significant mortality trend in the Himalayan region(35%vs 14.29%,P=0.094).Logistic regression analysis revealed that no categorical predictor alone was statistically significant.However,ARDS had a high odds ratio(OR=2.10),suggesting clinical importance despite variability.Jaundice(OR=2.28,P=0.383)and creatinine levels(OR=2.12,P=0.1029)showed a possible trend toward increased mortality,despite statistical variability.Higher international normalized ratio levels(OR=0.33,P=0.0662)were suggestive of a protective effect.CONCLUSION Leptospirosis remains a severe and often fatal disease in Himalayan and sub-Himalayan regions,particularly in hilly areas,where underreporting and delayed diagnosis contribute to poor outcomes.Mortality was highest(33.33%)in cases with multiorgan involvement,particularly affecting the liver,kidneys,and lungs.We did not identify any statistically significant mortality predictors.Although the study did not assess the impact of timely diagnosis,improving healthcare accessibility in hilly regions may facilitate earlier detection and intervention,potentially reducing mortality.展开更多
BACKGROUND The reference ranges for biochemical parameters can fluctuate due to factors like altitude,age,gender,and socioeconomic conditions.These values are crucial for interpreting laboratory data and guide clinica...BACKGROUND The reference ranges for biochemical parameters can fluctuate due to factors like altitude,age,gender,and socioeconomic conditions.These values are crucial for interpreting laboratory data and guide clinical treatment decisions.Currently,there is no established set of reference intervals for cord blood biochemical parameters of newborns in India,particularly in Mumbai.AIM To create cord blood biochemical parameters reference intervals specifically for Mumbai,India.METHODS A cross-sectional study was conducted in an Indian tertiary care hospital.This study focused on healthy newborns with normal birth weight,born to pregnant mothers without health issues.Cord blood samples,approximately 2-3 mL in volume,were collected from 210 term neonates.These samples were divided into fluoride(glucose)and clot activator(serum)tubes and were subsequently analyzed in the institute's biochemical laboratory.The data obtained from the analysis was then subjected to statistical analysis.The result of the Shapiro-Wilk test suggested non-normality in the data distribution.Consequently,nonparametric statistics were utilized for analysis.The Mann-Whitney U test was utilized to compare parameter distributions among different factors,including the infant’s sex,delivery method,maternal age,and obstetric history.A significance level of P<0.05 was considered to indicate statistical significance.RESULTS The following represent the median figures and central 95 percentile reference intervals for biochemical parameters in umbilical cord blood of newborns:Serum direct bilirubin=(0.1-0.55)mg/dL,indirect bilirubin=(0.64-2.26)mg/dL,total bilirubin=(0.62-3.14)mg/dL,creatinine=(0.27-0.76)mg/dL,sodium=(128.19-143.26)mmol/L,chloride=(100.19-111.68)mmol/L,potassium=(1.62-9.98)mmol/L and plasma glucose=(24.75-94.23)mg/dL.Statistically significant differences were observed in serum sodium,potassium,and plasma glucose levels when comparing delivery modes.CONCLUSION This is the pioneering study in which first time,the biochemical reference intervals in cord blood for newborns are established in western India.The values are applicable for newborns from this area.Larger study throughout the country is required.展开更多
This article examines the evolution of India’s border laws from colonial to post-colonial periods,analyzing the continuities and transformations in legal frameworks governing territorial boundaries.Through historical...This article examines the evolution of India’s border laws from colonial to post-colonial periods,analyzing the continuities and transformations in legal frameworks governing territorial boundaries.Through historical-legal analysis of key legislation,policies,and judicial interpretations,the research demonstrates how colonial border regulations-primarily designed for imperial control-have been selectively preserved,modified,or replaced to serve post-independence imperatives.Findings reveal that 62%of colonial border management mechanisms persisted verbatim in post-colonial legislation,while regional variations created overlapping“legal border zones”with differential adaptation rates.The study identifies a significant shift from administrative boundaries toward securitized frontiers,with a 217%increase in religious and ethnic identifiers in post-1947 border legislation.This legal evolution reflects broader tensions between decolonization aspirations and inherited governance structures,creating what Cons(2016)terms“sensitive spaces”where exceptional legal regimes continue to operate.The research contributes to understanding how post-colonial states navigate the paradox of maintaining sovereignty through legal instruments originally designed for imperial control,with implications for borderland populations who experience persistent“legal liminality”despite constitutional protections.展开更多
From May 20 to 24,2025,CIIS President Chen Bo led a delegation to visit India.During the visit,the delegation attended the 20th meeting of the Shanghai Cooperation Organization(SCO)Forum hosted by the Indian Council o...From May 20 to 24,2025,CIIS President Chen Bo led a delegation to visit India.During the visit,the delegation attended the 20th meeting of the Shanghai Cooperation Organization(SCO)Forum hosted by the Indian Council of World Affairs(ICWA)and had in-depth exchanges with all participants on topics such as security,sustainable development and cultural cooperation in the SCO region.The delegation also had meetings with the Vivekananda International Foundation(VIF)and the Institute of Chinese Studies(ICS)in India.展开更多
BACKGROUND Return of spontaneous circulation(ROSC)following cardiopulmonary resuscitation(CPR)is a critical determinant of survival in patients experiencing cardiac arrest.This study aimed to investigate the relations...BACKGROUND Return of spontaneous circulation(ROSC)following cardiopulmonary resuscitation(CPR)is a critical determinant of survival in patients experiencing cardiac arrest.This study aimed to investigate the relationship between the duration of CPR,the achievement of ROSC,and both short-term[intensive care unit(ICU)and in-hospital]and long-term survival outcomes in patients admitted to the medical intensive care unit(MICU)of Dr.Moopen’s Medical College Hospital,Wayanad,Kerala,India.AIM To assess how cardiopulmonary resuscitation duration impacts short-term and long-term survival in cardiac arrest patients in intensive care.METHODS A retrospective observational cohort study was conducted on adult patients who received CPR in the MICU between March 2023 and March 2024.Data were extracted from electronic medical records,including demographics,duration of CPR,ROSC achievement,and survival outcomes.Short-term survival was defined as survival to ICU discharge and in-hospital mortality,while long-term survival was assessed at six months post-arrest.Statistical analysis was performed using SPSS software,with Kaplan-Meier survival analysis and Cox regression used to identify predictors of mortality.RESULTS A total of 142 patients were included in the study.The median duration of CPR was 15 minutes.ROSC was achieved in 68 patients(47.9%).A significant association was observed between the duration of CPR and ROSC achievement(P<0.001).Patients who achieved ROSC early had significantly higher rates of short-term and longterm survival compared to those who did not(P<0.001).Each additional minute of CPR was associated with a 7%decrease in the odds of achieving ROSC.Longer CPR duration(HR:1.05,95%CI:1.02-1.08),absence of ROSC(HR:4.87,95%CI:2.31-10.28),older age(HR:1.03,95%CI:1.01-1.06)and unwitnessed arrest(HR:1.89,95%CI:1.05-3.41)were independent predictors of mortality.CONCLUSION Timely,effective cardiopulmonary resuscitation improves survival in intensive care.Duration significantly predicts return of circulation and outcomes.Further research should explore factors affecting resuscitation length and optimize treatment strategies.展开更多
Distinguishing high-grade mafic-ultramafic rocks originally crystallized from within-plate basaltic magmatism is challenging and crucial because the chemical composition of the igneous rocks has been modified during h...Distinguishing high-grade mafic-ultramafic rocks originally crystallized from within-plate basaltic magmatism is challenging and crucial because the chemical composition of the igneous rocks has been modified during high-grade metamorphism,causing misidentification of the characters of the parental magma.Proterozoic metamorphosed mafic dykes occur throughout the Chhotanagpur Gneissic Complex(CGC)of eastern Indian shield.The E-W trending mafic dykes from the Saltora area in the southeastern CGC underwent metamorphism in two episodes:M1(650 MPa;770℃)and M2(300 MPa;744℃).The metamafics are enriched in LILE,depleted in HFSE,and display strong fractionation of LREE,nearly flat HREE patterns in a chondrite-normalized REE diagram,and show tholeiitic differentiation trend.Their geochemical affinity is towards rift-related,continental within-plate basalts.About 7%–10%melting of the carbonated spinel-peridotite sub-continental lithospheric mantle(SCLM)produced the parental mafic magma.The pre-existing SCLM was metasomatized by slab-derived fluid during the previous subduction.The upwelling of the asthenosphere in a post-collisional tectonic setting caused E-W trending fractures,lithospheric thinning,and gravitational collapse.These dykes were emplaced during crustal extension around 1070 Ma.The remarkable geochemical similarity between the mafic dykes of Saltora and Dhanbad,the ca.1096 Ma Mahoba(Bundelkhand craton),and the ca.1070 Ma Alcurra mafic dykes in Australia supports a genetic link.展开更多
Flooding remains one of the most destructive natural disasters,posing significant risks to both human lives and infrastructure.In India,where a large area is susceptible to flood hazards,the importance of accurate flo...Flooding remains one of the most destructive natural disasters,posing significant risks to both human lives and infrastructure.In India,where a large area is susceptible to flood hazards,the importance of accurate flood frequency analysis(FFA)and flood susceptibility mapping cannot be overstated.This study focuses on the Haora River basin in Tripura,a region prone to frequent flooding due to a combination of natural and anthropogenic factors.This study evaluates the suitability of the Log-Pearson Type Ⅲ(LP-Ⅲ)and Gumbel Extreme Value-1(EV-1)distributions for estimating peak discharges and delineates floodsusceptible zones in the Haora River basin,Tripura.Using 40 years of peak discharge data(1984-2023),the LP-Ⅲ distribution was identified as the most appropriate model based on goodness-of-fit tests.Flood susceptibility mapping,integrating 16 thematic layers through the Analytical Hierarchy Process,identified 8%,64%,and 26%of the area as high,moderate,and low susceptibility zones,respectively,with a model success rate of 0.81.The findings highlight the need for improved flood management strategies,such as enhancing river capacity and constructing flood spill channels.These insights are critical for designing targeted flood mitigation measures in the Haora basin and other flood-prone regions.展开更多
BACKGROUND Gallbladder and biliary tract cancer(GBTC)is a highly aggressive malignant tumor with a high fatality rate.The global incidence and mortality of GBTC continue to increase,presenting a significant challenge ...BACKGROUND Gallbladder and biliary tract cancer(GBTC)is a highly aggressive malignant tumor with a high fatality rate.The global incidence and mortality of GBTC continue to increase,presenting a significant challenge to public health.Strategies for preventing and controlling GBTC in Brazil,Russian Federation,India,China and South Africa(BRICS)countries offer valuable lessons for other developing nations.AIM To investigate GBTC burden trends in BRICS countries and perform an ageperiod-cohort(APC)analysis of Global Burden of Disease(GBD)from 1990-2021.METHODS Data on the incidences and crude incidence rates,the number of deaths and crude mortality rates,and the age-standardized incidence rate(ASIR)and agestandardized mortality rate(ASMR)of GBTC were obtained for BRICS countries from the GBD study 2021.Joinpoint regression analysis was employed to examine the trends in disease burden from 1990 to 2021.The APC model was utilized to assess the age,period,and birth cohort effects on the changes in GBTC disease burden worldwide and in the BRICS countries during the same time frame.Bayesian APC analysis was used to estimate the future burden.RESULTS The increases in incidence and deaths were 101.09%and 74.26%,respectively,compared with 1990.The ASMRs in Brazil,Russia,and China decreased,while those in India and South Africa increased.Among the BRICS countries,in most age groups in Brazil,Russia,India,and South Africa,the crude incidence and mortality rates in women were higher than those in men,whereas in China,the situation was the opposite.Joinpoint regression analysis revealed that from 1990 to 2021,the overall ASIR of gallbladder and bile duct cancer exhibited a declining trend.Although the incidence rate in China showed an increasing trend,the mortality rate exhibited a declining trend,which became more pronounced over time.CONCLUSION In BRICS countries,the number of incident cases and deaths from GBTC increased between 1990 and 2021,primarily due to rapid population growth.Nevertheless,the ASIR and ASMR declined during the same period.展开更多
The Johnson and Johnson faulty hip implant case represents one of the most significant crises in medical device history,impacting nearly 93000 patients worldwide.In response to alarming failure rates and a global reca...The Johnson and Johnson faulty hip implant case represents one of the most significant crises in medical device history,impacting nearly 93000 patients worldwide.In response to alarming failure rates and a global recall in August 2010,countries such as Australia,the United States,and the United Kingdom quickly implemented revision surgeries and reimbursement programs to protect patient safety.In stark contrast,India's response was alarmingly delayed;defective implants continued to be sold even after the global recall.By the time the import license was revoked,and the Central Drugs Standard Control Organization issued a recall notice,these implants had already been involved in 4700 surgeries across India.This paper explores the systemic weaknesses in India’s medical device regulatory framework that contributed to this delayed action,resulting in many patients suffering from serious health complications.It highlights deficiencies in monitoring and reporting mechanisms,inadequate regulatory oversight,and insufficient approval processes.Furthermore,the inability to trace affected patients and provide necessary compensation underscores significant gaps in regulation.Although subsequent legislative reforms were introduced,this paper argues that substantial loopholes remain,posing risks for future incidents.Thus,urgent,comprehensive,and enforceable regulatory measures are needed to increase patient safety.展开更多
Gallbladder cancer(GBC)is one of the commonest biliary malignancies seen in India,Argentina,and Japan.The disease has dismal outcome as it is detected quite late due to nonspecific symptoms and signs.Early detection i...Gallbladder cancer(GBC)is one of the commonest biliary malignancies seen in India,Argentina,and Japan.The disease has dismal outcome as it is detected quite late due to nonspecific symptoms and signs.Early detection is the only way to improve the outcome.There have been several advances in basic as well as clinical research in the hepatobiliary and pancreatic diseases in the West and other developed countries but not enough has been done in GBC.Therefore,it is imp-ortant and the responsibility of the countries with high burden of GBC to find solutions to the many unanswered questions like etiopathogenesis,early diagn-osis,treatment,and prognostication.As India being one of the largest hubs for GBC in the world,it is important to know how the country has progressed on GBC.In this review,we will discuss the outcome of the publications from India highlighting the work and the developments taken place in past several decades both in basic and clinical research.展开更多
文摘From international student to professor,Tripathi Mani shares his thoughts on Chinese and Indian cultures and the beneficial exchanges between them.TRIPATHI Vivek Mani first learned about China from bedtime stories told by his father,a Sanskrit teacher in rural Bihar,a state in east India.Many of the stories were about the Chinese monk Xuanzang’s adventures during his long journey to India to find Buddhist scriptures.They kindled the young boy’s interest in China and the desire to visit it one day.
文摘Diabetes affects an estimated 828 million people globally,with approximately 44%living in China and India.Rural residents with diabetes in these countries face significant challenges in access to care.Although digital health interventions are increasingly used to reach underserved populations,considerable knowledge gaps exist.This mini-review presents the first comparative analysis of digital health implementations for diabetes care in rural China and India,comprising clinical decision support tools,telemedicine,and mobile health applications.The review examines how their distinct health system structures influence technology adoption and clinical outcomes.China's hierarchical administrative structure facilitates standardized nationwide platforms with consistent protocols,while India's federal system enables diverse localized innovations that accommodate regional diversity.Cluster-randomized trials for digital health tools in rural China show significant improvements in glycemic control.In India,interventions examined in this review were associated with improved health behaviors and medication adherence.Both countries demonstrate that digital interventions leveraging existing social structures and co-created with stakeholders yield better outcomes than standard care approaches.This analysis provides actionable insights for policymakers globally while identifying valuable opportunities for knowledge exchange between these two nations that together are home to nearly half of all people living with diabetes worldwide.
文摘Benzene,toluene,ethylbenzene,and xylene(BTEX)pollution poses a serious threat to public health and the environment because of its respiratory and neurological effects,carcinogenic properties,and adverse effects on air quality.BTEX exposure is a matter of grave concern in India owing to the growing vehicular and development activities,necessitating the assessment of atmospheric concentrations and their spatial variation.This paper presents a comprehensive assessment of ambient concentrations and spatiotemporal variations of BTEX in India.The study investigates the correlation of BTEX with other criteria pollutants andmeteorological parameters,aiming to identify interrelationships and diagnostic indicators for the source characterization of BTEX emissions.Additionally,the paper categorizes various regions in India according to the Air Quality Index(AQI)based on BTEX pollution levels.The results reveal that the northern zone of India exhibits the highest levels of BTEX pollution compared to central,eastern,and western regions.In contrast,the southern zone experiences the least pollution with BTEX.Seasonal analysis indicates that winter and postmonsoon periods,characterized by lower temperatures,are associated with higher BTEX levels due to the accumulation of localized emissions.When comparing the different zones in India,high traffic emissions and localized activities,such as solvent use and solvent evaporation,are found to be the primary sources of BTEX.The findings of the current study aid in source characterization and identification,and better understanding of the region’s air quality problems,which helps in the development of focused BTEX pollution reduction and control strategies.
文摘AIM:To describe the demographics,clinical characteristics and treatment outcomes of childhood amblyopia in a tertiary eye center in western India.METHODS:This was a retrospective longitudinal hospital-based study of 1382 children aged≤12y included in the National Institute of OphthalMology AmBlyopia StUdy in Indian Paediatric EyeS(NIMBUS)Study.Data on patient demographics,treatment approach,and best-corrected visual acuity(BCVA)changes were reviewed.RESULTS:The mean age of the study cohort was 4.54±2.46y,with males constituting the majority(55.4%).The cause of amblyopia was refractive error in 73.2%,strabismus in 7.3%,and anisometropia in 6.8%of eyes.The majority of therapies comprised glasses(74.4%),followed by occlusion+glasses(10.3%),occlusion alone(7.3%),and surgery+patching+glasses(5.1%).The mean occlusion time was 2.46±1.14h.After a median follow-up of 10.00(6-85)mo,the mean BCVA significantly improved from 0.85±0.41 to 0.55±0.42 logMAR.Subgroup analysis revealed BCVA gain for all etiologies,including refractive errors(P<0.001),strabismus(P<0.001),cataract(P<0.001),and ptosis(P<0.001).Additionally,eyes with refractive errors showed significantly better BCVA than eyes with cataracts(P<0.001),strabismus(P<0.001)and marginally better BCVA than eyes with ptosis(P<0.05),both at the baseline and final visit.CONCLUSION:Refractive errors are the commonest cause of amblyopia,followed by strabismus and anisometropia.Timely detection,optimal therapy,and periodic follow-up are crucial in bettering visual acuity regardless of the cause.
基金supported by the Ministry of Earth Sciences(MoES),Government of India,New Delhi,through a research grant(No.MoES/P.O.(Geo)/80/2015)to A.K.Singh.
文摘Subduction polarity reversal typically occurs in intra-oceanic arc settings;the existence of an ancient intraoceanic arc and its associated back-arc system within the Neotethyan plate has been deliberated.In this study,we investigate the possible role of subduction initiation of polarity reversal in the formation of Nagaland-Manipur ophiolite(NMO),evaluate the petrological and geochronological data and compare it with the neighboring natural examples of subduction polarity reversal of the Andaman-Nicobar ophiolite(ANO).The ancient intra-oceanic arc,namely the Incertus-Woyla Arc,and its associated back-arc remnant have been correlated with the back-arc mafic of the ANO.We found that the geochemical signatures of mafic rocks of NMO and ANO are comparable,and the available geochronology data of~145 Ma from the NMO basalt and chert fit well with the evolution and formation of the intra-oceanic arc,i.e.,Incertus-Woyla Arc.The evolution and age of the Incertus-Woyla Arc are between 135 and 150 Ma.Although the oldest age of the ANO has been reported from metamor-phic sole at about 106.4 and 105.3 Ma,the back-arc affinity of the amphibole has been credited to the back-arc spreading that occurred behind the Woyla Arc.Previous paleomagnetic and geochronological studies have suggested that the development of the back-arc basin behind the Incertus-Woyla Arc was a result of divergent double subduction.Therefore,we have inferred a similar scenario for the development of the back-arc affinity rocks of the NMO behind the Incertus-Woyla Arc and the reinterpretation for the evolution of the supra-subduction zone affinity rocks of NMO and ANO during subduction initiation after subduction polarity reversal.
基金The Alliance of International Science Organizations(ANSO),No.ANSO-CR-PP-2021-06The Second Tibetan Plateau Scientific Expedition and Research,No.2019QZKK0603。
文摘Agriculture,significantly impacted by climate change and climate variability,serves as the primary livelihood for smallholder farmers in South Asia.This study aims to examine and evaluate the factors influencing smallholder farmers'adaptive capacity(AC)in addressing these risks through surveys from 633 households across Nepal,India,and Bangladesh.The findings reveal that AC is influenced by various indicators categorized under eight principal factors.The first three factors,which explain about one-third of the variance in each country,include distinct significant indicators for each nation:in Nepal,these indicators are landholding size,skill-development training,knowledge of improved seed varieties,number of income sources,access to markets,and access to financial institutions;in India,they encompass ac-cess to agricultural-input information,knowledge of seed varieties,access to markets,access to crop insurance,changing the sowing/harvesting times of crops,and access to financial ser-vices;in Bangladesh,the key factors are access to financial institutions,community coopera-tion,changing the sowing/harvesting times of crops,knowledge of improved seed varieties,and access to agricultural-input information.Notably,indicators such as trust in weather in-formation,changing sowing/harvesting times of crops,and crop insurance were identified as important determinants of AC,which have been overlooked in previous studies.
文摘BACKGROUND Intra-arterial chemotherapy(IAC)has become a first-line standard treatment for retinoblastoma(RB).However,studies describing its adverse events are sparse,especially from the developing world.Our study described the outcomes and adverse events from a single center in South India.AIM To describe the challenges,treatment outcomes,and complications of selective IAC for RB in Indian eyes.METHODS This study was a single center,retrospective study that included 17 patients with RB who underwent IAC using melphalan(5/7.5 mg)and topotecan(1/2 mg)(n=12)or melphalan(5 mg)alone(n=3)or triple therapy that included carboplatin(30 mg)along with these drugs(n=2)between January 2018 and December 2023.In all,17 IAC procedures were performed using selective ophthalmic artery cannulation.Treatment outcomes were evaluated in terms of tumor control,vitreous and subretinal seed control,complications,and globe salvage rates.RESULTS Out of the 17 patients,11 were diagnosed with unilateral RB and 6 were diag-nosed with bilateral RB.The mean age at the time of diagnosis was 19.8 months.The mean interval between the first symptom and presentation was 6.5 months.IAC was employed as the primary(n=9)or secondary(n=8)modality of treatment.Each eye received a mean of 1.5 IAC sessions(median:1 session;range:1-3 sessions).Eyes were classified according to the international classification of RB as group B(n=5),group C(n=1),group D(n=4),and group E(n=7).Following IAC,complete regression of the main tumor was seen in 15 eyes(88%)and partial regression in 2 eyes(12%).Globe salvage was achieved in 15 eyes(88%).Adverse effects included vitreous hemorrhage(n=3),rhegmatogenous retinal de-tachment(n=2),choroidal ischemia(n=1),isolated subretinal hemorrhage(n=2),retinal pigment epithelium degeneration(n=2),forehead pigmentation(n=1),third nerve palsy with complete ptosis(n=1),and 30-degree exotropia(n=1).The mean follow-up period was 28.6 months(median:24 months,range:1–72 months).CONCLUSION IAC is an effective way to control RB and globe preservation.In the Indian context we encountered many cha-llenges highlighting the importance of case selection.Further studies in India are required to thoroughly un-derstand IAC as a treatment for RB.
基金the Ministry of Earth Sciences,New Delhi(MoES/P.O/(Geo)/100(2)/2017).
文摘The lack of a comprehensive whole-rock geochemical and mineralogical dataset for the Archean granitoids of the Aravalli-Banded Gneissic Complex(BGC),northwest India,results in significant challenges for their correct characterization and assessment of their antiquity.The new field,mineralogical and geochemical data classify the Jaisamand granitoids into sanukitoids,TTGs,and transitional TTGs,which are most likely coeval in nature.The obtained results,in conjuncture with the previously published geochemical and geochronological results of the Aravalli-BGC granitoids,unveil the Neoarchean affinity of the Jaisamand pluton.The TTGs were generated by the melting of a subducting slab(metabasite)at shallow(high-HREE-Y TTGs)to moderate depths(medium-HREE-Y TTGs)above the garnet-in line but still within the plagioclase stability field,with garnet-poor residue.The ascending TTG melts were transformed into sanukitoids through differential interaction with the overlying mantle wedge peridotite.The TTG melts,generated at different pressures,interacted with older TTGs at lower and middle crustal levels to form the transitional TTGs.The coexistence of high-HREE-Y and medium-HREE-Y TTGs and sanukitoids suggests a subduction-related setting for the Jaisamand granitoids.The heat required for simultaneous melting at shallow and deeper depths during the Neoarchean was provided by the upwelling asthenosphere due to slab break-off.The study also revealed the occurrence of altered granitoids in the Jaisamand pluton,showing evidence of albitization and silicification.These rocks do not represent the pristine mineralogy and should be carefully examined to avoid misleading interpretations,particularly for the Archean granitoids.
基金financial support to setup “DST-FIST Level-Ⅱ Facility” [No. SR/ FST/ESII-014/2012(C)] at the Department of Applied Geology (AGL), IIT(ISM) Dhanbad, India
文摘Emerald mineralization from the Bahutiya and Gurabanda areas of Jharkhand in the eastern part of India is a recent discovery.In this deposit,emerald mineralization occurs along the contact zone between pegmatite and epidiorite-hornblende schist of the Dhanjori Group(2.1-2.9 Ga).Host rock petrographic characteristics,along with the spatial distribution of the emerald,suggest a metasomatic origin for the emerald mineralization in the study area.The well-developed emerald crystals are found along the S_(2)schistosity plane,suggesting lithological and structural control on the mineralization.Electron microprobe data of the emerald indicates that the green hue is primarily due to the variable chromium content and Be could have been derived from the soda-granite of the Singhbhum Shear Zone.The average Cr_(2)O_(3)and Cr concentration in the emerald is 0.038 wt%and 0.003 apfu,respectively.The ternary diagrams FeO-MgO-Cr_(2)O_(3)and FeO-Cr_(2)O_(3)-V_(2)O_(5)are plotted and superimposed on global emerald data,compiled from the literature,which shows the similarity of this deposit to other emerald deposits of the world.From the present study,it is inferred that the emerald deposits of Bahutiya and Gurabanda,Jharkhand,belong to the Type-IA category.
文摘BACKGROUND Leptospirosis is a globally prevalent zoonotic disease with a significant burden in tropical and subtropical regions,including India.Despite its high fatality rate and endemic nature,the disease remains underreported in many areas,particularly in Northern India.AIM To analyze the demography,clinical presentation,complications,and mortality risk factors in presumptive leptospirosis patients admitted to a tertiary care hospital over the last 7 years from the Himalayan and Sub-Himalayan regions of Northern India.METHODS A retrospective analysis was conducted on hospital records of patients admitted with leptospirosis at the All India Institute of Medical Sciences,Rishikesh,between January 2018 and December 2024.Diagnosis was based on the Modified Faine’s Criteria and laboratory confirmation via IgM enzyme-linked immu-nosorbent assay(ELISA)and other diagnostic tests.Statistical analysis,including logistic regression,was performed to determine mortality predictors.RESULTS A total of 62 patients were included in the study.The most common symptoms were fever(98.39%),myalgia(41.94%),and jaundice(20.97%).Thrombocytopenia was the most frequent complication,occurring in 72.58%of cases,followed by hepatic involvement(62.9%)and acute kidney injury(40.32%).Multiorgan dys-function syndrome was present in 66.13%of cases,with 19.35%developing acute respiratory distress syndrome(ARDS).The overall mortality rate was 20.97%,with a higher but non-significant mortality trend in the Himalayan region(35%vs 14.29%,P=0.094).Logistic regression analysis revealed that no categorical predictor alone was statistically significant.However,ARDS had a high odds ratio(OR=2.10),suggesting clinical importance despite variability.Jaundice(OR=2.28,P=0.383)and creatinine levels(OR=2.12,P=0.1029)showed a possible trend toward increased mortality,despite statistical variability.Higher international normalized ratio levels(OR=0.33,P=0.0662)were suggestive of a protective effect.CONCLUSION Leptospirosis remains a severe and often fatal disease in Himalayan and sub-Himalayan regions,particularly in hilly areas,where underreporting and delayed diagnosis contribute to poor outcomes.Mortality was highest(33.33%)in cases with multiorgan involvement,particularly affecting the liver,kidneys,and lungs.We did not identify any statistically significant mortality predictors.Although the study did not assess the impact of timely diagnosis,improving healthcare accessibility in hilly regions may facilitate earlier detection and intervention,potentially reducing mortality.
文摘BACKGROUND The reference ranges for biochemical parameters can fluctuate due to factors like altitude,age,gender,and socioeconomic conditions.These values are crucial for interpreting laboratory data and guide clinical treatment decisions.Currently,there is no established set of reference intervals for cord blood biochemical parameters of newborns in India,particularly in Mumbai.AIM To create cord blood biochemical parameters reference intervals specifically for Mumbai,India.METHODS A cross-sectional study was conducted in an Indian tertiary care hospital.This study focused on healthy newborns with normal birth weight,born to pregnant mothers without health issues.Cord blood samples,approximately 2-3 mL in volume,were collected from 210 term neonates.These samples were divided into fluoride(glucose)and clot activator(serum)tubes and were subsequently analyzed in the institute's biochemical laboratory.The data obtained from the analysis was then subjected to statistical analysis.The result of the Shapiro-Wilk test suggested non-normality in the data distribution.Consequently,nonparametric statistics were utilized for analysis.The Mann-Whitney U test was utilized to compare parameter distributions among different factors,including the infant’s sex,delivery method,maternal age,and obstetric history.A significance level of P<0.05 was considered to indicate statistical significance.RESULTS The following represent the median figures and central 95 percentile reference intervals for biochemical parameters in umbilical cord blood of newborns:Serum direct bilirubin=(0.1-0.55)mg/dL,indirect bilirubin=(0.64-2.26)mg/dL,total bilirubin=(0.62-3.14)mg/dL,creatinine=(0.27-0.76)mg/dL,sodium=(128.19-143.26)mmol/L,chloride=(100.19-111.68)mmol/L,potassium=(1.62-9.98)mmol/L and plasma glucose=(24.75-94.23)mg/dL.Statistically significant differences were observed in serum sodium,potassium,and plasma glucose levels when comparing delivery modes.CONCLUSION This is the pioneering study in which first time,the biochemical reference intervals in cord blood for newborns are established in western India.The values are applicable for newborns from this area.Larger study throughout the country is required.
文摘This article examines the evolution of India’s border laws from colonial to post-colonial periods,analyzing the continuities and transformations in legal frameworks governing territorial boundaries.Through historical-legal analysis of key legislation,policies,and judicial interpretations,the research demonstrates how colonial border regulations-primarily designed for imperial control-have been selectively preserved,modified,or replaced to serve post-independence imperatives.Findings reveal that 62%of colonial border management mechanisms persisted verbatim in post-colonial legislation,while regional variations created overlapping“legal border zones”with differential adaptation rates.The study identifies a significant shift from administrative boundaries toward securitized frontiers,with a 217%increase in religious and ethnic identifiers in post-1947 border legislation.This legal evolution reflects broader tensions between decolonization aspirations and inherited governance structures,creating what Cons(2016)terms“sensitive spaces”where exceptional legal regimes continue to operate.The research contributes to understanding how post-colonial states navigate the paradox of maintaining sovereignty through legal instruments originally designed for imperial control,with implications for borderland populations who experience persistent“legal liminality”despite constitutional protections.
文摘From May 20 to 24,2025,CIIS President Chen Bo led a delegation to visit India.During the visit,the delegation attended the 20th meeting of the Shanghai Cooperation Organization(SCO)Forum hosted by the Indian Council of World Affairs(ICWA)and had in-depth exchanges with all participants on topics such as security,sustainable development and cultural cooperation in the SCO region.The delegation also had meetings with the Vivekananda International Foundation(VIF)and the Institute of Chinese Studies(ICS)in India.
文摘BACKGROUND Return of spontaneous circulation(ROSC)following cardiopulmonary resuscitation(CPR)is a critical determinant of survival in patients experiencing cardiac arrest.This study aimed to investigate the relationship between the duration of CPR,the achievement of ROSC,and both short-term[intensive care unit(ICU)and in-hospital]and long-term survival outcomes in patients admitted to the medical intensive care unit(MICU)of Dr.Moopen’s Medical College Hospital,Wayanad,Kerala,India.AIM To assess how cardiopulmonary resuscitation duration impacts short-term and long-term survival in cardiac arrest patients in intensive care.METHODS A retrospective observational cohort study was conducted on adult patients who received CPR in the MICU between March 2023 and March 2024.Data were extracted from electronic medical records,including demographics,duration of CPR,ROSC achievement,and survival outcomes.Short-term survival was defined as survival to ICU discharge and in-hospital mortality,while long-term survival was assessed at six months post-arrest.Statistical analysis was performed using SPSS software,with Kaplan-Meier survival analysis and Cox regression used to identify predictors of mortality.RESULTS A total of 142 patients were included in the study.The median duration of CPR was 15 minutes.ROSC was achieved in 68 patients(47.9%).A significant association was observed between the duration of CPR and ROSC achievement(P<0.001).Patients who achieved ROSC early had significantly higher rates of short-term and longterm survival compared to those who did not(P<0.001).Each additional minute of CPR was associated with a 7%decrease in the odds of achieving ROSC.Longer CPR duration(HR:1.05,95%CI:1.02-1.08),absence of ROSC(HR:4.87,95%CI:2.31-10.28),older age(HR:1.03,95%CI:1.01-1.06)and unwitnessed arrest(HR:1.89,95%CI:1.05-3.41)were independent predictors of mortality.CONCLUSION Timely,effective cardiopulmonary resuscitation improves survival in intensive care.Duration significantly predicts return of circulation and outcomes.Further research should explore factors affecting resuscitation length and optimize treatment strategies.
基金funded by a major research project grant from the UGC (F.-43-367/2014(SR)) and teachers’ research grant from the University of Calcutta awarded to Dr Bapi GoswamiDST-sponsored Women Scientist scheme-A (SR/WOS-A/EA-47/2018 (G) dated 06.05.2019) awarded to Ms. Poulami Roy is highly acknowledged for their financial help
文摘Distinguishing high-grade mafic-ultramafic rocks originally crystallized from within-plate basaltic magmatism is challenging and crucial because the chemical composition of the igneous rocks has been modified during high-grade metamorphism,causing misidentification of the characters of the parental magma.Proterozoic metamorphosed mafic dykes occur throughout the Chhotanagpur Gneissic Complex(CGC)of eastern Indian shield.The E-W trending mafic dykes from the Saltora area in the southeastern CGC underwent metamorphism in two episodes:M1(650 MPa;770℃)and M2(300 MPa;744℃).The metamafics are enriched in LILE,depleted in HFSE,and display strong fractionation of LREE,nearly flat HREE patterns in a chondrite-normalized REE diagram,and show tholeiitic differentiation trend.Their geochemical affinity is towards rift-related,continental within-plate basalts.About 7%–10%melting of the carbonated spinel-peridotite sub-continental lithospheric mantle(SCLM)produced the parental mafic magma.The pre-existing SCLM was metasomatized by slab-derived fluid during the previous subduction.The upwelling of the asthenosphere in a post-collisional tectonic setting caused E-W trending fractures,lithospheric thinning,and gravitational collapse.These dykes were emplaced during crustal extension around 1070 Ma.The remarkable geochemical similarity between the mafic dykes of Saltora and Dhanbad,the ca.1096 Ma Mahoba(Bundelkhand craton),and the ca.1070 Ma Alcurra mafic dykes in Australia supports a genetic link.
文摘Flooding remains one of the most destructive natural disasters,posing significant risks to both human lives and infrastructure.In India,where a large area is susceptible to flood hazards,the importance of accurate flood frequency analysis(FFA)and flood susceptibility mapping cannot be overstated.This study focuses on the Haora River basin in Tripura,a region prone to frequent flooding due to a combination of natural and anthropogenic factors.This study evaluates the suitability of the Log-Pearson Type Ⅲ(LP-Ⅲ)and Gumbel Extreme Value-1(EV-1)distributions for estimating peak discharges and delineates floodsusceptible zones in the Haora River basin,Tripura.Using 40 years of peak discharge data(1984-2023),the LP-Ⅲ distribution was identified as the most appropriate model based on goodness-of-fit tests.Flood susceptibility mapping,integrating 16 thematic layers through the Analytical Hierarchy Process,identified 8%,64%,and 26%of the area as high,moderate,and low susceptibility zones,respectively,with a model success rate of 0.81.The findings highlight the need for improved flood management strategies,such as enhancing river capacity and constructing flood spill channels.These insights are critical for designing targeted flood mitigation measures in the Haora basin and other flood-prone regions.
基金Supported by the Key Project of Science&Technology Development Fund of Tianjin Education Commission for Higher Education,No.2024ZD023.
文摘BACKGROUND Gallbladder and biliary tract cancer(GBTC)is a highly aggressive malignant tumor with a high fatality rate.The global incidence and mortality of GBTC continue to increase,presenting a significant challenge to public health.Strategies for preventing and controlling GBTC in Brazil,Russian Federation,India,China and South Africa(BRICS)countries offer valuable lessons for other developing nations.AIM To investigate GBTC burden trends in BRICS countries and perform an ageperiod-cohort(APC)analysis of Global Burden of Disease(GBD)from 1990-2021.METHODS Data on the incidences and crude incidence rates,the number of deaths and crude mortality rates,and the age-standardized incidence rate(ASIR)and agestandardized mortality rate(ASMR)of GBTC were obtained for BRICS countries from the GBD study 2021.Joinpoint regression analysis was employed to examine the trends in disease burden from 1990 to 2021.The APC model was utilized to assess the age,period,and birth cohort effects on the changes in GBTC disease burden worldwide and in the BRICS countries during the same time frame.Bayesian APC analysis was used to estimate the future burden.RESULTS The increases in incidence and deaths were 101.09%and 74.26%,respectively,compared with 1990.The ASMRs in Brazil,Russia,and China decreased,while those in India and South Africa increased.Among the BRICS countries,in most age groups in Brazil,Russia,India,and South Africa,the crude incidence and mortality rates in women were higher than those in men,whereas in China,the situation was the opposite.Joinpoint regression analysis revealed that from 1990 to 2021,the overall ASIR of gallbladder and bile duct cancer exhibited a declining trend.Although the incidence rate in China showed an increasing trend,the mortality rate exhibited a declining trend,which became more pronounced over time.CONCLUSION In BRICS countries,the number of incident cases and deaths from GBTC increased between 1990 and 2021,primarily due to rapid population growth.Nevertheless,the ASIR and ASMR declined during the same period.
文摘The Johnson and Johnson faulty hip implant case represents one of the most significant crises in medical device history,impacting nearly 93000 patients worldwide.In response to alarming failure rates and a global recall in August 2010,countries such as Australia,the United States,and the United Kingdom quickly implemented revision surgeries and reimbursement programs to protect patient safety.In stark contrast,India's response was alarmingly delayed;defective implants continued to be sold even after the global recall.By the time the import license was revoked,and the Central Drugs Standard Control Organization issued a recall notice,these implants had already been involved in 4700 surgeries across India.This paper explores the systemic weaknesses in India’s medical device regulatory framework that contributed to this delayed action,resulting in many patients suffering from serious health complications.It highlights deficiencies in monitoring and reporting mechanisms,inadequate regulatory oversight,and insufficient approval processes.Furthermore,the inability to trace affected patients and provide necessary compensation underscores significant gaps in regulation.Although subsequent legislative reforms were introduced,this paper argues that substantial loopholes remain,posing risks for future incidents.Thus,urgent,comprehensive,and enforceable regulatory measures are needed to increase patient safety.
文摘Gallbladder cancer(GBC)is one of the commonest biliary malignancies seen in India,Argentina,and Japan.The disease has dismal outcome as it is detected quite late due to nonspecific symptoms and signs.Early detection is the only way to improve the outcome.There have been several advances in basic as well as clinical research in the hepatobiliary and pancreatic diseases in the West and other developed countries but not enough has been done in GBC.Therefore,it is imp-ortant and the responsibility of the countries with high burden of GBC to find solutions to the many unanswered questions like etiopathogenesis,early diagn-osis,treatment,and prognostication.As India being one of the largest hubs for GBC in the world,it is important to know how the country has progressed on GBC.In this review,we will discuss the outcome of the publications from India highlighting the work and the developments taken place in past several decades both in basic and clinical research.
