This study attempted to assess the lethal concentration(96-h LC_(50))effects of imidacloprid(neonicotinoid pesticide),thiamethoxam(neonicotinoid pesticide),and their combination on juvenile Zebrafish(Danio rerio).Each...This study attempted to assess the lethal concentration(96-h LC_(50))effects of imidacloprid(neonicotinoid pesticide),thiamethoxam(neonicotinoid pesticide),and their combination on juvenile Zebrafish(Danio rerio).Each set of trials contained a control(de-chlorinated tap water),and the experiments were repeated three times.The fish(n=10)were randomly measured with an average length of(3.4±0.34)cm and weight of(1±0.1)g.The temperature was kept at 24℃.Experiments 1 and 2 were designed to investigate at the acute toxicity of imidacloprid and thiamethoxam on juvenile zebrafish(Danio rerio)respectively,whereas experiment 3 was aimed at the combined toxicity of IMI and THM on zebrafish.The tests followed the same study design,and each experiment used seven different logarithmic concentrations of imidacloprid insecticides(310.00,317.08,324.33,331.74,339.32,347.07,355.00 mg/L)and thiamethoxam(175.00,185.52,200.93,215.30,230.70,247.20,264.88 mg/L).The results show that THM is more toxic than IMI,with LC_(50)values of 190.34 mg/L for THM and 310.92 mg/L for IMI.Both individual toxicities showed a substantial positive connection(P<0.05)with confidence limits of 321.50-300.68 mg/L for IMI and 199.91-181.21 mg/L for THM.The joint toxicity test was carried out using the 96-h LC_(50)values of imidacloprid and thiamethoxam obtained in the individual acute toxicity trials at a 1:1 ratio.The Additive Index(AI)demonstrated that imidacloprid and thiamethoxam acted synergistically on D.rerio.As a matter of fact,more research is needed to better understand the impact of IMI and THM on other aquatic organisms and also create strategies to mitigate its harmful effects on aquatic life.展开更多
Aim: The harmful effects of pesticides have been largely documented in recent times. But effective therapeutic solutions to pesticide related male infertility are yet to be established. This study investigated the cur...Aim: The harmful effects of pesticides have been largely documented in recent times. But effective therapeutic solutions to pesticide related male infertility are yet to be established. This study investigated the curative effects of Lannea acida on imidacloprid (IMI)-induced hypofertility in male Wistar rats. Methods: Rats of 150 – 200 g were administered IMI (22.5 mg/kg) for two weeks and partitioned into control (distilled water, vitamin E, clomiphene citrate) or test (aqueous (340 mg/kg), methanol (170 mg/kg) extract) groups for eight weeks treatment. Animals were sacrificed at the end of the treatment and samples were collected for sperm, antioxidant and hormonal analysis. Fertility tests were performed from treatment day 47 for fertility indices estimation. Results were expressed as mean ± SEM and one way ANOVA was applied using STATISTICA Software. Results: Exposition to IMI resulted in a significant decrease in sperm count, motility, viability and normality, testosterone and LH, coupled to an increase in oxidative stress markers. Moreover, IMI impaired male fertility evidenced by a significant drop in fertility index and litter size. Similar to clomiphene citrate and vitamin E, plant extracts significantly improved the sperm parameters, sexual hormones and decreased the oxidative stress markers. More importantly, the fertility index and litter size were restored, especially with the aqueous extract. Conclusion: Present results indicate that L. acida possesses curative potentials against IMI-induced hypofertility through its androgenic and antioxidant properties. However, the effects the extract on spermatozoa DNA structure and the fertility of offsprings from exposed parents are yet to be studied to conclude on total recovery from IMI toxicity.展开更多
[Objective] To compare the translocation and distribution of imidacloprid in tobacco with spray and root irrigation application methods. [Methods] Pot experiment in the greenhouse was carried out, and LC-MSMS was used...[Objective] To compare the translocation and distribution of imidacloprid in tobacco with spray and root irrigation application methods. [Methods] Pot experiment in the greenhouse was carried out, and LC-MSMS was used to determine the con- tent of imidacloprid in different parts of tobacco plants （roots, stems, the upper, middle and lower leaves） at different time. [Results] The imidacloprid could be absorbed by root and could be transported to all parts of the tobacco plant after irrigating root, but the original deposition amount was larger and the transport efficiency was lower after spraying. [Conclusion] The translocation and distribution of imidacloprid by spraying was more uniform and the holding efficiency was better, but imidacloprid with root irrigation could act on leaf directly, and had better readily availability.展开更多
[Objective] The aim was to seek the appropriate utilization methods for imidacloprid pesticide in the production of Chinese wolfberry,as well as to provide scientific basis for the rational use of imidacloprid pestici...[Objective] The aim was to seek the appropriate utilization methods for imidacloprid pesticide in the production of Chinese wolfberry,as well as to provide scientific basis for the rational use of imidacloprid pesticide. [Method] The effect of different concentrations and spraying times of 10% WP of imidacloprid on the main secondary metabolites such as carotenoid and flavone,as well as the polysaccharide and total sugar content was studied in field. [Result] The effect of different concentrations of imidacloprid on the secondary metabolites and the content of polysaccharide of Chinese wolfberry was significant. After imidacloprid spraying,the contents of flavone,polysaccharide and total sugar on the 1st,7th and 14th d showed increasing trend,while the content of carotenoid showed decreasing trend. With the dilution times increasing,the content of the flavone,polysaccharide and total sugar showed increasing trend,while the content of carotenoid decreased,in which the highest content of the secondary metabolites and polysaccharide appeared in 1 800 times. [Conclusion] The dilution ratio of 1 800 times should be selected as the appropriate dosage of 10% WP of imidacloprid.展开更多
The four treatments of spraying water the control, spraying before bagging, spraying after bagging, spraying without bagging were conducted by spraying 38% of the mixed suspension agent of imidacloprid and buprofezin,...The four treatments of spraying water the control, spraying before bagging, spraying after bagging, spraying without bagging were conducted by spraying 38% of the mixed suspension agent of imidacloprid and buprofezin, and high performance liquid chromatography （HPLC） method was used to test the imidacloprid and buprofezin residues on mango. The results showed that in 0.05-0.5 mg/kg adding level, the average recovery rate of imidacloprid and buprofezin was 82.6-93.8%, and 101.4-104.2%, respectively, and the relative deviation （RSD） was 1.9-4.5%, 9.3-15.6%, respectively. The minimum detectable amounts of both imidacloprid and buprofezin on mango were 0.01 mg/kg. The half-life periods of imidacloprid under the treatments of spraying before bagging, spraying after bagging and spraying without bagging were 16.74, 6.38, and 8.10 d, respectively, and the half-life periods of buprofezin under the treatments of spraying before bagging and spraying without bagging were 9.72 and 9.23 d, respectively. The residual of buprofezin was low in the treatment of spraying after bagging, and the amount detected in the 3rd day had already below the detectable limit. Bagging treatment reduced the digestion rate of 2 kinds of pesticides in mango, and imidacloprid had strong systemic in mango.展开更多
This study reported that a hapten of imidacloprid, 1-[（6-Carboxylethylthio-3- pyridinyl）methyl]-N -nitro-imidazolidinimine was synthesized using technical material of imidacloprid to react with 3-mercaptopropionic a...This study reported that a hapten of imidacloprid, 1-[（6-Carboxylethylthio-3- pyridinyl）methyl]-N -nitro-imidazolidinimine was synthesized using technical material of imidacloprid to react with 3-mercaptopropionic acid in hot alkaline solution. The hapten was conjugated to bovine serum albumin （BSA） and ovalbumin （OVA） to form the immuno-antigens and the coating antigen, respectively. The antibody with high titer （2.56 × 10^4） was obtained after immuning rabbits. The results showed that the antibody had a high affinity to imidacloprid tested by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay （ELISA）, which IC50 and IC20 were 20.7 and 1.1 μg L^-1; and the cross reactibilities to those compounds related with imidacloprid were less than 1.4%.展开更多
A series of La-doped TiO2 with different mass fractions were prepared by sol-gel method. Composite catalysts H3PW12O40/La-TiO2 with different loading levels were synthesized using impregnation method. The prepared sam...A series of La-doped TiO2 with different mass fractions were prepared by sol-gel method. Composite catalysts H3PW12O40/La-TiO2 with different loading levels were synthesized using impregnation method. The prepared samples were charac- terized by foutler transform infrared spectroscopy （FT-IR）, X-ray diffraction （XRD）, scanning electron microscopy （SEM）, UV vis diffuse reflectance spectroscopy （DRS） and nitrogen adsorption-desorption analysis. The Keggin structure of H3PWI2040 （HPW） re- mained intact on the surface of the composites, they had relatively uniform spherical grains of diameter less than 20 nm. The visible light activity of prepared composites were improved by loading HPW and doping La. The prepared composites were used as photo- catalysts in degradation of pesticide imidacloprid. Results revealed that 20%H3PWL204o/0.3%La-TiO2 possessed the best photocata- lyric activity. Thus, the degradation conversion of imidacloprid reached 98.17% after 60 rain irradiation when 20%H3PW12O4/0.3% La-TiO2 was used as catalysts. The degradation of imidacloprid corresponded with first-order kinetic reaction, and the half life of the degradation of imidacloprid was 9.35 min in the optimal conditions.展开更多
During winter wheat production, aphids need to be controlled with pesticides for the entire growth period. Controlled-release technology has been regarded as an alternative method for the improvement of pesticide effi...During winter wheat production, aphids need to be controlled with pesticides for the entire growth period. Controlled-release technology has been regarded as an alternative method for the improvement of pesticide efficiency. This study investigated two types of imidacloprid controlled-release granule (CR-GR): 2% imidacloprid CR-GR and 0.2% imidacloprid pesticide-fertilizer controlled-release granule (PF-CR-GR) when wheat was sown in winter. The release performance, utilization rate, terminal residues in edible parts, control effect on aphids, and achieved winter wheat yield were evaluated for both laboratory experiments and field application. Imidacloprid PF-CR-GR released more quickly in aqueous medium than CR-GR because of its good water solubility. After CR-GR treatments, the concentrations in wheat roots and soil were similar throughout the entire sampling period, and the concentrations in shoots were about 10–20% of those in roots. Imidacloprid was better absorbed when CR-GR was used as root treatment, compared with foliar treatment. Field application showed that imidacloprid CR-GR and PF-CR-GR controlled aphids throughout the entire growth period of winter wheat and improved the wheat yield. These findings identified application of imidacloprid CR-GR and PF-CR-GR on winter wheat as an effective way to enhance the pesticide utilization rate and ensure adequate yield. This paper provides a theoretical basis for the scientific use of pesticides and guides scientific pesticide application.展开更多
This study was aimed to assess the adsorption and leaching potential of imidacloprid pesticide in column and field soil. To visibly understand these actions and factors affecting them, the experiments were carried out...This study was aimed to assess the adsorption and leaching potential of imidacloprid pesticide in column and field soil. To visibly understand these actions and factors affecting them, the experiments were carried out under laboratory and field conditions. Adsorption study was divided into kinetic and equilibrium sections. The evaluation of kinetic data was done through pseudo first and second order models. It was found that kinetic adsorption of imidacloprid on soil followed pseudo second order with rate constant value of 4.333 mg/g/h. Langmuir and Freundlich isotherms were used to explain equilibrium adsorption, from these isotherms it was evaluated that Freundlich isotherm was obeyed well with adsorption capacity of 2.190 - 4.573 mol/g. Leaching study was performed in laboratory using column made of poly-vinyl chloride having 30 cm length. Known amount of imidacloprid pesticide was applied to column left for adsorption and then eluted with 500 mL water in five equal portions. These water portions and soil of column which was divided into three sections were analyzed by HPLC. The result revealed that the concentration of imidacloprid was decreased from 0.481 ppm in first portion of water to 0.327 ppm in last portion of water while 0.783 ppm in first section of column soil to 0.038 ppm in last section of column soil. In field the leaching power of imidacloprid was observed up to 60 cm depth, its concentration decreased with soil depth. It was 3.311 ppm in first portion of soil and 0.357 ppm in last portion of soil. The leaching potential of imidacloprid pesticide up to 60 cm soil depth was due to less organic matter, sandy texture, alkaline pH, and low cation exchange capacity.展开更多
Imidacloprid is a newly introduced broad-spectrum chloronicotinyl insecticide and will find its way in agricultural production, particularly in Asia. However, information on the fate of imidacloprid in crop plants is ...Imidacloprid is a newly introduced broad-spectrum chloronicotinyl insecticide and will find its way in agricultural production, particularly in Asia. However, information on the fate of imidacloprid in crop plants is lacking. The degradation of imidaclopnd in processed CTC tea and tea liquor was investigated in the present study in which imidacloprid was applied at recommended application rate （30.0 g a.i./ha） and twice the recommended application rate （60.0 g a.i./ha） for three consecutive seasons. Imidacloprid was rapidly dissipated in processed tea following first order reaction kinetics at all application rates and had half-lives of 0.9 1-1.16 d with the residue in tea liquor found to be below detectable limit on 3rd day samples. The study revealed that imidacloprid is safe for human consumption and will not pose any residual toxicity problem.展开更多
The direct and sensitized photodegradations of imidacloprid, 1-(6-chloro-3-pyridinylmethyl)-N-nitro-2-imidazolidinimine, were investigated in aqueous solution and with and without various photo-sensitizers. Results of...The direct and sensitized photodegradations of imidacloprid, 1-(6-chloro-3-pyridinylmethyl)-N-nitro-2-imidazolidinimine, were investigated in aqueous solution and with and without various photo-sensitizers. Results of the study revealed that the intensity of lamp-house and irradiation wavelength had significant effects on the photolysis of imidacloprid. Complete degradation of 20 mg/L imidacloprid in aqueous phase was observed in 40 min under ultraviolet(UV) irradiation system, suggesting the ultraviolet ray played significant role in direct photolysis of imidacloprid. The additions of various photo-sensitizers lead to improve the degradation efficiency of imidacloprid under the irradiation of black light fluorescent lamp. TiO 2 was the most efficient in the photo-catalytic degradation of imidacloprid among other photo-sensitizers in used this study. However, addition of acetone inhibited the photolysis of imidacloprid under the irradiation of UV, indicating the occurrence of competition between acetone and imidacloprid for photos. Mineralization of the imidacloprid was examined to clarify the final photochemical degradation products of the insecticide which were CO 2, Cl- and NO- 3. Complete photo-oxidation of nitrogen to NO- 3 occurred very slowly via the intermediate formation of NH+ 4 and NO- 2.展开更多
Seed treatments with the neonicotinoid insecticides imidacloprid and thiamethoxam were evaluated to determine whether the chemicals at effective concentrations for aphid control would influence the germination and ear...Seed treatments with the neonicotinoid insecticides imidacloprid and thiamethoxam were evaluated to determine whether the chemicals at effective concentrations for aphid control would influence the germination and early growth of oilseed rape,Brassica napus.Treatment with imidacloprid or thiamethoxam did not affect the cumulative germination rate,but significantly inhibited establishment potential by suppressing root system development in the cotyledon stage.However,these alterations in seedling development in the thiamethoxam-treated seeds appeared not to be detrimental as leaves developed;in contrast,for the seedlings with imidacloprid as seed treatment agent,a significantly decreased shoot/root ratio was still evident at the late two-leaf stage.After two leaves developed,chlorophyll content per leaf in the thiamethoxam treatment was significantly higher than that of the control,while chlorophyll content per leaf in the imidacloprid treatment remained close to that in the control.Most other parameters,i.e.,height,leaf area,weight of stem,leaf or root,and other growth indexes,between the treatments and the control showed no significant difference.Additionally,it was found that storage time of the treated seeds had a significant effect on cumulative germination rate.Treatment 30 d before planting significantly reduced germination relative to that of the control.All of the plants treated with neonicotinoids were shown to have significant anti-aphid characteristics that persisted until the end of the trial.展开更多
In China, although improvements to the pesticide registration process have been made in la thirty years, no occupational exposure data are required to obtain a commercial license for pesticide product. Consequently, n...In China, although improvements to the pesticide registration process have been made in la thirty years, no occupational exposure data are required to obtain a commercial license for pesticide product. Consequently, notably little research has been conducted to establish a exposure assessment procedure in China. The present study monitored the potential derm operator exposure from knapsack electric sprayer wheat field application of imidacloprid Liaocheng City, Shandong Province and in Xinxiang City, Henan Province, China, usin whole-body dosimetry. The potential inhalation exposure was determined using a person air pump and XAD-2 sample tubes. The analytical method was developed and validate including such performance parameters as limits of detection and quantification, linear rang recovery and precision. The total potential dermal and inhalation exposures were 14.20, 16.815.39 and 20.78 mL/hr, respectively, for the four operators in Liaocheng and Xinxian corresponding to 0.02% to 0.03% of the applied volume of spray solution. In all trials, the low part（thigh, lower leg） of the body was the most contaminated, accounting for approximate76% to 88% of the total exposure. The inhalation exposure was less than 1% of the tot exposure. Such factors as the application pattern, crop type, spray equipment, operat experience and climatic conditions have been used to explain the exposure distribution ov the different parts of the body. As indicated by the calculated Margin of Exposure, the typic wheat treatment scenarios when a backpack sprayer was used are considered to be safe terms of imidacloprid exposure.展开更多
Imidacloprid is one of the most commonly used insecticides in agricultural practice, and its application poses a potential risk for soil microorganisms. The objective of this study was to assess whether changes in the...Imidacloprid is one of the most commonly used insecticides in agricultural practice, and its application poses a potential risk for soil microorganisms. The objective of this study was to assess whether changes in the structure of the soil microbial community after imidacloprid application at the field rate（FR, 1 mg/kg soil） and 10 times the FR（10 × FR, 10 mg/kg soil）may also have an impact on biochemical and microbial soil functioning. The obtained data showed a negative effect by imidacloprid applied at the FR dosage for substrate-induced respiration（SIR）, the number of total bacteria, dehydrogenase（DHA）, both phosphatases（PHOS-H and PHOS-OH）, and urease（URE） at the beginning of the experiment. In 10 × FR treated soil, decreased activity of SIR, DHA, PHOS-OH and PHOS-H was observed over the experimental period. Nitrifying and N2-fixing bacteria were the most sensitive to imidacloprid. The concentration of NO3-decreased in both imidacloprid-treated soils,whereas the concentration of NH4＋in soil with 10 × FR was higher than in the control.Analysis of the bacterial growth strategy revealed that imidacloprid affected the r- or K-type bacterial classes as indicated also by the decreased eco-physiological（EP） index.Imidacloprid affected the physiological state of culturable bacteria and caused a reduction in the rate of colony formation as well as a prolonged time for growth. Principal component analysis showed that imidacloprid application significantly shifted the measured parameters, and the application of imidacloprid may pose a potential risk to the biochemical and microbial activity of soils.展开更多
Field trials were conducted to evaluate the epidemiological factors of okra yellow vein mosaic virus (OYVMV). Four varieties of okra were subjected to screening and evaluation of the chemicals. The variety Saloni F1 w...Field trials were conducted to evaluate the epidemiological factors of okra yellow vein mosaic virus (OYVMV). Four varieties of okra were subjected to screening and evaluation of the chemicals. The variety Saloni F1 was highly resistant while Subz Pari was moderately resistant. Diksha was the tolerant variety while Lush Green was moderately susceptible. The chemical Imidacloprid was most effective to control whitefly population and okra yellow vein mosaic virus (OYVMV). Correlation of environmental factors (maximum and minimum temperature, relative humidity and rainfall) with percent plant infection of okra yellow vein mosaic virus (OYVMV) was also determined. There was a significant correlation between environment and disease severity.展开更多
In the research, 5% imidacloprid oil at different doses were applied to prevent Myzus persicae in order to explore significance analysis in 3, 7, 14, and 20 d, respectively, in three fields, and the results showed tha...In the research, 5% imidacloprid oil at different doses were applied to prevent Myzus persicae in order to explore significance analysis in 3, 7, 14, and 20 d, respectively, in three fields, and the results showed that 5% imidacloprid oil per- formed significant for K326, G28 and Yunyan-87, suggesting 5% imidacloprid oil is effective in controlling Myzus persicae.展开更多
In vitro acute cytotoxicity of neonicotinoid insecticide imidacloprid （IMI） to the gill cell line of flounder （FG） that collected in the gill ofParalichthys olivaceus, was examined by 3 widely used endpoint bioass...In vitro acute cytotoxicity of neonicotinoid insecticide imidacloprid （IMI） to the gill cell line of flounder （FG） that collected in the gill ofParalichthys olivaceus, was examined by 3 widely used endpoint bioassays： NR （neutral red）, MTT （3-（4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl）-2, 5-diphenyltetrazoliurn bromide） and TCP （total cell protein）. The result shows that the IMI increased at concentrations ≥0.5 μg/ml. The ICs0 value of NR, MTT, and TCP was 41.86, 38.46, and 39.08 μg/ml, respectively. The ultrastructural observation revealed that the mitochondria of the cells exposed to 60 μg/ml IMI for 48 h were severely damaged, swollen or disrupted, while their nuclei and rough endoplasmic reticulurn （RER） remained normal. This would suggest that the mitochondria are probably the primary target of IMI.展开更多
A series of imidacloprid derivatives containing an azopyridine motif as a photoswitchable functional group were designed and synthesized. The new version of photoresponsive imidacloprid analogues showed improved solub...A series of imidacloprid derivatives containing an azopyridine motif as a photoswitchable functional group were designed and synthesized. The new version of photoresponsive imidacloprid analogues showed improved solubility in comparison with their azobenzene analogues. 1.2 to 2-fold activity difference was observed for these azopyridine-imidacloprids against house fly （Musca domestica） and cowpea aphid （Aphis craccivora） upon irradiation.展开更多
Homology models of the ligand binding domain of the wild-type and Y151S mutant brown planthopper {Nilaparvata lugens)α1 and rat(Rattus norvegicus)β2 nicotinic acetylcholine receptor(nAChR) subunits were generated ba...Homology models of the ligand binding domain of the wild-type and Y151S mutant brown planthopper {Nilaparvata lugens)α1 and rat(Rattus norvegicus)β2 nicotinic acetylcholine receptor(nAChR) subunits were generated based on the crystal structure of acetylcholine binding protein of Lymnaea stagnalis.Neonicotinoid insecticide imidacloprid was docked into the putative binding site of wild-type and mutantα1β2 dimeric receptors by Surflex-docking,and the calculated docking energies were in agreement with experimen...展开更多
In order to reduce the production cost of imidacloprid, the preparation technology for the direct com-bination of 2-chloro-5-chloromethylpyridine and 2-nitryliminoglyoxaline has been optimized in a 10 L stirred tank r...In order to reduce the production cost of imidacloprid, the preparation technology for the direct com-bination of 2-chloro-5-chloromethylpyridine and 2-nitryliminoglyoxaline has been optimized in a 10 L stirred tank reactor with a new solvent, butanone, and a new catalyst, benzyl triethyl-ammonium chloride (BTEAC), which was proved to be more profitable for the production of imidacloprid. Three main affecting factors (the reaction temper-ature, the molar ratio of BTEAC to 2-nitryliminoglyoxaline and the concentration of 2-nitryuminoglyoxaline) for the production of imidacloprid were investigated and the optimum operating conditions were found. Based on the above technological optimization, an industrial process for imidacloprid with a production capacity of 50 tons per year was put in operation using a 2500 L stirred tank reactor under the same operating conditions. Good yield and purity of imidacloprid was also obtained in the industrial production.展开更多
基金Supported by the Central Public-interest Scientific Institution Basal Research Fund,CAFS(2025XT0902)the earmarked fund for China Agriculture Research System(CARS-46).
文摘This study attempted to assess the lethal concentration(96-h LC_(50))effects of imidacloprid(neonicotinoid pesticide),thiamethoxam(neonicotinoid pesticide),and their combination on juvenile Zebrafish(Danio rerio).Each set of trials contained a control(de-chlorinated tap water),and the experiments were repeated three times.The fish(n=10)were randomly measured with an average length of(3.4±0.34)cm and weight of(1±0.1)g.The temperature was kept at 24℃.Experiments 1 and 2 were designed to investigate at the acute toxicity of imidacloprid and thiamethoxam on juvenile zebrafish(Danio rerio)respectively,whereas experiment 3 was aimed at the combined toxicity of IMI and THM on zebrafish.The tests followed the same study design,and each experiment used seven different logarithmic concentrations of imidacloprid insecticides(310.00,317.08,324.33,331.74,339.32,347.07,355.00 mg/L)and thiamethoxam(175.00,185.52,200.93,215.30,230.70,247.20,264.88 mg/L).The results show that THM is more toxic than IMI,with LC_(50)values of 190.34 mg/L for THM and 310.92 mg/L for IMI.Both individual toxicities showed a substantial positive connection(P<0.05)with confidence limits of 321.50-300.68 mg/L for IMI and 199.91-181.21 mg/L for THM.The joint toxicity test was carried out using the 96-h LC_(50)values of imidacloprid and thiamethoxam obtained in the individual acute toxicity trials at a 1:1 ratio.The Additive Index(AI)demonstrated that imidacloprid and thiamethoxam acted synergistically on D.rerio.As a matter of fact,more research is needed to better understand the impact of IMI and THM on other aquatic organisms and also create strategies to mitigate its harmful effects on aquatic life.
文摘Aim: The harmful effects of pesticides have been largely documented in recent times. But effective therapeutic solutions to pesticide related male infertility are yet to be established. This study investigated the curative effects of Lannea acida on imidacloprid (IMI)-induced hypofertility in male Wistar rats. Methods: Rats of 150 – 200 g were administered IMI (22.5 mg/kg) for two weeks and partitioned into control (distilled water, vitamin E, clomiphene citrate) or test (aqueous (340 mg/kg), methanol (170 mg/kg) extract) groups for eight weeks treatment. Animals were sacrificed at the end of the treatment and samples were collected for sperm, antioxidant and hormonal analysis. Fertility tests were performed from treatment day 47 for fertility indices estimation. Results were expressed as mean ± SEM and one way ANOVA was applied using STATISTICA Software. Results: Exposition to IMI resulted in a significant decrease in sperm count, motility, viability and normality, testosterone and LH, coupled to an increase in oxidative stress markers. Moreover, IMI impaired male fertility evidenced by a significant drop in fertility index and litter size. Similar to clomiphene citrate and vitamin E, plant extracts significantly improved the sperm parameters, sexual hormones and decreased the oxidative stress markers. More importantly, the fertility index and litter size were restored, especially with the aqueous extract. Conclusion: Present results indicate that L. acida possesses curative potentials against IMI-induced hypofertility through its androgenic and antioxidant properties. However, the effects the extract on spermatozoa DNA structure and the fertility of offsprings from exposed parents are yet to be studied to conclude on total recovery from IMI toxicity.
基金Supported by the Key Science and Technology Project of Jinlin Tobacco Industrial Co.,Ltd.(JS-2015-07)the Scientific and Technological Innovation Project of Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences(ASTIP-TRIC06)~~
文摘[Objective] To compare the translocation and distribution of imidacloprid in tobacco with spray and root irrigation application methods. [Methods] Pot experiment in the greenhouse was carried out, and LC-MSMS was used to determine the con- tent of imidacloprid in different parts of tobacco plants （roots, stems, the upper, middle and lower leaves） at different time. [Results] The imidacloprid could be absorbed by root and could be transported to all parts of the tobacco plant after irrigating root, but the original deposition amount was larger and the transport efficiency was lower after spraying. [Conclusion] The translocation and distribution of imidacloprid by spraying was more uniform and the holding efficiency was better, but imidacloprid with root irrigation could act on leaf directly, and had better readily availability.
基金Supported by National Natural Science Foundation of China (30860227)Ningxia Natural Science Foundation(NZ0603,NZ0639)~~
文摘[Objective] The aim was to seek the appropriate utilization methods for imidacloprid pesticide in the production of Chinese wolfberry,as well as to provide scientific basis for the rational use of imidacloprid pesticide. [Method] The effect of different concentrations and spraying times of 10% WP of imidacloprid on the main secondary metabolites such as carotenoid and flavone,as well as the polysaccharide and total sugar content was studied in field. [Result] The effect of different concentrations of imidacloprid on the secondary metabolites and the content of polysaccharide of Chinese wolfberry was significant. After imidacloprid spraying,the contents of flavone,polysaccharide and total sugar on the 1st,7th and 14th d showed increasing trend,while the content of carotenoid showed decreasing trend. With the dilution times increasing,the content of the flavone,polysaccharide and total sugar showed increasing trend,while the content of carotenoid decreased,in which the highest content of the secondary metabolites and polysaccharide appeared in 1 800 times. [Conclusion] The dilution ratio of 1 800 times should be selected as the appropriate dosage of 10% WP of imidacloprid.
基金Supported by the Special Fund for Agro-scientific Research in Public Interest(201203092-4-2)~~
文摘The four treatments of spraying water the control, spraying before bagging, spraying after bagging, spraying without bagging were conducted by spraying 38% of the mixed suspension agent of imidacloprid and buprofezin, and high performance liquid chromatography （HPLC） method was used to test the imidacloprid and buprofezin residues on mango. The results showed that in 0.05-0.5 mg/kg adding level, the average recovery rate of imidacloprid and buprofezin was 82.6-93.8%, and 101.4-104.2%, respectively, and the relative deviation （RSD） was 1.9-4.5%, 9.3-15.6%, respectively. The minimum detectable amounts of both imidacloprid and buprofezin on mango were 0.01 mg/kg. The half-life periods of imidacloprid under the treatments of spraying before bagging, spraying after bagging and spraying without bagging were 16.74, 6.38, and 8.10 d, respectively, and the half-life periods of buprofezin under the treatments of spraying before bagging and spraying without bagging were 9.72 and 9.23 d, respectively. The residual of buprofezin was low in the treatment of spraying after bagging, and the amount detected in the 3rd day had already below the detectable limit. Bagging treatment reduced the digestion rate of 2 kinds of pesticides in mango, and imidacloprid had strong systemic in mango.
基金the National Natural Science Foundation of China （30370944）.
文摘This study reported that a hapten of imidacloprid, 1-[（6-Carboxylethylthio-3- pyridinyl）methyl]-N -nitro-imidazolidinimine was synthesized using technical material of imidacloprid to react with 3-mercaptopropionic acid in hot alkaline solution. The hapten was conjugated to bovine serum albumin （BSA） and ovalbumin （OVA） to form the immuno-antigens and the coating antigen, respectively. The antibody with high titer （2.56 × 10^4） was obtained after immuning rabbits. The results showed that the antibody had a high affinity to imidacloprid tested by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay （ELISA）, which IC50 and IC20 were 20.7 and 1.1 μg L^-1; and the cross reactibilities to those compounds related with imidacloprid were less than 1.4%.
基金supported by Institution of Chemical Materials,China Academy of Engineering Physics
文摘A series of La-doped TiO2 with different mass fractions were prepared by sol-gel method. Composite catalysts H3PW12O40/La-TiO2 with different loading levels were synthesized using impregnation method. The prepared samples were charac- terized by foutler transform infrared spectroscopy （FT-IR）, X-ray diffraction （XRD）, scanning electron microscopy （SEM）, UV vis diffuse reflectance spectroscopy （DRS） and nitrogen adsorption-desorption analysis. The Keggin structure of H3PWI2040 （HPW） re- mained intact on the surface of the composites, they had relatively uniform spherical grains of diameter less than 20 nm. The visible light activity of prepared composites were improved by loading HPW and doping La. The prepared composites were used as photo- catalysts in degradation of pesticide imidacloprid. Results revealed that 20%H3PWL204o/0.3%La-TiO2 possessed the best photocata- lyric activity. Thus, the degradation conversion of imidacloprid reached 98.17% after 60 rain irradiation when 20%H3PW12O4/0.3% La-TiO2 was used as catalysts. The degradation of imidacloprid corresponded with first-order kinetic reaction, and the half life of the degradation of imidacloprid was 9.35 min in the optimal conditions.
基金This work was supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(31701828)the National Key R&D Program of China(2017YFD0200300).
文摘During winter wheat production, aphids need to be controlled with pesticides for the entire growth period. Controlled-release technology has been regarded as an alternative method for the improvement of pesticide efficiency. This study investigated two types of imidacloprid controlled-release granule (CR-GR): 2% imidacloprid CR-GR and 0.2% imidacloprid pesticide-fertilizer controlled-release granule (PF-CR-GR) when wheat was sown in winter. The release performance, utilization rate, terminal residues in edible parts, control effect on aphids, and achieved winter wheat yield were evaluated for both laboratory experiments and field application. Imidacloprid PF-CR-GR released more quickly in aqueous medium than CR-GR because of its good water solubility. After CR-GR treatments, the concentrations in wheat roots and soil were similar throughout the entire sampling period, and the concentrations in shoots were about 10–20% of those in roots. Imidacloprid was better absorbed when CR-GR was used as root treatment, compared with foliar treatment. Field application showed that imidacloprid CR-GR and PF-CR-GR controlled aphids throughout the entire growth period of winter wheat and improved the wheat yield. These findings identified application of imidacloprid CR-GR and PF-CR-GR on winter wheat as an effective way to enhance the pesticide utilization rate and ensure adequate yield. This paper provides a theoretical basis for the scientific use of pesticides and guides scientific pesticide application.
文摘This study was aimed to assess the adsorption and leaching potential of imidacloprid pesticide in column and field soil. To visibly understand these actions and factors affecting them, the experiments were carried out under laboratory and field conditions. Adsorption study was divided into kinetic and equilibrium sections. The evaluation of kinetic data was done through pseudo first and second order models. It was found that kinetic adsorption of imidacloprid on soil followed pseudo second order with rate constant value of 4.333 mg/g/h. Langmuir and Freundlich isotherms were used to explain equilibrium adsorption, from these isotherms it was evaluated that Freundlich isotherm was obeyed well with adsorption capacity of 2.190 - 4.573 mol/g. Leaching study was performed in laboratory using column made of poly-vinyl chloride having 30 cm length. Known amount of imidacloprid pesticide was applied to column left for adsorption and then eluted with 500 mL water in five equal portions. These water portions and soil of column which was divided into three sections were analyzed by HPLC. The result revealed that the concentration of imidacloprid was decreased from 0.481 ppm in first portion of water to 0.327 ppm in last portion of water while 0.783 ppm in first section of column soil to 0.038 ppm in last section of column soil. In field the leaching power of imidacloprid was observed up to 60 cm depth, its concentration decreased with soil depth. It was 3.311 ppm in first portion of soil and 0.357 ppm in last portion of soil. The leaching potential of imidacloprid pesticide up to 60 cm soil depth was due to less organic matter, sandy texture, alkaline pH, and low cation exchange capacity.
基金Project supported by Bayer Crop. Science India Ltd
文摘Imidacloprid is a newly introduced broad-spectrum chloronicotinyl insecticide and will find its way in agricultural production, particularly in Asia. However, information on the fate of imidacloprid in crop plants is lacking. The degradation of imidaclopnd in processed CTC tea and tea liquor was investigated in the present study in which imidacloprid was applied at recommended application rate （30.0 g a.i./ha） and twice the recommended application rate （60.0 g a.i./ha） for three consecutive seasons. Imidacloprid was rapidly dissipated in processed tea following first order reaction kinetics at all application rates and had half-lives of 0.9 1-1.16 d with the residue in tea liquor found to be below detectable limit on 3rd day samples. The study revealed that imidacloprid is safe for human consumption and will not pose any residual toxicity problem.
文摘The direct and sensitized photodegradations of imidacloprid, 1-(6-chloro-3-pyridinylmethyl)-N-nitro-2-imidazolidinimine, were investigated in aqueous solution and with and without various photo-sensitizers. Results of the study revealed that the intensity of lamp-house and irradiation wavelength had significant effects on the photolysis of imidacloprid. Complete degradation of 20 mg/L imidacloprid in aqueous phase was observed in 40 min under ultraviolet(UV) irradiation system, suggesting the ultraviolet ray played significant role in direct photolysis of imidacloprid. The additions of various photo-sensitizers lead to improve the degradation efficiency of imidacloprid under the irradiation of black light fluorescent lamp. TiO 2 was the most efficient in the photo-catalytic degradation of imidacloprid among other photo-sensitizers in used this study. However, addition of acetone inhibited the photolysis of imidacloprid under the irradiation of UV, indicating the occurrence of competition between acetone and imidacloprid for photos. Mineralization of the imidacloprid was examined to clarify the final photochemical degradation products of the insecticide which were CO 2, Cl- and NO- 3. Complete photo-oxidation of nitrogen to NO- 3 occurred very slowly via the intermediate formation of NH+ 4 and NO- 2.
基金supported by the National Special Fund for Agro-Scientific Research of Public Interests of China(201303030)the Anhui Provincial Natural Science Foundation,China(1408085MKL65)
文摘Seed treatments with the neonicotinoid insecticides imidacloprid and thiamethoxam were evaluated to determine whether the chemicals at effective concentrations for aphid control would influence the germination and early growth of oilseed rape,Brassica napus.Treatment with imidacloprid or thiamethoxam did not affect the cumulative germination rate,but significantly inhibited establishment potential by suppressing root system development in the cotyledon stage.However,these alterations in seedling development in the thiamethoxam-treated seeds appeared not to be detrimental as leaves developed;in contrast,for the seedlings with imidacloprid as seed treatment agent,a significantly decreased shoot/root ratio was still evident at the late two-leaf stage.After two leaves developed,chlorophyll content per leaf in the thiamethoxam treatment was significantly higher than that of the control,while chlorophyll content per leaf in the imidacloprid treatment remained close to that in the control.Most other parameters,i.e.,height,leaf area,weight of stem,leaf or root,and other growth indexes,between the treatments and the control showed no significant difference.Additionally,it was found that storage time of the treated seeds had a significant effect on cumulative germination rate.Treatment 30 d before planting significantly reduced germination relative to that of the control.All of the plants treated with neonicotinoids were shown to have significant anti-aphid characteristics that persisted until the end of the trial.
基金supported by the State Key Development Program for Basic Research of China (No. 2014CB932204)the Special Fund for Agro-Scientific Research in the Public Interest of China (No. 200903054)
文摘In China, although improvements to the pesticide registration process have been made in la thirty years, no occupational exposure data are required to obtain a commercial license for pesticide product. Consequently, notably little research has been conducted to establish a exposure assessment procedure in China. The present study monitored the potential derm operator exposure from knapsack electric sprayer wheat field application of imidacloprid Liaocheng City, Shandong Province and in Xinxiang City, Henan Province, China, usin whole-body dosimetry. The potential inhalation exposure was determined using a person air pump and XAD-2 sample tubes. The analytical method was developed and validate including such performance parameters as limits of detection and quantification, linear rang recovery and precision. The total potential dermal and inhalation exposures were 14.20, 16.815.39 and 20.78 mL/hr, respectively, for the four operators in Liaocheng and Xinxian corresponding to 0.02% to 0.03% of the applied volume of spray solution. In all trials, the low part（thigh, lower leg） of the body was the most contaminated, accounting for approximate76% to 88% of the total exposure. The inhalation exposure was less than 1% of the tot exposure. Such factors as the application pattern, crop type, spray equipment, operat experience and climatic conditions have been used to explain the exposure distribution ov the different parts of the body. As indicated by the calculated Margin of Exposure, the typic wheat treatment scenarios when a backpack sprayer was used are considered to be safe terms of imidacloprid exposure.
文摘Imidacloprid is one of the most commonly used insecticides in agricultural practice, and its application poses a potential risk for soil microorganisms. The objective of this study was to assess whether changes in the structure of the soil microbial community after imidacloprid application at the field rate（FR, 1 mg/kg soil） and 10 times the FR（10 × FR, 10 mg/kg soil）may also have an impact on biochemical and microbial soil functioning. The obtained data showed a negative effect by imidacloprid applied at the FR dosage for substrate-induced respiration（SIR）, the number of total bacteria, dehydrogenase（DHA）, both phosphatases（PHOS-H and PHOS-OH）, and urease（URE） at the beginning of the experiment. In 10 × FR treated soil, decreased activity of SIR, DHA, PHOS-OH and PHOS-H was observed over the experimental period. Nitrifying and N2-fixing bacteria were the most sensitive to imidacloprid. The concentration of NO3-decreased in both imidacloprid-treated soils,whereas the concentration of NH4＋in soil with 10 × FR was higher than in the control.Analysis of the bacterial growth strategy revealed that imidacloprid affected the r- or K-type bacterial classes as indicated also by the decreased eco-physiological（EP） index.Imidacloprid affected the physiological state of culturable bacteria and caused a reduction in the rate of colony formation as well as a prolonged time for growth. Principal component analysis showed that imidacloprid application significantly shifted the measured parameters, and the application of imidacloprid may pose a potential risk to the biochemical and microbial activity of soils.
文摘Field trials were conducted to evaluate the epidemiological factors of okra yellow vein mosaic virus (OYVMV). Four varieties of okra were subjected to screening and evaluation of the chemicals. The variety Saloni F1 was highly resistant while Subz Pari was moderately resistant. Diksha was the tolerant variety while Lush Green was moderately susceptible. The chemical Imidacloprid was most effective to control whitefly population and okra yellow vein mosaic virus (OYVMV). Correlation of environmental factors (maximum and minimum temperature, relative humidity and rainfall) with percent plant infection of okra yellow vein mosaic virus (OYVMV) was also determined. There was a significant correlation between environment and disease severity.
文摘In the research, 5% imidacloprid oil at different doses were applied to prevent Myzus persicae in order to explore significance analysis in 3, 7, 14, and 20 d, respectively, in three fields, and the results showed that 5% imidacloprid oil per- formed significant for K326, G28 and Yunyan-87, suggesting 5% imidacloprid oil is effective in controlling Myzus persicae.
基金the Ministry of Science and Technology (MOST) of China (No. 2001AA649040)the Scientific-Research Fund of Qingdao University of Science and Technology (No.0022168)
文摘In vitro acute cytotoxicity of neonicotinoid insecticide imidacloprid （IMI） to the gill cell line of flounder （FG） that collected in the gill ofParalichthys olivaceus, was examined by 3 widely used endpoint bioassays： NR （neutral red）, MTT （3-（4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl）-2, 5-diphenyltetrazoliurn bromide） and TCP （total cell protein）. The result shows that the IMI increased at concentrations ≥0.5 μg/ml. The ICs0 value of NR, MTT, and TCP was 41.86, 38.46, and 39.08 μg/ml, respectively. The ultrastructural observation revealed that the mitochondria of the cells exposed to 60 μg/ml IMI for 48 h were severely damaged, swollen or disrupted, while their nuclei and rough endoplasmic reticulurn （RER） remained normal. This would suggest that the mitochondria are probably the primary target of IMI.
基金financial supported by National Natural Science Foundation of China (Nos. 21372079, 21472046)Shanghai Pujiang Program (No. 14PJD012)the Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities (No. 222201414015)
文摘A series of imidacloprid derivatives containing an azopyridine motif as a photoswitchable functional group were designed and synthesized. The new version of photoresponsive imidacloprid analogues showed improved solubility in comparison with their azobenzene analogues. 1.2 to 2-fold activity difference was observed for these azopyridine-imidacloprids against house fly （Musca domestica） and cowpea aphid （Aphis craccivora） upon irradiation.
文摘Homology models of the ligand binding domain of the wild-type and Y151S mutant brown planthopper {Nilaparvata lugens)α1 and rat(Rattus norvegicus)β2 nicotinic acetylcholine receptor(nAChR) subunits were generated based on the crystal structure of acetylcholine binding protein of Lymnaea stagnalis.Neonicotinoid insecticide imidacloprid was docked into the putative binding site of wild-type and mutantα1β2 dimeric receptors by Surflex-docking,and the calculated docking energies were in agreement with experimen...
基金Natural Science Foundation of Tianjin(No.013605711)
文摘In order to reduce the production cost of imidacloprid, the preparation technology for the direct com-bination of 2-chloro-5-chloromethylpyridine and 2-nitryliminoglyoxaline has been optimized in a 10 L stirred tank reactor with a new solvent, butanone, and a new catalyst, benzyl triethyl-ammonium chloride (BTEAC), which was proved to be more profitable for the production of imidacloprid. Three main affecting factors (the reaction temper-ature, the molar ratio of BTEAC to 2-nitryliminoglyoxaline and the concentration of 2-nitryuminoglyoxaline) for the production of imidacloprid were investigated and the optimum operating conditions were found. Based on the above technological optimization, an industrial process for imidacloprid with a production capacity of 50 tons per year was put in operation using a 2500 L stirred tank reactor under the same operating conditions. Good yield and purity of imidacloprid was also obtained in the industrial production.
