Traditional pyrometallurgy and hydrometallurgy processes primarily focus on the recovery of valuable metals(Co,Ni,etc.)from spent lithium-ion batteries.However,these methods are not economical for recycling cheap LiFe...Traditional pyrometallurgy and hydrometallurgy processes primarily focus on the recovery of valuable metals(Co,Ni,etc.)from spent lithium-ion batteries.However,these methods are not economical for recycling cheap LiFePO_(4).Herein,a synergistic thermal-decomposition and electric-drive strategy is proposed to recover the whole spent LiFePO_(4)electrode by in-situ recovering the inactive lithium(dead lithium and trapped interlayer lithium).Firstly,the organic components in the dense solid electrolyte interface(SEI)are effectively decomposed through thermal-decomposition processing,exposing the dead lithium encapsulated within the SEI and recovering the electron channels between the dead lithium and graphite.Leveraging the difference between the Gibbs free energy of the dead lithium and graphite as the driving force facilitates the dead lithium inserting into the anode.Then,fully utilizing the remaining discharge capacity of the spent LiFePO_(4)cell,the inactive lithium is reinserted into LiFePO_(4)lattice during the electric-drive process.Consequently,the reactivated lithium content increases by more than 16%,reaching a capacity of 134.2 mA h g^(-1)compared to 115.2 mA h g^(-1)from degraded LiFePO_(4),allowing for effective participation in the subsequent cycling.This work provides new perspectives on highly profitable cycles with low energy and material consumption and a low carbon footprint.展开更多
Lithium metal is considered as the ultimate anode material for the next generation of high-energy density batteries.However,non-uniform lithium dendrite growth,serious electrolyte consumption,and significant volume ch...Lithium metal is considered as the ultimate anode material for the next generation of high-energy density batteries.However,non-uniform lithium dendrite growth,serious electrolyte consumption,and significant volume changes during lithium deposition/stripping processes lead to sustained accumulation of inactive lithium and poor cycling reversibility.Quantifying the formation and evolution of inactive lithium under different conditions and fully evaluating the complex failure modes are the key issues in this challenging field.This article comprehensively reviews recent research progress on the quantification of formation and evolution of inactive lithium detected by different quantitative techniques in rechargeable lithium metal batteries.The key research challenges such as failure mechanism,modification strategies and operando characterization of lithium metal anodes are systematically summarized and prospected.This review provides a new angle of view to understand failure mechanism of lithium metal anodes and inspiration and guidance for the future development of rechargeable lithium metal batteries.展开更多
Background: Juvenile idiopathic arthritis (JIA) is the most common rheumatic disease in children. Both the humoral and cell mediated immunities are involved in the pathogenesis of JIA. It is reported that overall immu...Background: Juvenile idiopathic arthritis (JIA) is the most common rheumatic disease in children. Both the humoral and cell mediated immunities are involved in the pathogenesis of JIA. It is reported that overall immunoglobulin levels in JIA patients are significantly higher than their control during the active state of disease. Methodology: This prospective observational study was conducted over a period of 18 months All the newly diagnosed oligo-articular and poly-articular JIA patients having active disease were included by purposive sampling. Data were collected by a semi-structured predesigned questionnaire. Result: Most of the study subjects (57.6%) belonged to age group > 3 - 9 years. Oligo JIA was diagnosed in 66.7% and poly JIA in 33.3% of JIA children. The difference in mean (±SD) ESR (33.52 ± 21.29 and 15.09 ± 7.71 mm in 1st hour) at active and inactive states was highly significant. Mean (±SD) difference of IgG, IgM and IgA in active and inactive states of disease were highly significant. Conclusion: Higher and abnormal levels of immunoglobulin (IgG, IgM, and IgA) were present among JIA patients in active disease state which became normal during inactive disease state after treatment.展开更多
AIM: To examine the association between interferon(IFN) therapy and loss of hepatitis B surface antigen(HBs Ag) in inactive HBs Ag carriers. METHODS: This was a retrospective cohort study in inactive HBs Ag carriers, ...AIM: To examine the association between interferon(IFN) therapy and loss of hepatitis B surface antigen(HBs Ag) in inactive HBs Ag carriers. METHODS: This was a retrospective cohort study in inactive HBs Ag carriers, who were treatment-naive, with a serum HBs Ag level < 100 IU/m L and an undetectable hepatitis B virus(HBV) DNA level(< 100 IU/m L). All the 20 treated patients received subcutaneous PEG-IFN alfa-2a 180 μg/wk for 72 wk and were then followed for 24 wk. There were 40 untreated controls matched with 96 wk of observation. Serum HBs Ag, HBV DNA, and alanine aminotransferases were monitored every 3 mo in the treatment group and every 3-6 mo in the control group. RESULTS: Thirteen(65.0%) of 20 treated patients achieved HBs Ag loss, 12 of whom achieved HBs Ag seroconversion. Mean HBs Ag level in treated patients decreased to 6.69 ± 13.04 IU/m L after 24 wk of treatment from a baseline level of 26.22 ± 33.00 IU/m L. Serum HBV DNA level remained undetectable(< 100 IU/m L) in all treated patients during the study. HBs Ag level of the control group decreased from 25.72 ± 25.58 IU/m L at baseline to 17.11 ± 21.62 IU/m L at week 96(P = 0.108). In the control group, no patient experienced HBs Ag loss/seroconversion, and two(5.0%) developed HBV reactivation.CONCLUSION: IFN treatment results in HBs Ag loss and seroconversion in a considerable proportion of inactive HBs Ag carriers with low HBs Ag concentrations.展开更多
The failure mechanism of tunnels crossing faults is a critical issue for tunnels located in seismically active regions. This study aims to investigate the nonlinear response of rock tunnels crossing inactive faults un...The failure mechanism of tunnels crossing faults is a critical issue for tunnels located in seismically active regions. This study aims to investigate the nonlinear response of rock tunnels crossing inactive faults under obliquely incident seismic P waves. Based on the equivalent nodal force method together with the viscous-spring boundary, an incident method for the site, which contains fault and is subjected to obliquely incident seismic P waves, is developed first. Then, based on the proposed incident method, the nonlinear response and the failure process of the tunnel crossing inactive fault are numerically studied. The numerical results show that the failure mechanism of the tunnel crossing inactive fault can be attributed to the combined action of the seismic waves and its associated fault slippage. Finally, parameter studies are conducted to investigate the effects of the wave impedance ratio of the fault to the surrounding rock and the incident angle of P waves. By the parameter analysis, it can be concluded that:(1) with decreasing the wave impedance ratio of the fault to the surrounding rock, the seismic response of the tunnel increases significantly;(2) the seismic response of the tunnel increases first and then decreases with the increasing of the incident angle of P waves. This study offers the insight for further research on the seismic stability of tunnels crossing inactive faults.展开更多
The approach of substituting electrochemically active with inactive elements has widely been used to improve the electrochemical performance of Li-rich intercalation cathode materials. This especially is true for Li-r...The approach of substituting electrochemically active with inactive elements has widely been used to improve the electrochemical performance of Li-rich intercalation cathode materials. This especially is true for Li-rich compounds where almost all of the Li+ions are reversibly(de)intercalated during electrochemical cycling. The beneficial mechanism behind this substitution with electrochemically inactive elements is still not clear yet. Li_(2)RuO_(3) is chosen as basis for a model solid solution system to investigate the effect of electrochemically inactive elements owing to its high specific capacity of more than 300 m Ah g^(-1) and the significant contribution of anion redox mechanism. Herein, Li_(2)Ru_(1-x)Ti_xO_(3) solid solution series are synthesized and the effect of substituting with electrochemical inactive Ti for Ru on structure and electrochemical performance have been comprehensively investigated. The electrochemical performance is significantly improved, especially for Li_(2)Ru_(0.8)Ti_(0.2)O_(3), and the capacity retention after 50 cycles increases from 81% to 90%, as compared to the end member Li_(2)RuO_(3). Results of electrochemical impedance spectroscopy show that Ti substitution reduces the charge transfer impedance, which favors the Li+diffusion across the electrolyte–electrode interface and improves the electronic conductivity. For the first time,nuclear magnetic resonance was utilized to confirm that a small part of Ti ions exchange their position with Li ions in the Li layer. This research provides a better understanding of electrochemical inactive element substitution and strong insights for the functional design of the next generation of Li-rich cathode materials.展开更多
This paper presents an observational study of the physical processes responsible for the inactive period (break) of the summer monsoon over South China (SC). The break of the monsoon is defined by using the rainfall d...This paper presents an observational study of the physical processes responsible for the inactive period (break) of the summer monsoon over South China (SC). The break of the monsoon is defined by using the rainfall data over Hong Kong Meteorological parameters provided by the European Centre for Medium-Range Weather Forecasts (ECMWF) for the period 1985-1990 are examined. Daily values of each parameter for the six years are then composited each day for the period of 5 days before to 1 day after the break. It is found that several days before the break, changes opposite to those occurred during the onset and active periods begin to take place. This suggests that a feedback mechanism is present which tends to restore the atmosphere to a more stable state. This mechanism may be initiated by the formation of convective clouds during the onset and active periods. These clouds then reduce the solar radiation to the ground, leading to a gradual drop in the temperature. This drop, together with the cooling of the atmosphere due to the large amounts of rainfall, causes the pressure over the SC region to become higher, which in turn induces a westward extension of the subtropical ridge. The decrease in temperature over SC may also shift the location of the heat source to the west, which leads to a concomitant westward shift of the convergence of the southerlies and results in less moisture-laden air reaching the SC region. The atmosphere then becomes unfavourable for heavy convection and therefore a break starts.展开更多
Bedaquiline is a new medicine for pulmonary multi-drug resistant tuberculosis （MDR-TB）, which is a pure enantiomer with two chiral centers. The current industrial preparation process requires the separation of activ...Bedaquiline is a new medicine for pulmonary multi-drug resistant tuberculosis （MDR-TB）, which is a pure enantiomer with two chiral centers. The current industrial preparation process requires the separation of active Bedaquiline from a mixture of four isomers. Obviously, direct dispose of the other three undesired stereoisomers will cause significant waste and increase the unnecessary cost of production. Here, we developed an efficient, facile and scalable process for recycling the inactive stereoisomers of Bedaquiline. All these inactive stereoisomers could be recycled by their conversion to two important intermediates in the Bedaquiline synthesis via a base-catalyzed Csp3-Csp3 bond cleavage of a benzyl alcohol intermediate. And the precise conditions and mechanism of the base-catalyzed cleavage reaction were discussed.展开更多
Optically active and inactive hyperbranched polymers with specific thermoresponsive behaviours in water were reported.Through two steps hyperbranched polyethylenimine（HPEI） polymers terminated with different amount ...Optically active and inactive hyperbranched polymers with specific thermoresponsive behaviours in water were reported.Through two steps hyperbranched polyethylenimine（HPEI） polymers terminated with different amount of D-phenylalanine（D-Phe）,L-phenylalanine（L-Phe） or DL-phenylalanine（DL-Phe） were prepared and characterized.The analyses on the solution properties by turbidimetry,dynamic light scattering,fluorescence probe and 1H-NMR demonstrated that all the polymers exhibited specific thermoresponsive behaviours in water,including：（1） In the dilute polymer concentration region,increasing the polymer concentration led to the increase of phase transition temperature;（2） The optically inactive thermoresponsive hyperbranched polymers showed a higher cloud-point temperature（Tcp） than their corresponding optically active ones in a relatively higher polymer concentration;（3） At the same polymer concentration the hydrophobic groups of the optically inactive HPEI-DL-Phe formed more perfect hydrophobic domain than those of the optically active HPEI-L-Phe and HPEI-D-Phe.展开更多
The incidence of Inactive ovaries of dairy cows in China is relatively high. There is no complete early warning system for the occurrence of ovarian quiescence in clinical cows. This test provides early warning indica...The incidence of Inactive ovaries of dairy cows in China is relatively high. There is no complete early warning system for the occurrence of ovarian quiescence in clinical cows. This test provides early warning indicators for clinical prediction of ovary cessation in dairy cows. This experiment selected blood samples of dairy cows from 60 to 90 days postpartum in the inactive ovaries group and control group. Differential proteins were selected on the basis of proteomics, three energy indexes: AST, Glu, NEFA. Four reproductive hormones: E2, P4, FSH, LH, and four differentially expressed proteins: IGFBP-2, AHSG, APO-A4, and RBP-4. Key enzyme activities: ALDOB, LDHB, ITIH3, GPX3, SPAM1, PKM2. The ELISA test kit was used to detect the content and activity of the above markers in the test bovine serum. Through correlation analysis, binary logistic regression modeling and ROC analysis, a single indicator early warning technique for APOA4 and ITIH3 was established. The early warning values were APOA4 > 28.825 μg/L and ITIH3 > 195.07 ng/L. A multi-index early warning system based on potential biomarkers of APOA4 + ITIH3 and APOA4 + ITIH3 + E2 was established. The former had an early warning value of: APOA4 > 19.55 μg/I;ITIH3 > 191.14 ng/L;the latter has an early warning value: APOA4 > 47.56 μg/L, ITIH4 > 187.80 ng/L, E2 < 69.63 ng/L.展开更多
A supported Mn-porphyrin catalyst was prepared by adsorption of Mn-porphyrin on active carbon, and found to be efficient for the hydroxylation of hexane with hydrogen peroxide.
Background and Aims:T lymphocytes play a pivotal role in resolving hepatitis B virus infection.This study aimed to investigate the dynamics of peripheral blood T lymphocyte subsets during peginterferon alpha(peg-IFN-...Background and Aims:T lymphocytes play a pivotal role in resolving hepatitis B virus infection.This study aimed to investigate the dynamics of peripheral blood T lymphocyte subsets during peginterferon alpha(peg-IFN-α)therapy and their association with hepatitis B surface antigen(HBsAg)clearance in inactive HBsAg carriers(IHCs).Methods:This prospective observational study enrolled 197 IHCs treated with peg-IFNα-2a/2b for 48 weeks and followed for 24 weeks(treatment group),and 221 IHCs who were regularly monitored for 72 weeks without treatment(IHC control group).Peripheral blood T lymphocyte subsets were evaluated using flow cytometry at baseline,and at 12,24,48,and 72 weeks in both groups.At 72 weeks,IHCs in the treatment group were categorized into an HBsAg clearance group and an HBsAg persistence group.Differences in T lymphocyte subsets among these groups were compared,and correlations between T lymphocyte subsets and HBsAg clearance were analyzed.Results:At 72 weeks,intention-to-treat analysis showed significantly higher HBsAg clearance(46.7%)and seroconversion rates(34.5%)in the treatment group compared to the IHC control group(HBsAg clearance rate of 1.4%,seroconversion rate of 0.9%;both p<0.001).The median absolute counts of CD3^(+),CD4^(+),and CD8^(+)cells significantly decreased at 12,24,and 48 weeks in both the HBsAg clearance and persistence groups,returning to baseline at 72 weeks(all p<0.001).IHCs with HBsAg clearance had higher median percentages of CD3^(+)CD8^(+)cells and lower median percentages of CD3^(+)CD4^(+)cells and CD4^(+)/CD8^(+)ratios at 12,24,and 48 weeks compared to the HBsAg persistence and IHC control groups(all p<0.001).Baseline HBsAg levels(below 2.0 log10 IU/mL)and hepatitis B virus DNA levels(below 20 IU/mL),alanine aminotransferase elevation at 12 weeks(greater than 2×upper limit of normal),and CD4^(+)/CD8^(+)ratios(less than 1.5 at 12 weeks and below 1.4 at 24 weeks)were predictive of HBsAg clearance.Conclusions Peripheral blood CD4^(+)/CD8^(+)ratios at 12 and 24 weeks may serve as predictive markers for HBsAg clearance in IHCs treated with peg-IFN-α.展开更多
Lithium-selenium(Li-Se)batteries have attracted increasing attention as one of the next-generation battery systems due to much higher electronic conductivity and comparable volumetric capacity of Se compared to the po...Lithium-selenium(Li-Se)batteries have attracted increasing attention as one of the next-generation battery systems due to much higher electronic conductivity and comparable volumetric capacity of Se compared to the popular sulfur cathode.However,its practical application still faces great challenges,especially the rapid capacity decay triggered by the loss of active Se species.A comprehensive review to uncover the in-depth failure mechanism and provide targeted solutions to promote the stable operation of Li-Se batteries is urgently needed.This review systematically summarizes the strategies in the new perspective,focusing on the optimization of Se utilization in Li-Se batteries by keeping a high Se maintenance in the cathode and accelerating the electrochemical kinetics of lithium polyselenides(LiPSe)conversion.On the basis of stru ctural design and Li_(2)Se active material introduction to accommodate volume expansion,blocking s huttle transport of LiPSe by physical/chemical adsorption,bonding Se with polymers or cathode electrolyte interphase(CEI)construction,and catalytic design to accelerate the conversion of LiPSe,different strategies for improving the utilization of Se have been evaluated and discussed.To address the inevitable loss of Se,prospects on inactive Se reactivation and Li protection are detailedly proposed and analyzed referring to the chemistry and corrosion science.Additionally,the perspectives on the future design and comprehensive parameter evaluations for the optimization of Li-Se batteries are recommended.This review comprehensively explains the causes and solutions of capacity fading and provides potential efforts for lifespan expansion of batteries,shedding light on the future development of Li-Se batteries.展开更多
Discovered in the late 1980s, inactive ice wedges in Yitulihe in the north part of Da Hinggan Mountains, Northeastern China are the southernmost in the Northern Hemisphere, and they are important paleo-environmental i...Discovered in the late 1980s, inactive ice wedges in Yitulihe in the north part of Da Hinggan Mountains, Northeastern China are the southernmost in the Northern Hemisphere, and they are important paleo-environmental indicators. Recently, research was carried out to analyze the hydrogen and oxygen isotopes of an inactive ice wedge from them. The plot of stable isotopes reveals three periods of temperature fluctuations centered approximately at 2.8, 2.3 and 1.9 ka BP. And the resultant temperature was probably lowered by about 2.1, 1.1, and 1.3℃, respectively, in comparison with present temperatures. In conjunction with previous studies, pollen record and radiocarbon dating, the ice wedges probably developed between 3.3 to 1.6 ka BP, and the southern limit of the permafrost （SLP） at that time advanced southwards by around 2°N, i.e., about 200 km.展开更多
Dear Editor,Mammalian target of rapamycin complex 1(mTORC1)serves as a central regulator of cell growth and proliferation by integrating signals from growth factors,nutrients,energy status,and cellular stress(Saxton a...Dear Editor,Mammalian target of rapamycin complex 1(mTORC1)serves as a central regulator of cell growth and proliferation by integrating signals from growth factors,nutrients,energy status,and cellular stress(Saxton and Sabatini,2017).A small GTPase,called Ras homolog enriched in brain(Rheb),is a positive regulator of mTORC1.Like other small GTPases,the function of Rheb is dictated by its guanine nucleotide binding states:it is active in the GTP-bound form and inactive in the GDP-bound form(Aspuria and Tamanoi,2004).展开更多
Background and Aims:Hepatitis B virus(HBV)biomark-ers have been used for a better categorization of patients,even though the lack of simple algorithms and the impact of genotypes limit their application.Our aim was to...Background and Aims:Hepatitis B virus(HBV)biomark-ers have been used for a better categorization of patients,even though the lack of simple algorithms and the impact of genotypes limit their application.Our aim was to assess the usefulness of noninvasive markers for the identification of HBV inactive carriers(ICs)in a single-point evaluation and to design a predictive model for their identification.Meth-ods:This retrospective-prospective study included 343 consecutive HBeAg-negative individuals.Clinical,analytical,and virological data were collected,and a liver biopsy was performed if needed.Subjects were classified at the end of follow-up as ICs,chronic hepatitis B and gray zone.A pre-dictive model was constructed,and validated by 1000-boot-strap samples.Results:After 39 months of follow-up,298 subjects were ICs,36 were chronic hepatitis B CHB,and nine were gray zone.Eighty-nine(25.9%)individuals re-quired a liver biopsy.Baseline HBV DNA hazard ratio(HR)6.0,p<0.001),HBV core-related antigen(HBcrAg)(HR 6.5,p<0.001),and elastography(HR 4.6,p<0.001)were inde-pendently associated with the IC stage.The ACE score(HBV DNA,HBcrAg,elastography),obtained by bootstrapping,yielded an area under the receiver operating characteris-tics(AUROC)of 0.925(95%CI:0.880-0.970,p<0.001)for identification of ICs.The AUROC for genotype D was 0.95,0.96 for A,0.90 for E,and 0.88 for H/F.An ACE score of<1 had a positive predictive value of 99.5%,and a score≤12 points had a diagnostic accuracy of 93.8%.Conclusions:Low baseline HBV DNA,HBcrAg,and liver stiffness were in-dependently associated with the IC phase.A score including those variables identified ICs at a single-point evaluation,and might be applied to implement less intensive follow-up strategies.展开更多
Network-constrained unit commitment(NCUC)is one of the most widely used applications in power system and electricity market operations.According to empirical evidence,some of the transmission constraints in a NCUC are...Network-constrained unit commitment(NCUC)is one of the most widely used applications in power system and electricity market operations.According to empirical evidence,some of the transmission constraints in a NCUC are inactive.Identifying and eliminating these inactive constraints can improve the efficiency.In this paper,an efficient method is first proposed for identifying the inactive transmission constraints.The physical and economic insights of NCUC are carefully considered and utilized.Both the generating costs and power transfer distribution factor(PTDF)are considered.Not only redundant constraints but also non-binding constraints can be identified via the proposed method.An acceleration method that combines relaxation-based neighborhood search and improved relaxation inducement is proposed for further reducing the computation time.The case study shows that the proposed method can significantly reduce the number of transmission constraints and substantially improve the efficiency of NCUC without impacting the optimality.展开更多
Background:Physical inactivity among adolescents has become a global public health challenge,with over 80%failing to meet the recommendations of the WHO for activity levels.Existing research predominantly examines how...Background:Physical inactivity among adolescents has become a global public health challenge,with over 80%failing to meet the recommendations of the WHO for activity levels.Existing research predominantly examines how physical activity(PA)enhances resilience,while the predictive role of resilience in PA,particularly its interaction with family factors,has received limited attention.This study aimed to examine the associations between resilience and PA among adolescents,focusing on family functioning and gender differences.Methods:In this cross-sectional study,a total of 909 Chinese adolescents(463 males and 446 females,aged 13.30.5 years)completed the±following validated self-report instruments:the Connor-Davidson Resilience Scale with 10 items,the Physical Activity Questionnaire for Older Children,and the Family Adaptability and Cohesion Evaluation Scale II-Chinese version that was used to categorize family functioning into three types(i.e.,lower,balanced,and higher).The generalized linear mixed-effect model(GLMM)was used to determine the contribution of resilience and its interaction with family functioning type on PA after adjusting for age and gender.Results:Males presented significantly higher resilience and PA levels(both p 0.001)as well as better family functioning(p 0.01)than females.Compared with the lower<<functioning group,participants from higher-functioning families showed superior resilience and PA(both p 0.001).<The GLMM analysis revealed a positive relationship between resilience and PA(p 0.001),where the lower functioning<group was significantly weaker than the higher functioning group.Conclusion:Resilience and PA in adolescents vary across gender and family functioning type,with males and adolescents from better-functioning families outperforming their peers.Resilience is a positive predictor of PA in adolescents,with family functioning type being a crucial moderator of such a relationship.展开更多
基金supported by the Key Technologies R&D Program of Xiamen(No.3502Z20231057)the Natural Science Foundation of Fujian Province,China(No.2024J011210,No.2021J011214,No.2021J01685)+5 种基金the High-Level Talent Start-Up Foundation of Xiamen Institute of Technology for financial support(No.YKJ23017R)the Industry Leading Key Projects of Fujian Province(No.2022H0057)the Leading Innovative and Entrepreneur Team Introduction Program of Zhejiang(2020R01002)the Fujian Young and Middle-aged Teachers Teacher Education Research Project(Science and Technology)(No.JAT200461)2023 Xiamen Overseas Students Scientific Research Project(Start-up)the National Natural Science Foundation of China(No.21975212,No.22101242,No.52002352,No.52071295)。
文摘Traditional pyrometallurgy and hydrometallurgy processes primarily focus on the recovery of valuable metals(Co,Ni,etc.)from spent lithium-ion batteries.However,these methods are not economical for recycling cheap LiFePO_(4).Herein,a synergistic thermal-decomposition and electric-drive strategy is proposed to recover the whole spent LiFePO_(4)electrode by in-situ recovering the inactive lithium(dead lithium and trapped interlayer lithium).Firstly,the organic components in the dense solid electrolyte interface(SEI)are effectively decomposed through thermal-decomposition processing,exposing the dead lithium encapsulated within the SEI and recovering the electron channels between the dead lithium and graphite.Leveraging the difference between the Gibbs free energy of the dead lithium and graphite as the driving force facilitates the dead lithium inserting into the anode.Then,fully utilizing the remaining discharge capacity of the spent LiFePO_(4)cell,the inactive lithium is reinserted into LiFePO_(4)lattice during the electric-drive process.Consequently,the reactivated lithium content increases by more than 16%,reaching a capacity of 134.2 mA h g^(-1)compared to 115.2 mA h g^(-1)from degraded LiFePO_(4),allowing for effective participation in the subsequent cycling.This work provides new perspectives on highly profitable cycles with low energy and material consumption and a low carbon footprint.
基金financially supported by the National Key R&D Program of China, Grant No. 2021YFB2401800
文摘Lithium metal is considered as the ultimate anode material for the next generation of high-energy density batteries.However,non-uniform lithium dendrite growth,serious electrolyte consumption,and significant volume changes during lithium deposition/stripping processes lead to sustained accumulation of inactive lithium and poor cycling reversibility.Quantifying the formation and evolution of inactive lithium under different conditions and fully evaluating the complex failure modes are the key issues in this challenging field.This article comprehensively reviews recent research progress on the quantification of formation and evolution of inactive lithium detected by different quantitative techniques in rechargeable lithium metal batteries.The key research challenges such as failure mechanism,modification strategies and operando characterization of lithium metal anodes are systematically summarized and prospected.This review provides a new angle of view to understand failure mechanism of lithium metal anodes and inspiration and guidance for the future development of rechargeable lithium metal batteries.
文摘Background: Juvenile idiopathic arthritis (JIA) is the most common rheumatic disease in children. Both the humoral and cell mediated immunities are involved in the pathogenesis of JIA. It is reported that overall immunoglobulin levels in JIA patients are significantly higher than their control during the active state of disease. Methodology: This prospective observational study was conducted over a period of 18 months All the newly diagnosed oligo-articular and poly-articular JIA patients having active disease were included by purposive sampling. Data were collected by a semi-structured predesigned questionnaire. Result: Most of the study subjects (57.6%) belonged to age group > 3 - 9 years. Oligo JIA was diagnosed in 66.7% and poly JIA in 33.3% of JIA children. The difference in mean (±SD) ESR (33.52 ± 21.29 and 15.09 ± 7.71 mm in 1st hour) at active and inactive states was highly significant. Mean (±SD) difference of IgG, IgM and IgA in active and inactive states of disease were highly significant. Conclusion: Higher and abnormal levels of immunoglobulin (IgG, IgM, and IgA) were present among JIA patients in active disease state which became normal during inactive disease state after treatment.
文摘AIM: To examine the association between interferon(IFN) therapy and loss of hepatitis B surface antigen(HBs Ag) in inactive HBs Ag carriers. METHODS: This was a retrospective cohort study in inactive HBs Ag carriers, who were treatment-naive, with a serum HBs Ag level < 100 IU/m L and an undetectable hepatitis B virus(HBV) DNA level(< 100 IU/m L). All the 20 treated patients received subcutaneous PEG-IFN alfa-2a 180 μg/wk for 72 wk and were then followed for 24 wk. There were 40 untreated controls matched with 96 wk of observation. Serum HBs Ag, HBV DNA, and alanine aminotransferases were monitored every 3 mo in the treatment group and every 3-6 mo in the control group. RESULTS: Thirteen(65.0%) of 20 treated patients achieved HBs Ag loss, 12 of whom achieved HBs Ag seroconversion. Mean HBs Ag level in treated patients decreased to 6.69 ± 13.04 IU/m L after 24 wk of treatment from a baseline level of 26.22 ± 33.00 IU/m L. Serum HBV DNA level remained undetectable(< 100 IU/m L) in all treated patients during the study. HBs Ag level of the control group decreased from 25.72 ± 25.58 IU/m L at baseline to 17.11 ± 21.62 IU/m L at week 96(P = 0.108). In the control group, no patient experienced HBs Ag loss/seroconversion, and two(5.0%) developed HBV reactivation.CONCLUSION: IFN treatment results in HBs Ag loss and seroconversion in a considerable proportion of inactive HBs Ag carriers with low HBs Ag concentrations.
基金This research was supported by the Beijing Natural Science Foundation Program(No.JQ19029)the National Natural Science Foundation of China(No.51421005)the Ministry of Education Innovation Team of China(No.IRT_17R03)。
文摘The failure mechanism of tunnels crossing faults is a critical issue for tunnels located in seismically active regions. This study aims to investigate the nonlinear response of rock tunnels crossing inactive faults under obliquely incident seismic P waves. Based on the equivalent nodal force method together with the viscous-spring boundary, an incident method for the site, which contains fault and is subjected to obliquely incident seismic P waves, is developed first. Then, based on the proposed incident method, the nonlinear response and the failure process of the tunnel crossing inactive fault are numerically studied. The numerical results show that the failure mechanism of the tunnel crossing inactive fault can be attributed to the combined action of the seismic waves and its associated fault slippage. Finally, parameter studies are conducted to investigate the effects of the wave impedance ratio of the fault to the surrounding rock and the incident angle of P waves. By the parameter analysis, it can be concluded that:(1) with decreasing the wave impedance ratio of the fault to the surrounding rock, the seismic response of the tunnel increases significantly;(2) the seismic response of the tunnel increases first and then decreases with the increasing of the incident angle of P waves. This study offers the insight for further research on the seismic stability of tunnels crossing inactive faults.
基金supported by the Nature Science Foundation of Changchun Normal University and Research Foundation for Advanced Doctor of Changchun Normal University。
文摘The approach of substituting electrochemically active with inactive elements has widely been used to improve the electrochemical performance of Li-rich intercalation cathode materials. This especially is true for Li-rich compounds where almost all of the Li+ions are reversibly(de)intercalated during electrochemical cycling. The beneficial mechanism behind this substitution with electrochemically inactive elements is still not clear yet. Li_(2)RuO_(3) is chosen as basis for a model solid solution system to investigate the effect of electrochemically inactive elements owing to its high specific capacity of more than 300 m Ah g^(-1) and the significant contribution of anion redox mechanism. Herein, Li_(2)Ru_(1-x)Ti_xO_(3) solid solution series are synthesized and the effect of substituting with electrochemical inactive Ti for Ru on structure and electrochemical performance have been comprehensively investigated. The electrochemical performance is significantly improved, especially for Li_(2)Ru_(0.8)Ti_(0.2)O_(3), and the capacity retention after 50 cycles increases from 81% to 90%, as compared to the end member Li_(2)RuO_(3). Results of electrochemical impedance spectroscopy show that Ti substitution reduces the charge transfer impedance, which favors the Li+diffusion across the electrolyte–electrode interface and improves the electronic conductivity. For the first time,nuclear magnetic resonance was utilized to confirm that a small part of Ti ions exchange their position with Li ions in the Li layer. This research provides a better understanding of electrochemical inactive element substitution and strong insights for the functional design of the next generation of Li-rich cathode materials.
文摘This paper presents an observational study of the physical processes responsible for the inactive period (break) of the summer monsoon over South China (SC). The break of the monsoon is defined by using the rainfall data over Hong Kong Meteorological parameters provided by the European Centre for Medium-Range Weather Forecasts (ECMWF) for the period 1985-1990 are examined. Daily values of each parameter for the six years are then composited each day for the period of 5 days before to 1 day after the break. It is found that several days before the break, changes opposite to those occurred during the onset and active periods begin to take place. This suggests that a feedback mechanism is present which tends to restore the atmosphere to a more stable state. This mechanism may be initiated by the formation of convective clouds during the onset and active periods. These clouds then reduce the solar radiation to the ground, leading to a gradual drop in the temperature. This drop, together with the cooling of the atmosphere due to the large amounts of rainfall, causes the pressure over the SC region to become higher, which in turn induces a westward extension of the subtropical ridge. The decrease in temperature over SC may also shift the location of the heat source to the west, which leads to a concomitant westward shift of the convergence of the southerlies and results in less moisture-laden air reaching the SC region. The atmosphere then becomes unfavourable for heavy convection and therefore a break starts.
基金financially supported by the National Science and Technology Major Project of China (No.521042)
文摘Bedaquiline is a new medicine for pulmonary multi-drug resistant tuberculosis （MDR-TB）, which is a pure enantiomer with two chiral centers. The current industrial preparation process requires the separation of active Bedaquiline from a mixture of four isomers. Obviously, direct dispose of the other three undesired stereoisomers will cause significant waste and increase the unnecessary cost of production. Here, we developed an efficient, facile and scalable process for recycling the inactive stereoisomers of Bedaquiline. All these inactive stereoisomers could be recycled by their conversion to two important intermediates in the Bedaquiline synthesis via a base-catalyzed Csp3-Csp3 bond cleavage of a benzyl alcohol intermediate. And the precise conditions and mechanism of the base-catalyzed cleavage reaction were discussed.
基金financially supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(Nos.20804027 and 21274106)Shanghai Key Laboratory of Magnetic Resonance
文摘Optically active and inactive hyperbranched polymers with specific thermoresponsive behaviours in water were reported.Through two steps hyperbranched polyethylenimine（HPEI） polymers terminated with different amount of D-phenylalanine（D-Phe）,L-phenylalanine（L-Phe） or DL-phenylalanine（DL-Phe） were prepared and characterized.The analyses on the solution properties by turbidimetry,dynamic light scattering,fluorescence probe and 1H-NMR demonstrated that all the polymers exhibited specific thermoresponsive behaviours in water,including：（1） In the dilute polymer concentration region,increasing the polymer concentration led to the increase of phase transition temperature;（2） The optically inactive thermoresponsive hyperbranched polymers showed a higher cloud-point temperature（Tcp） than their corresponding optically active ones in a relatively higher polymer concentration;（3） At the same polymer concentration the hydrophobic groups of the optically inactive HPEI-DL-Phe formed more perfect hydrophobic domain than those of the optically active HPEI-L-Phe and HPEI-D-Phe.
文摘The incidence of Inactive ovaries of dairy cows in China is relatively high. There is no complete early warning system for the occurrence of ovarian quiescence in clinical cows. This test provides early warning indicators for clinical prediction of ovary cessation in dairy cows. This experiment selected blood samples of dairy cows from 60 to 90 days postpartum in the inactive ovaries group and control group. Differential proteins were selected on the basis of proteomics, three energy indexes: AST, Glu, NEFA. Four reproductive hormones: E2, P4, FSH, LH, and four differentially expressed proteins: IGFBP-2, AHSG, APO-A4, and RBP-4. Key enzyme activities: ALDOB, LDHB, ITIH3, GPX3, SPAM1, PKM2. The ELISA test kit was used to detect the content and activity of the above markers in the test bovine serum. Through correlation analysis, binary logistic regression modeling and ROC analysis, a single indicator early warning technique for APOA4 and ITIH3 was established. The early warning values were APOA4 > 28.825 μg/L and ITIH3 > 195.07 ng/L. A multi-index early warning system based on potential biomarkers of APOA4 + ITIH3 and APOA4 + ITIH3 + E2 was established. The former had an early warning value of: APOA4 > 19.55 μg/I;ITIH3 > 191.14 ng/L;the latter has an early warning value: APOA4 > 47.56 μg/L, ITIH4 > 187.80 ng/L, E2 < 69.63 ng/L.
文摘A supported Mn-porphyrin catalyst was prepared by adsorption of Mn-porphyrin on active carbon, and found to be efficient for the hydroxylation of hexane with hydrogen peroxide.
文摘Background and Aims:T lymphocytes play a pivotal role in resolving hepatitis B virus infection.This study aimed to investigate the dynamics of peripheral blood T lymphocyte subsets during peginterferon alpha(peg-IFN-α)therapy and their association with hepatitis B surface antigen(HBsAg)clearance in inactive HBsAg carriers(IHCs).Methods:This prospective observational study enrolled 197 IHCs treated with peg-IFNα-2a/2b for 48 weeks and followed for 24 weeks(treatment group),and 221 IHCs who were regularly monitored for 72 weeks without treatment(IHC control group).Peripheral blood T lymphocyte subsets were evaluated using flow cytometry at baseline,and at 12,24,48,and 72 weeks in both groups.At 72 weeks,IHCs in the treatment group were categorized into an HBsAg clearance group and an HBsAg persistence group.Differences in T lymphocyte subsets among these groups were compared,and correlations between T lymphocyte subsets and HBsAg clearance were analyzed.Results:At 72 weeks,intention-to-treat analysis showed significantly higher HBsAg clearance(46.7%)and seroconversion rates(34.5%)in the treatment group compared to the IHC control group(HBsAg clearance rate of 1.4%,seroconversion rate of 0.9%;both p<0.001).The median absolute counts of CD3^(+),CD4^(+),and CD8^(+)cells significantly decreased at 12,24,and 48 weeks in both the HBsAg clearance and persistence groups,returning to baseline at 72 weeks(all p<0.001).IHCs with HBsAg clearance had higher median percentages of CD3^(+)CD8^(+)cells and lower median percentages of CD3^(+)CD4^(+)cells and CD4^(+)/CD8^(+)ratios at 12,24,and 48 weeks compared to the HBsAg persistence and IHC control groups(all p<0.001).Baseline HBsAg levels(below 2.0 log10 IU/mL)and hepatitis B virus DNA levels(below 20 IU/mL),alanine aminotransferase elevation at 12 weeks(greater than 2×upper limit of normal),and CD4^(+)/CD8^(+)ratios(less than 1.5 at 12 weeks and below 1.4 at 24 weeks)were predictive of HBsAg clearance.Conclusions Peripheral blood CD4^(+)/CD8^(+)ratios at 12 and 24 weeks may serve as predictive markers for HBsAg clearance in IHCs treated with peg-IFN-α.
基金supported by the China Scholarship Council(No.201809370046)a scholarship from the Laboratory of Inorganic Materials Chemistry,Universitéde Namur+5 种基金the National Key R&D Program of China(2016YFA0202602)the National Natural Science Foundation of China(No.U1663225,22293020,22293022 and 52103342)the Program of Introducing Talents of Discipline to Universities-Plan 111(Grant No.B20002)from the Ministry of Science and Technologythe Program for Changjiang Scholars and Innovative Research Team in University(IRT_15R52)of the Chinese Ministry of EducationBelgium-China Governmental Key Cooperation Program WBI-MOST(SUB/2021/IND493971/524448)the“Plan of relance”Wallonia Government(2310153-Bat Factory)。
文摘Lithium-selenium(Li-Se)batteries have attracted increasing attention as one of the next-generation battery systems due to much higher electronic conductivity and comparable volumetric capacity of Se compared to the popular sulfur cathode.However,its practical application still faces great challenges,especially the rapid capacity decay triggered by the loss of active Se species.A comprehensive review to uncover the in-depth failure mechanism and provide targeted solutions to promote the stable operation of Li-Se batteries is urgently needed.This review systematically summarizes the strategies in the new perspective,focusing on the optimization of Se utilization in Li-Se batteries by keeping a high Se maintenance in the cathode and accelerating the electrochemical kinetics of lithium polyselenides(LiPSe)conversion.On the basis of stru ctural design and Li_(2)Se active material introduction to accommodate volume expansion,blocking s huttle transport of LiPSe by physical/chemical adsorption,bonding Se with polymers or cathode electrolyte interphase(CEI)construction,and catalytic design to accelerate the conversion of LiPSe,different strategies for improving the utilization of Se have been evaluated and discussed.To address the inevitable loss of Se,prospects on inactive Se reactivation and Li protection are detailedly proposed and analyzed referring to the chemistry and corrosion science.Additionally,the perspectives on the future design and comprehensive parameter evaluations for the optimization of Li-Se batteries are recommended.This review comprehensively explains the causes and solutions of capacity fading and provides potential efforts for lifespan expansion of batteries,shedding light on the future development of Li-Se batteries.
基金supported by National Natural Science Foundation of China (Grant No. 40901044)Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS) 100-Talent Program (Grant No. 2004407)+1 种基金Scholarships for Young Scientists of the State Key Laboratory of Frozen Soils Engineering (Grant No. SKLFSE-ZQ-04)Talent Fund of the Cold and Arid Regions Environmental and Engineering Research Institute, CAS (Grant No. O984971001)
文摘Discovered in the late 1980s, inactive ice wedges in Yitulihe in the north part of Da Hinggan Mountains, Northeastern China are the southernmost in the Northern Hemisphere, and they are important paleo-environmental indicators. Recently, research was carried out to analyze the hydrogen and oxygen isotopes of an inactive ice wedge from them. The plot of stable isotopes reveals three periods of temperature fluctuations centered approximately at 2.8, 2.3 and 1.9 ka BP. And the resultant temperature was probably lowered by about 2.1, 1.1, and 1.3℃, respectively, in comparison with present temperatures. In conjunction with previous studies, pollen record and radiocarbon dating, the ice wedges probably developed between 3.3 to 1.6 ka BP, and the southern limit of the permafrost （SLP） at that time advanced southwards by around 2°N, i.e., about 200 km.
基金This research was supported by grants from Chinese Academy of Sciences(XDB37030305)the National Natural Science Foundation of China(31530013 and 31870722).
文摘Dear Editor,Mammalian target of rapamycin complex 1(mTORC1)serves as a central regulator of cell growth and proliferation by integrating signals from growth factors,nutrients,energy status,and cellular stress(Saxton and Sabatini,2017).A small GTPase,called Ras homolog enriched in brain(Rheb),is a positive regulator of mTORC1.Like other small GTPases,the function of Rheb is dictated by its guanine nucleotide binding states:it is active in the GTP-bound form and inactive in the GDP-bound form(Aspuria and Tamanoi,2004).
基金This study received partial financial support from Instituto de Salud Carlos III(PI17/02233 and PI20/01692).
文摘Background and Aims:Hepatitis B virus(HBV)biomark-ers have been used for a better categorization of patients,even though the lack of simple algorithms and the impact of genotypes limit their application.Our aim was to assess the usefulness of noninvasive markers for the identification of HBV inactive carriers(ICs)in a single-point evaluation and to design a predictive model for their identification.Meth-ods:This retrospective-prospective study included 343 consecutive HBeAg-negative individuals.Clinical,analytical,and virological data were collected,and a liver biopsy was performed if needed.Subjects were classified at the end of follow-up as ICs,chronic hepatitis B and gray zone.A pre-dictive model was constructed,and validated by 1000-boot-strap samples.Results:After 39 months of follow-up,298 subjects were ICs,36 were chronic hepatitis B CHB,and nine were gray zone.Eighty-nine(25.9%)individuals re-quired a liver biopsy.Baseline HBV DNA hazard ratio(HR)6.0,p<0.001),HBV core-related antigen(HBcrAg)(HR 6.5,p<0.001),and elastography(HR 4.6,p<0.001)were inde-pendently associated with the IC stage.The ACE score(HBV DNA,HBcrAg,elastography),obtained by bootstrapping,yielded an area under the receiver operating characteris-tics(AUROC)of 0.925(95%CI:0.880-0.970,p<0.001)for identification of ICs.The AUROC for genotype D was 0.95,0.96 for A,0.90 for E,and 0.88 for H/F.An ACE score of<1 had a positive predictive value of 99.5%,and a score≤12 points had a diagnostic accuracy of 93.8%.Conclusions:Low baseline HBV DNA,HBcrAg,and liver stiffness were in-dependently associated with the IC phase.A score including those variables identified ICs at a single-point evaluation,and might be applied to implement less intensive follow-up strategies.
基金National Natural Science Foundation of China(No.51777102)Chinese Association of Science and Technology Young Elite Scientists Sponsorship Program(2017QNRC001)the State Grid Corporation of China(Risk Quantization and Active Control for Power Grid Operations Considering Large-scale Meteorological Data).
文摘Network-constrained unit commitment(NCUC)is one of the most widely used applications in power system and electricity market operations.According to empirical evidence,some of the transmission constraints in a NCUC are inactive.Identifying and eliminating these inactive constraints can improve the efficiency.In this paper,an efficient method is first proposed for identifying the inactive transmission constraints.The physical and economic insights of NCUC are carefully considered and utilized.Both the generating costs and power transfer distribution factor(PTDF)are considered.Not only redundant constraints but also non-binding constraints can be identified via the proposed method.An acceleration method that combines relaxation-based neighborhood search and improved relaxation inducement is proposed for further reducing the computation time.The case study shows that the proposed method can significantly reduce the number of transmission constraints and substantially improve the efficiency of NCUC without impacting the optimality.
基金supported by the National Social Science Fund of China(Grant No.22BTY098)with JJY as Principal Investigator.
文摘Background:Physical inactivity among adolescents has become a global public health challenge,with over 80%failing to meet the recommendations of the WHO for activity levels.Existing research predominantly examines how physical activity(PA)enhances resilience,while the predictive role of resilience in PA,particularly its interaction with family factors,has received limited attention.This study aimed to examine the associations between resilience and PA among adolescents,focusing on family functioning and gender differences.Methods:In this cross-sectional study,a total of 909 Chinese adolescents(463 males and 446 females,aged 13.30.5 years)completed the±following validated self-report instruments:the Connor-Davidson Resilience Scale with 10 items,the Physical Activity Questionnaire for Older Children,and the Family Adaptability and Cohesion Evaluation Scale II-Chinese version that was used to categorize family functioning into three types(i.e.,lower,balanced,and higher).The generalized linear mixed-effect model(GLMM)was used to determine the contribution of resilience and its interaction with family functioning type on PA after adjusting for age and gender.Results:Males presented significantly higher resilience and PA levels(both p 0.001)as well as better family functioning(p 0.01)than females.Compared with the lower<<functioning group,participants from higher-functioning families showed superior resilience and PA(both p 0.001).<The GLMM analysis revealed a positive relationship between resilience and PA(p 0.001),where the lower functioning<group was significantly weaker than the higher functioning group.Conclusion:Resilience and PA in adolescents vary across gender and family functioning type,with males and adolescents from better-functioning families outperforming their peers.Resilience is a positive predictor of PA in adolescents,with family functioning type being a crucial moderator of such a relationship.
