Objective: to investigate the relationship between the mRNA content of ICOS/ICOSL and the pathogenesis of osteoarthritis. Methods: from January 2018 to June 2020, 20 patients with severe OA (severe OA group), 15 patie...Objective: to investigate the relationship between the mRNA content of ICOS/ICOSL and the pathogenesis of osteoarthritis. Methods: from January 2018 to June 2020, 20 patients with severe OA (severe OA group), 15 patients with mild OA (mild OA group), 40 patients with non-Osteoarthritis (case control group) and 60 patients with healthy control group (healthy control group) were selected as experimental subjects, and ICOs and ICOSL signaling pathway were detected. The expression of ICOS and ICOSL protein in the four groups were compared, and the immunohistochemical scores of synovial tissue in the three groups (case control group, mild OA group and severe OA group) were explored. Results: the mRNA content of ICOS gene showed no statistical difference between healthy control group and case control group, mild OA group (P > 0 0.05), but there was statistical difference between severe OA group and healthy control group (P < 0.05). There was no statistical difference between the control group and mild OA patients (P > 0.05), but there was statistical difference between the control group and severe OA group (P < 0.05). There was no significant difference between mild OA group and severe OA group (P > 0.05). The mRNA content of ICOSL gene was statistically different between healthy control group and case control group, mild OA group and severe OA group (P < 0.05). There was statistical difference between case control group and mild OA group and severe OA group (P < 0.05). There was no significant difference between mild OA group and severe OA group (P > 0.05). ICOS protein in synovial tissue: the expression of ICOS protein in synovial tissue in mild group and severe group was significantly higher than that in disease group (P < 0.05), but there was no significant difference in the expression of ICOS protein in severe group and mild group (P > 0.05). ICOSL protein: there was no significant difference in the expression of ICOSL protein among all groups (P > 0.05).展开更多
This review synthesizes 48 academic studies on Initial Coin Offerings(ICOs)from 2018 to 2023,employing bibliometric and content analyses to illuminate their complexities and innovation in entrepreneurial finance.It id...This review synthesizes 48 academic studies on Initial Coin Offerings(ICOs)from 2018 to 2023,employing bibliometric and content analyses to illuminate their complexities and innovation in entrepreneurial finance.It identifies four key themes:(1)regulatory intricacies,market transformation,and strategic implications for emerging ventures;(2)the opportunities and challenges presented,and key factors influencing the success of ICOs;(3)ICOs and entrepreneurial finance;and finally,(4)review of reviews.By examining the intersection of legal frameworks,disruptive potential,and stakeholder challenges,this interdisciplinary perspective captures the essence of ICOs and charts a course for future inquiry.It serves as a pivotal reference for researchers,practitioners,and regulators to understand the multifaceted ICO landscape and its implications for the future of finance.展开更多
Co-signaling molecules are molecules whose ligands on the surface of cells interact with receptors on the surface of T cells to convey stimulatory or inhibitory signals to regulate immune responses.Co-signaling molecu...Co-signaling molecules are molecules whose ligands on the surface of cells interact with receptors on the surface of T cells to convey stimulatory or inhibitory signals to regulate immune responses.Co-signaling molecules play an important role in tumor and autoimmune diseases.Lately,studies have shown that co-signaling molecules are also involved in the regulation of maternal-fetal immune tolerance,and abnormalities of co-signaling molecules may lead to the imbalance of maternal-fetal immune tolerance,resulting in recurrent abortion,eclampsia and other pregnancy complications.ICOSL/ICOS is a ligand and receptor of costimulatory signals,which regulates maternal and fetal immune tolerance by participating in T cell differentiation and Th1 and Th2 cytokine secretion.Therefore,this article reviews the structure of ICOSL/ICOS,the distribution of ICOSL/ICOS at the maternal-fetal interface and its immune regulation during pregnancy,in order to provide new ideas for the future study of immunotherapy of pregnancy complications caused by abnormal co-signaling molecules.展开更多
文摘Objective: to investigate the relationship between the mRNA content of ICOS/ICOSL and the pathogenesis of osteoarthritis. Methods: from January 2018 to June 2020, 20 patients with severe OA (severe OA group), 15 patients with mild OA (mild OA group), 40 patients with non-Osteoarthritis (case control group) and 60 patients with healthy control group (healthy control group) were selected as experimental subjects, and ICOs and ICOSL signaling pathway were detected. The expression of ICOS and ICOSL protein in the four groups were compared, and the immunohistochemical scores of synovial tissue in the three groups (case control group, mild OA group and severe OA group) were explored. Results: the mRNA content of ICOS gene showed no statistical difference between healthy control group and case control group, mild OA group (P > 0 0.05), but there was statistical difference between severe OA group and healthy control group (P < 0.05). There was no statistical difference between the control group and mild OA patients (P > 0.05), but there was statistical difference between the control group and severe OA group (P < 0.05). There was no significant difference between mild OA group and severe OA group (P > 0.05). The mRNA content of ICOSL gene was statistically different between healthy control group and case control group, mild OA group and severe OA group (P < 0.05). There was statistical difference between case control group and mild OA group and severe OA group (P < 0.05). There was no significant difference between mild OA group and severe OA group (P > 0.05). ICOS protein in synovial tissue: the expression of ICOS protein in synovial tissue in mild group and severe group was significantly higher than that in disease group (P < 0.05), but there was no significant difference in the expression of ICOS protein in severe group and mild group (P > 0.05). ICOSL protein: there was no significant difference in the expression of ICOSL protein among all groups (P > 0.05).
文摘This review synthesizes 48 academic studies on Initial Coin Offerings(ICOs)from 2018 to 2023,employing bibliometric and content analyses to illuminate their complexities and innovation in entrepreneurial finance.It identifies four key themes:(1)regulatory intricacies,market transformation,and strategic implications for emerging ventures;(2)the opportunities and challenges presented,and key factors influencing the success of ICOs;(3)ICOs and entrepreneurial finance;and finally,(4)review of reviews.By examining the intersection of legal frameworks,disruptive potential,and stakeholder challenges,this interdisciplinary perspective captures the essence of ICOs and charts a course for future inquiry.It serves as a pivotal reference for researchers,practitioners,and regulators to understand the multifaceted ICO landscape and its implications for the future of finance.
基金National Natural Science Foundation of China(No.81960283,82072880)。
文摘Co-signaling molecules are molecules whose ligands on the surface of cells interact with receptors on the surface of T cells to convey stimulatory or inhibitory signals to regulate immune responses.Co-signaling molecules play an important role in tumor and autoimmune diseases.Lately,studies have shown that co-signaling molecules are also involved in the regulation of maternal-fetal immune tolerance,and abnormalities of co-signaling molecules may lead to the imbalance of maternal-fetal immune tolerance,resulting in recurrent abortion,eclampsia and other pregnancy complications.ICOSL/ICOS is a ligand and receptor of costimulatory signals,which regulates maternal and fetal immune tolerance by participating in T cell differentiation and Th1 and Th2 cytokine secretion.Therefore,this article reviews the structure of ICOSL/ICOS,the distribution of ICOSL/ICOS at the maternal-fetal interface and its immune regulation during pregnancy,in order to provide new ideas for the future study of immunotherapy of pregnancy complications caused by abnormal co-signaling molecules.
