This comprehensive review synthesizes findings from the studies conducted for more than two decades to assess en-vironmental and human health impacts near Spain's first hazardous waste incinerator(HWI)located in C...This comprehensive review synthesizes findings from the studies conducted for more than two decades to assess en-vironmental and human health impacts near Spain's first hazardous waste incinerator(HWI)located in Constantí(Tarra-gona,Catalonia).Through integrated analysis of polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins/furans(PCDD/Fs)and metals across soil,vegetation,human tissues,and dietary matrices,the studies have shown:(1)PCDD/F concentrations decreased 75-96%in biological samples and dietary intake over 20 years,aligning with global emission reductions rather than HWI-4 operations;(2)metal trajectories showed arsenic intermittently exceeding carcinogenic thresholds in soils(1.1×10^(-4) risk index)and chromium accumulating in autopsy tissues(+16% in kidney),although without HWI-specific spatial gradi-ents;(3)systemic biomarkers revealed policy-driven declines—blood lead dropped 70% post-EU regulations,while mer-cury became undetectable in tissues post-2010.Health risk assessments confirmed that PCDD/F intake(0.122 pg WHO-TEQ/kg/day)remained still below WHO thresholds,with no attributable cancer risks for metals except legacy arsenic.The studies included in the program of surveillance show that PCDD/Fs and metals emissions by the HWI have meant a rather low contribution to population exposure to metals and PCDD/Fs compared to dietary and historical sources.How-ever,residual risks warrant attention.It mainly concerns chromium speciation and arsenic in soils,as well as the effects on vulnerable subpopulations and the synergistic effects among toxicants.Epidemiological studies are also required.展开更多
Steel rolling sludge,an oil-containing waste generated during steel production,was difficult to manage.Prolonged storage poses significant environmental and health hazards.Most steel enterprises in China use steel rol...Steel rolling sludge,an oil-containing waste generated during steel production,was difficult to manage.Prolonged storage poses significant environmental and health hazards.Most steel enterprises in China use steel rolling sludge directly as a raw material for sintering.However,its adhesive nature caused poor mixing with other materials,affecting the quality of the sinter.Herein,the incorporation of steel rolling sludge incineration slag into the sintering process was investigated for experimental purposes.The results indicated that adding 1%incinerated steel rolling sludge to the sintering raw material was feasible.At this proportion,both the yield and the tumbler index of the sinter have improved,primarily due to the oxidation reaction of Fe_(3)O_(4)present in the steel rolling sludge incineration slag during the sintering process,which significantly increases the sensible heat of the sinter and enhances the sintering mineralization reaction.Notably,the addition of steel rolling sludge incineration slag reduced dioxin concentrations in the sintering flue gas.Although CO,NO_(x),and SO_(2)emission concentrations slightly increased,the existing flue gas treatment system effectively controlled their emissions.展开更多
Polyethylene terephthalate(PET)combustion produces terephthalic acid(TPA),a key indicator of incineration processes.This study examines the diurnal variation of TPA and its association with health risks in Seoul,South...Polyethylene terephthalate(PET)combustion produces terephthalic acid(TPA),a key indicator of incineration processes.This study examines the diurnal variation of TPA and its association with health risks in Seoul,South Korea,based on data from Bokjeong Station.TPA concentrations were significantly higher in winter(28.12 ng/m^(3))compared to summer(12.39 ng/m^(3)),indicating increased PET-related emissions during colder months.Similarly,levoglucosan concentrations were markedly higher in winter(68.17 ng/m^(3))than in summer(16.67 ng/m^(3)),likely due to waste wood incineration.The TPA-to-organic carbon(TPA/OC)ratio was notably higher at night,suggesting more frequent PET waste combustion during nighttime hours.Elevated nighttime TPA concentrations in PM_(2.5)also indicate contributions from coal combustion or the incineration of arsenic-containing materials.The correlation between TPA and oxidative potential underscores heightened health risks associated with nighttime emissions.Moreover,volatile organic compounds(VOCs)such as benzene,toluene,and xylene were significantly higher at night,further degrading air quality.These findings highlight the critical role of nighttime waste incineration in exacerbating urban air pollution and increasing associated health risks,especially during winter.展开更多
We examined the mechanical strength and microscopic property effects of bottom ash(BA)recycled concrete made by partially substituting natural aggregates made from three industrial wastes,fly ash(FA),silica fume(SF),f...We examined the mechanical strength and microscopic property effects of bottom ash(BA)recycled concrete made by partially substituting natural aggregates made from three industrial wastes,fly ash(FA),silica fume(SF),furnace slag(FS),and cement after BA was treated with slurry to improve the properties of BA and increase its utilisation.The compressive,flexural,splitting tensile strengths,and drying shrinkage test of the recycled concrete from BA were tested at the macroscopic level,and the specimens were analyzed by scanning electron microscopy(SEM)at the microscopic level.The experimental results show that the slurry treatment of BA results in a corresponding improvement in the macroscopic and microscopic properties of the obtained slurry-bound BA aggregates.The synergistic effect of FA and SF can better fill the pores on the surface of BA,which in turn can better improve the properties of recycled concrete.This study provides a theoretical support for improving the properties of BA and promoting its utilisation as a resource.展开更多
Municipal solid waste incineration fly ash(MSWI)is considered as one of the hazardous wastes and requires to be well disposed to reduce the contaminant to the environment.Reference to the production of coal fly ash(FA...Municipal solid waste incineration fly ash(MSWI)is considered as one of the hazardous wastes and requires to be well disposed to reduce the contaminant to the environment.Reference to the production of coal fly ash(FA)bricks,MSWI and FA were utilized to prepare autoclaved MSWI-FA block samples.Ultrasonic-assisted hydrothermal synthesis technology was used for production to explore the effect of ultrasonic pre-treatment.Compressive strength,dry density,and water absorption tests were conducted to determine the optimal ultrasonic parameters.Ultrasonic pre-treating mechanisms were investigated by SEM,FT-IR,particle size analysis,and BET.Furthermore,the micro-analyses of block samples were conducted.The heavy metal leaching concentration was studied to assess the environmental safety.The experimental results show that the ultrasonic pre-treating time,water bath temperature,and ultrasonic power of 3 h,30℃,and 840 W are the optimal,under which the compressive strength,dry density,and water absorption were 8.14 MPa,1417.48 kg/m^(3),and 0.38,respectively.It is shown that ultrasound destroys the surface structure of raw materials and smaller FA particles embed into MSWI.The particle size distribution of pre-treated raw materials mixture is wider and total pore volume is decreased by 6.3%.During hydrothermal processing,more Al-substituted tobermorite crystals are generated,which is the main source of higher strength and smaller pore volume of prepared block samples.The solidification/stabilization rates of Cu,Pb,and Zn increased by 30.77%,4.76%,and 35.29%,respectively.This study shows a feasible way to utilize MSWI as raw material for construction.展开更多
The construction of coastal areas generates a substantial volume of waste marine clay(WMC),which poses environmental and safety challenges during the stockpiling process.The improved preparation of WMC as roadbed mate...The construction of coastal areas generates a substantial volume of waste marine clay(WMC),which poses environmental and safety challenges during the stockpiling process.The improved preparation of WMC as roadbed materials emerges as a crucial pathway for resource utilization.However,the engineering performance and durability of roadbed materials prepared from WMC have always been a concern for scholars and engineers.This study employs alkali-activated ground granulated blast-furnace slag(GGBFS)and municipal solid waste incineration bottom ash(MSWIBA)to solidify WMC for preparation of the roadbed materials.The results showed that the combined utilization of alkali-activated GGBFS and MSWIBA to improve WMC can meet the environmental and mechanical requirements of roadbed materials.The incorporation of 5e20%MSWIBA could improve the water stability coefficient and California bearing ratio to more than 85%and 80%,respectively.The durability of roadbed material was significantly improved by addition of MSWIBA.After 12 dryewet cycles,the strength of the material without MSWIBA and with 5%MSWIBA was 0 and 2.87 MPa,respectively.Following analysis of engineering properties and durability,the optimal dosage of MSWIBA was determined to be 5%.The enhanced durability can be attributed to the optimization of material gradation and pore structure achieved through the incorporation of a small quantity of MSWIBA.The carbon emission and normalized global warming potentials of roadbed material treated by MSWIBA and GGBFS were much lower than that of cementitious binders such as ordinary Portland cement.These findings indicate that MSWIBA has the potential to substitute natural aggregates like sand and gravel,effectively improving the durability of roadbed materials and promoting the safe and efficient recycling of solid waste resources.展开更多
The extraction behavior of heavy metals from municipal waste incineration （MWI） fly ash was investigated systematically. The extraction process includes two steps, namely, fly ash was firstly washed with water, and ...The extraction behavior of heavy metals from municipal waste incineration （MWI） fly ash was investigated systematically. The extraction process includes two steps, namely, fly ash was firstly washed with water, and then subjected to hydrochloric acid leaching. The main parameters for water washing process were tested, and under the optimal conditions, about 86% Na, 70% K and 12% Ca were removed from fly ash, respectively. Hydrochloric acid was used for the extraction of valuable elements from the water-washed fly ash, and the optimal extraction was achieved for each heavy metal as follows： 86% for Pb, 98% for Zn, 82% for Fe, 96% for Cd, 62% for Cu, 80% for Al, respectively. And the main compositions of the finally obtained solid residue are Ca2PbO4, CaSi2Os, PbsSiO7, Ca3A12Si3012 and SiO2.展开更多
The impact of moisture on the partitioning of the heavy metals including Pb,Zn,Cu and Cd in municipal solid waste （MSW） was studied in a laboratory tubular furnace.A thermodynamic investigation using CHEMKIN softwar...The impact of moisture on the partitioning of the heavy metals including Pb,Zn,Cu and Cd in municipal solid waste （MSW） was studied in a laboratory tubular furnace.A thermodynamic investigation using CHEMKIN software was performed to compare the experimental results.Simulated waste,representative of typical MSW with and without chlorine compounds,was burned at the background temperature of 700 and 950°C,respectively.In the absence of chlorine,the moisture content has no evident effect on the volatility of Pb,Zn and Cu at either 700 or 950°C,however,as flue gas moisture increasing the Cd distribution in the bottom ash increased at 700°C and reduced at 950°C,respectively.In the presence of chlorine,the flue gas moisture reduced the volatility of Pb,Zn and Cu due to the transformation of the more volatile metal chlorides into less volatile metal oxides,and the reduction became significant as chlorine content increase.For Cd,the chlorine promotes its volatility through the formation of more volatile CdCl 2.As a result,the increased moisture content increases the Pb,Zn,Cu and Cd concentrations in the bottom ash,which limits the utilization of the bottom ash as a construction material.Therefore,in order to accumulate heavy metals into the fly ash,MSW should be dried before incineration.展开更多
For the purpose of solid waste co-disposal and heavy metal stabilization,foam glass-ceramics were produced by using municipal solid waste incineration(MWSI)bottom ash and fly ash as main raw materials,calcium carbonat...For the purpose of solid waste co-disposal and heavy metal stabilization,foam glass-ceramics were produced by using municipal solid waste incineration(MWSI)bottom ash and fly ash as main raw materials,calcium carbonate(CaCO3) as foamer and sodium phosphate(Na3PO4) as foam stabilizer.The influences of the raw material composition,foaming temperature and foaming time on the properties were investigated.Porosity,bulk density,mechanical property and leaching of heavy metals were analyzed accordingly.The product,foamed at 1150℃ for 30 min with 14% fly ash and 74% bottom ash,exhibits excellent comprehensive properties,such as high porosity(76.03%),low bulk density(0.67 g·cm-3) and high compressive strength(10.56 MPa).Moreover,the amount of leaching heavy metals,including Cr,Pb,Cu,Cd and Ni,in foam glass-ceramics is significantly lower than that of the US EPA hazardous waste thresholds.This study not only realizes the integrated utilization of bottom ash and fly ash,but also addresses a new strategy for obtaining foam glass-ceramics.展开更多
HCl and SO_2 emission is one of the major concerns related to municipal solid waste incinerator(MSWI). In this study, a material flow analysis model was developed to estimate the HCl and SO_2 concentrations in the MSW...HCl and SO_2 emission is one of the major concerns related to municipal solid waste incinerator(MSWI). In this study, a material flow analysis model was developed to estimate the HCl and SO_2 concentrations in the MSWI flue gases(FGs), and their concentrations in the full-scale MSWI were monitored. The calculated concentrations of HCl and SO_2 in the FG were 770–1300 mg/Nm^3 and 150–640 mg/Nm^3, respectively, in close agreement with the monitored values. More than 99% of Cl and 92% of S from the FG were captured into solid residues by the air pollution control(APC) systems. Moreover, since only 48.4%–67.5% of Cl and 21.3%–53.4% of S were transferred to the FG from the municipal solid waste(MSW), it was more reliable to estimate the source strengths and release amounts of HCl and SO_2 in the FG based on the amounts of Cl and S in the APC residues(AR) and exhaust gas rather than in the MSW. This simple method is easily applicable and the estimated results could provide scientific basis for the appropriate design and operation of the APC systems as well as corrosion control of heat recovery systems.展开更多
The performance of industrial waste incineration bottom ash in controlled low-strength material （CLSM） was investigated in this paper, as the quarry dust was added. CLSM mixtures were made from the industrial waste ...The performance of industrial waste incineration bottom ash in controlled low-strength material （CLSM） was investigated in this paper, as the quarry dust was added. CLSM mixtures were made from the industrial waste incineration bottom ash, quarry dust, and cement. Tests for fresh density, bleeding, compressive strength, shear strength, hydraulic conductivity, and excavatability were carried out. The com- pressive strength ranges from 60 kPa to 6790 kPa, the friction angle varies from 5°to 19°, and the cohesion is from 4 to 604 kPa. Most of the mixtures are found to be non-excavatable. It is indicated that the quarry dust addition increases the compressive strength and shear parame- ters, decreases bleeding, and increases the removability modulus.展开更多
Municipal solid waste(MSW) incineration has become an important anthropogenic source of heavy metals(HMs) to the environment. However, assessing the impact of MSW incineration on HMs in the environment, especially soi...Municipal solid waste(MSW) incineration has become an important anthropogenic source of heavy metals(HMs) to the environment. However, assessing the impact of MSW incineration on HMs in the environment, especially soils, can be a challenging task because of various HM sources. To investigate the effect of MSW incineration on HMs in soils, soil samples collected at different distances from four MSW incinerators in Shanghai, China were analyzed for their contents of eight HMs(antimony, cadmium, chromium, copper,lead, mercury, nickel, and zinc) and lead(Pb) isotope ratios. Source identification and apportionment of HMs were accomplished using principal component analysis and Pb isotope analysis. Results indicated that the relatively high contents of cadmium, lead,antimony, and zinc in the soils at 250 m and 750–1250 m away from the MSW incinerators were related to MSW incineration, while the elevated contents of the other four HMs were associated with other anthropogenic activities. Based on Pb isotope analysis, the contribution ratio of MSW incineration(which had been operated for more than 14 years)to the accumulation of Pb in soil was approximately 10% on average, which was lower than coal combustion only. Incinerator emissions of Pb could have a measurable effect on the soil contamination within a limited area(≤1500 m).展开更多
The effect of moisture in municipal solid waste (MSW) on partitioning of lead (Pb), zinc (Zn), copper (Cu) and cadmium (Cd) was studied in a laboratory tubular furnace by using simulated MSW. The moisture in MSW influ...The effect of moisture in municipal solid waste (MSW) on partitioning of lead (Pb), zinc (Zn), copper (Cu) and cadmium (Cd) was studied in a laboratory tubular furnace by using simulated MSW. The moisture in MSW influences heavy metals in following ways, to increase the moisture in flue gas and decrease the combustion temperature, to prolong the combustion time, and to prolong the releasing time of volatiles with the furnace temperature decreased by increasing the moisture. The volatilization of Pb, Zn and Cd was enhanced by increasing the moisture in MSW because of the prolonged combustion time. For Pb and Zn, the combustion time was important at higher temperature, while for Cd, it was important at low temperature. The moisture content showed slight effect on Cu partitioning. When extra chlorine was added to MSW, such as 1%PVC + 0.5%NaCl, the volatilization of Pb, Zn and Cu was enhanced by increasing the moisture because water evaporation reduced the temperature and increased devolatilization time. At higher temperature, NaCl tends to decompose and generates more free chlorine, producing more metal chlorides. Since Cd is a strong volatile heavy metal in MSW, the effect of moisture content on its volatilization is less than that of Pb, Zn or Cu during the MSW incineration.展开更多
A novel time-span input neural network was developed to accurately predict the trend of the main steam temperature of a 750-t/d waste incineration boiler.Its historical operating data were used to retrieve sensitive p...A novel time-span input neural network was developed to accurately predict the trend of the main steam temperature of a 750-t/d waste incineration boiler.Its historical operating data were used to retrieve sensitive parameters for the boiler output steam temperature by correlation analysis.Then,the 15 most sensitive parameters with specified time spans were selected as neural network inputs.An external testing set was introduced to objectively evaluate the neural network prediction capability.The results show that,compared with the traditional prediction method,the time-span input framework model can achieve better prediction performance and has a greater capability for generalization.The maximum average prediction error can be controlled below 0.2°C and 1.5°C in the next 60 s and 5 min,respectively.In addition,setting a reasonable terminal training threshold can effectively avoid overfitting.An importance analysis of the parameters indicates that the main steam temperature and the average temperature around the high-temperature superheater are the two most important variables of the input parameters;the former affects the overall prediction and the latter affects the long-term prediction performance.展开更多
Incineration experiments with MSW, which had been impregnated with heavy metals, were presented to obtain information on the volatilization behavior of the elements cadmium(Cd), lead(Pb), and zinc(Zn) under different ...Incineration experiments with MSW, which had been impregnated with heavy metals, were presented to obtain information on the volatilization behavior of the elements cadmium(Cd), lead(Pb), and zinc(Zn) under different conditions. Experiments were carried out in a bubbling fluid bed system connected to a customized inductively coupled plasma optical emission spectroscopy(ICP-OES) for analyzing metals in the flue gas. The results indicated that the combustion temperature, the gas atmosphere, and the chlorine content in the flue gas could affect the volatilization behavior of heavy metals. In the fluidized bed combustion, a large surface area was provided by the bed sand particles, and they may act as absorbents for the gaseous ash-forming compound. Comparer with the metals Cd and Pb, the vaporization of Zn was low. The formation of stable compounds such as ZnO·Al 2O 3 could greatly decrease the metals volatilization. The presence of chlorine would enhance the volatilization of heavy metals by increasing the formation of metal chlorides. However, when the oxygen content was high, the chlorinating reaction was kinetically hindered, which heavy metals release would be delayed.展开更多
To analyze the feasibility of utilization of thermal technology in fly ash treatment, thermal properties and microstructures of municipal solid waste incineration （MSW1） fly ash were studied by measuring the chemica...To analyze the feasibility of utilization of thermal technology in fly ash treatment, thermal properties and microstructures of municipal solid waste incineration （MSW1） fly ash were studied by measuring the chemical element composition, specific surface area, pore sizes, functional groups, TEM image, mineralogy and DSC-TG curves of raw and sintered fly ash specimens. The results show that MSWI fly ash particles mostly have irregular shapes and non-typical pore structure, and the supersonic treatment improves the pore structure; MSWI fly ash consists of Such crystals as SiO2, CaSO4 and silica-aluminates, and some soluble salts like KCl and NaCl. During the sintering process, mineralogy changes largely and novel solid solutions are produced gradually with the rise of temperature. Therefore, the utilization of a proper thermal technology not only destructs those persistent organic toxicants but also stabilizes hazardous heavy metals in MSWI fly ash.展开更多
Grate fly ash and fluidized bed fly ash mixed with glass cullet additive respectively were melted in the electronic arc-furnace. The product, arc-melting slag, was further treated by crushing, pressing and heat treatm...Grate fly ash and fluidized bed fly ash mixed with glass cullet additive respectively were melted in the electronic arc-furnace. The product, arc-melting slag, was further treated by crushing, pressing and heat treatment in order to make the glass-ceramics. The crystallization behaviors of the produced glass-ceramics were examined by differential thermal analysis （DTA）, X-ray diffractometry （XRD） and scanning electron microscopy （SEM）. Results show that main crystalline phase of the glass-ceramics fi＇om grate fly ash is wollastonite （CaSiO3） with small amount of diopside （Ca（Mg,Al）（Si,Al）206）, and that from fluidized bed fly ash is diopside （Ca（Mg,Al）（Si,Al）206）. It is found that the glass-ceramics sintered at 850 ℃and 1 000℃ from grate fly ash and fluidized bed fly ash respectively have the optimal physical, mechanical and chemical characteristics. Glass-ceramics samples, produced from incinerator fly ash with desirable properties and the low leaching concentration of heavy metals, can be the substitute of nature materials such as marble, granite and porcelain tiles.展开更多
The release of heavy metals from the combustion of hazardous wastes is an environmental issue of in-creasing concern.The species transformation characteristics of toxic heavy metals and their distribution are consid-e...The release of heavy metals from the combustion of hazardous wastes is an environmental issue of in-creasing concern.The species transformation characteristics of toxic heavy metals and their distribution are consid-ered to be a complex problem of mechanism.The behavior of hazardous dyestuff residue is investigated in a tubular furnace under the general condition of hazardous waste pyrolysis and gasfication.Data interpretation has been aided by parallel theoretical study based on a thermodynamic equilibrium model based on the principle of Gibbs free en-ergy minimization.The results show that Ni,Zn,Mn,and Cr are more enriched in dyestuff residue incineration than other heavy metals(Hg,As,and Se)subjected to volatilization.The thermodynamic model calculation is used for explaining the experiment data at 800℃ and analyzing species transformation of heavy metals.These results of species transformation are used to predict the distribution and emission characteristics of trace elements.Although most trace element predictions are validated by the measurements,cautions are in order due to the complexity of incineration systems.展开更多
This research evaluated the use of sewage sludge and refuse incineration bottom ash to replace calcium sulfoaluminate cement （CSA） in making controlled low-strength material （CLSM）. Various properties of CLSM mixt...This research evaluated the use of sewage sludge and refuse incineration bottom ash to replace calcium sulfoaluminate cement （CSA） in making controlled low-strength material （CLSM）. Various properties of CLSM mixtures were characterized in terms of unconfined compressive strength, microstructure and leachability. It was found that the strength of tested CLSM mixtures ranged from 3.6 to 9.0 MPa, over the upper excavatable limit of 2.1 MPa. The micro-structural analysis revealed that sewage sludge and bottom ash were crystallochemically in- corporated within CLSM system_s by forming the needle-like ettringite （C3A＇3CS＇_H32） with exiguous tu.bers via the typical Pozzolanic Reaction, leading to a dense and low-porosity microst;＇ucture. Furthermore,-the toxicity characteristic leaching procedure evidenced that the cumulative leachable metals in the leachate were much below the regulatory thresholds. The potential for us!ng sewage sludge and bottom ash!n CLSM makin.g was thus confirmed.展开更多
The influence of CO2 content and presence of SO2 on the sequestration of CO2 by municipal solid waste incinerator （MSWI） fly ash was studied by investigating the carbonation reaction of MSWI fly ash with different c...The influence of CO2 content and presence of SO2 on the sequestration of CO2 by municipal solid waste incinerator （MSWI） fly ash was studied by investigating the carbonation reaction of MSWI fly ash with different combinations of simulated flue gas. The reaction between fly ash and 100% CO2 was relatively fast; the uptake of CO2 reached 87 g CO2/kg ash, and the sequestered CO2 could be entirely released at high temperatures. When CO2 content was reduced to 12%, the reaction rate decreased; the uptake fell to 41 g CO2/kg ash, and 70.7% of the sequestered CO2 could be released. With 12% CO2 in the presence of SO2, the reaction rate significantly decreased; the uptake was just 17 g CO2/kg ash, and only 52.9% of the sequestered CO2 could be released. SO2 in the simulated gas restricted the ability of fly ash to sequester CO2 because it blocked the pores of the ash.展开更多
文摘This comprehensive review synthesizes findings from the studies conducted for more than two decades to assess en-vironmental and human health impacts near Spain's first hazardous waste incinerator(HWI)located in Constantí(Tarra-gona,Catalonia).Through integrated analysis of polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins/furans(PCDD/Fs)and metals across soil,vegetation,human tissues,and dietary matrices,the studies have shown:(1)PCDD/F concentrations decreased 75-96%in biological samples and dietary intake over 20 years,aligning with global emission reductions rather than HWI-4 operations;(2)metal trajectories showed arsenic intermittently exceeding carcinogenic thresholds in soils(1.1×10^(-4) risk index)and chromium accumulating in autopsy tissues(+16% in kidney),although without HWI-specific spatial gradi-ents;(3)systemic biomarkers revealed policy-driven declines—blood lead dropped 70% post-EU regulations,while mer-cury became undetectable in tissues post-2010.Health risk assessments confirmed that PCDD/F intake(0.122 pg WHO-TEQ/kg/day)remained still below WHO thresholds,with no attributable cancer risks for metals except legacy arsenic.The studies included in the program of surveillance show that PCDD/Fs and metals emissions by the HWI have meant a rather low contribution to population exposure to metals and PCDD/Fs compared to dietary and historical sources.How-ever,residual risks warrant attention.It mainly concerns chromium speciation and arsenic in soils,as well as the effects on vulnerable subpopulations and the synergistic effects among toxicants.Epidemiological studies are also required.
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(52204331)Natural Science Foundation of Anhui Province Youth Project(2208085QE145)the Open Project Program of Key Laboratory of Metallurgical Emission Reduction&Resources Recycling(Anhui University of Technology),Ministry of Education(JKF20-03).
文摘Steel rolling sludge,an oil-containing waste generated during steel production,was difficult to manage.Prolonged storage poses significant environmental and health hazards.Most steel enterprises in China use steel rolling sludge directly as a raw material for sintering.However,its adhesive nature caused poor mixing with other materials,affecting the quality of the sinter.Herein,the incorporation of steel rolling sludge incineration slag into the sintering process was investigated for experimental purposes.The results indicated that adding 1%incinerated steel rolling sludge to the sintering raw material was feasible.At this proportion,both the yield and the tumbler index of the sinter have improved,primarily due to the oxidation reaction of Fe_(3)O_(4)present in the steel rolling sludge incineration slag during the sintering process,which significantly increases the sensible heat of the sinter and enhances the sintering mineralization reaction.Notably,the addition of steel rolling sludge incineration slag reduced dioxin concentrations in the sintering flue gas.Although CO,NO_(x),and SO_(2)emission concentrations slightly increased,the existing flue gas treatment system effectively controlled their emissions.
基金supported by a grant funded by the Ministry of Environment(MOE)of the Republic of Korea(Nos.NIER-2024-03-00-005 and NIER-2021-03-03-007)。
文摘Polyethylene terephthalate(PET)combustion produces terephthalic acid(TPA),a key indicator of incineration processes.This study examines the diurnal variation of TPA and its association with health risks in Seoul,South Korea,based on data from Bokjeong Station.TPA concentrations were significantly higher in winter(28.12 ng/m^(3))compared to summer(12.39 ng/m^(3)),indicating increased PET-related emissions during colder months.Similarly,levoglucosan concentrations were markedly higher in winter(68.17 ng/m^(3))than in summer(16.67 ng/m^(3)),likely due to waste wood incineration.The TPA-to-organic carbon(TPA/OC)ratio was notably higher at night,suggesting more frequent PET waste combustion during nighttime hours.Elevated nighttime TPA concentrations in PM_(2.5)also indicate contributions from coal combustion or the incineration of arsenic-containing materials.The correlation between TPA and oxidative potential underscores heightened health risks associated with nighttime emissions.Moreover,volatile organic compounds(VOCs)such as benzene,toluene,and xylene were significantly higher at night,further degrading air quality.These findings highlight the critical role of nighttime waste incineration in exacerbating urban air pollution and increasing associated health risks,especially during winter.
基金Funded by the State Key Laboratory of Geohazard Prevention and Geoenvironment Protection Independent Research Project(No.SKLGP2022Z001)。
文摘We examined the mechanical strength and microscopic property effects of bottom ash(BA)recycled concrete made by partially substituting natural aggregates made from three industrial wastes,fly ash(FA),silica fume(SF),furnace slag(FS),and cement after BA was treated with slurry to improve the properties of BA and increase its utilisation.The compressive,flexural,splitting tensile strengths,and drying shrinkage test of the recycled concrete from BA were tested at the macroscopic level,and the specimens were analyzed by scanning electron microscopy(SEM)at the microscopic level.The experimental results show that the slurry treatment of BA results in a corresponding improvement in the macroscopic and microscopic properties of the obtained slurry-bound BA aggregates.The synergistic effect of FA and SF can better fill the pores on the surface of BA,which in turn can better improve the properties of recycled concrete.This study provides a theoretical support for improving the properties of BA and promoting its utilisation as a resource.
基金Funded by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(No.52178241)the National Key Research and Development Program of China during the Fourteenth Five-Year Plan Period(No.2021YFB3802001)+1 种基金the Shanghai Science and Technology Innovation Action Plan(No.23D21201401)the Key Research and Development of the Shaanxi Province of China(No.2022GY-163)。
文摘Municipal solid waste incineration fly ash(MSWI)is considered as one of the hazardous wastes and requires to be well disposed to reduce the contaminant to the environment.Reference to the production of coal fly ash(FA)bricks,MSWI and FA were utilized to prepare autoclaved MSWI-FA block samples.Ultrasonic-assisted hydrothermal synthesis technology was used for production to explore the effect of ultrasonic pre-treatment.Compressive strength,dry density,and water absorption tests were conducted to determine the optimal ultrasonic parameters.Ultrasonic pre-treating mechanisms were investigated by SEM,FT-IR,particle size analysis,and BET.Furthermore,the micro-analyses of block samples were conducted.The heavy metal leaching concentration was studied to assess the environmental safety.The experimental results show that the ultrasonic pre-treating time,water bath temperature,and ultrasonic power of 3 h,30℃,and 840 W are the optimal,under which the compressive strength,dry density,and water absorption were 8.14 MPa,1417.48 kg/m^(3),and 0.38,respectively.It is shown that ultrasound destroys the surface structure of raw materials and smaller FA particles embed into MSWI.The particle size distribution of pre-treated raw materials mixture is wider and total pore volume is decreased by 6.3%.During hydrothermal processing,more Al-substituted tobermorite crystals are generated,which is the main source of higher strength and smaller pore volume of prepared block samples.The solidification/stabilization rates of Cu,Pb,and Zn increased by 30.77%,4.76%,and 35.29%,respectively.This study shows a feasible way to utilize MSWI as raw material for construction.
基金supported by the National Key Research and Development Program(Grant No.2023YFC3707802)National Natural Science Foundation of China(Grant No.42107185)International Partnership Program of Chinese Academy of Sciences(Grant No.115242KYSB20200002).
文摘The construction of coastal areas generates a substantial volume of waste marine clay(WMC),which poses environmental and safety challenges during the stockpiling process.The improved preparation of WMC as roadbed materials emerges as a crucial pathway for resource utilization.However,the engineering performance and durability of roadbed materials prepared from WMC have always been a concern for scholars and engineers.This study employs alkali-activated ground granulated blast-furnace slag(GGBFS)and municipal solid waste incineration bottom ash(MSWIBA)to solidify WMC for preparation of the roadbed materials.The results showed that the combined utilization of alkali-activated GGBFS and MSWIBA to improve WMC can meet the environmental and mechanical requirements of roadbed materials.The incorporation of 5e20%MSWIBA could improve the water stability coefficient and California bearing ratio to more than 85%and 80%,respectively.The durability of roadbed material was significantly improved by addition of MSWIBA.After 12 dryewet cycles,the strength of the material without MSWIBA and with 5%MSWIBA was 0 and 2.87 MPa,respectively.Following analysis of engineering properties and durability,the optimal dosage of MSWIBA was determined to be 5%.The enhanced durability can be attributed to the optimization of material gradation and pore structure achieved through the incorporation of a small quantity of MSWIBA.The carbon emission and normalized global warming potentials of roadbed material treated by MSWIBA and GGBFS were much lower than that of cementitious binders such as ordinary Portland cement.These findings indicate that MSWIBA has the potential to substitute natural aggregates like sand and gravel,effectively improving the durability of roadbed materials and promoting the safe and efficient recycling of solid waste resources.
文摘The extraction behavior of heavy metals from municipal waste incineration （MWI） fly ash was investigated systematically. The extraction process includes two steps, namely, fly ash was firstly washed with water, and then subjected to hydrochloric acid leaching. The main parameters for water washing process were tested, and under the optimal conditions, about 86% Na, 70% K and 12% Ca were removed from fly ash, respectively. Hydrochloric acid was used for the extraction of valuable elements from the water-washed fly ash, and the optimal extraction was achieved for each heavy metal as follows： 86% for Pb, 98% for Zn, 82% for Fe, 96% for Cd, 62% for Cu, 80% for Al, respectively. And the main compositions of the finally obtained solid residue are Ca2PbO4, CaSi2Os, PbsSiO7, Ca3A12Si3012 and SiO2.
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (No. 50776007)the Beijing Municipal Science and Technology Commission under the Municipal Solid Waste Development Program(No. H020620330120)
文摘The impact of moisture on the partitioning of the heavy metals including Pb,Zn,Cu and Cd in municipal solid waste （MSW） was studied in a laboratory tubular furnace.A thermodynamic investigation using CHEMKIN software was performed to compare the experimental results.Simulated waste,representative of typical MSW with and without chlorine compounds,was burned at the background temperature of 700 and 950°C,respectively.In the absence of chlorine,the moisture content has no evident effect on the volatility of Pb,Zn and Cu at either 700 or 950°C,however,as flue gas moisture increasing the Cd distribution in the bottom ash increased at 700°C and reduced at 950°C,respectively.In the presence of chlorine,the flue gas moisture reduced the volatility of Pb,Zn and Cu due to the transformation of the more volatile metal chlorides into less volatile metal oxides,and the reduction became significant as chlorine content increase.For Cd,the chlorine promotes its volatility through the formation of more volatile CdCl 2.As a result,the increased moisture content increases the Pb,Zn,Cu and Cd concentrations in the bottom ash,which limits the utilization of the bottom ash as a construction material.Therefore,in order to accumulate heavy metals into the fly ash,MSW should be dried before incineration.
基金financially supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (Nos.51672024 and 51502014)the National Key Research and Development Program of China (No.2017YFB0702304)+1 种基金the Program of China Scholarships Council (No.201806465040)the Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities (No.FRF-IC-18-008)
文摘For the purpose of solid waste co-disposal and heavy metal stabilization,foam glass-ceramics were produced by using municipal solid waste incineration(MWSI)bottom ash and fly ash as main raw materials,calcium carbonate(CaCO3) as foamer and sodium phosphate(Na3PO4) as foam stabilizer.The influences of the raw material composition,foaming temperature and foaming time on the properties were investigated.Porosity,bulk density,mechanical property and leaching of heavy metals were analyzed accordingly.The product,foamed at 1150℃ for 30 min with 14% fly ash and 74% bottom ash,exhibits excellent comprehensive properties,such as high porosity(76.03%),low bulk density(0.67 g·cm-3) and high compressive strength(10.56 MPa).Moreover,the amount of leaching heavy metals,including Cr,Pb,Cu,Cd and Ni,in foam glass-ceramics is significantly lower than that of the US EPA hazardous waste thresholds.This study not only realizes the integrated utilization of bottom ash and fly ash,but also addresses a new strategy for obtaining foam glass-ceramics.
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (No.21577102)the Major Science and Technology Program for Water Pollution Control and Treatment (No.2017ZX07202005)the Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities (No.22120170050)
文摘HCl and SO_2 emission is one of the major concerns related to municipal solid waste incinerator(MSWI). In this study, a material flow analysis model was developed to estimate the HCl and SO_2 concentrations in the MSWI flue gases(FGs), and their concentrations in the full-scale MSWI were monitored. The calculated concentrations of HCl and SO_2 in the FG were 770–1300 mg/Nm^3 and 150–640 mg/Nm^3, respectively, in close agreement with the monitored values. More than 99% of Cl and 92% of S from the FG were captured into solid residues by the air pollution control(APC) systems. Moreover, since only 48.4%–67.5% of Cl and 21.3%–53.4% of S were transferred to the FG from the municipal solid waste(MSW), it was more reliable to estimate the source strengths and release amounts of HCl and SO_2 in the FG based on the amounts of Cl and S in the APC residues(AR) and exhaust gas rather than in the MSW. This simple method is easily applicable and the estimated results could provide scientific basis for the appropriate design and operation of the APC systems as well as corrosion control of heat recovery systems.
基金the Ministry of Science, Technology and Innovation (MOSTI), Government of Malaysia and University of Malaya for providing the funds to support this research work
文摘The performance of industrial waste incineration bottom ash in controlled low-strength material （CLSM） was investigated in this paper, as the quarry dust was added. CLSM mixtures were made from the industrial waste incineration bottom ash, quarry dust, and cement. Tests for fresh density, bleeding, compressive strength, shear strength, hydraulic conductivity, and excavatability were carried out. The com- pressive strength ranges from 60 kPa to 6790 kPa, the friction angle varies from 5°to 19°, and the cohesion is from 4 to 604 kPa. Most of the mixtures are found to be non-excavatable. It is indicated that the quarry dust addition increases the compressive strength and shear parame- ters, decreases bleeding, and increases the removability modulus.
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(Nos.21577102,21277096)the Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities
文摘Municipal solid waste(MSW) incineration has become an important anthropogenic source of heavy metals(HMs) to the environment. However, assessing the impact of MSW incineration on HMs in the environment, especially soils, can be a challenging task because of various HM sources. To investigate the effect of MSW incineration on HMs in soils, soil samples collected at different distances from four MSW incinerators in Shanghai, China were analyzed for their contents of eight HMs(antimony, cadmium, chromium, copper,lead, mercury, nickel, and zinc) and lead(Pb) isotope ratios. Source identification and apportionment of HMs were accomplished using principal component analysis and Pb isotope analysis. Results indicated that the relatively high contents of cadmium, lead,antimony, and zinc in the soils at 250 m and 750–1250 m away from the MSW incinerators were related to MSW incineration, while the elevated contents of the other four HMs were associated with other anthropogenic activities. Based on Pb isotope analysis, the contribution ratio of MSW incineration(which had been operated for more than 14 years)to the accumulation of Pb in soil was approximately 10% on average, which was lower than coal combustion only. Incinerator emissions of Pb could have a measurable effect on the soil contamination within a limited area(≤1500 m).
基金Supported by the National Basic Research Program of China (2011CB201502)
文摘The effect of moisture in municipal solid waste (MSW) on partitioning of lead (Pb), zinc (Zn), copper (Cu) and cadmium (Cd) was studied in a laboratory tubular furnace by using simulated MSW. The moisture in MSW influences heavy metals in following ways, to increase the moisture in flue gas and decrease the combustion temperature, to prolong the combustion time, and to prolong the releasing time of volatiles with the furnace temperature decreased by increasing the moisture. The volatilization of Pb, Zn and Cd was enhanced by increasing the moisture in MSW because of the prolonged combustion time. For Pb and Zn, the combustion time was important at higher temperature, while for Cd, it was important at low temperature. The moisture content showed slight effect on Cu partitioning. When extra chlorine was added to MSW, such as 1%PVC + 0.5%NaCl, the volatilization of Pb, Zn and Cu was enhanced by increasing the moisture because water evaporation reduced the temperature and increased devolatilization time. At higher temperature, NaCl tends to decompose and generates more free chlorine, producing more metal chlorides. Since Cd is a strong volatile heavy metal in MSW, the effect of moisture content on its volatilization is less than that of Pb, Zn or Cu during the MSW incineration.
基金Project supported by the National Key Research and Development Program of China(No.2018YFC1901300)the Research Project of Multi-data Fusion and Strategy of Intelligent Control and Optimization for Large Scale Industrial Combustion System,China。
文摘A novel time-span input neural network was developed to accurately predict the trend of the main steam temperature of a 750-t/d waste incineration boiler.Its historical operating data were used to retrieve sensitive parameters for the boiler output steam temperature by correlation analysis.Then,the 15 most sensitive parameters with specified time spans were selected as neural network inputs.An external testing set was introduced to objectively evaluate the neural network prediction capability.The results show that,compared with the traditional prediction method,the time-span input framework model can achieve better prediction performance and has a greater capability for generalization.The maximum average prediction error can be controlled below 0.2°C and 1.5°C in the next 60 s and 5 min,respectively.In addition,setting a reasonable terminal training threshold can effectively avoid overfitting.An importance analysis of the parameters indicates that the main steam temperature and the average temperature around the high-temperature superheater are the two most important variables of the input parameters;the former affects the overall prediction and the latter affects the long-term prediction performance.
文摘Incineration experiments with MSW, which had been impregnated with heavy metals, were presented to obtain information on the volatilization behavior of the elements cadmium(Cd), lead(Pb), and zinc(Zn) under different conditions. Experiments were carried out in a bubbling fluid bed system connected to a customized inductively coupled plasma optical emission spectroscopy(ICP-OES) for analyzing metals in the flue gas. The results indicated that the combustion temperature, the gas atmosphere, and the chlorine content in the flue gas could affect the volatilization behavior of heavy metals. In the fluidized bed combustion, a large surface area was provided by the bed sand particles, and they may act as absorbents for the gaseous ash-forming compound. Comparer with the metals Cd and Pb, the vaporization of Zn was low. The formation of stable compounds such as ZnO·Al 2O 3 could greatly decrease the metals volatilization. The presence of chlorine would enhance the volatilization of heavy metals by increasing the formation of metal chlorides. However, when the oxygen content was high, the chlorinating reaction was kinetically hindered, which heavy metals release would be delayed.
基金Project(50808184) supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China
文摘To analyze the feasibility of utilization of thermal technology in fly ash treatment, thermal properties and microstructures of municipal solid waste incineration （MSW1） fly ash were studied by measuring the chemical element composition, specific surface area, pore sizes, functional groups, TEM image, mineralogy and DSC-TG curves of raw and sintered fly ash specimens. The results show that MSWI fly ash particles mostly have irregular shapes and non-typical pore structure, and the supersonic treatment improves the pore structure; MSWI fly ash consists of Such crystals as SiO2, CaSO4 and silica-aluminates, and some soluble salts like KCl and NaCl. During the sintering process, mineralogy changes largely and novel solid solutions are produced gradually with the rise of temperature. Therefore, the utilization of a proper thermal technology not only destructs those persistent organic toxicants but also stabilizes hazardous heavy metals in MSWI fly ash.
基金Project(20806051) supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of ChinaProject(20080440680) supported by China Postdoctoral Science Foundation
文摘Grate fly ash and fluidized bed fly ash mixed with glass cullet additive respectively were melted in the electronic arc-furnace. The product, arc-melting slag, was further treated by crushing, pressing and heat treatment in order to make the glass-ceramics. The crystallization behaviors of the produced glass-ceramics were examined by differential thermal analysis （DTA）, X-ray diffractometry （XRD） and scanning electron microscopy （SEM）. Results show that main crystalline phase of the glass-ceramics fi＇om grate fly ash is wollastonite （CaSiO3） with small amount of diopside （Ca（Mg,Al）（Si,Al）206）, and that from fluidized bed fly ash is diopside （Ca（Mg,Al）（Si,Al）206）. It is found that the glass-ceramics sintered at 850 ℃and 1 000℃ from grate fly ash and fluidized bed fly ash respectively have the optimal physical, mechanical and chemical characteristics. Glass-ceramics samples, produced from incinerator fly ash with desirable properties and the low leaching concentration of heavy metals, can be the substitute of nature materials such as marble, granite and porcelain tiles.
基金Supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (No.50276055)the Superintendent's Fund of Guangzhou Institute of Energy Conversion,Chinese Academy of Sciences (No.0607ba1001).
文摘The release of heavy metals from the combustion of hazardous wastes is an environmental issue of in-creasing concern.The species transformation characteristics of toxic heavy metals and their distribution are consid-ered to be a complex problem of mechanism.The behavior of hazardous dyestuff residue is investigated in a tubular furnace under the general condition of hazardous waste pyrolysis and gasfication.Data interpretation has been aided by parallel theoretical study based on a thermodynamic equilibrium model based on the principle of Gibbs free en-ergy minimization.The results show that Ni,Zn,Mn,and Cr are more enriched in dyestuff residue incineration than other heavy metals(Hg,As,and Se)subjected to volatilization.The thermodynamic model calculation is used for explaining the experiment data at 800℃ and analyzing species transformation of heavy metals.These results of species transformation are used to predict the distribution and emission characteristics of trace elements.Although most trace element predictions are validated by the measurements,cautions are in order due to the complexity of incineration systems.
基金Supported by the Science and Technology Commission of Shanghai Municipality (08 DZ 1202802,09 DZ 1204105,09 DZ2251700)the National Natural Science Foundation of China (51008322)
文摘This research evaluated the use of sewage sludge and refuse incineration bottom ash to replace calcium sulfoaluminate cement （CSA） in making controlled low-strength material （CLSM）. Various properties of CLSM mixtures were characterized in terms of unconfined compressive strength, microstructure and leachability. It was found that the strength of tested CLSM mixtures ranged from 3.6 to 9.0 MPa, over the upper excavatable limit of 2.1 MPa. The micro-structural analysis revealed that sewage sludge and bottom ash were crystallochemically in- corporated within CLSM system_s by forming the needle-like ettringite （C3A＇3CS＇_H32） with exiguous tu.bers via the typical Pozzolanic Reaction, leading to a dense and low-porosity microst;＇ucture. Furthermore,-the toxicity characteristic leaching procedure evidenced that the cumulative leachable metals in the leachate were much below the regulatory thresholds. The potential for us!ng sewage sludge and bottom ash!n CLSM makin.g was thus confirmed.
基金supported by the Hi-Tech Research and Development Program (863) of China (No. 2012AA06A116)
文摘The influence of CO2 content and presence of SO2 on the sequestration of CO2 by municipal solid waste incinerator （MSWI） fly ash was studied by investigating the carbonation reaction of MSWI fly ash with different combinations of simulated flue gas. The reaction between fly ash and 100% CO2 was relatively fast; the uptake of CO2 reached 87 g CO2/kg ash, and the sequestered CO2 could be entirely released at high temperatures. When CO2 content was reduced to 12%, the reaction rate decreased; the uptake fell to 41 g CO2/kg ash, and 70.7% of the sequestered CO2 could be released. With 12% CO2 in the presence of SO2, the reaction rate significantly decreased; the uptake was just 17 g CO2/kg ash, and only 52.9% of the sequestered CO2 could be released. SO2 in the simulated gas restricted the ability of fly ash to sequester CO2 because it blocked the pores of the ash.
