Prostate cancer is a malignant tumor with a high incidence in elderly men.In recent years,with the improvement of people’s living standards and the advancement of detection technology,the incidence of prostate cancer...Prostate cancer is a malignant tumor with a high incidence in elderly men.In recent years,with the improvement of people’s living standards and the advancement of detection technology,the incidence of prostate cancer has been increasing year by year.Castration-resistant prostate cancer(CRPC)is a highly challenging type of advanced prostate cancer treatment,which clinically shows resistance to hormonal deprivation therapy.The overall treatment efficacy of CRPC is currently poor and further relevant therapeutic studies are needed to improve patient survival and quality of life.Immunosuppressants can play a role in combating the immune system of tumors,and abiraterone has also achieved remarkable results in prostate cancer treatment.This study will investigate the possible clinical effects and safety of immunosuppressants combined with abiraterone in the treatment of metastatic CRPC.The population-based study will provide clinicians with more effective treatment options,as well as enhance the understanding of novel combination therapy strategies to be implemented in the future for such patients.展开更多
BACKGROUND Chylous ascites is caused by disruption of the lymphatic system,which is characterized by the accumulation of a turbid fluid containing high levels of triglycerides within the abdominal cavity.The two most ...BACKGROUND Chylous ascites is caused by disruption of the lymphatic system,which is characterized by the accumulation of a turbid fluid containing high levels of triglycerides within the abdominal cavity.The two most common causes are cirrhosis and tuberculosis,and colon signer ring cell carcinoma(SRCC)due to the use of immunosuppressants is extremely rare in cirrhotic patients after liver transplantation,making it prone to misdiagnosis and missed diagnosis.CASE SUMMARY A 52-year-old man who underwent liver transplantation and was administered with immunosuppressants for 8 months was admitted with a 3-month history of progressive abdominal distention.Initially,based on lymphoscintigraphy and lymphangiography,lymphatic obstruction was considered,and cystellar chyli decompression with band lysis and external membrane stripping of the lymphatic duct was performed.However,his abdominal distention was persistent without resolution.Abdominal paracentesis revealed allogenic cells in the ascites,and immunohistochemistry analysis revealed adenocarcinoma cells with phenotypic features suggestive of a gastrointestinal origin.Gastrointestinal endoscopy was performed,and biopsy showed atypical signet ring cells in the ileocecal valve.The patient eventually died after a three-month follow-up due to progression of the tumor.CONCLUSION Colon SRCC,caused by immunosuppressants,is an unusual but un-neglected cause of chylous ascites.展开更多
Liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry(LC-MS/MS) plays an important role in clinical diagnostics. Although LC-MS/MS is superior in terms of accurately quantifying molecules in complex matrices,instrument footp...Liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry(LC-MS/MS) plays an important role in clinical diagnostics. Although LC-MS/MS is superior in terms of accurately quantifying molecules in complex matrices,instrument footprint, operation and maintenance complexity also hinder its expansion as the analytical technique of choice. In this study, a compact LC-MS instrument was developed, in which an assembled liquid chromatograph was coupled with a miniature ion trap mass spectrometer. The overall instrument has a footprint of 69 cm × 31 cm × 31 cm, and it requires no gas supply as well as minimum maintenance. Furthermore, the use of LC-MS is in accord with conventional clinical diagnostic protocols, and the choice of ion trap offers tandem MS performance. The results showed that the use of LC could improve both mixture analysis capability and detection sensitivity of the miniature mass spectrometer. After optimization, feasibility of this instrument in clinical practice was demonstrated by the quantitation of four widely used immunosuppressants in blood samples. Relatively good linearities were obtained, which spanned the reference ranges of effective therapeutic concentrations of each immunosuppressant. Intraday and inter-day accuracy and precision of analytical method were also assessed. This work showed that a compact LC-MS instrument could be used in clinical diagnosis, either to replace conventional lab-scale instruments or to be used in POCT applications.展开更多
AIM: To assess the effectiveness of immunosuppressants in the prophylaxis of corneal allograft rejection after high-risk keratoplasty and normal-risk keratoplasty. METHODS: We searched the Cochrane Central Register of...AIM: To assess the effectiveness of immunosuppressants in the prophylaxis of corneal allograft rejection after high-risk keratoplasty and normal-risk keratoplasty. METHODS: We searched the Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials (CENTRAL), MEDLINE, EMBASE, CNKI, VIP and reference lists of articles. Date of most recent search: 18 June, 2011. All randomised controlled trials (RCTs) assessing the use of immunosupressants in the prevention of graft rejection, irrespective of publication language. Two authors assessed trial quality and extracted data independently. Only dichotomous outcomes (clear graft survival, ratio of immune reactions and side effects) were available and were expressed as relative risk (RR) and 95% confidence intervals (CI). RESULTS: Seven studies were included in this review. In the comparing of mycophenolate mofetil (MMF) with placebo, the results showed MMF could significantly reduce immune reactions compared with placebo (RR 1.08 95% Cl 0.95 to 1.21), but no effect on clear graft survival (RR 1.11 95% Cl 0.90 to 1.35). In clear graft survival and immune reactions, MMF and cyclosporine A (CsA) showed similar effect (RR 1.11 95% Cl 0.90 to 1.35, and RR 1.48, 95% Cl 0.56 to 3.93, respectively). Tacrolimus (FK506) and steroid showed similar effects on clear graft survival and immune reactions (RR 0.32, 95% CI 0.02 to 6.21, and RR 1.00, 95%CI 0.88 to 1.14, respectively). No drug relative side effect has been found. CONCLUSION: MMF may reduce immune reactions in both normal-risk and high-risk rejection of penetrating keratoplasty. CsA and FK506 showed similar effects as MMF. However, due to the lack of large clinical trials, the evidence remain weak, the quality of evidences were rated as very low to moderate. Large, properly randomised, placebo-controlled, double masked trials are needed to evaluate the effect of immunosuppressants.展开更多
IgA nephropathy is the most common primary glomerular disease in China and even in the world, and it is also the most common cause of end-stage renal disease. The pathogenesis of IgA nephropathy is not clear. At prese...IgA nephropathy is the most common primary glomerular disease in China and even in the world, and it is also the most common cause of end-stage renal disease. The pathogenesis of IgA nephropathy is not clear. At present, it is mainly considered that abnormal IgA immune complex deposition in glomerular mesangial area leads to a series of clinical manifestations. Therefore, at present, in addition to supporting treatment, the treatment of IgA nephropathy mainly focuses on glucocorticoids and various immunosuppressants, but the efficacy and safety of the above immunosuppressants on IgA nephropathy are still controversial. This paper reviews the current use of immunosuppressants in the treatment of IgA nephropathy.展开更多
Hepatitis C(HCV)-infected patients have a poorer survival post-liver transplantation compared to patients transplanted for other indications,since HCV recurrence post-transplant is universal and commonly follows an ag...Hepatitis C(HCV)-infected patients have a poorer survival post-liver transplantation compared to patients transplanted for other indications,since HCV recurrence post-transplant is universal and commonly follows an aggressive course.There is increasing evidence that in the non-transplant setting,induction of hepatocyte apoptosis is one of the main mechanisms by which HCV drives liver inflammation and fibrosis,and that HCV proteins directly promote apoptosis.Recent studies have shown that post-liver transplant,there is a link between high levels of HCV replication,enhanced hepatocyte apoptosis and the subsequent development of rapidly progressive liver fibrosis.Although the responsible mechanisms remain unclear,it is likely that immunosuppressive drugs play an important role.It is well known that immunosuppressants impair immune control of HCV,thereby allowing increased viral replication.However there is also evidence that immunosuppressants may directly induce apoptosis and this may be facilitated by the presence of high levels of HCV replication.Thus HCV and immunosuppressants may synergistically interact to further enhance apoptosis and drive more rapid fibrosis.These findings suggest that modulation of apoptosis within the liver either by changing immunosuppressive therapy or the use of apoptosis inhibitors may help prevent fibrosis progression in patients with post-transplant HCV disease.展开更多
Hepatitis B viral(HBV)reactivation in the immunosuppressed is a significant problem even in patients who have achieved serological clearance due to the persistence of HBV as cccDNA.HBV reactivation will continue to po...Hepatitis B viral(HBV)reactivation in the immunosuppressed is a significant problem even in patients who have achieved serological clearance due to the persistence of HBV as cccDNA.HBV reactivation will continue to pose a significant healthcare burden given the high prevalence of HBV and increasing use of immunosuppressants.Screening of hepatitis B surface antigen,antibody to Hepatitis B core antigen antibody and HBV DNA levels should be done routinely in all patients planned for significant immunosuppressant use.We aimed to examine the factors affecting reactivation risk.This depended on HBV disease status,the underlying disease requiring immunosuppression,and the specific immunosuppressive regime.While antiviral prophylaxis can prevent reactivation,it increases cost and still has risk of delayed reactivation after stopping antivirals and close follow-up and on-demand treatment is a good alternative for patients at risk of reactivation.展开更多
AIM To investigate the specific effects of immunosuppressants on the antiviral action of daclatasvir and asunaprevir.METHODS The antiviral activity of daclatasvir(DCV) and asunaprevir(ASV) combined with immunosuppress...AIM To investigate the specific effects of immunosuppressants on the antiviral action of daclatasvir and asunaprevir.METHODS The antiviral activity of daclatasvir(DCV) and asunaprevir(ASV) combined with immunosuppressants was tested using two in vitro models for hepatitis C virus(HCV) infection.RESULTS Tacrolimus, rapamycin and cyclosporine did not negatively affect the antiviral action of DCV or ASV. Mycophenolic acid(MPA) showed additive antiviral effects combined with these direct acting antivirals(DAAs). MPA induces interferon-stimulated genes(ISGs) and is a potent GTP synthesis inhibitor. DCV or ASV did not induce ISGs expression nor affected ISG induction by MPA. Rather, the combined antiviral effect of MPA with DCV and ASV was partly mediated via inhibition of GTP synthesis.CONCLUSION Immunosuppressants do not negatively affect the antiviral activity of DAAs. MPA has additive effect on the antiviral action of DCV and ASV. This combined benefit needs to be confirmed in prospective clinical trials.展开更多
Importance:It remained unclear that the efficacy comparison between low-dose immune tolerance induction(LD-ITI)incorporating immunosuppressants(IS)when severe hemophilia A(SHA)patients had inhibitor-titer≥200 Bethesd...Importance:It remained unclear that the efficacy comparison between low-dose immune tolerance induction(LD-ITI)incorporating immunosuppressants(IS)when severe hemophilia A(SHA)patients had inhibitor-titer≥200 Bethesda Units(BU)/mL(LD-ITI-IS^(200) regimen)and LD-ITI combining with IS when SHA patients had inhibitor-titer≥40 BU/mL(LD-ITI-IS^(40) regimen).Objective:To compare the efficacy of the LD-ITI-IS^(200) regimen with that of the LD-ITI-IS^(40) regimen for SHA patients with high-titer inhibitors.Methods:A prospective cohort study on patients receiving LD-ITI-IS^(200) compared to those receiving LD-ITI-IS^(40) from January 2021 to December 2023.Both received LD-ITI[FVIII 50 IU/kg every other day].IS(rituximab+prednisone)was added when peak inhibitor tier≥200 BU/mL in the LD-ITI-IS^(200) regimen and≥40 BU/mL in the LD-ITI-IS^(40) regimen.Success is defined as a negative inhibitor plus FVIII recovery≥66%of the expected.Results:We enrolled 30 patients on LD-ITI-IS^(200) and 64 patients on LD-ITI-IS^(40),with similar baseline clinical characteristics.A lower IS-use rate was discovered in the LD-ITI-IS^(200) regimen compared to the LD-ITI-IS^(40) regimen(30.0%vs.62.5%).The two regimens(LD-ITI-IS^(200) vs.LD-ITI-IS^(40))had similar success rate(70.0%vs.79.7%),median time to success(9.4 vs.10.6 months),and annualized bleeding rate during ITI(3.7 vs.2.8).The cost to success was lower for LD-ITI-IS^(200) than for LD-ITI-IS^(40)(2107 vs.3256 US Dollar/kg).Among patients with peak inhibitor-titer 40-199 BU/mL,10 non-IS-using(on LD-ITI-IS^(200) regimen)and 28 IS-using(on LD-ITI-IS^(40) regimen)had similar success rates(70.0%vs.78.6%)and time to success(9.0 vs.8.8 months).Interpretation:In LD-ITI,IS are not necessary for inhibitor titer<200 BU/mL.展开更多
Traumatic brain injury is a prevalent disorder of the central nervous system.In addition to primary brain parenchymal damage,the enduring biological consequences of traumatic brain injury pose long-term risks for pati...Traumatic brain injury is a prevalent disorder of the central nervous system.In addition to primary brain parenchymal damage,the enduring biological consequences of traumatic brain injury pose long-term risks for patients with traumatic brain injury;however,the underlying pathogenesis remains unclear,and effective intervention methods are lacking.Intestinal dysfunction is a significant consequence of traumatic brain injury.Being the most densely innervated peripheral tissue in the body,the gut possesses multiple pathways for the establishment of a bidirectional“brain-gut axis”with the central nervous system.The gut harbors a vast microbial community,and alterations of the gut niche contribute to the progression of traumatic brain injury and its unfavorable prognosis through neuronal,hormonal,and immune pathways.A comprehensive understanding of microbiota-mediated peripheral neuroimmunomodulation mechanisms is needed to enhance treatment strategies for traumatic brain injury and its associated complications.We comprehensively reviewed alterations in the gut microecological environment following traumatic brain injury,with a specific focus on the complex biological processes of peripheral nerves,immunity,and microbes triggered by traumatic brain injury,encompassing autonomic dysfunction,neuroendocrine disturbances,peripheral immunosuppression,increased intestinal barrier permeability,compromised responses of sensory nerves to microorganisms,and potential effector nuclei in the central nervous system influenced by gut microbiota.Additionally,we reviewed the mechanisms underlying secondary biological injury and the dynamic pathological responses that occur following injury to enhance our current understanding of how peripheral pathways impact the outcome of patients with traumatic brain injury.This review aimed to propose a conceptual model for future risk assessment of central nervous system-related diseases while elucidating novel insights into the bidirectional effects of the“brain-gut-microbiota axis.”展开更多
BACKGROUND Liver transplant(LT)recipients are susceptible to carbapenem-resistant Klebsiella pneumoniae(CRKP)infections.Comprehensive research addressing the incidence,timing,infection sites,resistance patterns,treatm...BACKGROUND Liver transplant(LT)recipients are susceptible to carbapenem-resistant Klebsiella pneumoniae(CRKP)infections.Comprehensive research addressing the incidence,timing,infection sites,resistance patterns,treatment options,and associated risk factors among LT recipients with CRKP is now lacking.AIM To assess the incidence,resistance,therapy,and risk factors of CRKP infections post-LT,and to evaluate the impact of them on prognosis.METHODS A retrospective study was conducted,including 430 consecutive patients who underwent LT between January 2015 and June 2023.This study aimed to investigate the risk factors for CRKP infections and their influence on outcomes using logistic regression analysis.RESULTS Among the 430 patients who underwent LT,20(4.7%)experienced at least one documented CRKP infection within 3 months post-transplantation.The median time from LT to the onset of CRKP infections was 6.5 days.The lungs and bloodstream were the most common sites of CRKP infections.CRKP isolates were relatively susceptible to ceftazidime/avibactam(93.7%),polymyxin B(90.6%),and tigecycline(75.0%)treatment.However,all isolates were resistant to piperacillin/tazobactam,ceftazidime,cefepime,aztreonam,meropenem,and levofloxacin treatment.Recipients with CRKP infections had a mortality rate of 35%,the rate was 12.5%for those receiving ceftazidime/avibactam therapy.Multivariate analysis identified female sex[odds ratio(OR)=3.306;95%confidence interval(CI):1.239-8.822;P=0.017],intraoperative bleeding≥3000 mL(OR=3.269;95%CI:1.018-10.490;P=0.047),alanine aminotransferase on day 1 post-LT≥1500 U/L(OR=4.370;95%CI:1.686-11.326;P=0.002),and post-LT mechanical ventilation(OR=2.772;95%CI:1.077-7.135;P=0.035)as significant variables associated with CRKP.CRKP infections were related to an intensive care unit length(ICU)of stay≥7 days and 6-month all-cause mortality post-LT.CONCLUSION CRKP infections were frequent complications following LT,with poor associated outcomes.Risk factors for post-LT CRKP infections included female sex,significant intraoperative bleeding,elevated alanine aminotransferase levels,and the need for mechanical ventilation.CRKP infections negatively impacted survival and led to prolonged ICU stays.展开更多
Peripheral immunity forms the foundation of tumor immunity,while tumor immunity represents a more refined adaptation of peripheral immune responses.The tumor microenvironment(TME),a localized niche surrounding tumor c...Peripheral immunity forms the foundation of tumor immunity,while tumor immunity represents a more refined adaptation of peripheral immune responses.The tumor microenvironment(TME),a localized niche surrounding tumor cells,is inherently immunosuppressive(1,2).Effective tumor therapy necessitates the dismantling of this microenvironment,aiming to eradicate tumors from the host system.展开更多
BACKGROUND Hypernatremia represents a significant electrolyte imbalance associated with numerous adverse outcomes,particularly in cases of intensive care unit(ICU)-acquired hypernatremia(IAH).Nevertheless,its relevanc...BACKGROUND Hypernatremia represents a significant electrolyte imbalance associated with numerous adverse outcomes,particularly in cases of intensive care unit(ICU)-acquired hypernatremia(IAH).Nevertheless,its relevance in patients with septic shock remains uncertain.AIM To identify independent risk factors and their predictive efficacy for IAH to improve outcomes in patients with septic shock.METHODS In the present retrospective single-center study,a cohort of 157 septic shock patients with concurrent hypernatremia in the ICU at The First Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University,between August 1,2018,and May 31,2023,were analyzed.Patients were categorized based on the timing of hypernatremia occurrence into the IAH group(n=62),the non-IAH group(n=41),and the normonatremia group(n=54).RESULTS In the present study,there was a significant association between the high serum sodium concentrations,excessive persistent inflammation,immunosuppression and catabolism syndrome and chronic critical illness,while rapid recovery had an apparent association with normonatremia.Moreover,multivariable analyses revealed the following independent risk factors for IAH:Total urinary output over the preceding three days[odds ratio(OR)=1.09;95%CI:1.02–1.17;P=0.014],enteral nutrition(EN)sodium content of 500 mg(OR=2.93;95%CI:1.13–7.60;P=0.027),and EN sodium content of 670 mg(OR=6.19;95%CI:1.75–21.98;P=0.005)were positively correlated with the development of IAH.Notably,the area under the curve for total urinary output over the preceding three days was 0.800(95%CI:0.678–0.922,P=0.001).Furthermore,maximum serum sodium levels,the duration of hypernatremia,and varying sodium correction rates were significantly associated with 28-day in-hospital mortality in septic shock patients(P<0.05).CONCLUSION The present findings illustrate that elevated serum sodium level was significantly associated with a poor prognosis in septic shock patients in the ICU.It is highly recommended that hypernatremia be considered a potentially important prognostic indicator for the outcome of septic shock.展开更多
Objective:To evaluate the response rate to vaccination in different treatment groups (nonimmunosuppressants and immunosuppressants).Data Sources:We completed an online systematic search using PubMed to identify all ar...Objective:To evaluate the response rate to vaccination in different treatment groups (nonimmunosuppressants and immunosuppressants).Data Sources:We completed an online systematic search using PubMed to identify all articles published in English between January 1990 and December 2013 assessing the effect of the response rate to vaccination in different treatment groups (with and without immunomodulators).The following terms were used:"inflammatory bowel disease (IBD)" OR "Cmhn's disease" OR "ulcerative colitis"AND ("vaccination" OR "vaccine") AND ("corticosteroids" OR "mercaptopurine" OR "azathioprine" OR "methotrexate [MTX]") AND "immunomodulators."Study Selection:The inclusion criteria of articles were that the studies:(1) Randomized controlled trials which included patients with a diagnosis of IBD (established by standard clinical,radiographic,endoscopic,and histologic criteria); (2) exposed patients received immunomodulators for maintenance (weight-appropriate doses of 6-mercaptopurine/azathioprine or within 3 months of stopping,15 mg or more MTX per week or within 3 months of stopping; (3) exposed patients received nonimmunomodulators (no therapy,antibiotics only,mesalazine only,biological agent only such as infliximab,adalimumab,certolizumab or natalizumab or within 3 months of stopping one of these agents).The exclusion criteria of articles were that the studies:(1) History of hepatitis B virus (HBV),influenza or streptococcus pneumoniae infection; (2) patients who had previously been vaccinated against HBV,influenza or streptococcus pneumoniae; (3) any medical condition known to cause immunosuppression (e.g.chronic renal failure and human immunodeficiency virus infection); (4) individuals with positive hepatitis markers or liver cirrhosis; (5) patients with a known allergy to eggs or other components of the vaccines and (6) pregnancy.Results:Patients treated with immunomodulators were associated with lower response rates to vaccination.Conclusions:Immunomodulators may impair the immune response to vaccination in patients with IBD.Vaccination should be made at the time of diagnosis or before starting immunosuppressed therapy.展开更多
To the Editor:Autoimmune hepatitis(AIH)is an immune-mediated chronic liver disease that can progress to cirrhosis and even liver failure.The standard treatment approach for AIH involves the adminis-tration of immunosu...To the Editor:Autoimmune hepatitis(AIH)is an immune-mediated chronic liver disease that can progress to cirrhosis and even liver failure.The standard treatment approach for AIH involves the adminis-tration of immunosuppressive therapy,utilizing corticosteroids and azathioprine(Imuran),which result in clinical and histological im-provement among 60%AIH patients[1,2].The diagnosis of AIH requires a combination of clinical,bio-chemical,and histological findings.The first diagnostic system was established in 1993[3],revised in 1999[4],and then a simplified criterion was proposed[5].Liver histology plays an important role in the scoring systems of AIH diagnosis and is essential to make an accurate diagnosis.Due to the lack of obvious symptoms in the early stage,about 30%patients have already progressed to cirrho-sis by the time of diagnosis[6].展开更多
Humans and other vertebrates are safeguarded from invading pathogenic microbes by the immune system.Black seed,scientifically known as Nigella sativa,has garnered attention for its potential immunomodulatory effects i...Humans and other vertebrates are safeguarded from invading pathogenic microbes by the immune system.Black seed,scientifically known as Nigella sativa,has garnered attention for its potential immunomodulatory effects in both clinical and preclinical studies.This comprehensive review aims to consolidate and analyze the existing body of evidence surrounding the immunological impact of black seeds.In this review,we analyze the immunomodulatory potentials of black seeds(N.sativa).For the purpose of finding pertinent publications,the literatures was searched in web-based databases,including Web of Science,Medline/PMC/PubMed,Embase,EBSCO,Google Scholar,Science Direct,and reference lists.Several clinical,in vivo,and in vitro studies have demonstrated that supplementation with black seeds(N.sativa)has potential immunomodulatory activity.Black seeds(N.sativa)may influence immune responses through a variety of mechanisms.By synthesizing and critically assessing the current state of knowledge on the immunomodulatory effects of black seeds,this review aims to provide valuable insights into the potential therapeutic uses and future research directions for harnessing the immunological benefits of this natural remedy.展开更多
Sepsis is characterized by immune dysregulation that are responsible for an increase in secondary in-fections and mortality.Acupuncture is a potential alternative treatment for sepsis.In this comprehensive literature ...Sepsis is characterized by immune dysregulation that are responsible for an increase in secondary in-fections and mortality.Acupuncture is a potential alternative treatment for sepsis.In this comprehensive literature review,we found that acupuncture is beneficial in treating immune disorders associated with sepsis.Acupuncture can improve immune disorders associated with sepsis and regulate the functions of innate and adaptive immune cells.Specifically,acupuncture can reduce the number of neutrophils in sep-sis,promote the polarization of macrophages towards M2-like macrophages,and alleviate inflammation by reducing the activation of microglia and astrocytes.Furthermore,acupuncture can increase the per-centage of T cells and modulate the balance between T cell subsets.The immunomodulatory mechanism of acupuncture in sepsis may be attributed to the balance of the autonomic nervous system,including activation of the sympathetic-adrenal axis,vagal-cholinergic pathway,and vagal-adrenal axis.In addition,acupuncture can inhibit inflammation by preserving the integrity of the intestinal barrier and regulating the composition of the intestinal microbiota.Clinical studies have also demonstrated that acupuncture can enhance the number of peripheral natural killer(NK)cells and T cell subsets,as well as the expres-sion of human leukocyte antigen DR(HLA-DR).Moreover,acupuncture can decrease the ratio of white blood cells to neutrophils and reduce the levels of inflammatory factors.Therefore,acupuncture has the potential to improve immune function in sepsis.Further investigation of its mechanism is expected to provide a scientific and reliable foundation for the application of acupuncture in sepsis treatment.展开更多
Florfenicol(FLO)is a chemically synthesized broad-spectrum antimicrobial agent of amide alcohols for animals,which is one of the most widely used antimicrobials in livestock,poultry,and aquaculture.With the use of FLo...Florfenicol(FLO)is a chemically synthesized broad-spectrum antimicrobial agent of amide alcohols for animals,which is one of the most widely used antimicrobials in livestock,poultry,and aquaculture.With the use of FLo,more and more attention has been paid to its hematopoietic toxicity,immunotoxicity,genotoxicity,and embryotoxicity.In this study,SPF chicks.at the age of 3 d began to drink water with the FLO at a dose of 100 mg L^(-1)for 6 consecutive days,and the growth performance of chicks was monitored,the effect of FLO on immune organs was detected by pathological examination and TdT-mediated dUTP nick-end labeling(TUNEL)apoptosis staining.In order to evaluate the level of organism immunity,the level of Newcastle disease virus antibody in serum was detected by hemagglutination inhibition test,the content of cytokines(IL-1,IL-2,IL-6,TNF-α,IFN-γ)in serum was detected by enzyme linked immunosorbent assay(ELISA),and the transcription of interferon-related genes(IRF-7,2′-5′OAS,Mx1)and cytokine genes(IL-6,TNF-α,IFN-γ)in immune organs were detected by real time fluorescence quantitative PCR.The results showed that the early application of FLO could inhibit the growth and development of chicks,and the body weight and immune organ index of the treatment group were lower than those of the control group.Histopathological examination showed that there was a decrease in the number of lymphocytes in the bursa of Fabricius in the treatment group in the early stage of drug withdrawal,and the results of TUNEL apoptosis staining in the bursa of Fabricius showed that obvious lymphocyte apoptosis occurred in the FLO treatment group.Compared with the control group,the transcription levels of interferon-related genes IRF-7,2′-5′OAS,and cytokine genes IL-6,TNF-αand IFN-γin FLO treatment group decreased to a certain extent,while the transcription level of Mx1 gene had no significant difference at all time points.The level of serum Newcastle disease virus(NDV)antibody and the contents of cytokines IL-1,IL-2 and IFN-γin the FLO treatment group were significantly lower than those in the control group in the early stage of drug withdrawal,but recovered gradually in the later stage.This study showed that FLO has a certain degree of effect on the immune function of chicks,and the results of the study laid the foundation for further research on the mechanism of FLO-induced immunotoxicity.展开更多
BACKGROUND Heart transplantation is the last and best option for end-stage heart failure management.Early mortality rates have significantly decreased,enabling patients to survive longer with fewer complications,a tre...BACKGROUND Heart transplantation is the last and best option for end-stage heart failure management.Early mortality rates have significantly decreased,enabling patients to survive longer with fewer complications,a trend observed even in our setting.The primary shared challenge has centered on achieving surgical success and immediate survival.The question arises about the medium-and long-term survival of patients with heart transplant in Mexico.AIM To present the results of the medium and long-term follow-up of heart transplant patients.METHODS This was a retrospective study of a single medical unit,and we selected patients who received heart transplants from July 21,1988 to September 30,2023.Selection criteria encompassed age,sex,and primary indication for heart transplantation across all groups.Patients with incomplete information or who died within 30 postoperative days were excluded.Data of primary pathology,ischemic,extracorporeal circulation,aortic cross-clamping times,length of ventilatory support,stay in postoperative therapy,hospitalization,and functional class were analyzed.RESULTS The causes of morbidity,mortality,and percentage of survival at 1,5,and 10 years were examined.Overall,257 heart transplants were performed during the study period.Of the total cases,22 with incomplete data and 47 who died within 30 postoperative days were excluded for the middle-and long-term survival analyses.Of the remaining 188 patients,heart transplantation was performed(males:146,females:42).The average age of the participants was 44.43±14.48 years.The primary indications included ischemic cardiomyopathy(42.55%)and dilated cardiomyopathy(39.36%).The mean durations of mechanical ventilator support,intensive care stay,and hospital stay were 57.55±103.50 hours,9.96±8.59 days,and 19.49±18.23 days,respectively.One-,five-,and ten-year survival rates were 90.7%,71.3%,and 60.3%,respectively.Of the patients,94%and 6%were in functional classes I and II,respectively.Infection and neurological hemorrhagic or ischemic stroke(26%)were the main causes of mortality in the first year.Subsequently,chronic rejection manifesting as graft vasculopathy increased in frequency(30%).CONCLUSION In our setting,heart transplantation yields medium-and long-term survival and quality of life outcomes comparable to those achieved by other international centers.展开更多
BACKGROUND Definitive chemoradiotherapy is the standard treatment for unresectable,locally advanced esophageal cancer.However,radiotherapy(RT)often affects the immune system of patients.One of the possible mechanisms ...BACKGROUND Definitive chemoradiotherapy is the standard treatment for unresectable,locally advanced esophageal cancer.However,radiotherapy(RT)often affects the immune system of patients.One of the possible mechanisms of lymphopenia after RT is that a large number of circulating lymphocytes in the systemic and pulmonary circulation will be killed by more sessions of low-dose radiation.The impact of dose-volume parameters of organs at risk(OARs)on absolute lymphocyte count(ALC)and the relationship between the extent of lymphocyte count reduction and survival prognosis in patients with middle and lower thoracic esophageal squamous cell carcinoma(ESCC)both remain difficult to determine.AIM To determine the relationship between RT parameters,lymphocyte count and survival prognosis of esophageal cancer patients.METHODS The clinical data of 112 patients with stage I-III ESCC who received definitive RT were analyzed retrospectively.The ALC values before RT,weekly during RT,and within 1 month after RT were determined.Logistic regression was used to evaluate the correlation between the parameters of radiation OARs and the lowest point of the ALC.Kaplan-Meier and Cox regression analyses were used to evaluate the relationship between the lowest point of the ALC and patient survival during RT.RESULTS The median value of the ALC before treatment was 1.57×10^(9)cells/L,and 32 patients(28.6%)showed grade 4 ALC reduction during RT.The reduction in G4 ALC during RT was significantly associated with poor overall survival(OS)and progression-free survival.Multivariate analysis showed that stage III tumors(P=0.003),high heart V_(10)(P=0.046),high lung V_(5)(P=0.048),and high lung V_(20)(P=0.031)were associated with G4 ALC reduction during RT.CONCLUSION The reduction in G4 ALC is related to OS.Joint evaluation of the tumor stage and dose volume parameters has predictive value for G4 ALC reduction and OS.展开更多
文摘Prostate cancer is a malignant tumor with a high incidence in elderly men.In recent years,with the improvement of people’s living standards and the advancement of detection technology,the incidence of prostate cancer has been increasing year by year.Castration-resistant prostate cancer(CRPC)is a highly challenging type of advanced prostate cancer treatment,which clinically shows resistance to hormonal deprivation therapy.The overall treatment efficacy of CRPC is currently poor and further relevant therapeutic studies are needed to improve patient survival and quality of life.Immunosuppressants can play a role in combating the immune system of tumors,and abiraterone has also achieved remarkable results in prostate cancer treatment.This study will investigate the possible clinical effects and safety of immunosuppressants combined with abiraterone in the treatment of metastatic CRPC.The population-based study will provide clinicians with more effective treatment options,as well as enhance the understanding of novel combination therapy strategies to be implemented in the future for such patients.
基金Supported by National Natural Science Foundation of China,No.82270649.
文摘BACKGROUND Chylous ascites is caused by disruption of the lymphatic system,which is characterized by the accumulation of a turbid fluid containing high levels of triglycerides within the abdominal cavity.The two most common causes are cirrhosis and tuberculosis,and colon signer ring cell carcinoma(SRCC)due to the use of immunosuppressants is extremely rare in cirrhotic patients after liver transplantation,making it prone to misdiagnosis and missed diagnosis.CASE SUMMARY A 52-year-old man who underwent liver transplantation and was administered with immunosuppressants for 8 months was admitted with a 3-month history of progressive abdominal distention.Initially,based on lymphoscintigraphy and lymphangiography,lymphatic obstruction was considered,and cystellar chyli decompression with band lysis and external membrane stripping of the lymphatic duct was performed.However,his abdominal distention was persistent without resolution.Abdominal paracentesis revealed allogenic cells in the ascites,and immunohistochemistry analysis revealed adenocarcinoma cells with phenotypic features suggestive of a gastrointestinal origin.Gastrointestinal endoscopy was performed,and biopsy showed atypical signet ring cells in the ileocecal valve.The patient eventually died after a three-month follow-up due to progression of the tumor.CONCLUSION Colon SRCC,caused by immunosuppressants,is an unusual but un-neglected cause of chylous ascites.
基金supported by the National Key Research and Development Program of China (No. 2020YFF01014502)the National Natural Science of Foundation of China (Nos. 21922401,201827810)。
文摘Liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry(LC-MS/MS) plays an important role in clinical diagnostics. Although LC-MS/MS is superior in terms of accurately quantifying molecules in complex matrices,instrument footprint, operation and maintenance complexity also hinder its expansion as the analytical technique of choice. In this study, a compact LC-MS instrument was developed, in which an assembled liquid chromatograph was coupled with a miniature ion trap mass spectrometer. The overall instrument has a footprint of 69 cm × 31 cm × 31 cm, and it requires no gas supply as well as minimum maintenance. Furthermore, the use of LC-MS is in accord with conventional clinical diagnostic protocols, and the choice of ion trap offers tandem MS performance. The results showed that the use of LC could improve both mixture analysis capability and detection sensitivity of the miniature mass spectrometer. After optimization, feasibility of this instrument in clinical practice was demonstrated by the quantitation of four widely used immunosuppressants in blood samples. Relatively good linearities were obtained, which spanned the reference ranges of effective therapeutic concentrations of each immunosuppressant. Intraday and inter-day accuracy and precision of analytical method were also assessed. This work showed that a compact LC-MS instrument could be used in clinical diagnosis, either to replace conventional lab-scale instruments or to be used in POCT applications.
文摘AIM: To assess the effectiveness of immunosuppressants in the prophylaxis of corneal allograft rejection after high-risk keratoplasty and normal-risk keratoplasty. METHODS: We searched the Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials (CENTRAL), MEDLINE, EMBASE, CNKI, VIP and reference lists of articles. Date of most recent search: 18 June, 2011. All randomised controlled trials (RCTs) assessing the use of immunosupressants in the prevention of graft rejection, irrespective of publication language. Two authors assessed trial quality and extracted data independently. Only dichotomous outcomes (clear graft survival, ratio of immune reactions and side effects) were available and were expressed as relative risk (RR) and 95% confidence intervals (CI). RESULTS: Seven studies were included in this review. In the comparing of mycophenolate mofetil (MMF) with placebo, the results showed MMF could significantly reduce immune reactions compared with placebo (RR 1.08 95% Cl 0.95 to 1.21), but no effect on clear graft survival (RR 1.11 95% Cl 0.90 to 1.35). In clear graft survival and immune reactions, MMF and cyclosporine A (CsA) showed similar effect (RR 1.11 95% Cl 0.90 to 1.35, and RR 1.48, 95% Cl 0.56 to 3.93, respectively). Tacrolimus (FK506) and steroid showed similar effects on clear graft survival and immune reactions (RR 0.32, 95% CI 0.02 to 6.21, and RR 1.00, 95%CI 0.88 to 1.14, respectively). No drug relative side effect has been found. CONCLUSION: MMF may reduce immune reactions in both normal-risk and high-risk rejection of penetrating keratoplasty. CsA and FK506 showed similar effects as MMF. However, due to the lack of large clinical trials, the evidence remain weak, the quality of evidences were rated as very low to moderate. Large, properly randomised, placebo-controlled, double masked trials are needed to evaluate the effect of immunosuppressants.
文摘IgA nephropathy is the most common primary glomerular disease in China and even in the world, and it is also the most common cause of end-stage renal disease. The pathogenesis of IgA nephropathy is not clear. At present, it is mainly considered that abnormal IgA immune complex deposition in glomerular mesangial area leads to a series of clinical manifestations. Therefore, at present, in addition to supporting treatment, the treatment of IgA nephropathy mainly focuses on glucocorticoids and various immunosuppressants, but the efficacy and safety of the above immunosuppressants on IgA nephropathy are still controversial. This paper reviews the current use of immunosuppressants in the treatment of IgA nephropathy.
文摘Hepatitis C(HCV)-infected patients have a poorer survival post-liver transplantation compared to patients transplanted for other indications,since HCV recurrence post-transplant is universal and commonly follows an aggressive course.There is increasing evidence that in the non-transplant setting,induction of hepatocyte apoptosis is one of the main mechanisms by which HCV drives liver inflammation and fibrosis,and that HCV proteins directly promote apoptosis.Recent studies have shown that post-liver transplant,there is a link between high levels of HCV replication,enhanced hepatocyte apoptosis and the subsequent development of rapidly progressive liver fibrosis.Although the responsible mechanisms remain unclear,it is likely that immunosuppressive drugs play an important role.It is well known that immunosuppressants impair immune control of HCV,thereby allowing increased viral replication.However there is also evidence that immunosuppressants may directly induce apoptosis and this may be facilitated by the presence of high levels of HCV replication.Thus HCV and immunosuppressants may synergistically interact to further enhance apoptosis and drive more rapid fibrosis.These findings suggest that modulation of apoptosis within the liver either by changing immunosuppressive therapy or the use of apoptosis inhibitors may help prevent fibrosis progression in patients with post-transplant HCV disease.
文摘Hepatitis B viral(HBV)reactivation in the immunosuppressed is a significant problem even in patients who have achieved serological clearance due to the persistence of HBV as cccDNA.HBV reactivation will continue to pose a significant healthcare burden given the high prevalence of HBV and increasing use of immunosuppressants.Screening of hepatitis B surface antigen,antibody to Hepatitis B core antigen antibody and HBV DNA levels should be done routinely in all patients planned for significant immunosuppressant use.We aimed to examine the factors affecting reactivation risk.This depended on HBV disease status,the underlying disease requiring immunosuppression,and the specific immunosuppressive regime.While antiviral prophylaxis can prevent reactivation,it increases cost and still has risk of delayed reactivation after stopping antivirals and close follow-up and on-demand treatment is a good alternative for patients at risk of reactivation.
文摘AIM To investigate the specific effects of immunosuppressants on the antiviral action of daclatasvir and asunaprevir.METHODS The antiviral activity of daclatasvir(DCV) and asunaprevir(ASV) combined with immunosuppressants was tested using two in vitro models for hepatitis C virus(HCV) infection.RESULTS Tacrolimus, rapamycin and cyclosporine did not negatively affect the antiviral action of DCV or ASV. Mycophenolic acid(MPA) showed additive antiviral effects combined with these direct acting antivirals(DAAs). MPA induces interferon-stimulated genes(ISGs) and is a potent GTP synthesis inhibitor. DCV or ASV did not induce ISGs expression nor affected ISG induction by MPA. Rather, the combined antiviral effect of MPA with DCV and ASV was partly mediated via inhibition of GTP synthesis.CONCLUSION Immunosuppressants do not negatively affect the antiviral activity of DAAs. MPA has additive effect on the antiviral action of DCV and ASV. This combined benefit needs to be confirmed in prospective clinical trials.
基金Capital Health Development Research Project,Grant/Award Number:2022-2-2093Beijing Research Ward Construction Demonstration Unit Project,Grant/Award Number:BCRW202101+1 种基金National Natural Science Foundation of China,Grant/Award Number:82270133Beijing Municipal Scienceand Technology Commission,Grant/Award Number:Z221100007422067。
文摘Importance:It remained unclear that the efficacy comparison between low-dose immune tolerance induction(LD-ITI)incorporating immunosuppressants(IS)when severe hemophilia A(SHA)patients had inhibitor-titer≥200 Bethesda Units(BU)/mL(LD-ITI-IS^(200) regimen)and LD-ITI combining with IS when SHA patients had inhibitor-titer≥40 BU/mL(LD-ITI-IS^(40) regimen).Objective:To compare the efficacy of the LD-ITI-IS^(200) regimen with that of the LD-ITI-IS^(40) regimen for SHA patients with high-titer inhibitors.Methods:A prospective cohort study on patients receiving LD-ITI-IS^(200) compared to those receiving LD-ITI-IS^(40) from January 2021 to December 2023.Both received LD-ITI[FVIII 50 IU/kg every other day].IS(rituximab+prednisone)was added when peak inhibitor tier≥200 BU/mL in the LD-ITI-IS^(200) regimen and≥40 BU/mL in the LD-ITI-IS^(40) regimen.Success is defined as a negative inhibitor plus FVIII recovery≥66%of the expected.Results:We enrolled 30 patients on LD-ITI-IS^(200) and 64 patients on LD-ITI-IS^(40),with similar baseline clinical characteristics.A lower IS-use rate was discovered in the LD-ITI-IS^(200) regimen compared to the LD-ITI-IS^(40) regimen(30.0%vs.62.5%).The two regimens(LD-ITI-IS^(200) vs.LD-ITI-IS^(40))had similar success rate(70.0%vs.79.7%),median time to success(9.4 vs.10.6 months),and annualized bleeding rate during ITI(3.7 vs.2.8).The cost to success was lower for LD-ITI-IS^(200) than for LD-ITI-IS^(40)(2107 vs.3256 US Dollar/kg).Among patients with peak inhibitor-titer 40-199 BU/mL,10 non-IS-using(on LD-ITI-IS^(200) regimen)and 28 IS-using(on LD-ITI-IS^(40) regimen)had similar success rates(70.0%vs.78.6%)and time to success(9.0 vs.8.8 months).Interpretation:In LD-ITI,IS are not necessary for inhibitor titer<200 BU/mL.
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China,No.82174112(to PZ)Science and Technology Project of Haihe Laboratory of Modern Chinese Medicine,No.22HHZYSS00015(to PZ)State-Sponsored Postdoctoral Researcher Program,No.GZC20231925(to LN)。
文摘Traumatic brain injury is a prevalent disorder of the central nervous system.In addition to primary brain parenchymal damage,the enduring biological consequences of traumatic brain injury pose long-term risks for patients with traumatic brain injury;however,the underlying pathogenesis remains unclear,and effective intervention methods are lacking.Intestinal dysfunction is a significant consequence of traumatic brain injury.Being the most densely innervated peripheral tissue in the body,the gut possesses multiple pathways for the establishment of a bidirectional“brain-gut axis”with the central nervous system.The gut harbors a vast microbial community,and alterations of the gut niche contribute to the progression of traumatic brain injury and its unfavorable prognosis through neuronal,hormonal,and immune pathways.A comprehensive understanding of microbiota-mediated peripheral neuroimmunomodulation mechanisms is needed to enhance treatment strategies for traumatic brain injury and its associated complications.We comprehensively reviewed alterations in the gut microecological environment following traumatic brain injury,with a specific focus on the complex biological processes of peripheral nerves,immunity,and microbes triggered by traumatic brain injury,encompassing autonomic dysfunction,neuroendocrine disturbances,peripheral immunosuppression,increased intestinal barrier permeability,compromised responses of sensory nerves to microorganisms,and potential effector nuclei in the central nervous system influenced by gut microbiota.Additionally,we reviewed the mechanisms underlying secondary biological injury and the dynamic pathological responses that occur following injury to enhance our current understanding of how peripheral pathways impact the outcome of patients with traumatic brain injury.This review aimed to propose a conceptual model for future risk assessment of central nervous system-related diseases while elucidating novel insights into the bidirectional effects of the“brain-gut-microbiota axis.”
文摘BACKGROUND Liver transplant(LT)recipients are susceptible to carbapenem-resistant Klebsiella pneumoniae(CRKP)infections.Comprehensive research addressing the incidence,timing,infection sites,resistance patterns,treatment options,and associated risk factors among LT recipients with CRKP is now lacking.AIM To assess the incidence,resistance,therapy,and risk factors of CRKP infections post-LT,and to evaluate the impact of them on prognosis.METHODS A retrospective study was conducted,including 430 consecutive patients who underwent LT between January 2015 and June 2023.This study aimed to investigate the risk factors for CRKP infections and their influence on outcomes using logistic regression analysis.RESULTS Among the 430 patients who underwent LT,20(4.7%)experienced at least one documented CRKP infection within 3 months post-transplantation.The median time from LT to the onset of CRKP infections was 6.5 days.The lungs and bloodstream were the most common sites of CRKP infections.CRKP isolates were relatively susceptible to ceftazidime/avibactam(93.7%),polymyxin B(90.6%),and tigecycline(75.0%)treatment.However,all isolates were resistant to piperacillin/tazobactam,ceftazidime,cefepime,aztreonam,meropenem,and levofloxacin treatment.Recipients with CRKP infections had a mortality rate of 35%,the rate was 12.5%for those receiving ceftazidime/avibactam therapy.Multivariate analysis identified female sex[odds ratio(OR)=3.306;95%confidence interval(CI):1.239-8.822;P=0.017],intraoperative bleeding≥3000 mL(OR=3.269;95%CI:1.018-10.490;P=0.047),alanine aminotransferase on day 1 post-LT≥1500 U/L(OR=4.370;95%CI:1.686-11.326;P=0.002),and post-LT mechanical ventilation(OR=2.772;95%CI:1.077-7.135;P=0.035)as significant variables associated with CRKP.CRKP infections were related to an intensive care unit length(ICU)of stay≥7 days and 6-month all-cause mortality post-LT.CONCLUSION CRKP infections were frequent complications following LT,with poor associated outcomes.Risk factors for post-LT CRKP infections included female sex,significant intraoperative bleeding,elevated alanine aminotransferase levels,and the need for mechanical ventilation.CRKP infections negatively impacted survival and led to prolonged ICU stays.
文摘Peripheral immunity forms the foundation of tumor immunity,while tumor immunity represents a more refined adaptation of peripheral immune responses.The tumor microenvironment(TME),a localized niche surrounding tumor cells,is inherently immunosuppressive(1,2).Effective tumor therapy necessitates the dismantling of this microenvironment,aiming to eradicate tumors from the host system.
基金Supported by The National Natural Science Foundation of China,No.82072130Key Medical Research Projects in Jiangsu Province,No.ZD2022021Suzhou Clinical Medical Center for Anesthesiology,No.Szlcyxzxj202102。
文摘BACKGROUND Hypernatremia represents a significant electrolyte imbalance associated with numerous adverse outcomes,particularly in cases of intensive care unit(ICU)-acquired hypernatremia(IAH).Nevertheless,its relevance in patients with septic shock remains uncertain.AIM To identify independent risk factors and their predictive efficacy for IAH to improve outcomes in patients with septic shock.METHODS In the present retrospective single-center study,a cohort of 157 septic shock patients with concurrent hypernatremia in the ICU at The First Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University,between August 1,2018,and May 31,2023,were analyzed.Patients were categorized based on the timing of hypernatremia occurrence into the IAH group(n=62),the non-IAH group(n=41),and the normonatremia group(n=54).RESULTS In the present study,there was a significant association between the high serum sodium concentrations,excessive persistent inflammation,immunosuppression and catabolism syndrome and chronic critical illness,while rapid recovery had an apparent association with normonatremia.Moreover,multivariable analyses revealed the following independent risk factors for IAH:Total urinary output over the preceding three days[odds ratio(OR)=1.09;95%CI:1.02–1.17;P=0.014],enteral nutrition(EN)sodium content of 500 mg(OR=2.93;95%CI:1.13–7.60;P=0.027),and EN sodium content of 670 mg(OR=6.19;95%CI:1.75–21.98;P=0.005)were positively correlated with the development of IAH.Notably,the area under the curve for total urinary output over the preceding three days was 0.800(95%CI:0.678–0.922,P=0.001).Furthermore,maximum serum sodium levels,the duration of hypernatremia,and varying sodium correction rates were significantly associated with 28-day in-hospital mortality in septic shock patients(P<0.05).CONCLUSION The present findings illustrate that elevated serum sodium level was significantly associated with a poor prognosis in septic shock patients in the ICU.It is highly recommended that hypernatremia be considered a potentially important prognostic indicator for the outcome of septic shock.
文摘Objective:To evaluate the response rate to vaccination in different treatment groups (nonimmunosuppressants and immunosuppressants).Data Sources:We completed an online systematic search using PubMed to identify all articles published in English between January 1990 and December 2013 assessing the effect of the response rate to vaccination in different treatment groups (with and without immunomodulators).The following terms were used:"inflammatory bowel disease (IBD)" OR "Cmhn's disease" OR "ulcerative colitis"AND ("vaccination" OR "vaccine") AND ("corticosteroids" OR "mercaptopurine" OR "azathioprine" OR "methotrexate [MTX]") AND "immunomodulators."Study Selection:The inclusion criteria of articles were that the studies:(1) Randomized controlled trials which included patients with a diagnosis of IBD (established by standard clinical,radiographic,endoscopic,and histologic criteria); (2) exposed patients received immunomodulators for maintenance (weight-appropriate doses of 6-mercaptopurine/azathioprine or within 3 months of stopping,15 mg or more MTX per week or within 3 months of stopping; (3) exposed patients received nonimmunomodulators (no therapy,antibiotics only,mesalazine only,biological agent only such as infliximab,adalimumab,certolizumab or natalizumab or within 3 months of stopping one of these agents).The exclusion criteria of articles were that the studies:(1) History of hepatitis B virus (HBV),influenza or streptococcus pneumoniae infection; (2) patients who had previously been vaccinated against HBV,influenza or streptococcus pneumoniae; (3) any medical condition known to cause immunosuppression (e.g.chronic renal failure and human immunodeficiency virus infection); (4) individuals with positive hepatitis markers or liver cirrhosis; (5) patients with a known allergy to eggs or other components of the vaccines and (6) pregnancy.Results:Patients treated with immunomodulators were associated with lower response rates to vaccination.Conclusions:Immunomodulators may impair the immune response to vaccination in patients with IBD.Vaccination should be made at the time of diagnosis or before starting immunosuppressed therapy.
基金supported by a grant from the Key Project from Beijing Municipal Science and Technology Commission(D121100003912003).
文摘To the Editor:Autoimmune hepatitis(AIH)is an immune-mediated chronic liver disease that can progress to cirrhosis and even liver failure.The standard treatment approach for AIH involves the adminis-tration of immunosuppressive therapy,utilizing corticosteroids and azathioprine(Imuran),which result in clinical and histological im-provement among 60%AIH patients[1,2].The diagnosis of AIH requires a combination of clinical,bio-chemical,and histological findings.The first diagnostic system was established in 1993[3],revised in 1999[4],and then a simplified criterion was proposed[5].Liver histology plays an important role in the scoring systems of AIH diagnosis and is essential to make an accurate diagnosis.Due to the lack of obvious symptoms in the early stage,about 30%patients have already progressed to cirrho-sis by the time of diagnosis[6].
文摘Humans and other vertebrates are safeguarded from invading pathogenic microbes by the immune system.Black seed,scientifically known as Nigella sativa,has garnered attention for its potential immunomodulatory effects in both clinical and preclinical studies.This comprehensive review aims to consolidate and analyze the existing body of evidence surrounding the immunological impact of black seeds.In this review,we analyze the immunomodulatory potentials of black seeds(N.sativa).For the purpose of finding pertinent publications,the literatures was searched in web-based databases,including Web of Science,Medline/PMC/PubMed,Embase,EBSCO,Google Scholar,Science Direct,and reference lists.Several clinical,in vivo,and in vitro studies have demonstrated that supplementation with black seeds(N.sativa)has potential immunomodulatory activity.Black seeds(N.sativa)may influence immune responses through a variety of mechanisms.By synthesizing and critically assessing the current state of knowledge on the immunomodulatory effects of black seeds,this review aims to provide valuable insights into the potential therapeutic uses and future research directions for harnessing the immunological benefits of this natural remedy.
基金Supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China:No.82374563,82004467,82305370China Postdoctoral Science Foundation:No.2022M721536+1 种基金Tianjin Graduate Research Innovation Project:2022BKY177TUTCM Graduate Research Innovation Project:YJSKC-20221016。
文摘Sepsis is characterized by immune dysregulation that are responsible for an increase in secondary in-fections and mortality.Acupuncture is a potential alternative treatment for sepsis.In this comprehensive literature review,we found that acupuncture is beneficial in treating immune disorders associated with sepsis.Acupuncture can improve immune disorders associated with sepsis and regulate the functions of innate and adaptive immune cells.Specifically,acupuncture can reduce the number of neutrophils in sep-sis,promote the polarization of macrophages towards M2-like macrophages,and alleviate inflammation by reducing the activation of microglia and astrocytes.Furthermore,acupuncture can increase the per-centage of T cells and modulate the balance between T cell subsets.The immunomodulatory mechanism of acupuncture in sepsis may be attributed to the balance of the autonomic nervous system,including activation of the sympathetic-adrenal axis,vagal-cholinergic pathway,and vagal-adrenal axis.In addition,acupuncture can inhibit inflammation by preserving the integrity of the intestinal barrier and regulating the composition of the intestinal microbiota.Clinical studies have also demonstrated that acupuncture can enhance the number of peripheral natural killer(NK)cells and T cell subsets,as well as the expres-sion of human leukocyte antigen DR(HLA-DR).Moreover,acupuncture can decrease the ratio of white blood cells to neutrophils and reduce the levels of inflammatory factors.Therefore,acupuncture has the potential to improve immune function in sepsis.Further investigation of its mechanism is expected to provide a scientific and reliable foundation for the application of acupuncture in sepsis treatment.
文摘Florfenicol(FLO)is a chemically synthesized broad-spectrum antimicrobial agent of amide alcohols for animals,which is one of the most widely used antimicrobials in livestock,poultry,and aquaculture.With the use of FLo,more and more attention has been paid to its hematopoietic toxicity,immunotoxicity,genotoxicity,and embryotoxicity.In this study,SPF chicks.at the age of 3 d began to drink water with the FLO at a dose of 100 mg L^(-1)for 6 consecutive days,and the growth performance of chicks was monitored,the effect of FLO on immune organs was detected by pathological examination and TdT-mediated dUTP nick-end labeling(TUNEL)apoptosis staining.In order to evaluate the level of organism immunity,the level of Newcastle disease virus antibody in serum was detected by hemagglutination inhibition test,the content of cytokines(IL-1,IL-2,IL-6,TNF-α,IFN-γ)in serum was detected by enzyme linked immunosorbent assay(ELISA),and the transcription of interferon-related genes(IRF-7,2′-5′OAS,Mx1)and cytokine genes(IL-6,TNF-α,IFN-γ)in immune organs were detected by real time fluorescence quantitative PCR.The results showed that the early application of FLO could inhibit the growth and development of chicks,and the body weight and immune organ index of the treatment group were lower than those of the control group.Histopathological examination showed that there was a decrease in the number of lymphocytes in the bursa of Fabricius in the treatment group in the early stage of drug withdrawal,and the results of TUNEL apoptosis staining in the bursa of Fabricius showed that obvious lymphocyte apoptosis occurred in the FLO treatment group.Compared with the control group,the transcription levels of interferon-related genes IRF-7,2′-5′OAS,and cytokine genes IL-6,TNF-αand IFN-γin FLO treatment group decreased to a certain extent,while the transcription level of Mx1 gene had no significant difference at all time points.The level of serum Newcastle disease virus(NDV)antibody and the contents of cytokines IL-1,IL-2 and IFN-γin the FLO treatment group were significantly lower than those in the control group in the early stage of drug withdrawal,but recovered gradually in the later stage.This study showed that FLO has a certain degree of effect on the immune function of chicks,and the results of the study laid the foundation for further research on the mechanism of FLO-induced immunotoxicity.
文摘BACKGROUND Heart transplantation is the last and best option for end-stage heart failure management.Early mortality rates have significantly decreased,enabling patients to survive longer with fewer complications,a trend observed even in our setting.The primary shared challenge has centered on achieving surgical success and immediate survival.The question arises about the medium-and long-term survival of patients with heart transplant in Mexico.AIM To present the results of the medium and long-term follow-up of heart transplant patients.METHODS This was a retrospective study of a single medical unit,and we selected patients who received heart transplants from July 21,1988 to September 30,2023.Selection criteria encompassed age,sex,and primary indication for heart transplantation across all groups.Patients with incomplete information or who died within 30 postoperative days were excluded.Data of primary pathology,ischemic,extracorporeal circulation,aortic cross-clamping times,length of ventilatory support,stay in postoperative therapy,hospitalization,and functional class were analyzed.RESULTS The causes of morbidity,mortality,and percentage of survival at 1,5,and 10 years were examined.Overall,257 heart transplants were performed during the study period.Of the total cases,22 with incomplete data and 47 who died within 30 postoperative days were excluded for the middle-and long-term survival analyses.Of the remaining 188 patients,heart transplantation was performed(males:146,females:42).The average age of the participants was 44.43±14.48 years.The primary indications included ischemic cardiomyopathy(42.55%)and dilated cardiomyopathy(39.36%).The mean durations of mechanical ventilator support,intensive care stay,and hospital stay were 57.55±103.50 hours,9.96±8.59 days,and 19.49±18.23 days,respectively.One-,five-,and ten-year survival rates were 90.7%,71.3%,and 60.3%,respectively.Of the patients,94%and 6%were in functional classes I and II,respectively.Infection and neurological hemorrhagic or ischemic stroke(26%)were the main causes of mortality in the first year.Subsequently,chronic rejection manifesting as graft vasculopathy increased in frequency(30%).CONCLUSION In our setting,heart transplantation yields medium-and long-term survival and quality of life outcomes comparable to those achieved by other international centers.
文摘BACKGROUND Definitive chemoradiotherapy is the standard treatment for unresectable,locally advanced esophageal cancer.However,radiotherapy(RT)often affects the immune system of patients.One of the possible mechanisms of lymphopenia after RT is that a large number of circulating lymphocytes in the systemic and pulmonary circulation will be killed by more sessions of low-dose radiation.The impact of dose-volume parameters of organs at risk(OARs)on absolute lymphocyte count(ALC)and the relationship between the extent of lymphocyte count reduction and survival prognosis in patients with middle and lower thoracic esophageal squamous cell carcinoma(ESCC)both remain difficult to determine.AIM To determine the relationship between RT parameters,lymphocyte count and survival prognosis of esophageal cancer patients.METHODS The clinical data of 112 patients with stage I-III ESCC who received definitive RT were analyzed retrospectively.The ALC values before RT,weekly during RT,and within 1 month after RT were determined.Logistic regression was used to evaluate the correlation between the parameters of radiation OARs and the lowest point of the ALC.Kaplan-Meier and Cox regression analyses were used to evaluate the relationship between the lowest point of the ALC and patient survival during RT.RESULTS The median value of the ALC before treatment was 1.57×10^(9)cells/L,and 32 patients(28.6%)showed grade 4 ALC reduction during RT.The reduction in G4 ALC during RT was significantly associated with poor overall survival(OS)and progression-free survival.Multivariate analysis showed that stage III tumors(P=0.003),high heart V_(10)(P=0.046),high lung V_(5)(P=0.048),and high lung V_(20)(P=0.031)were associated with G4 ALC reduction during RT.CONCLUSION The reduction in G4 ALC is related to OS.Joint evaluation of the tumor stage and dose volume parameters has predictive value for G4 ALC reduction and OS.
