There are several methods for rendering fractal images based on IFS (Iterated Function System) in computer graphic; but one concern of the computer graphic community has been the efficiency rendering algorithms. The i...There are several methods for rendering fractal images based on IFS (Iterated Function System) in computer graphic; but one concern of the computer graphic community has been the efficiency rendering algorithms. The invariant measures arising from IFSP (Iterate Function System with Probability) using the probabilistic algorithm are also known as chaos games. The role of these probabilities to generate the image of the attractor has been investigated using a multi-fractal analysis. The conventional choice of probability associated with each set /S/ to generate the attractor in least time possible is introduced, then a new method based on the self similarity and multi-fractal analysis is presented. The efficiency of the new method has been proved over the conventional method.展开更多
Intervertebral disc degeneration(IDD)is a common chronic inflammatory degenerative disease that causes lower back pain.However,the underlying mechanisms of IDD remain unclear.Ferroptosis suppressor protein 1(FSP1)is a...Intervertebral disc degeneration(IDD)is a common chronic inflammatory degenerative disease that causes lower back pain.However,the underlying mechanisms of IDD remain unclear.Ferroptosis suppressor protein 1(FSP1)is a newly identified suppressor for ferroptosis.This study aims to investigate the role of FSP1 in IDD.Nucleus pulposus(NP)tissues in humans were collected and NP cells from rats were isolated to detect FSP1 expression pattern.The relationship between FSP1-mediated ferroptosis and apoptosis was identified using FSP1 inhibitor iFSP1.RNA sequencing was utilized to seek downstream molecules and related signaling pathways.Moreover,both exogenous recombinant FSP1 protein and endogenous small interfering RNA were implemented in this study to clarify the role of FSP1 in tumor necrosis factor-alpha(TNFα)-mediated NP cell apoptosis.Ultimately,the underlying mechanisms of FSP1-related signaling pathway in IDD were uncovered both in vitro and in vivo.As a result,FSP1 was up-regulated in human degenerative NP tissues and after TNFαstimulation.FSP1 inhibition by iFSP1 fails to trigger ferroptosis in NP cells while inhibiting TNFα-mediated apoptosis.Further experiments demonstrated that FSP1 was closely related to TNFα-reliant caspase 3 activation and mitochondrial damage.However,the exogenous addition of recombinant protein FSP1 does not induce cell death or intensify the efficacy of TNFα.Mechanically,FSP1 is involved in TNFα-mediated NF-κB signaling activation to accelerate the development of IDD.This study demonstrated that FSP1 promotes IDD through TNFα-reliant NF-κB signaling activation and caspase 3-dependent apoptosis.These findings suggested a novel therapeutic target for the treatment of IDD.展开更多
文摘There are several methods for rendering fractal images based on IFS (Iterated Function System) in computer graphic; but one concern of the computer graphic community has been the efficiency rendering algorithms. The invariant measures arising from IFSP (Iterate Function System with Probability) using the probabilistic algorithm are also known as chaos games. The role of these probabilities to generate the image of the attractor has been investigated using a multi-fractal analysis. The conventional choice of probability associated with each set /S/ to generate the attractor in least time possible is introduced, then a new method based on the self similarity and multi-fractal analysis is presented. The efficiency of the new method has been proved over the conventional method.
基金supported in part by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(No.81874022 and 82172483 to Xinyu Liu,No.82102522 to Lianlei Wang)Key R&D Project of Shandong Province(China)(No.2022CXGC010503 to Xinyu Liu)+2 种基金Shandong Natural Science Foundation(No.ZR202102210113 to Lianlei Wang)Shandong Province Taishan Scholar Project(No.tsqn 202211317 to Lianlei Wang)National High Level Hospital Clinical Research Funding(No.2022-PUMCH-D-004).
文摘Intervertebral disc degeneration(IDD)is a common chronic inflammatory degenerative disease that causes lower back pain.However,the underlying mechanisms of IDD remain unclear.Ferroptosis suppressor protein 1(FSP1)is a newly identified suppressor for ferroptosis.This study aims to investigate the role of FSP1 in IDD.Nucleus pulposus(NP)tissues in humans were collected and NP cells from rats were isolated to detect FSP1 expression pattern.The relationship between FSP1-mediated ferroptosis and apoptosis was identified using FSP1 inhibitor iFSP1.RNA sequencing was utilized to seek downstream molecules and related signaling pathways.Moreover,both exogenous recombinant FSP1 protein and endogenous small interfering RNA were implemented in this study to clarify the role of FSP1 in tumor necrosis factor-alpha(TNFα)-mediated NP cell apoptosis.Ultimately,the underlying mechanisms of FSP1-related signaling pathway in IDD were uncovered both in vitro and in vivo.As a result,FSP1 was up-regulated in human degenerative NP tissues and after TNFαstimulation.FSP1 inhibition by iFSP1 fails to trigger ferroptosis in NP cells while inhibiting TNFα-mediated apoptosis.Further experiments demonstrated that FSP1 was closely related to TNFα-reliant caspase 3 activation and mitochondrial damage.However,the exogenous addition of recombinant protein FSP1 does not induce cell death or intensify the efficacy of TNFα.Mechanically,FSP1 is involved in TNFα-mediated NF-κB signaling activation to accelerate the development of IDD.This study demonstrated that FSP1 promotes IDD through TNFα-reliant NF-κB signaling activation and caspase 3-dependent apoptosis.These findings suggested a novel therapeutic target for the treatment of IDD.
