On the evening of May 3Oth,the parallel forum"Equality and Inclusiveness&Harmonious Coexistence:Multi-dimensional Narratives of Civilisations from Writers'Perspective",as part of the 4th Dialogue on ...On the evening of May 3Oth,the parallel forum"Equality and Inclusiveness&Harmonious Coexistence:Multi-dimensional Narratives of Civilisations from Writers'Perspective",as part of the 4th Dialogue on Exchanges and Mutual Learning among Civilisations,was held in Dunhuang.The forum was organised by the China Writers Association and co-organised by China National Publications Import&Export(Group)Corporation.展开更多
Gender inclusiveness is important in the rural transformation process of Bangladesh as rural women play key roles in both agricultural and non-agricultural sectors.Gender inclusiveness also leads to gender equity.We e...Gender inclusiveness is important in the rural transformation process of Bangladesh as rural women play key roles in both agricultural and non-agricultural sectors.Gender inclusiveness also leads to gender equity.We empirically evaluate relationships between rural transformation and gender inclusiveness in Bangladesh.We consider three rural transformation indicators:high-value commodities’share in agricultural output values,non-farm employment’s share in rural labor employment,and non-agricultural GDP’s share in total GDP.Indicators capturing gender inclusiveness include the per capita rural income of males and females,ratio of investments into gender programs,female access to education,access to healthcare,employment participation,land ownership,and asset ownership.We test the effect of the difference in per capita rural income of males and females and the ratio of their incomes and check for the robustness of the gender variables across different model specifications.Analyzing 128 district-level observations from 32 districts of Bangladesh across four time periods(2000,2005,2010 and 2016),we use both ordinary least squares and fixed effects panel regression models.We find that female land and asset ownership and access to education and healthcare are robust determinants of various stages of rural transformation.Thus,our results suggest that improving women’s ownership of land and assets and investing in women’s education and healthcare will likely contribute to a more inclusive rural transformation.展开更多
City centres in today’s big cities,particularly in metropolises and megalopolises,play a crucial role in revival of human scale in an urban context.Nowadays,a city centre that corresponds to needs of various groups o...City centres in today’s big cities,particularly in metropolises and megalopolises,play a crucial role in revival of human scale in an urban context.Nowadays,a city centre that corresponds to needs of various groups of users,contributes to creating a safe,healthy,vibrant,inclusive and sustainable city.Accordingly,identification of the major and minor groups of users of city centres as well as their likes,dislikes and preferences is a primary step.To this end,this paper investigates the city centre of Tehran and a recently pedestrianised street called 30-E-Tir.With a focus on the three indicators of age,gender and speed,this paper aims to elucidate the existing divergent groups of users of 30-E-Tir and their physical,mental,and spiritual expectations of this street.This 1.3-km street-as a linear path incorporating food&junk food kiosks and the associated small-scale canopies,and flagstone floorscaping-passes through many famous museums of Tehran.These specific features have converted 30-E-Tir Street into a convivial destination point for Tehranians.The existing problems,however,necessitate a detailed investigation of the current situation.The applied methodology for this qualitative-quantitative analysis of the present condition includes the literature review and the related analysis,direct appraisal,photography,and dot-based analysis.展开更多
With the support of the Belgian FPS Economy,SBS and CEN-CENELEC are co-organizing the workshop,under the High-Level Forum on European standardization(HLF)and its workstream on inclusiveness in national standardization...With the support of the Belgian FPS Economy,SBS and CEN-CENELEC are co-organizing the workshop,under the High-Level Forum on European standardization(HLF)and its workstream on inclusiveness in national standardization,to tackle issues of access and participation in standardization at the national level and discuss and promote best practices.展开更多
The enduring vitality of Chinese civilization springs from the wisdom of consolidating foundations while embracing innovation and from a spirit of openness and inclusiveness.This is what has enabled the Chinese people...The enduring vitality of Chinese civilization springs from the wisdom of consolidating foundations while embracing innovation and from a spirit of openness and inclusiveness.This is what has enabled the Chinese people to hold fast to our cultural roots while continuously forging new paths,and to maintain our cultural identity while drawing nourishment from exchanges and mutual learning with others.展开更多
The large-scale production of high-Ti steels is limited by the formation of Ti-containing oxides or nitrides in steel-slag reactions during continuous casting.These processes degrade mold flux properties,clog submerge...The large-scale production of high-Ti steels is limited by the formation of Ti-containing oxides or nitrides in steel-slag reactions during continuous casting.These processes degrade mold flux properties,clog submerged entry nozzles,form floaters in the molds,and produce various surface defects on the cast slabs.This review summarizes the effects of nonmetallic inclusions on traditional CaO-SiO_(2)-based(CS)mold fluxes and novel CaO-Al_(2)O_(3)-based(CA)low-or non-reactive fluxes containing TiO_(2),BaO,and B_(2)O_(3)additives to avoid undesirable steel,slag,and inclusion reactions,with the aim of providing a new perspective for research and practice related to balancing the lubrication and heat transfer of mold fluxes to promote smooth operation and reduce surface defects on cast slabs.For traditional CS mold flux,although the addition of solvents such as Na_(2)O,Li_(2)O,and B_(2)O_(3)can enhance flowability,steel-slag reactions persist,limiting the effectiveness of CS mold fluxes in high-Ti steel casting.Low-or non-reactive CA mold fluxes with reduced SiO_(2)content are a research focus,where adding other components can significantly change flux characteristics.Replacing CaO with BaO can lower the melting point and inhibit crystallization,allowing the flux to maintain good flowability at low temperatures.Replacing SiO_(2)with TiO_(2)can stabilize the viscosity and enhance heat transfer.To reduce the environmental impact,fluorides are replaced with components such as TiO_(2),B_(2)O_(3),BaO,Li_(2)O,and Na_(2)O for F-frce mold fluxes with similar lubrication,crystallization,and heat-transfer effects.When TiO_(2)replaces CaF_(2),it stabilizes the viscosity and enhances the heat conductivity,forming CaTiO_(3)and CaSiTiO_(5)phases instead of cuspidine to control crystallization.B_(2)O_(3)lowers the melting point and suppresses crystallization,forming phases such as Ca_(3)B_(2)O_(6)and Ca_(11)Si_(4)B_(2)O_(22).BaO introduces non-bridging oxygen to reduce viscosity and ensure flux flowability at low temperatures.However,further studies are required to determine the optimal mold flux compositions corresponding to the steel grades and the interactions between the various components of the mold flux.In the future,the practical application of new mold fluxes for high-Ti steel will become the focus of further verification to achieve a balance between lubrication and heat transfer,which is expected to minimize the occurrence of casting problems and slab defects.展开更多
The effect of manganese sulfide(MnS)inclusions and gadolinium–sulfide(Gd–S)inclusions on the deformation behavior of steel matrix at different stages was studied by in-situ tensile experiments using a scanning elect...The effect of manganese sulfide(MnS)inclusions and gadolinium–sulfide(Gd–S)inclusions on the deformation behavior of steel matrix at different stages was studied by in-situ tensile experiments using a scanning electron microscopy(SEM)at room temperature.Two in-situ tensile experiments of tensile force along the elongation direction of inclusions and perpendicular to the elongation direction were conducted.The hole-induced nucleation mechanism of different tensile directions and inclusion types during the tensile deformation process was revealed.When the tensile direction of the steel without Gd was parallel to the forging elongation direction,the tensile strength was 454 MPa.Meanwhile,long strip MnS inclusions were broken and shed,forming long strip holes perpendicular to the fracture direction.When the tensile direction was perpendicular to the forging elongation direction,the gap between long strip MnS inclusions and the steel matrix was expanded into a long strip hole parallel to the fracture direction,and the tensile strength was 402 MPa.Anisotropy of the steel was induced by long strip MnS inclusions.In the steel with a total gadolinium(T.Gd)content of 730 ppm,the tensile strength was 468 MPa when the tensile direction was parallel to the forging elongation direction.The tensile strength of the steel was 446MPa when the tensile direction was perpendicular to the forging elongation direction.The addition of Gd in the steel was beneficial to improve the tensile properties of the steel and reduce the anisotropy of the steel.展开更多
Considering the Hamaker constant,inclusion size,and distance between inclusions on the surface of the molten steel,a new collision model of the inclusions on the surface of the molten steel was established based on in...Considering the Hamaker constant,inclusion size,and distance between inclusions on the surface of the molten steel,a new collision model of the inclusions on the surface of the molten steel was established based on in-situ observed results of the collision process of different types of inclusions on the surface of the molten steel.The developed model can be used to calculate the attraction of inclusions on the surface of the molten steel including Al_(2)O_(3)MgO,SiO_(2),etc.展开更多
Rare earth elements are widely used in steel production due to their unique metallurgical properties,which can modify inclusions,improve the cleanliness of molten steel,and optimize steel properties.However,high activ...Rare earth elements are widely used in steel production due to their unique metallurgical properties,which can modify inclusions,improve the cleanliness of molten steel,and optimize steel properties.However,high activity also makes rare earth elements prone to intense chemical reactions with refractories during the smelting process,which can not only accelerate the erosion and failure of refractories,but also reduce the cleanliness of molten steel owing to the formation of secondary inclusions.Therefore,it is essential to understand the interaction mechanisms between rare earth steels and refractories.Herein,the research progress on the interactions between rare earth steels and refractories is systematically reviewed.Based on both laboratory studies and industrial applications,emphasis is placed on the reaction mechanisms and their effects on the stability of refractories and the cleanliness of molten steel.At the same time,the prevention methods are summarized,including the refractory optimization,protective coatings for nozzles,argon blowing,and the application of external electric fields.Furthermore,the applicability and limitations of these methods are analyzed.Finally,future research directions are discussed to address the limitations of current studies,focusing on the development of novel refractories,non-contact control methods,and digitally intelligent process control.展开更多
In the casting process of 1060 industrial pure aluminum,the inclusions in the aluminum melt significantly affect the product quality.In this study,the influence of refining temperature and the composition of salt flux...In the casting process of 1060 industrial pure aluminum,the inclusions in the aluminum melt significantly affect the product quality.In this study,the influence of refining temperature and the composition of salt fluxes on the purification effect and mechanical properties of aluminum melt was investigated.The results indicate that lower refining temperatures and modified salt fluxes can effectively enhance the cleanliness of the aluminum melt.As the refining temperature increases,the large inclusions gradually increase.The addition of16wt.%Na_(3)AlF_(6) can dissolve and break up Al_2O_(3) inclusions,facilitating the separation of the aluminum melt and aluminum slag.The addition of 16wt.%Na3AlF6 and 2wt.%CaCO_(3) to the basic salt fluxes enables gas refinement,thereby further improving the cleanliness of the aluminum melt.Under the refining condition of 37wt.%NaCl-47wt.%KCl--16wt.%Na3AIF3-2wt.%CaCO_(3) at 740℃,better cleanliness and mechanical properties were obtained.The cleanliness and yield strength are approximately 99.99928%and 71.46 MPa,respectively.This work can offer valuable reference and theoretical insights for future research.展开更多
Heterogeneous nucleation,characterized by its low nucleation barrier and controllable nucleation sites,has been widely employed to manipulate the microstructures and properties of metallic materials.In recent years,th...Heterogeneous nucleation,characterized by its low nucleation barrier and controllable nucleation sites,has been widely employed to manipulate the microstructures and properties of metallic materials.In recent years,the dispersion of inclusions,carbides,and microstructure refinement in steel have emerged as one of the key research directions in the development of high-quality steel.The current research status regarding the regulation of inclusions,carbides,and microstructures in steel through heterogeneous nucleation are reviewed.The key points and challenges in refining the second phase and microstructure in steel using inclusion particles are highlighted,aiming to provide inspiration and references for future scholars.Deoxidized inclusions,when refined and dispersed,exhibit favorable lattice matching with second phases(e.g.,nitrides,sulfides,carbides)in steel.This characteristic serves as the fundamental mechanism for achieving refinement of the second phase.Concurrently,the solid-solution alloying effect from deoxidizing metals contributes to second-phase refinement,an aspect that requires prioritized investigation.In addition to the single heterogeneous nucleation refinement effect,the two-stage heterogeneous nucleation refinement of the second phase and microstructure offers a new approach for follow-up research.Notably,second-phase particles added as heterogeneous nucleation sites via external addition often require surface modification to ensure their stable retention in steel at high temperatures,which remains a major challenge restricting the widespread application of this method.Currently,the explanation of heterogeneous nucleation phenomena primarily relies on empirical calculations of lattice mismatch between the substrate and the nucleating phase,which cannot fully elucidate the quantitative relationship on the interface between the substrate and the nucleation phase.On this basis,quantifying the electronic structure and nucleation barrier at the interface between the substrate and the nucleation phase is a critical direction worthy of increased attention in the future.展开更多
This article presents a new synergistic extraction system composed of Cyanex 272(C272,bis(2,4,4-trimethylpentyl)phosphinic acid)and iso-octanol for Sc_(3+) separation.The proposed synergistic system possessed an Sc^(3...This article presents a new synergistic extraction system composed of Cyanex 272(C272,bis(2,4,4-trimethylpentyl)phosphinic acid)and iso-octanol for Sc_(3+) separation.The proposed synergistic system possessed an Sc^(3+) extraction efficiency of 93.5%and a back-extraction efficiency of 82.7%,with selectivity coefficients of β_(Sc/Fe)=459 and β_(Sc/Al)=4241,which are considerably higher as compared to the current extraction systems.The extraction mechanism was studied and interpreted.The enhanced extraction efficiency is attributed to the increased hydrophobicity of the ternary complex,whereas the back-extraction efficiency can be ascribed to the attenuated stability of the complex.C272 and C272–iso-octanol systems also possess considerable surface activity,which is beneficial for the phase separation in solvent extraction.Based on the solvent extraction results,a preliminary study was conducted on polymer inclusion membranes(PIMs)using the binary system for Sc^(3+) separation to avoid the formation of the third phase,achieving an optimal initial flux of PIM of 6.71×10^(−4)mol·m^(−2)·h^(−1).Our results provide valuable information on highly efficient Sc^(3+) separation,and the study on PIM extraction has shown a green alternative to solvent extraction.展开更多
SiO_(2)–CaO–Al_(2)O_(3)ternary inclusions are among the most common complex oxide inclusions in steel.Nevertheless,the chemical and physical properties of these composite inclusions,particularly with detailed compos...SiO_(2)–CaO–Al_(2)O_(3)ternary inclusions are among the most common complex oxide inclusions in steel.Nevertheless,the chemical and physical properties of these composite inclusions,particularly with detailed composition changes,have not been sufficiently investigated.In this study,first-principles density functional theory calculations were used to determine the electronic,mechanical,and thermodynamic properties of two stable phases in the SiO_(2)–CaO–Al_(2)O_(3)ternary inclusion system:anorthite(CaAl_(2)Si_(2)O_(8))and gehlenite(Ca_(2)Al_(2)SiO_(7)).Based on the electronic density of states analysis and band structure calculations,oxygen atoms play important roles in the electron reactivity of both phases.Young’s modulus and Poisson’s ratios were calculated and compared with those of the SiO_(2)–CaO inclusions.The Young’s moduli of CaAl_(2)Si_(2)O_(8)(101.32 GPa)and Ca_(2)Al_(2)SiO_(7)(131.43 GPa)were close to the maximum and minimum Young’s moduli of the binary oxide inclusions,respectively.With increasing temperature,the Young’s moduli of CaAl_(2)Si_(2)O_(8)and Ca_(2)Al_(2)SiO_(7)showed slight increasing and decreasing trends,respectively,whereas the Poisson’s ratio decreased.Furthermore,the thermodynamic properties,particularly temperature-related thermal expansion coefficients,were also deeply investigated.The thermal expansion coefficients of both CaAl_(2)Si_(2)O_(8)and Ca_(2)Al_(2)SiO_(7)increased rapidly with increasing temperature in the low-temperature regime above 300K.As the temperature increased,the increasing trend slowed.When the temperature reached 2000 K,the thermal expansion coefficients of CaAl_(2)Si_(2)O_(8)and Ca_(2)Al_(2)SiO_(7)respectively were 12×10^(−6)and 8.5×10^(−6)K^(−1).These findings enhance the understanding of the physical nature of ternary inclusions in steels and provide a scientific foundation for analyzing their effects on steel performance using a more comprehensive inclusion database,thereby contributing to inclusion engineering in the development of materials with superior mechanical integrity.展开更多
The formation of Caosiyao giant porphyry Mo deposit is related to three granitic porphyries:coarse-grained granite porphyry(CG),fine-grained granite porphyry(FG),and giant plagioclase phenocryst bearing granite porphy...The formation of Caosiyao giant porphyry Mo deposit is related to three granitic porphyries:coarse-grained granite porphyry(CG),fine-grained granite porphyry(FG),and giant plagioclase phenocryst bearing granite porphyry(PG).To investigate the mineralization significance of three porphyries,Microthermometry,Laser micro-Raman Spectra,and H-O-He-Ar isotope analyses of fluid inclusions were conducted.Intermediate density with high temperatures(>550℃)and moderate-low salinities(~10 wt.%)characterizes CG-related initial exsolved fluids.Vapor-rich and brine phases separated from the initial fluid following a continuous decrease in pressure and temperature,inducing molybdenite precipitation.FG-related initial fluids are characterized by high temperatures(>550℃)and salinities(>65 wt.%).The mixing of low-salinity fluids led to a rapid decrease in the salinity of FG-related fluid,promoting the deposit of the Mo element.The lead-zinc mineralization is closely related to the FG-related fluid,and the addition of meteoric fluid induced the formation of galena and sphalerite.The ore-forming fluid related to the PG is CO_(2)-rich and accompanied by the addition of mantle-derived He-Ar.The presence of CO_(2) did not contribute to the solubility of Mo,resulting in the absence of a considerable amount of molybdenite.展开更多
The refinement of the as-cast grain structure in austenitic heat-resistant stainless steel depends on the formation of active solid nuclei during solidification.Titanium(Ti)additions successfully induced the formation...The refinement of the as-cast grain structure in austenitic heat-resistant stainless steel depends on the formation of active solid nuclei during solidification.Titanium(Ti)additions successfully induced the formation of Ti-containing inclusions,enhancing heterogeneous nucleation and promoting equiaxed dendritic growth in 347H stainless steel.Thermal simulation experiments indicated that the equiaxed crystal ratios increased notably with Ti content;samples with 0.06,0.12,and 0.36 wt.%Ti exhibited equiaxed ratios of 18%,24%,and 41%,respectively.Three primary inclusion types—TiN,Al_(2)O_(3)-TiN,and TiO_(x)-TiN—were identified at the cores of equiaxed dendrites,with nucleation core sizes predominantly ranging from 0.5 to 8μm.Among the tested samples,the 0.36 wt.%Ti addition produced the highest nucleation core density.Increasing Ti content significantly elevated dendrite tip undercooling from 2.6 K(0.06 wt.%Ti)to 10.8 K(0.36 wt.%Ti),accelerating solidification front instability and thus enhancing heterogeneous nucleation.Additionally,higher Ti content increased the divergence angle between adjacent columnar dendrites,further promoting the columnar-to-equiaxed transition(CET).展开更多
The detection and characterization of non-metallic inclusions are essential for clean steel production.Recently,imaging analysis combined with high-dimensional data processing of metallic materials using artificial in...The detection and characterization of non-metallic inclusions are essential for clean steel production.Recently,imaging analysis combined with high-dimensional data processing of metallic materials using artificial intelligence(AI)-based machine learning(ML)has developed rapidly.This technique has achieved impressive results in the field of inclusion classification in process metallurgy.The present study surveys the ML modeling of inclusion prediction in advanced steels,including the detection,classification,and feature prediction of inclusions in different steel grades.Studies on clean steel with different features based on data and image analysis via ML are summarized.Regarding the data analysis,the inclusion prediction methodology based on ML establishes a connection between the experimental parameters and inclusion characteristics and analyzes the importance of the experimental parameters.Regarding the image analysis,the focus is placed on the classification of different types of inclusions via deep learning,in comparison with data analysis.Finally,further development of inclusion analyses using ML-based methods is recommended.This work paves the way for the application of AIbased methodologies for ultraclean-steel studies from a sustainable metallurgy perspective.展开更多
Parkinson’s disease(PD)is a progressive age-related neurodegenerative disorder clinically defined by motor symptoms and pathologically by the loss of dopaminergic(DA)neurons in the substantia nigra pars compacta.Thes...Parkinson’s disease(PD)is a progressive age-related neurodegenerative disorder clinically defined by motor symptoms and pathologically by the loss of dopaminergic(DA)neurons in the substantia nigra pars compacta.These neurons are characterized by the presence of the cytoplasmic pigment neuromelanin(NM),and their degeneration is closely associated with the accumulation ofα-synuclein(α-syn)into intraneuronal inclusions known as Lewy bodies(LBs),which represent a neuropathological hallmark of PD.展开更多
China Basics Chief Director:Dong Qiang Length:10 Episodes Producer:Henan Broadcasting System Broadcasting Platform:Bilibili The dragon is the totem of Chinese culture,and its many offspring symbolize the inclusive spi...China Basics Chief Director:Dong Qiang Length:10 Episodes Producer:Henan Broadcasting System Broadcasting Platform:Bilibili The dragon is the totem of Chinese culture,and its many offspring symbolize the inclusive spirit that the Chinese people pursue.Through the tales of the dragon’s nine sons,the film showcases the exceptional character qualities that are reflected in the Chinese people,including literary and artistic prowess,strength,courage,as well as an unyielding commitment to progress.Taking an indepth look into archaeological artifacts,ancient relics,and folk legends,the series reveals how these dragon offspring are depicted in palaces,temples,and various utensils,highlighting the Chinese people’s enduring hopes for good fortune and peace.The intriguing stories also help audiences better understand the cultural codes embedded within traditional Chinese architecture and artifacts.展开更多
Industrial trials and thermodynamic calculations were carried out to investigate the effect of steel cleanliness on the composition of inclusions both in the molten steel and in the solidified steel of Al-killed Ca-tr...Industrial trials and thermodynamic calculations were carried out to investigate the effect of steel cleanliness on the composition of inclusions both in the molten steel and in the solidified steel of Al-killed Ca-treated low-sulfur steels.The composition of inclusions changed significantly at the Ca treatment stage with the modification of Al_(2)O_(3) into calcium aluminate and a slight decrease in the inclusion size and at the casting stage with the transformation of CaO into CaS with an increase in the inclusion size.Based on experimental results and thermodynamic calculations,the Al_(2)O_(3) content in inclusions in the molten steel showed a nearly linear inverse relationship with the total calcium(TCa)/total oxygen(TO)in the steel when TCa/TO<3 and kept less than 10 wt.%under TCa/TO>3.The CaO content in inclusions firstly increased until the TCa/TO reached 1-2 and then slightly decreased with the increase in TCa/TO.The CaS content in inclusions was less than 10 wt.%when TCa/TO<1.5 and increased with the increase in the TCa/TO and total sulfur(TS)content in the steel.After solidification and cooling,the CaO/CaS in inclusions increased with the increase in the TO/TS and TCa contents in the steel;however,the CaO/CaS was less than 1.0 regardless of the TCa content when TO/TS<1.Accordingly,the composition of inclusions after solidification could be adjusted by controlling the cleanliness and calcium content of the steel,thereby adjusting the property of inclusions.展开更多
文摘On the evening of May 3Oth,the parallel forum"Equality and Inclusiveness&Harmonious Coexistence:Multi-dimensional Narratives of Civilisations from Writers'Perspective",as part of the 4th Dialogue on Exchanges and Mutual Learning among Civilisations,was held in Dunhuang.The forum was organised by the China Writers Association and co-organised by China National Publications Import&Export(Group)Corporation.
基金supported by the Australian Centre for International Agricultural Research.
文摘Gender inclusiveness is important in the rural transformation process of Bangladesh as rural women play key roles in both agricultural and non-agricultural sectors.Gender inclusiveness also leads to gender equity.We empirically evaluate relationships between rural transformation and gender inclusiveness in Bangladesh.We consider three rural transformation indicators:high-value commodities’share in agricultural output values,non-farm employment’s share in rural labor employment,and non-agricultural GDP’s share in total GDP.Indicators capturing gender inclusiveness include the per capita rural income of males and females,ratio of investments into gender programs,female access to education,access to healthcare,employment participation,land ownership,and asset ownership.We test the effect of the difference in per capita rural income of males and females and the ratio of their incomes and check for the robustness of the gender variables across different model specifications.Analyzing 128 district-level observations from 32 districts of Bangladesh across four time periods(2000,2005,2010 and 2016),we use both ordinary least squares and fixed effects panel regression models.We find that female land and asset ownership and access to education and healthcare are robust determinants of various stages of rural transformation.Thus,our results suggest that improving women’s ownership of land and assets and investing in women’s education and healthcare will likely contribute to a more inclusive rural transformation.
文摘City centres in today’s big cities,particularly in metropolises and megalopolises,play a crucial role in revival of human scale in an urban context.Nowadays,a city centre that corresponds to needs of various groups of users,contributes to creating a safe,healthy,vibrant,inclusive and sustainable city.Accordingly,identification of the major and minor groups of users of city centres as well as their likes,dislikes and preferences is a primary step.To this end,this paper investigates the city centre of Tehran and a recently pedestrianised street called 30-E-Tir.With a focus on the three indicators of age,gender and speed,this paper aims to elucidate the existing divergent groups of users of 30-E-Tir and their physical,mental,and spiritual expectations of this street.This 1.3-km street-as a linear path incorporating food&junk food kiosks and the associated small-scale canopies,and flagstone floorscaping-passes through many famous museums of Tehran.These specific features have converted 30-E-Tir Street into a convivial destination point for Tehranians.The existing problems,however,necessitate a detailed investigation of the current situation.The applied methodology for this qualitative-quantitative analysis of the present condition includes the literature review and the related analysis,direct appraisal,photography,and dot-based analysis.
文摘With the support of the Belgian FPS Economy,SBS and CEN-CENELEC are co-organizing the workshop,under the High-Level Forum on European standardization(HLF)and its workstream on inclusiveness in national standardization,to tackle issues of access and participation in standardization at the national level and discuss and promote best practices.
文摘The enduring vitality of Chinese civilization springs from the wisdom of consolidating foundations while embracing innovation and from a spirit of openness and inclusiveness.This is what has enabled the Chinese people to hold fast to our cultural roots while continuously forging new paths,and to maintain our cultural identity while drawing nourishment from exchanges and mutual learning with others.
基金financially supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(Nos.52204345 and 52474361)the Scientific Research Innovation Projects of Graduate Student of Jiangsu province,China(No.KYCX24_4184)。
文摘The large-scale production of high-Ti steels is limited by the formation of Ti-containing oxides or nitrides in steel-slag reactions during continuous casting.These processes degrade mold flux properties,clog submerged entry nozzles,form floaters in the molds,and produce various surface defects on the cast slabs.This review summarizes the effects of nonmetallic inclusions on traditional CaO-SiO_(2)-based(CS)mold fluxes and novel CaO-Al_(2)O_(3)-based(CA)low-or non-reactive fluxes containing TiO_(2),BaO,and B_(2)O_(3)additives to avoid undesirable steel,slag,and inclusion reactions,with the aim of providing a new perspective for research and practice related to balancing the lubrication and heat transfer of mold fluxes to promote smooth operation and reduce surface defects on cast slabs.For traditional CS mold flux,although the addition of solvents such as Na_(2)O,Li_(2)O,and B_(2)O_(3)can enhance flowability,steel-slag reactions persist,limiting the effectiveness of CS mold fluxes in high-Ti steel casting.Low-or non-reactive CA mold fluxes with reduced SiO_(2)content are a research focus,where adding other components can significantly change flux characteristics.Replacing CaO with BaO can lower the melting point and inhibit crystallization,allowing the flux to maintain good flowability at low temperatures.Replacing SiO_(2)with TiO_(2)can stabilize the viscosity and enhance heat transfer.To reduce the environmental impact,fluorides are replaced with components such as TiO_(2),B_(2)O_(3),BaO,Li_(2)O,and Na_(2)O for F-frce mold fluxes with similar lubrication,crystallization,and heat-transfer effects.When TiO_(2)replaces CaF_(2),it stabilizes the viscosity and enhances the heat conductivity,forming CaTiO_(3)and CaSiTiO_(5)phases instead of cuspidine to control crystallization.B_(2)O_(3)lowers the melting point and suppresses crystallization,forming phases such as Ca_(3)B_(2)O_(6)and Ca_(11)Si_(4)B_(2)O_(22).BaO introduces non-bridging oxygen to reduce viscosity and ensure flux flowability at low temperatures.However,further studies are required to determine the optimal mold flux compositions corresponding to the steel grades and the interactions between the various components of the mold flux.In the future,the practical application of new mold fluxes for high-Ti steel will become the focus of further verification to achieve a balance between lubrication and heat transfer,which is expected to minimize the occurrence of casting problems and slab defects.
基金supported by the National Key R&D Program of China (No.2023YFB3709900)the National Nature Science Foundation of China (Nos.U22A20171,52204333,and 52174293)+1 种基金the Beijing Natural Science Foundation (No.2242034)the High Steel Center (HSC) at Yanshan University and North China University of Technology
文摘The effect of manganese sulfide(MnS)inclusions and gadolinium–sulfide(Gd–S)inclusions on the deformation behavior of steel matrix at different stages was studied by in-situ tensile experiments using a scanning electron microscopy(SEM)at room temperature.Two in-situ tensile experiments of tensile force along the elongation direction of inclusions and perpendicular to the elongation direction were conducted.The hole-induced nucleation mechanism of different tensile directions and inclusion types during the tensile deformation process was revealed.When the tensile direction of the steel without Gd was parallel to the forging elongation direction,the tensile strength was 454 MPa.Meanwhile,long strip MnS inclusions were broken and shed,forming long strip holes perpendicular to the fracture direction.When the tensile direction was perpendicular to the forging elongation direction,the gap between long strip MnS inclusions and the steel matrix was expanded into a long strip hole parallel to the fracture direction,and the tensile strength was 402 MPa.Anisotropy of the steel was induced by long strip MnS inclusions.In the steel with a total gadolinium(T.Gd)content of 730 ppm,the tensile strength was 468 MPa when the tensile direction was parallel to the forging elongation direction.The tensile strength of the steel was 446MPa when the tensile direction was perpendicular to the forging elongation direction.The addition of Gd in the steel was beneficial to improve the tensile properties of the steel and reduce the anisotropy of the steel.
基金support from the National Natural Science Foundation of China(Grant No.U22A20171)the National Key Research and Development Program Project(2023YFB3709901)+3 种基金the China Baowu Low Carbon Metallurgical Innovation Fund(BWLCF202315)the Pangang-USTB Vanadium and Titanium Research Institute Research Projectthe High Steel Center(HSC)at North China University of TechnologyYanshan University and University of Science and Technology Beijing,China.
文摘Considering the Hamaker constant,inclusion size,and distance between inclusions on the surface of the molten steel,a new collision model of the inclusions on the surface of the molten steel was established based on in-situ observed results of the collision process of different types of inclusions on the surface of the molten steel.The developed model can be used to calculate the attraction of inclusions on the surface of the molten steel including Al_(2)O_(3)MgO,SiO_(2),etc.
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(Nos.52450003,52025041,U2341267,and 52174294).
文摘Rare earth elements are widely used in steel production due to their unique metallurgical properties,which can modify inclusions,improve the cleanliness of molten steel,and optimize steel properties.However,high activity also makes rare earth elements prone to intense chemical reactions with refractories during the smelting process,which can not only accelerate the erosion and failure of refractories,but also reduce the cleanliness of molten steel owing to the formation of secondary inclusions.Therefore,it is essential to understand the interaction mechanisms between rare earth steels and refractories.Herein,the research progress on the interactions between rare earth steels and refractories is systematically reviewed.Based on both laboratory studies and industrial applications,emphasis is placed on the reaction mechanisms and their effects on the stability of refractories and the cleanliness of molten steel.At the same time,the prevention methods are summarized,including the refractory optimization,protective coatings for nozzles,argon blowing,and the application of external electric fields.Furthermore,the applicability and limitations of these methods are analyzed.Finally,future research directions are discussed to address the limitations of current studies,focusing on the development of novel refractories,non-contact control methods,and digitally intelligent process control.
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(Nos.U23A20610,52164017,52064011,52274331,and 521043348)the Guizhou Provincial Basic Research Program(Natural Science)(Nos.ZK[2021]258 and ZK[2023]Zhongdian 020)+6 种基金the Guizhou Provincial Program on Commercialization of Scientific and Technological Achievements(No.[2021]086)the Natural Science Research Project of Guizhou Provincial Department of Education(No.[2022]041)the Key Research Projects in Higher Education Institutions of Henan Province(No.24B450003)the Zhengzhou Railway Vocational and Technical College School Scientific Research Project(No.2024KY015)the Guizhou Province Dual-Carbon and New Energy Technology Innovation and Development Research Institute Open Project(No.DCRE-2023-01)the Guizhou Provincial Science and Technology Projects(No.GCC[2023]017)supported by the State Key Laboratory of Advanced Metallurgy(No.K23-04)。
文摘In the casting process of 1060 industrial pure aluminum,the inclusions in the aluminum melt significantly affect the product quality.In this study,the influence of refining temperature and the composition of salt fluxes on the purification effect and mechanical properties of aluminum melt was investigated.The results indicate that lower refining temperatures and modified salt fluxes can effectively enhance the cleanliness of the aluminum melt.As the refining temperature increases,the large inclusions gradually increase.The addition of16wt.%Na_(3)AlF_(6) can dissolve and break up Al_2O_(3) inclusions,facilitating the separation of the aluminum melt and aluminum slag.The addition of 16wt.%Na3AlF6 and 2wt.%CaCO_(3) to the basic salt fluxes enables gas refinement,thereby further improving the cleanliness of the aluminum melt.Under the refining condition of 37wt.%NaCl-47wt.%KCl--16wt.%Na3AIF3-2wt.%CaCO_(3) at 740℃,better cleanliness and mechanical properties were obtained.The cleanliness and yield strength are approximately 99.99928%and 71.46 MPa,respectively.This work can offer valuable reference and theoretical insights for future research.
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(No.52304358)Young Elite Scientists Sponsorship Program by CAST(No.YESS20230462).
文摘Heterogeneous nucleation,characterized by its low nucleation barrier and controllable nucleation sites,has been widely employed to manipulate the microstructures and properties of metallic materials.In recent years,the dispersion of inclusions,carbides,and microstructure refinement in steel have emerged as one of the key research directions in the development of high-quality steel.The current research status regarding the regulation of inclusions,carbides,and microstructures in steel through heterogeneous nucleation are reviewed.The key points and challenges in refining the second phase and microstructure in steel using inclusion particles are highlighted,aiming to provide inspiration and references for future scholars.Deoxidized inclusions,when refined and dispersed,exhibit favorable lattice matching with second phases(e.g.,nitrides,sulfides,carbides)in steel.This characteristic serves as the fundamental mechanism for achieving refinement of the second phase.Concurrently,the solid-solution alloying effect from deoxidizing metals contributes to second-phase refinement,an aspect that requires prioritized investigation.In addition to the single heterogeneous nucleation refinement effect,the two-stage heterogeneous nucleation refinement of the second phase and microstructure offers a new approach for follow-up research.Notably,second-phase particles added as heterogeneous nucleation sites via external addition often require surface modification to ensure their stable retention in steel at high temperatures,which remains a major challenge restricting the widespread application of this method.Currently,the explanation of heterogeneous nucleation phenomena primarily relies on empirical calculations of lattice mismatch between the substrate and the nucleating phase,which cannot fully elucidate the quantitative relationship on the interface between the substrate and the nucleation phase.On this basis,quantifying the electronic structure and nucleation barrier at the interface between the substrate and the nucleation phase is a critical direction worthy of increased attention in the future.
基金support from the National Natural Science Foundation of China Regional Innovation and Development Joint Fund(U24A20557)the Strategic Priority Research Program of the Chinese Academy of Sciences(XDC0230403)+3 种基金the National Natural Science Foundation of China(22378393,22208356)“Hundred Talents Program”of the Chinese Academy of Sciencesthe Chinese Academy of Sciences stably supports the youth team plan in the field of basic research(YSBR 038)Key Research&Development projects in Qinghai Province(2023-HZ-805).
文摘This article presents a new synergistic extraction system composed of Cyanex 272(C272,bis(2,4,4-trimethylpentyl)phosphinic acid)and iso-octanol for Sc_(3+) separation.The proposed synergistic system possessed an Sc^(3+) extraction efficiency of 93.5%and a back-extraction efficiency of 82.7%,with selectivity coefficients of β_(Sc/Fe)=459 and β_(Sc/Al)=4241,which are considerably higher as compared to the current extraction systems.The extraction mechanism was studied and interpreted.The enhanced extraction efficiency is attributed to the increased hydrophobicity of the ternary complex,whereas the back-extraction efficiency can be ascribed to the attenuated stability of the complex.C272 and C272–iso-octanol systems also possess considerable surface activity,which is beneficial for the phase separation in solvent extraction.Based on the solvent extraction results,a preliminary study was conducted on polymer inclusion membranes(PIMs)using the binary system for Sc^(3+) separation to avoid the formation of the third phase,achieving an optimal initial flux of PIM of 6.71×10^(−4)mol·m^(−2)·h^(−1).Our results provide valuable information on highly efficient Sc^(3+) separation,and the study on PIM extraction has shown a green alternative to solvent extraction.
基金financially supported by the National Nat-ural Science Foundation of China(No.52404337)the Chun-hui Plan Collaborative Research Project from Chinese Edu-cation Ministry(No.HZKY20220036)+1 种基金the Guangdong Ba-sic and Applied Basic Research Foundation,China(No.2022A1515110062)the Young Elite Scientists Spon-sorship Program by China Association for Science and Tech-nology(No.YESS20220231).
文摘SiO_(2)–CaO–Al_(2)O_(3)ternary inclusions are among the most common complex oxide inclusions in steel.Nevertheless,the chemical and physical properties of these composite inclusions,particularly with detailed composition changes,have not been sufficiently investigated.In this study,first-principles density functional theory calculations were used to determine the electronic,mechanical,and thermodynamic properties of two stable phases in the SiO_(2)–CaO–Al_(2)O_(3)ternary inclusion system:anorthite(CaAl_(2)Si_(2)O_(8))and gehlenite(Ca_(2)Al_(2)SiO_(7)).Based on the electronic density of states analysis and band structure calculations,oxygen atoms play important roles in the electron reactivity of both phases.Young’s modulus and Poisson’s ratios were calculated and compared with those of the SiO_(2)–CaO inclusions.The Young’s moduli of CaAl_(2)Si_(2)O_(8)(101.32 GPa)and Ca_(2)Al_(2)SiO_(7)(131.43 GPa)were close to the maximum and minimum Young’s moduli of the binary oxide inclusions,respectively.With increasing temperature,the Young’s moduli of CaAl_(2)Si_(2)O_(8)and Ca_(2)Al_(2)SiO_(7)showed slight increasing and decreasing trends,respectively,whereas the Poisson’s ratio decreased.Furthermore,the thermodynamic properties,particularly temperature-related thermal expansion coefficients,were also deeply investigated.The thermal expansion coefficients of both CaAl_(2)Si_(2)O_(8)and Ca_(2)Al_(2)SiO_(7)increased rapidly with increasing temperature in the low-temperature regime above 300K.As the temperature increased,the increasing trend slowed.When the temperature reached 2000 K,the thermal expansion coefficients of CaAl_(2)Si_(2)O_(8)and Ca_(2)Al_(2)SiO_(7)respectively were 12×10^(−6)and 8.5×10^(−6)K^(−1).These findings enhance the understanding of the physical nature of ternary inclusions in steels and provide a scientific foundation for analyzing their effects on steel performance using a more comprehensive inclusion database,thereby contributing to inclusion engineering in the development of materials with superior mechanical integrity.
基金financially supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(No.42102084)the Special Research Fund of Natural Science(Special Post)of Guizhou University(No.2020[27])Guizhou Provincial Science and Technology Projects(No.ZK[2022]041)。
文摘The formation of Caosiyao giant porphyry Mo deposit is related to three granitic porphyries:coarse-grained granite porphyry(CG),fine-grained granite porphyry(FG),and giant plagioclase phenocryst bearing granite porphyry(PG).To investigate the mineralization significance of three porphyries,Microthermometry,Laser micro-Raman Spectra,and H-O-He-Ar isotope analyses of fluid inclusions were conducted.Intermediate density with high temperatures(>550℃)and moderate-low salinities(~10 wt.%)characterizes CG-related initial exsolved fluids.Vapor-rich and brine phases separated from the initial fluid following a continuous decrease in pressure and temperature,inducing molybdenite precipitation.FG-related initial fluids are characterized by high temperatures(>550℃)and salinities(>65 wt.%).The mixing of low-salinity fluids led to a rapid decrease in the salinity of FG-related fluid,promoting the deposit of the Mo element.The lead-zinc mineralization is closely related to the FG-related fluid,and the addition of meteoric fluid induced the formation of galena and sphalerite.The ore-forming fluid related to the PG is CO_(2)-rich and accompanied by the addition of mantle-derived He-Ar.The presence of CO_(2) did not contribute to the solubility of Mo,resulting in the absence of a considerable amount of molybdenite.
基金supported by the National Key Research and Development Program of China(Grant No.2021YFB3700602)the Jiaxing Key Research and Development Program(Grant No.2022BZ10010).
文摘The refinement of the as-cast grain structure in austenitic heat-resistant stainless steel depends on the formation of active solid nuclei during solidification.Titanium(Ti)additions successfully induced the formation of Ti-containing inclusions,enhancing heterogeneous nucleation and promoting equiaxed dendritic growth in 347H stainless steel.Thermal simulation experiments indicated that the equiaxed crystal ratios increased notably with Ti content;samples with 0.06,0.12,and 0.36 wt.%Ti exhibited equiaxed ratios of 18%,24%,and 41%,respectively.Three primary inclusion types—TiN,Al_(2)O_(3)-TiN,and TiO_(x)-TiN—were identified at the cores of equiaxed dendrites,with nucleation core sizes predominantly ranging from 0.5 to 8μm.Among the tested samples,the 0.36 wt.%Ti addition produced the highest nucleation core density.Increasing Ti content significantly elevated dendrite tip undercooling from 2.6 K(0.06 wt.%Ti)to 10.8 K(0.36 wt.%Ti),accelerating solidification front instability and thus enhancing heterogeneous nucleation.Additionally,higher Ti content increased the divergence angle between adjacent columnar dendrites,further promoting the columnar-to-equiaxed transition(CET).
基金support from the National Key Research and Development Program of China(No.2024YFB3713705)is acknowledgedWangzhong Mu would like to acknowledge the Strategic Mobility,Sweden(SSF,No.SM22-0039)+1 种基金the Swedish Foundation for International Cooperation in Research and Higher Education(STINT,No.IB2022-9228)the Jernkontoret(Sweden)for supporting this clean steel research.Gonghao Lian would like to acknowledge China Scholarship Council(CSC,No.202306080032).
文摘The detection and characterization of non-metallic inclusions are essential for clean steel production.Recently,imaging analysis combined with high-dimensional data processing of metallic materials using artificial intelligence(AI)-based machine learning(ML)has developed rapidly.This technique has achieved impressive results in the field of inclusion classification in process metallurgy.The present study surveys the ML modeling of inclusion prediction in advanced steels,including the detection,classification,and feature prediction of inclusions in different steel grades.Studies on clean steel with different features based on data and image analysis via ML are summarized.Regarding the data analysis,the inclusion prediction methodology based on ML establishes a connection between the experimental parameters and inclusion characteristics and analyzes the importance of the experimental parameters.Regarding the image analysis,the focus is placed on the classification of different types of inclusions via deep learning,in comparison with data analysis.Finally,further development of inclusion analyses using ML-based methods is recommended.This work paves the way for the application of AIbased methodologies for ultraclean-steel studies from a sustainable metallurgy perspective.
基金This work was supported by PID2022-138285OB-I00financiado por MCIN/AEI/10.13039/501100011033/FEDER,UE to AGO and MCTAsociación de Amigos fellowship grant to MGG.
文摘Parkinson’s disease(PD)is a progressive age-related neurodegenerative disorder clinically defined by motor symptoms and pathologically by the loss of dopaminergic(DA)neurons in the substantia nigra pars compacta.These neurons are characterized by the presence of the cytoplasmic pigment neuromelanin(NM),and their degeneration is closely associated with the accumulation ofα-synuclein(α-syn)into intraneuronal inclusions known as Lewy bodies(LBs),which represent a neuropathological hallmark of PD.
文摘China Basics Chief Director:Dong Qiang Length:10 Episodes Producer:Henan Broadcasting System Broadcasting Platform:Bilibili The dragon is the totem of Chinese culture,and its many offspring symbolize the inclusive spirit that the Chinese people pursue.Through the tales of the dragon’s nine sons,the film showcases the exceptional character qualities that are reflected in the Chinese people,including literary and artistic prowess,strength,courage,as well as an unyielding commitment to progress.Taking an indepth look into archaeological artifacts,ancient relics,and folk legends,the series reveals how these dragon offspring are depicted in palaces,temples,and various utensils,highlighting the Chinese people’s enduring hopes for good fortune and peace.The intriguing stories also help audiences better understand the cultural codes embedded within traditional Chinese architecture and artifacts.
基金support from the National Key Research and Development Program(Nos.2023YFB3506802 and 2023YFB3709900)the National Natural Science Foundation of China(Grant Nos.52174293 and U22A20171)+1 种基金and the Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities(Grant No.FRF-BD-20-04A)the High Steel Center(HSC)at North China University of Technology and University of Science and Technology Beijing.
文摘Industrial trials and thermodynamic calculations were carried out to investigate the effect of steel cleanliness on the composition of inclusions both in the molten steel and in the solidified steel of Al-killed Ca-treated low-sulfur steels.The composition of inclusions changed significantly at the Ca treatment stage with the modification of Al_(2)O_(3) into calcium aluminate and a slight decrease in the inclusion size and at the casting stage with the transformation of CaO into CaS with an increase in the inclusion size.Based on experimental results and thermodynamic calculations,the Al_(2)O_(3) content in inclusions in the molten steel showed a nearly linear inverse relationship with the total calcium(TCa)/total oxygen(TO)in the steel when TCa/TO<3 and kept less than 10 wt.%under TCa/TO>3.The CaO content in inclusions firstly increased until the TCa/TO reached 1-2 and then slightly decreased with the increase in TCa/TO.The CaS content in inclusions was less than 10 wt.%when TCa/TO<1.5 and increased with the increase in the TCa/TO and total sulfur(TS)content in the steel.After solidification and cooling,the CaO/CaS in inclusions increased with the increase in the TO/TS and TCa contents in the steel;however,the CaO/CaS was less than 1.0 regardless of the TCa content when TO/TS<1.Accordingly,the composition of inclusions after solidification could be adjusted by controlling the cleanliness and calcium content of the steel,thereby adjusting the property of inclusions.
