Immunostimulants may improve disease resistance of aquaculture animals by promoting the nonspecific immunity response of the organisms. Five types of saccharides, including chitosan, yeast polysaccharide, burdock olig...Immunostimulants may improve disease resistance of aquaculture animals by promoting the nonspecific immunity response of the organisms. Five types of saccharides, including chitosan, yeast polysaccharide, burdock oligosaccharide, seaweed polysaccharide and lentinus edodes polysaccharide, were screened for potential use as immunostimulants by using spectrophotometry. The saccharides were injected into Apostichopusjaponicus, a sea cucumber, and the lysozyme and superoxide dismutase （SOD） activities of the coelomic fluid and epidermal slime were monitored in six consecutive days. The results show that the lysozyme activity of the animal＇s coelomic fluid was significantly stimulated on day 2, day 4 and day 6 after the injection of the saccharides （P〈0.05）. The effects of chitosan and yeast polysaccharide were the most notable. The lysozyme activity of the epidermal slime was significantly increased by chitosana, yeast polysaccharide, seaweed polysacchafide, and burdock oligosaccharide on day 1 and day 2 after the injection （P〈0.05）. The SOD activity of the coelomic fluid was significantly promoted by the saccharides on day 2 and day 4 post-injection （P〈0.05）, while the SOD activity of the epidermal slime increased on day 2. These findings indicate that chitosan and yeast polysaccharide are the most effective immunostimulants and potential healthy anti-disease feedstuff for A. japonicus.展开更多
To investigate the stimulating effects of immunostimulants on the autogenous immunocompetence of crabs and the possible mechanisms involved, the immunostimulating effects of β-1,3-glucan, lipopolysaccharide (LPS), in...To investigate the stimulating effects of immunostimulants on the autogenous immunocompetence of crabs and the possible mechanisms involved, the immunostimulating effects of β-1,3-glucan, lipopolysaccharide (LPS), inactivated Vibrio harveyi and Vibrio anguillarum on phenoloxidase (PO) and hemocytes of Charybdis japonica were investigated in this study. It was found that the yields and the enzymatic activities of purified PO in C. japonica increased significantly after the crabs were treated with immunostimulants, while the unit enzymatic activities remained almost the same. After treatment with β-1,3-glucan and LPS, the amount of rough endoplasmic reticulum (RER) and the number of mitochondria in both semigranular cells and granular cells increased greatly, and the number of cytoplasmic granules decreased but with enlarged volume. However, the corresponding characteristics of hyaline cells remained almost the same. On the other hand, the number of granules in semigranular cells decreased greatly, and the number of mitochondria of hyaline cells increased greatly, after treatment with inactivated vibrios. It may be concluded that the effect of polysaccharide immunostimulants on the innate immune system of C. japonica is different from that of inactivated vibrio immu-nostimulants. The immunity-enhancing mechanism of polysaccharides in crab autogenous immunocompetence is probably accomplished by the increased yields of PO and total PO activities, while that of inactivated vibrios is probably accomplished by the partially increased yields of PO and total PO activities as well as the significantly improved phagocytotic abilities of semigranular cells and hyaline cells.展开更多
In this article, information about universal and triple contact actional ZEROX immunostimulant at 3 various norms and different periods when it affected to Bukhara 10 cotton on 3 numbers of seedlings is presented. Res...In this article, information about universal and triple contact actional ZEROX immunostimulant at 3 various norms and different periods when it affected to Bukhara 10 cotton on 3 numbers of seedlings is presented. Research has shown, when in pre-sowing of seed 2 l/t and 2 l/ha in vegetation periods of ZEROX immunostimulant in the number of left seedlings 80 - 90,000 plant/ha of Bukhara 10 cotton it was treated, it was determined that the highest yield was obtained.展开更多
Purpose of the study was to demonstrate the ability of Pleurotus eryngii(PE)extracts to stimulate the production of nitric oxide(NO)and TNF-αas well as to evaluate the cell viability by the use of chicken peripheral ...Purpose of the study was to demonstrate the ability of Pleurotus eryngii(PE)extracts to stimulate the production of nitric oxide(NO)and TNF-αas well as to evaluate the cell viability by the use of chicken peripheral blood mononuclear cells(PBMCs)and RAW 264.7 macrophages in vitro.The PE contained 341.0±14.5 mg/g DW,78,2±4.1 Bg/g DW and 38.4+3.3 mg/g DW of crude polysaccharide,adenosine and crude triterpenoid contents,respectively.The results of cell viability assay showed that 95,0%of chicken PBMCs and RAW 264.7 macrophages were survived under the treatment of 9.6 mg/mL of PE extracts by microculture tetrazolium assays(MTAs).Moreover,the cell inhibitory activity did not show the 50%cyto-toxicity effect(ICs0).In addition,no production by stimulated chicken PBMCs and RAW 264.7 macrophages exhibited individually the linear relations with the concentration of PE extracts,and they were approximately 65μM and 45 p.M in 1600μg/mL,respectively.The tendency with the release of TNF-αby RAW 264.7 maerophages also corresponded with concentration of PE extracts.It is concluded,PE extracts act as an immunostimulant for both tested cells but have no serious effect on inhibiting chicken PBMCs viability,and therefore it may be suggested as immune supplements for broilers.展开更多
Aquaculture is a rapidly growing global agriculture sector and the importance of fish health has become of upmost importance as production levels and stocking densities increase. Over the past few decades, there have ...Aquaculture is a rapidly growing global agriculture sector and the importance of fish health has become of upmost importance as production levels and stocking densities increase. Over the past few decades, there have been a large number of immunological investigations on commonly cultured finfish species. Further, new technologies and strategies that embody use of fish immunostimulants, probiotics, and vaccinology rely heavily upon a comprehensive understanding of teleost immune system mechanics. The teleost immune system works in concert to properly recognize, control, and clear aquatic pathogens. Recent findings have exemplified the cooperative efforts of the nonspecific and adaptive branches, and have put forth an emphasis on the importance of the mucosal immune response in all aspects of a mounted immune response. This review provides a generalized overview of the innate and adaptive arms of the fish immune system, and provides highlights of recently published work in the areas of signaling networks and mucosal immune interactions.展开更多
Protein deficiency is a major difficulty for human needs in the past few decades,while different types of aquatic species are rich in high quality protein.Therefore,aquaculture is considered as the main developing foo...Protein deficiency is a major difficulty for human needs in the past few decades,while different types of aquatic species are rich in high quality protein.Therefore,aquaculture is considered as the main developing food production sector globally.Bacterial infections are the main problem for aquaculture,and their outbreaks have a great impact on productivity,and previously indiscriminate use of antibiotics to control them.However,the emergence of multidrug-resistant pathogens might lead to sudden infectious disease outbreaks resulting in serious economic loss.Immunostimulants application is an effective technique to protect and enhance the immune system of aquatic animals and therefore improve aquaculture production.Nutrient immunostimulants such as essential fatty acids,amino acids,vitamins,and minerals are the most important responsibility to improve aquaculture production,as well as the cost of this method,which is effective,non-toxic,and environment friendly.These nutrient immunostimulants are supportive to increase the immune system,antioxidant,anti-inflammatory,and infection resistance of aquatic animals.In addition,nutritional feed additives improved feed palatability and the excellence of aquatic products and also enhance gut functions.Some information is available on nutrient immunostimulants in aquaculture applications,and this review provides information on different kinds of nutritional administration used in aquaculture to enhance positive impacts on aquatic animals’health as well as feed quality development.This review will provide theoretical references for the application of nutrient immunostimulants in aquatic feeds.展开更多
Objective:To evaluate the antibacterial activity and immunostimulant of red seaweedChondrococcus hornemanni pathogens.Methods:(C.hornemanni)(Kuetzing,1847)against marine ornamental fish antimicrobial activity against ...Objective:To evaluate the antibacterial activity and immunostimulant of red seaweedChondrococcus hornemanni pathogens.Methods:(C.hornemanni)(Kuetzing,1847)against marine ornamental fish antimicrobial activity against two fish pathogens and the partially purified potential compound was characterized by GC-MS.Purified seaweed extract was injected to the clownfish,Amphiprion sebae to study the innate immune response of these fishes.Results:In the present study,seaweed extract of C.hornemanni showed significant Aeromonas hydrophila(20 mm)and Vibrio parahaemolyticus(19 mm)at a concentration(25 mg/mL)shown higher antimicrobial activity.The white blood cell count and respirator burst activity was significantly increased in the experimental tanks(E1)and(E2)when compared with control.The extracts was found effective and had more than 80%inhibitory activity against Conclusions:Hence,it is concluded that the seaweed extracts of C.hornemanni had potential bioactive compounds and act an immunostimulant and improve the immune response to fish.展开更多
Humans and other vertebrates are safeguarded from invading pathogenic microbes by the immune system.Black seed,scientifically known as Nigella sativa,has garnered attention for its potential immunomodulatory effects i...Humans and other vertebrates are safeguarded from invading pathogenic microbes by the immune system.Black seed,scientifically known as Nigella sativa,has garnered attention for its potential immunomodulatory effects in both clinical and preclinical studies.This comprehensive review aims to consolidate and analyze the existing body of evidence surrounding the immunological impact of black seeds.In this review,we analyze the immunomodulatory potentials of black seeds(N.sativa).For the purpose of finding pertinent publications,the literatures was searched in web-based databases,including Web of Science,Medline/PMC/PubMed,Embase,EBSCO,Google Scholar,Science Direct,and reference lists.Several clinical,in vivo,and in vitro studies have demonstrated that supplementation with black seeds(N.sativa)has potential immunomodulatory activity.Black seeds(N.sativa)may influence immune responses through a variety of mechanisms.By synthesizing and critically assessing the current state of knowledge on the immunomodulatory effects of black seeds,this review aims to provide valuable insights into the potential therapeutic uses and future research directions for harnessing the immunological benefits of this natural remedy.展开更多
Objective: To prepare and characterize poly lactic-co-glycolic acid(PLGA) nanoparticles loaded with soluble leishmanial antigen or autoclaved leishmanial antigen and explore in vitro and in vivo immunogenicity of anti...Objective: To prepare and characterize poly lactic-co-glycolic acid(PLGA) nanoparticles loaded with soluble leishmanial antigen or autoclaved leishmanial antigen and explore in vitro and in vivo immunogenicity of antigen encapsulated nanoparticles. Methods: Water/oil/water double emulsion technique was employed to synthesize PLGA nanoparticles, and scanning electron microscopy, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy and Zeta-potential measurements were used to identify the characteristics of nanoparticles. Cytotoxicity of synthetized nanoparticles on J774 macrophage were investigated by MTT assays. To determine the in vitro immunostimulatory efficacies of nanoparticles, griess reaction and ELISA was used to measure the amounts of NO and cytokines. During the in vivo analysis, Balb/c mice were immunized with vaccine formulations, and protective properties of nanoparticles were measured by Leishman Donovan unit in the liver following the infection. Cytokine levels in spleens of mice were determined by ELISA. Results: MTT assay showed that neither soluble leishmanial antigen nor autoclaved leishmanial antigen encapsulated nanoparticles showed cytotoxicity against J774 macrophage cells. Contrary to free antigens, both autoclaved leishmanial antigen-nanoparticle and soluble leishmanial antigen-nanoparticle formulations led to a 10 and 16-fold increase in NO amounts by macrophages, respectively. Leishman Donovan unit calculations revealed that soluble leishmanial antigen-nanoparticles and autoclaved leishmanial antigen-nanoparticles yielded 52% and 64% protection against visceral leishmaniasis in mouse models. Besides, in vitro and in vivo tests demonstrated that by increasing IFN-γ and IL-12 levels and inhibiting IL-4 and IL-10 secretions, autoclaved leishmanial antigen-nanoparticles and soluble leishmanial antigennanoparticles triggered Th1 immune response. Conclusions: Both autoclaved leishmanial antigen-nanoparticles and soluble leishmanial antigen-nanoparticles formulations provide exceptional in vitro and in vivo immunostimulatory activities. Hence, PLGA-based antigen delivery systems are recommended as potential vaccine candidates against visceral leishmaniasis.展开更多
Autoimmune hepatitis is a chronic liver disease harboring an autoimmune basis and progressive character.Despite still obscurity in etiology and pathogenesis,some evidence supports the importance of sustaining the immu...Autoimmune hepatitis is a chronic liver disease harboring an autoimmune basis and progressive character.Despite still obscurity in etiology and pathogenesis,some evidence supports the importance of sustaining the immune system.Vitamin D is a lipo-soluble vitamin,which has been identified as decreased in our body.It is often due to the daily habit change and decrease of individual sun exposure due to the increase of the ultraviolet-induced potential melanocytic transformation.Here,we emphasize the importance of vitamin D supplementation in patients affected with liver disease.展开更多
The use of Levamisole hydrochloride as an immunostimulant has been successful in the control of certain diseases such as Derzsy’s disease in chicken as well as in increasing lymphocytes and weight gain in pigs. Howev...The use of Levamisole hydrochloride as an immunostimulant has been successful in the control of certain diseases such as Derzsy’s disease in chicken as well as in increasing lymphocytes and weight gain in pigs. However, its use as immunostimulant in the prevention of Peste des petits ruminants (PPR) in goats has not been investigated. In this study, the use of Levamisole in enhancing immune response to PPR vaccination including its effects on weight gain was investigated among groups of goats (groups A, B, C and D). Virus neutralization test was used to determine the antibody profile in vaccinated goats while the total and differential leucocyte counts and body mass index (BMI) were determined using standard procedures. Goats in group A (Levamisole primed and PPR vaccinated) seroconverted to more than 3-folds of the initial pre-vaccination geometric mean titre (GMT) of neutralizing antibody beginning from second week post-vaccination and remained high throughout the period of the experiment. Similarly, there was significant increase (p 0.05) in BMI of animals in other groups throughout the period of the experiment. The results of this study further confirm the immunostimulatory effect of Levamisole when used in combination with a vaccine.展开更多
Objective:To assess the immunopotentiality of Ayurvedic polyherbal preparations,"Saribadi" and "Anantamul Salsa".Methods: Freshly prepared BALB/c mice splenocytes were cultured with "Saribadi&...Objective:To assess the immunopotentiality of Ayurvedic polyherbal preparations,"Saribadi" and "Anantamul Salsa".Methods: Freshly prepared BALB/c mice splenocytes were cultured with "Saribadi" or"Anantamul Salsa" treatment [doses of 0.25%, 0.50%, 0.75%, 1.00%, 1.50%, 2.00%,3.00% and 4.00%(v/v)] at 37C for 5 days. The immunoglobulin M(IgM) production and lymphocytes proliferation were determined by ELISA and MTT methods, respectively.Endotoxin contamination was assessed by treating the preparations with polymyxin B.Results: The doses of "Saribadi" [0.25%, 0.50%, 0.75% and 1.00%(v/v)] significantly increased IgM productions(0.966, 0.728, 0.695 and 0.615 mg/m L vs. control 0.265 mg/m L)and lymphocytes proliferation [absorbance 0.311, 0.394, 0.372 and 0.334 optical density(OD) vs. control 0.162 OD]. Similarly, the doses of "Anantamul Salsa" [0.50%, 0.75%,1.00% and 1.50%(v/v)] promoted IgM productions(0.933, 0.919, 0.917 and 0.892 mg/m L vs. control 0.502 mg/m L) and the doses of "Anantamul Salsa" [0.50%, 0.75%, 1.00%,1.50%, 2.00%, and 3.00%(v/v)] stimulated lymphocytes proliferation(absorbance 0.395,0.326, 0.440, 0.398, 0.452 and 0.355 OD vs. control 0.199 OD). The activity of "Saribadi"and "Anantamul Salsa" was not retarded by the treatment of preparations with polymyxin B.Conclusions: Immunomodulatory activity of "Saribadi" and "Anantamul Salsa" was unveiled for the first time. "Saribadi" and "Anantamul Salsa" possess immunostimulating potential acting through the induction of lymphocyte proliferation and IgM production.These preparations may be useful in strengthening immune responses. However, further cellular and in vivo studies are required.展开更多
Hepatitis B virus(HBV)is a major global health problem.Despite the success of the general measures against blood transmitted infections in hemodialysis(HD)units,the prevalence of HBV infection among the HD patients is...Hepatitis B virus(HBV)is a major global health problem.Despite the success of the general measures against blood transmitted infections in hemodialysis(HD)units,the prevalence of HBV infection among the HD patients is still high.Thus vaccination against HBV is indicating in this population.However,compared with the general population the seroprotection achieved in HD patients remains relatively low,at about 70%.In this review patient,HD procedure and vaccine-associated factors that affect the efficacy of HBV vaccination are analyzed.Also alternative routes of HBV vaccine administration as well as new and more immunogenic vaccine formulations are discussed.However,besides scientific progress,vigilance of HD physicians and staff regarding the general measures against the transmission of blood borne infections and the vaccination against HBV is also required for reducing the prevalence of this viral infection.展开更多
The immunostimulatory property of a synthetic polyphosphoramidate based on stearyl tyrosine (PPST) is described. The immunostimulatory activity of this negatively charged polymer was investigated in vitro through ...The immunostimulatory property of a synthetic polyphosphoramidate based on stearyl tyrosine (PPST) is described. The immunostimulatory activity of this negatively charged polymer was investigated in vitro through examining the effect on the mitogen induced lymphocytes proliferation by a tetrazolium based colormetric assay and also through studying the primary plaque forming cells (IgM PFC) responses of Balb/c mice after the intraperitoneal (i.p.) injection of the polymer with sheep red blood cells (SRBC). PPST exhibits specific and high immunostimulatory activity in vitro by the stimulation on lipopolysaccharide(LPS) induced murine B cells proliferation, which is probably due to the interaction between the polymer with LPS responding B lymphocytes. This polymer also makes a significant increase of single antibody producing cells. The result shows that the stimulation rate to IgM PFC responses of Balb/c mice achieved 77.9% ( p <0.01) when 160 mg/kg of PPST was injected 4 h before with SRBC.展开更多
Although the immunomodulatory activity of bamboo vinegar and charcoal powder(BVC)has been increasingly documented in domestic animals,the use of BVC as immunostimulant in fi sh aquaculture awaits verifi cation.In the ...Although the immunomodulatory activity of bamboo vinegar and charcoal powder(BVC)has been increasingly documented in domestic animals,the use of BVC as immunostimulant in fi sh aquaculture awaits verifi cation.In the present study,the immunostimulatory impacts of dietary BVC intake were investigated in an important aquaculture fi sh species,the African catfi sh Clarias gariepinus.Results show that the pathogen resistance of African catfi sh was signifi cantly improved by dietary BVC intake at the tested levels(0.5%-2%),as indicated by higher survival rates(approximately 1.52-1.85 times that without BVC supplementation)upon intraperitoneally injection of bacterial pathogen Aeromonas hydrophila.In addition,both the count and phagocytic activity of blood cells were signifi cantly up-regulated by a 45-day dietary supplementation of BVC.Moreover,compared to that of the control,fi sh individuals fed BVC containing diets exhibited signifi cant higher activities of superoxide dismutase(SOD),myeloperoxidase(MPO),and lysozyme(LYZ).The content of immunoglobulin M(IgM)in serum of African catfi sh was also induced by dietary BVC supplementation.Furthermore,the expression levels of interleukin-8(IL-8),toll-like receptor 1 and 5(TLR1 and TLR5),myeloid diff erentiation factor 88(MyD88),and nuclear factor kappa B(NFκB)in the head kidney were signifi cantly up-regulated.Our fi ndings indicate BVC could be an eff ective immunostimulant in teleost species,which may enhance fi sh immunity through improving hematic parameters,activating bioactive humoral molecules,and up-regulating immune related molecular pathways.展开更多
The use of chemotherapeutants, antibiotics, and pesticides in aqua farms and non-adherence to scientific management practices have resulted in adverse impact on aquacultural production, serious outbreaks of diseases, ...The use of chemotherapeutants, antibiotics, and pesticides in aqua farms and non-adherence to scientific management practices have resulted in adverse impact on aquacultural production, serious outbreaks of diseases, development of drug resistance in microbes, and accumulation of antibiotics and pesticide residues in finfish and shellfish and environmental pollution. As a result, a need has been felt by the aquaculturists as well as aquatic animal health management professionals to find a suitable alternative therapy in place of antibiotics and chemotherapy. Phytotherapy has come to be recognized as a handy and viable alternative to chemotherapy, as it is economical, effective, non-resistance forming, renewable, eco-friendly and farmer-friendly. Although the use of medicinal plants is known to humanity since the dawn of human civilization for the treatment and control of human and animal diseases but its importance in combating finfish and shellfish diseases has been realized only recently. The phytotherapy of aquacultural diseases is in its infancy in most part of the world except in China to some extent. However, many important contributions in this field by different workers during the last quarter of the 20th century and early 21st century have shown encouraging results and opened new vistas in phytotherapy of aquatic animals. The present review crtically evaluates the present status of knowledge of phytotherapy in the world combating various aquacultural diseases, identifying the bottlenecks and suggests remedial measures.展开更多
The present study examined the influence of leucine metabolite β-hydroxy-β-methylbutyrate （HMB） on the nonspecific cellular and humoral defence mechanisms and protection against Yersinia ruckeri and Aeromonas salm...The present study examined the influence of leucine metabolite β-hydroxy-β-methylbutyrate （HMB） on the nonspecific cellular and humoral defence mechanisms and protection against Yersinia ruckeri and Aeromonas salmonicida in juvenile pikeperch （Sander lucioperca）. The fish was fed with a commercial trout pellets, containing either 0 （control group） or 50 mg HMB kg^-1 body weight day^-1 （HMB fed group）. After four weeks feeding, 20 pikeperch from each group were anaesthetised and blood and pronephros samples were taken. The levels of the following immunological parameters were measured： respiratory burst activity of phagocytes, potential killing activity of phagocytes, lymphocytes proliferation stimulated by concanavaline A or lipopolisaccharide, lysozyme activity in serum, ceruloplasmin activity in serum, total protein in serum and total immunoglobulin （Ig） level in serum. A disease challenge test using Yersinia ruckeri or Aeromonas salmonicida was conducted after 4 weeks of feeding. The levels of all immunological parameters excluding ceruloplasmin activity and total protein in serum were statistically significantly higher （P 〈 0.05） in the HMB treated group compared to the control group. Feeding with HMB has led to a significant decrease in the mortality after the challenge trial with Y. ruckeri （30% lower mortality than in the control group） and with theA. salmonicida （40% lower mortality than in the control group）. The current study strongly suggests that feeding pikeperch with HMB in dose 50 mg kg^-1 body weight day^-1 may improve the innate immunity and decrease the mortality rates after experimental infection with pathogenic bacteria Y. ruckeri and A. salmonicida.展开更多
Ultrafiltration and a series of chromatographic steps were used to isolate and purify polysaccharides from Tremella aurantialba fruit bodies.Three crude fractions(TAP50w,TAP10-50w,and TAP1-10w),five semi-purified frac...Ultrafiltration and a series of chromatographic steps were used to isolate and purify polysaccharides from Tremella aurantialba fruit bodies.Three crude fractions(TAP50w,TAP10-50w,and TAP1-10w),five semi-purified fractions(TAPA-TAPE),and one purified fraction(TAPA1) were obtained.A sulfated derivative of TAPA1(TAPA1-s) was prepared by chemical modification.The immunostimulating activity of the polysaccharide fractions in vitro was determined using the mouse spleen lymphocyte proliferation assay.Of the three crude fractions tested,cell prolifera-tion rates were increased most by TAP50w.Furthermore,TAPA1-s was markedly more stimulatory than TAPA1,indicating that sulfonation was an effective way to enhance the immunostimulating activity of polysaccharide.展开更多
It is currently difficult for conventional treatments of acute pancreatitis (AP), which primarily consist of anti-inflammatory therapies, to prevent the progression of AP or to improve its outcome. This may be because...It is currently difficult for conventional treatments of acute pancreatitis (AP), which primarily consist of anti-inflammatory therapies, to prevent the progression of AP or to improve its outcome. This may be because the occurrence and progression of AP, which involves various inflammatory cells and cytokines, includes a series of complex immune events. Considering the complex immune system alterations during the course of AP, it is necessary to monitor the indicators related to immune cells and inflammatory mediators and to develop more individualized interventions for AP patients using immunomodulatory therapy. This review discusses the recent advances in immunomodulatory therapies. It has been suggested that overactive inflammatory responses should be inhibited and excessive immunosuppression should be avoided in the early stages of AP. The optimal duration of anti-inflammatory therapy may be shorter than previously expected (< 24 h), and appropriate immunostimulatory therapies should be administered during the period from the 3rd d to the 14th d in the course of AP. A combination therapy of anti-inflammatory and immune-stimulating drugs would hopefully constitute an alternative to anti-inflammatory drug monotherapy. Additionally, the detection of the genotypes of critical inflammatory mediators may be useful for screening populations of AP patients at high risk of severe infections to enable the administration of early interventions to improve their prognosis. (C) 2014 Baishideng Publishing Group Inc. All rights reserved.展开更多
Vaccines require optimal adjuvants including immunopotentiator and delivery systems to offer long term protection from infectious diseases in animals and man. Initially it was believed that adjuvants are responsible f...Vaccines require optimal adjuvants including immunopotentiator and delivery systems to offer long term protection from infectious diseases in animals and man. Initially it was believed that adjuvants are responsible for promoting strong and sustainable antibody responses. Now it has been shown that adjuvants influence the isotype and avidity of antibody and also affect the properties of cell-mediated immunity. Mostly oil emulsions, lipopolysaccharides, polymers, saponins, liposomes, cytokines, ISCOMs (immunostimulating complexes), Freund’s complete adjuvant, Freund’s incomplete adjuvant, alums, bacterial toxins etc., are common adjuvants under investigation. Saponin based adjuvants have the ability to stimulate the cell mediated immune system as well as to enhance antibody production and have the advantage that only a low dose is needed for adjuvant activity. In the present study the importance of adjuvants, their role and the effect of saponin in immune system is reviewed.展开更多
基金Supported by the National Key Technology Research and Development Program (863 Program, No. 2006BAD09A06)the Special Fund of Chinese Central Government for Basic Scientific Research Operations in Commonweal Research Institutes (No. 02-2007B03)
文摘Immunostimulants may improve disease resistance of aquaculture animals by promoting the nonspecific immunity response of the organisms. Five types of saccharides, including chitosan, yeast polysaccharide, burdock oligosaccharide, seaweed polysaccharide and lentinus edodes polysaccharide, were screened for potential use as immunostimulants by using spectrophotometry. The saccharides were injected into Apostichopusjaponicus, a sea cucumber, and the lysozyme and superoxide dismutase （SOD） activities of the coelomic fluid and epidermal slime were monitored in six consecutive days. The results show that the lysozyme activity of the animal＇s coelomic fluid was significantly stimulated on day 2, day 4 and day 6 after the injection of the saccharides （P〈0.05）. The effects of chitosan and yeast polysaccharide were the most notable. The lysozyme activity of the epidermal slime was significantly increased by chitosana, yeast polysaccharide, seaweed polysacchafide, and burdock oligosaccharide on day 1 and day 2 after the injection （P〈0.05）. The SOD activity of the coelomic fluid was significantly promoted by the saccharides on day 2 and day 4 post-injection （P〈0.05）, while the SOD activity of the epidermal slime increased on day 2. These findings indicate that chitosan and yeast polysaccharide are the most effective immunostimulants and potential healthy anti-disease feedstuff for A. japonicus.
基金supported by the Foundation for University Key Teachers under the Ministry of Education of China (No. 160004)
文摘To investigate the stimulating effects of immunostimulants on the autogenous immunocompetence of crabs and the possible mechanisms involved, the immunostimulating effects of β-1,3-glucan, lipopolysaccharide (LPS), inactivated Vibrio harveyi and Vibrio anguillarum on phenoloxidase (PO) and hemocytes of Charybdis japonica were investigated in this study. It was found that the yields and the enzymatic activities of purified PO in C. japonica increased significantly after the crabs were treated with immunostimulants, while the unit enzymatic activities remained almost the same. After treatment with β-1,3-glucan and LPS, the amount of rough endoplasmic reticulum (RER) and the number of mitochondria in both semigranular cells and granular cells increased greatly, and the number of cytoplasmic granules decreased but with enlarged volume. However, the corresponding characteristics of hyaline cells remained almost the same. On the other hand, the number of granules in semigranular cells decreased greatly, and the number of mitochondria of hyaline cells increased greatly, after treatment with inactivated vibrios. It may be concluded that the effect of polysaccharide immunostimulants on the innate immune system of C. japonica is different from that of inactivated vibrio immu-nostimulants. The immunity-enhancing mechanism of polysaccharides in crab autogenous immunocompetence is probably accomplished by the increased yields of PO and total PO activities, while that of inactivated vibrios is probably accomplished by the partially increased yields of PO and total PO activities as well as the significantly improved phagocytotic abilities of semigranular cells and hyaline cells.
文摘In this article, information about universal and triple contact actional ZEROX immunostimulant at 3 various norms and different periods when it affected to Bukhara 10 cotton on 3 numbers of seedlings is presented. Research has shown, when in pre-sowing of seed 2 l/t and 2 l/ha in vegetation periods of ZEROX immunostimulant in the number of left seedlings 80 - 90,000 plant/ha of Bukhara 10 cotton it was treated, it was determined that the highest yield was obtained.
文摘Purpose of the study was to demonstrate the ability of Pleurotus eryngii(PE)extracts to stimulate the production of nitric oxide(NO)and TNF-αas well as to evaluate the cell viability by the use of chicken peripheral blood mononuclear cells(PBMCs)and RAW 264.7 macrophages in vitro.The PE contained 341.0±14.5 mg/g DW,78,2±4.1 Bg/g DW and 38.4+3.3 mg/g DW of crude polysaccharide,adenosine and crude triterpenoid contents,respectively.The results of cell viability assay showed that 95,0%of chicken PBMCs and RAW 264.7 macrophages were survived under the treatment of 9.6 mg/mL of PE extracts by microculture tetrazolium assays(MTAs).Moreover,the cell inhibitory activity did not show the 50%cyto-toxicity effect(ICs0).In addition,no production by stimulated chicken PBMCs and RAW 264.7 macrophages exhibited individually the linear relations with the concentration of PE extracts,and they were approximately 65μM and 45 p.M in 1600μg/mL,respectively.The tendency with the release of TNF-αby RAW 264.7 maerophages also corresponded with concentration of PE extracts.It is concluded,PE extracts act as an immunostimulant for both tested cells but have no serious effect on inhibiting chicken PBMCs viability,and therefore it may be suggested as immune supplements for broilers.
文摘Aquaculture is a rapidly growing global agriculture sector and the importance of fish health has become of upmost importance as production levels and stocking densities increase. Over the past few decades, there have been a large number of immunological investigations on commonly cultured finfish species. Further, new technologies and strategies that embody use of fish immunostimulants, probiotics, and vaccinology rely heavily upon a comprehensive understanding of teleost immune system mechanics. The teleost immune system works in concert to properly recognize, control, and clear aquatic pathogens. Recent findings have exemplified the cooperative efforts of the nonspecific and adaptive branches, and have put forth an emphasis on the importance of the mucosal immune response in all aspects of a mounted immune response. This review provides a generalized overview of the innate and adaptive arms of the fish immune system, and provides highlights of recently published work in the areas of signaling networks and mucosal immune interactions.
基金the National Natural Science Foundation of China (Grant no.32072990)Xiamen Marine and Fisheries Development Fund (Grant No.19CZP018HJ04)Science and Technology Major/Special Project of Fujian Province (2021NZ029022)for supporting this research work.
文摘Protein deficiency is a major difficulty for human needs in the past few decades,while different types of aquatic species are rich in high quality protein.Therefore,aquaculture is considered as the main developing food production sector globally.Bacterial infections are the main problem for aquaculture,and their outbreaks have a great impact on productivity,and previously indiscriminate use of antibiotics to control them.However,the emergence of multidrug-resistant pathogens might lead to sudden infectious disease outbreaks resulting in serious economic loss.Immunostimulants application is an effective technique to protect and enhance the immune system of aquatic animals and therefore improve aquaculture production.Nutrient immunostimulants such as essential fatty acids,amino acids,vitamins,and minerals are the most important responsibility to improve aquaculture production,as well as the cost of this method,which is effective,non-toxic,and environment friendly.These nutrient immunostimulants are supportive to increase the immune system,antioxidant,anti-inflammatory,and infection resistance of aquatic animals.In addition,nutritional feed additives improved feed palatability and the excellence of aquatic products and also enhance gut functions.Some information is available on nutrient immunostimulants in aquaculture applications,and this review provides information on different kinds of nutritional administration used in aquaculture to enhance positive impacts on aquatic animals’health as well as feed quality development.This review will provide theoretical references for the application of nutrient immunostimulants in aquatic feeds.
基金Supported by the Centre for Marine Living Resources and Ecology(Ministry of Earth Sciences),Kochi for financial assistance(Grant No.MoES/10MLR/2007).
文摘Objective:To evaluate the antibacterial activity and immunostimulant of red seaweedChondrococcus hornemanni pathogens.Methods:(C.hornemanni)(Kuetzing,1847)against marine ornamental fish antimicrobial activity against two fish pathogens and the partially purified potential compound was characterized by GC-MS.Purified seaweed extract was injected to the clownfish,Amphiprion sebae to study the innate immune response of these fishes.Results:In the present study,seaweed extract of C.hornemanni showed significant Aeromonas hydrophila(20 mm)and Vibrio parahaemolyticus(19 mm)at a concentration(25 mg/mL)shown higher antimicrobial activity.The white blood cell count and respirator burst activity was significantly increased in the experimental tanks(E1)and(E2)when compared with control.The extracts was found effective and had more than 80%inhibitory activity against Conclusions:Hence,it is concluded that the seaweed extracts of C.hornemanni had potential bioactive compounds and act an immunostimulant and improve the immune response to fish.
文摘Humans and other vertebrates are safeguarded from invading pathogenic microbes by the immune system.Black seed,scientifically known as Nigella sativa,has garnered attention for its potential immunomodulatory effects in both clinical and preclinical studies.This comprehensive review aims to consolidate and analyze the existing body of evidence surrounding the immunological impact of black seeds.In this review,we analyze the immunomodulatory potentials of black seeds(N.sativa).For the purpose of finding pertinent publications,the literatures was searched in web-based databases,including Web of Science,Medline/PMC/PubMed,Embase,EBSCO,Google Scholar,Science Direct,and reference lists.Several clinical,in vivo,and in vitro studies have demonstrated that supplementation with black seeds(N.sativa)has potential immunomodulatory activity.Black seeds(N.sativa)may influence immune responses through a variety of mechanisms.By synthesizing and critically assessing the current state of knowledge on the immunomodulatory effects of black seeds,this review aims to provide valuable insights into the potential therapeutic uses and future research directions for harnessing the immunological benefits of this natural remedy.
基金supported by Scientific and Technological Research Council of Turkey(TUBITAK,Grant No.213S148)
文摘Objective: To prepare and characterize poly lactic-co-glycolic acid(PLGA) nanoparticles loaded with soluble leishmanial antigen or autoclaved leishmanial antigen and explore in vitro and in vivo immunogenicity of antigen encapsulated nanoparticles. Methods: Water/oil/water double emulsion technique was employed to synthesize PLGA nanoparticles, and scanning electron microscopy, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy and Zeta-potential measurements were used to identify the characteristics of nanoparticles. Cytotoxicity of synthetized nanoparticles on J774 macrophage were investigated by MTT assays. To determine the in vitro immunostimulatory efficacies of nanoparticles, griess reaction and ELISA was used to measure the amounts of NO and cytokines. During the in vivo analysis, Balb/c mice were immunized with vaccine formulations, and protective properties of nanoparticles were measured by Leishman Donovan unit in the liver following the infection. Cytokine levels in spleens of mice were determined by ELISA. Results: MTT assay showed that neither soluble leishmanial antigen nor autoclaved leishmanial antigen encapsulated nanoparticles showed cytotoxicity against J774 macrophage cells. Contrary to free antigens, both autoclaved leishmanial antigen-nanoparticle and soluble leishmanial antigen-nanoparticle formulations led to a 10 and 16-fold increase in NO amounts by macrophages, respectively. Leishman Donovan unit calculations revealed that soluble leishmanial antigen-nanoparticles and autoclaved leishmanial antigen-nanoparticles yielded 52% and 64% protection against visceral leishmaniasis in mouse models. Besides, in vitro and in vivo tests demonstrated that by increasing IFN-γ and IL-12 levels and inhibiting IL-4 and IL-10 secretions, autoclaved leishmanial antigen-nanoparticles and soluble leishmanial antigennanoparticles triggered Th1 immune response. Conclusions: Both autoclaved leishmanial antigen-nanoparticles and soluble leishmanial antigen-nanoparticles formulations provide exceptional in vitro and in vivo immunostimulatory activities. Hence, PLGA-based antigen delivery systems are recommended as potential vaccine candidates against visceral leishmaniasis.
基金Corresponding author:Consolato M Sergi,MD,PhD,Chief,Anatomic Pathology Division,Pediatric Pathologist,Children’s Hospital of Eastern Ontario(CHEO),401 Smyth Road,Ottawa K1H 8L1,ON,Canada.csergi@cheo.on.ca。
文摘Autoimmune hepatitis is a chronic liver disease harboring an autoimmune basis and progressive character.Despite still obscurity in etiology and pathogenesis,some evidence supports the importance of sustaining the immune system.Vitamin D is a lipo-soluble vitamin,which has been identified as decreased in our body.It is often due to the daily habit change and decrease of individual sun exposure due to the increase of the ultraviolet-induced potential melanocytic transformation.Here,we emphasize the importance of vitamin D supplementation in patients affected with liver disease.
文摘The use of Levamisole hydrochloride as an immunostimulant has been successful in the control of certain diseases such as Derzsy’s disease in chicken as well as in increasing lymphocytes and weight gain in pigs. However, its use as immunostimulant in the prevention of Peste des petits ruminants (PPR) in goats has not been investigated. In this study, the use of Levamisole in enhancing immune response to PPR vaccination including its effects on weight gain was investigated among groups of goats (groups A, B, C and D). Virus neutralization test was used to determine the antibody profile in vaccinated goats while the total and differential leucocyte counts and body mass index (BMI) were determined using standard procedures. Goats in group A (Levamisole primed and PPR vaccinated) seroconverted to more than 3-folds of the initial pre-vaccination geometric mean titre (GMT) of neutralizing antibody beginning from second week post-vaccination and remained high throughout the period of the experiment. Similarly, there was significant increase (p 0.05) in BMI of animals in other groups throughout the period of the experiment. The results of this study further confirm the immunostimulatory effect of Levamisole when used in combination with a vaccine.
基金Partially Supported by Ministry of Higher Education and Universiti Teknologi MARA,Malaysia(Grant No.LESTARI:600-RMI/DANA 5/3/LESTARI(52/2015)
文摘Objective:To assess the immunopotentiality of Ayurvedic polyherbal preparations,"Saribadi" and "Anantamul Salsa".Methods: Freshly prepared BALB/c mice splenocytes were cultured with "Saribadi" or"Anantamul Salsa" treatment [doses of 0.25%, 0.50%, 0.75%, 1.00%, 1.50%, 2.00%,3.00% and 4.00%(v/v)] at 37C for 5 days. The immunoglobulin M(IgM) production and lymphocytes proliferation were determined by ELISA and MTT methods, respectively.Endotoxin contamination was assessed by treating the preparations with polymyxin B.Results: The doses of "Saribadi" [0.25%, 0.50%, 0.75% and 1.00%(v/v)] significantly increased IgM productions(0.966, 0.728, 0.695 and 0.615 mg/m L vs. control 0.265 mg/m L)and lymphocytes proliferation [absorbance 0.311, 0.394, 0.372 and 0.334 optical density(OD) vs. control 0.162 OD]. Similarly, the doses of "Anantamul Salsa" [0.50%, 0.75%,1.00% and 1.50%(v/v)] promoted IgM productions(0.933, 0.919, 0.917 and 0.892 mg/m L vs. control 0.502 mg/m L) and the doses of "Anantamul Salsa" [0.50%, 0.75%, 1.00%,1.50%, 2.00%, and 3.00%(v/v)] stimulated lymphocytes proliferation(absorbance 0.395,0.326, 0.440, 0.398, 0.452 and 0.355 OD vs. control 0.199 OD). The activity of "Saribadi"and "Anantamul Salsa" was not retarded by the treatment of preparations with polymyxin B.Conclusions: Immunomodulatory activity of "Saribadi" and "Anantamul Salsa" was unveiled for the first time. "Saribadi" and "Anantamul Salsa" possess immunostimulating potential acting through the induction of lymphocyte proliferation and IgM production.These preparations may be useful in strengthening immune responses. However, further cellular and in vivo studies are required.
文摘Hepatitis B virus(HBV)is a major global health problem.Despite the success of the general measures against blood transmitted infections in hemodialysis(HD)units,the prevalence of HBV infection among the HD patients is still high.Thus vaccination against HBV is indicating in this population.However,compared with the general population the seroprotection achieved in HD patients remains relatively low,at about 70%.In this review patient,HD procedure and vaccine-associated factors that affect the efficacy of HBV vaccination are analyzed.Also alternative routes of HBV vaccine administration as well as new and more immunogenic vaccine formulations are discussed.However,besides scientific progress,vigilance of HD physicians and staff regarding the general measures against the transmission of blood borne infections and the vaccination against HBV is also required for reducing the prevalence of this viral infection.
文摘The immunostimulatory property of a synthetic polyphosphoramidate based on stearyl tyrosine (PPST) is described. The immunostimulatory activity of this negatively charged polymer was investigated in vitro through examining the effect on the mitogen induced lymphocytes proliferation by a tetrazolium based colormetric assay and also through studying the primary plaque forming cells (IgM PFC) responses of Balb/c mice after the intraperitoneal (i.p.) injection of the polymer with sheep red blood cells (SRBC). PPST exhibits specific and high immunostimulatory activity in vitro by the stimulation on lipopolysaccharide(LPS) induced murine B cells proliferation, which is probably due to the interaction between the polymer with LPS responding B lymphocytes. This polymer also makes a significant increase of single antibody producing cells. The result shows that the stimulation rate to IgM PFC responses of Balb/c mice achieved 77.9% ( p <0.01) when 160 mg/kg of PPST was injected 4 h before with SRBC.
基金Supported by the National Key R&D Program of China(No.2018YFD0900603)the National Natural Science Foundation of China(No.31672634)+1 种基金the Open Project of Key Laboratory of Environmental Biotechnology,CAS(No.kf2018005)the Science and Technology Project of Wenzhou(No.2019ZX002-02)。
文摘Although the immunomodulatory activity of bamboo vinegar and charcoal powder(BVC)has been increasingly documented in domestic animals,the use of BVC as immunostimulant in fi sh aquaculture awaits verifi cation.In the present study,the immunostimulatory impacts of dietary BVC intake were investigated in an important aquaculture fi sh species,the African catfi sh Clarias gariepinus.Results show that the pathogen resistance of African catfi sh was signifi cantly improved by dietary BVC intake at the tested levels(0.5%-2%),as indicated by higher survival rates(approximately 1.52-1.85 times that without BVC supplementation)upon intraperitoneally injection of bacterial pathogen Aeromonas hydrophila.In addition,both the count and phagocytic activity of blood cells were signifi cantly up-regulated by a 45-day dietary supplementation of BVC.Moreover,compared to that of the control,fi sh individuals fed BVC containing diets exhibited signifi cant higher activities of superoxide dismutase(SOD),myeloperoxidase(MPO),and lysozyme(LYZ).The content of immunoglobulin M(IgM)in serum of African catfi sh was also induced by dietary BVC supplementation.Furthermore,the expression levels of interleukin-8(IL-8),toll-like receptor 1 and 5(TLR1 and TLR5),myeloid diff erentiation factor 88(MyD88),and nuclear factor kappa B(NFκB)in the head kidney were signifi cantly up-regulated.Our fi ndings indicate BVC could be an eff ective immunostimulant in teleost species,which may enhance fi sh immunity through improving hematic parameters,activating bioactive humoral molecules,and up-regulating immune related molecular pathways.
文摘The use of chemotherapeutants, antibiotics, and pesticides in aqua farms and non-adherence to scientific management practices have resulted in adverse impact on aquacultural production, serious outbreaks of diseases, development of drug resistance in microbes, and accumulation of antibiotics and pesticide residues in finfish and shellfish and environmental pollution. As a result, a need has been felt by the aquaculturists as well as aquatic animal health management professionals to find a suitable alternative therapy in place of antibiotics and chemotherapy. Phytotherapy has come to be recognized as a handy and viable alternative to chemotherapy, as it is economical, effective, non-resistance forming, renewable, eco-friendly and farmer-friendly. Although the use of medicinal plants is known to humanity since the dawn of human civilization for the treatment and control of human and animal diseases but its importance in combating finfish and shellfish diseases has been realized only recently. The phytotherapy of aquacultural diseases is in its infancy in most part of the world except in China to some extent. However, many important contributions in this field by different workers during the last quarter of the 20th century and early 21st century have shown encouraging results and opened new vistas in phytotherapy of aquatic animals. The present review crtically evaluates the present status of knowledge of phytotherapy in the world combating various aquacultural diseases, identifying the bottlenecks and suggests remedial measures.
文摘The present study examined the influence of leucine metabolite β-hydroxy-β-methylbutyrate （HMB） on the nonspecific cellular and humoral defence mechanisms and protection against Yersinia ruckeri and Aeromonas salmonicida in juvenile pikeperch （Sander lucioperca）. The fish was fed with a commercial trout pellets, containing either 0 （control group） or 50 mg HMB kg^-1 body weight day^-1 （HMB fed group）. After four weeks feeding, 20 pikeperch from each group were anaesthetised and blood and pronephros samples were taken. The levels of the following immunological parameters were measured： respiratory burst activity of phagocytes, potential killing activity of phagocytes, lymphocytes proliferation stimulated by concanavaline A or lipopolisaccharide, lysozyme activity in serum, ceruloplasmin activity in serum, total protein in serum and total immunoglobulin （Ig） level in serum. A disease challenge test using Yersinia ruckeri or Aeromonas salmonicida was conducted after 4 weeks of feeding. The levels of all immunological parameters excluding ceruloplasmin activity and total protein in serum were statistically significantly higher （P 〈 0.05） in the HMB treated group compared to the control group. Feeding with HMB has led to a significant decrease in the mortality after the challenge trial with Y. ruckeri （30% lower mortality than in the control group） and with theA. salmonicida （40% lower mortality than in the control group）. The current study strongly suggests that feeding pikeperch with HMB in dose 50 mg kg^-1 body weight day^-1 may improve the innate immunity and decrease the mortality rates after experimental infection with pathogenic bacteria Y. ruckeri and A. salmonicida.
基金Project (No.2006BAD06B08) supported by the National Key Technology R & D Program of China
文摘Ultrafiltration and a series of chromatographic steps were used to isolate and purify polysaccharides from Tremella aurantialba fruit bodies.Three crude fractions(TAP50w,TAP10-50w,and TAP1-10w),five semi-purified fractions(TAPA-TAPE),and one purified fraction(TAPA1) were obtained.A sulfated derivative of TAPA1(TAPA1-s) was prepared by chemical modification.The immunostimulating activity of the polysaccharide fractions in vitro was determined using the mouse spleen lymphocyte proliferation assay.Of the three crude fractions tested,cell prolifera-tion rates were increased most by TAP50w.Furthermore,TAPA1-s was markedly more stimulatory than TAPA1,indicating that sulfonation was an effective way to enhance the immunostimulating activity of polysaccharide.
基金Supported by National Natural Science Foundation of China,No.81170384
文摘It is currently difficult for conventional treatments of acute pancreatitis (AP), which primarily consist of anti-inflammatory therapies, to prevent the progression of AP or to improve its outcome. This may be because the occurrence and progression of AP, which involves various inflammatory cells and cytokines, includes a series of complex immune events. Considering the complex immune system alterations during the course of AP, it is necessary to monitor the indicators related to immune cells and inflammatory mediators and to develop more individualized interventions for AP patients using immunomodulatory therapy. This review discusses the recent advances in immunomodulatory therapies. It has been suggested that overactive inflammatory responses should be inhibited and excessive immunosuppression should be avoided in the early stages of AP. The optimal duration of anti-inflammatory therapy may be shorter than previously expected (< 24 h), and appropriate immunostimulatory therapies should be administered during the period from the 3rd d to the 14th d in the course of AP. A combination therapy of anti-inflammatory and immune-stimulating drugs would hopefully constitute an alternative to anti-inflammatory drug monotherapy. Additionally, the detection of the genotypes of critical inflammatory mediators may be useful for screening populations of AP patients at high risk of severe infections to enable the administration of early interventions to improve their prognosis. (C) 2014 Baishideng Publishing Group Inc. All rights reserved.
基金Project (No. 2004C32047)supported by the Department of Scienceand Technology of Zhejiang Province, China
文摘Vaccines require optimal adjuvants including immunopotentiator and delivery systems to offer long term protection from infectious diseases in animals and man. Initially it was believed that adjuvants are responsible for promoting strong and sustainable antibody responses. Now it has been shown that adjuvants influence the isotype and avidity of antibody and also affect the properties of cell-mediated immunity. Mostly oil emulsions, lipopolysaccharides, polymers, saponins, liposomes, cytokines, ISCOMs (immunostimulating complexes), Freund’s complete adjuvant, Freund’s incomplete adjuvant, alums, bacterial toxins etc., are common adjuvants under investigation. Saponin based adjuvants have the ability to stimulate the cell mediated immune system as well as to enhance antibody production and have the advantage that only a low dose is needed for adjuvant activity. In the present study the importance of adjuvants, their role and the effect of saponin in immune system is reviewed.
