Background:A significant proportion of patients still cannot benefit from existing targeted therapies and immunotherapies,making the search for new treatment strategies extremely urgent.In this study,we combined integ...Background:A significant proportion of patients still cannot benefit from existing targeted therapies and immunotherapies,making the search for new treatment strategies extremely urgent.In this study,we combined integrate public data analysis with experimental validation to identify novel prognostic biomarkers and therapeutic targets for lung adenocarcinoma(LUAD).Methods:We analyzed RNA and protein databases to assess the expression levels of cytochrome C oxidase 5B(COX5B)in LUAD.Several computational algorithms were employed to investigate the relationship between COX5B and immune infiltration in LUAD.To further elucidate the role of COX5B in LUAD,we utilized multiple experimental approaches,including quantitative reverse transcription PCR assays,western blot,immunohistochemistry,electron microscopy,flow cytometry,and EdU proliferation assays.Results:We revealed that COX5B was significantly elevated in LUAD and positively correlated with poor prognosis of LUAD patients.Analysis of co-expression network indicated that COX5B may take part in the intracellular adenosine triphosphate(ATP)synthesis through the oxidative phosphorylation pathway.There was a negative correlation between COX5B expression and immune infiltration in LUAD.Furthermore,we validated that COX5B levels were significantly elevated in both LUAD tissues and cell lines.Specifically,immunohistochemistry(IHC)assays revealed a 2.32-fold increase of COX5B in tumor tissues compared to that in adjacent normal tissues(p=0.0044).Additionally,COX5B knockdown disrupted the redox homeostasis,ultimately suppressed the proliferation of LUAD cells.Subsequent investigations demonstrated that berberine effectively targeted COX5B,diminishing its protein expression and consequently inhibiting cell proliferation and tumor growth in LUAD.Conclusions:This study established that upregulated COX5B was positive associated with poor patient prognosis in LUAD,elucidating the mechanisms by which berberine targets COX5B to inhibit tumor growth,thereby providing a novel therapeutic target and strategy for the clinical management of LUAD.展开更多
Objective:To analyse the prevalence of serotypes,antibiotic resistance,and virulence genes of Group B Streptococcus(GBS)strains isolated from pregnant women at 35-37 weeks of gestation in Ho Chi Minh City,Vietnam,from...Objective:To analyse the prevalence of serotypes,antibiotic resistance,and virulence genes of Group B Streptococcus(GBS)strains isolated from pregnant women at 35-37 weeks of gestation in Ho Chi Minh City,Vietnam,from January 2022 to January 2023.Methods:GBS strains were isolated through selective culture methods and confirmed by PCR.Serotyping,virulence gene detection,and antibiotic susceptibility testing were performed using PCR,gel electrophoresis techniques and Kirby-Bauer test.Results:Totally,61 GBS isolated from 300 participants have been identified including seven GBS serotypes(Ⅰa,Ⅰb,Ⅱ,Ⅲ,Ⅳ,Ⅴ,andⅥ).SerotypesⅦ,Ⅷ,andⅨwere not detected in the study population.Antibiotic resistance patterns varied:13.1%of isolates were fully susceptible,while the majority showed multi-drug resistance,with 34.4%resistant to three antibiotics.SerotypeⅠa demonstrated high susceptibility(35.7%),while serotypeⅢshowed extensive resistance,with 87.5%being resistant to at least three antibiotics.All strains are susceptible to vancomycin andβ-lactams susceptibility also remained high,but resistance to clindamycin,erythromycin,and tetracycline was high(>65%).The virulence genes scpB,cylB,fbsB,and cfb were highly prevalent(90%-100%),indicating their potential for vaccine and diagnostic development.Conclusions:Our findings provide valuable insights into GBS serotypes,resistance,and virulence factors,contributing to community monitoring,preventive measures,diagnostics,and vaccine development.However,the limited sample size necessitates further research.展开更多
Benzalkonium chloride(BAC)is widely employed as a broad-spectrum biocide and has emerged as a significant environmental pollutant.Polymyxin B(PB)serves as the last-line defense for the treatment of Gram-negative patho...Benzalkonium chloride(BAC)is widely employed as a broad-spectrum biocide and has emerged as a significant environmental pollutant.Polymyxin B(PB)serves as the last-line defense for the treatment of Gram-negative pathogens.Previous studies reported that BAC-adapted Pseudomonas aeruginosa increased the tolerance to PB.Herein,we present the novel finding that the combination of BAC and PB exhibited synergistic antibacterial effects against P.aeruginosa.Time-killing assay demonstrated a significant reduction in bacterial cell viability.Scanning electron microscopy,zeta potential analysis,hydrophobicity measurements,and fluorescence probe analyses collectively revealed severe disruption of the cell envelope and membrane potential induced by the combination of BAC and PB.Transcriptomic analysis revealed that the BAC-PB combination notably downreg-ulated the expression of genes involved in lipid A modification and cell envelope production,including phoPQ,pmrAB,bamABCDE,lptABCDEG,lolB,yidC,and murJ.Additionally,the combination group exhibited augmented production of reactive oxygen species and diminished ATP synthesis.The expression of the genes associated with substance metabolism and energy generation was significantly impeded.This study provides significant implica-tions for the interactions of biocides and antibiotics on Gram-negative pathogens,while also addressing antibiotic resistance and developing the external treatment strategy for Pseudomonas-infected wounds and burns.展开更多
The published article titled“MicroRNA-133b Inhibits Proliferation,Cellular Migration,and Invasion via Targeting LASP1 in Hepatocarcinoma Cells”has been retracted from Oncology Research,Vol.25,No.8,2017,pp.1269–1282.
Objective:To investigate the antifibrotic effects of curcumin in a transverse aortic constriction(TAC)mouse model and elucidate its molecular mechanisms.Methods:Male C57BL/6 mice underwent TAC and received vehicle,low...Objective:To investigate the antifibrotic effects of curcumin in a transverse aortic constriction(TAC)mouse model and elucidate its molecular mechanisms.Methods:Male C57BL/6 mice underwent TAC and received vehicle,low-dose curcumin(50 mg/kg),high-dose curcumin(200 mg/kg),high-dose curcumin plus a scrambled control antagomir,or high-dose curcumin plus anti-miR-29b treatments.Cardiac function was assessed by echocardiography.Fibrosis was evaluated by histology,collagen volume fraction,and hydroxyproline content.Expression of miR-29b,HDAC4,and fibrosis-related markers(Col1a1,Col3a1,TGF-β1)was measured by quantitative RT-PCR and Western blotting assays.Myocardial procollagen type I carboxy-terminal propeptide was determined by ELISA,and HDAC4-specific enzymatic activity was assayed using a fluorogenic kit.Results:Curcumin improved cardiac function,reduced fibrosis,restored miR-29b expression,and suppressed HDAC4 expression and activity in a dose-dependent manner.Furthermore,curcumin decreased myocardial procollagen type I carboxy-terminal propeptide levels,confirming reduced collagen synthesis.Anti-miR-29b administration partially abrogated the antifibrotic and cardioprotective effects of curcumin.Conclusions:Curcumin attenuates pressure overload-induced cardiac fibrosis and dysfunction in a TAC mouse model via modulation of the miR-29b/HDAC4 axis and suppression of collagen synthesis.展开更多
目的探讨银杏内酯B通过激活免疫性血小板减少症(ITP)哺乳动物雷帕霉素靶蛋白(mTOR)信号通路调节长链非编码RNA人浆细胞瘤转化迁移基因1(lncRNA PVT1)促进调节性T淋巴细胞/辅助性T淋巴细胞17(Treg/Th17)免疫平衡而抑制炎症反应的机制。...目的探讨银杏内酯B通过激活免疫性血小板减少症(ITP)哺乳动物雷帕霉素靶蛋白(mTOR)信号通路调节长链非编码RNA人浆细胞瘤转化迁移基因1(lncRNA PVT1)促进调节性T淋巴细胞/辅助性T淋巴细胞17(Treg/Th17)免疫平衡而抑制炎症反应的机制。方法选用80只雄性SD小鼠,采用腹腔注射抗小鼠血小板血清方法建立模型,随机分为正常组、模型组、低剂量组、高剂量组,每组20只,连续给药14天。实时荧光定量PCR(qRT-PCR)检测血清lncRNA PVT1表达,流式细胞仪检测Treg/Th17细胞,Western Blot检测磷脂酰肌醇-3-激酶(PI3K)、Akt、mTOR蛋白表达。检测血清白细胞介素-4(IL-4)、干扰素-γ(IFN-γ)和全血血小板计数(PLT)。结果与正常组比较,模型组小鼠血清lncRNA PVT1、Th17、IFN-γ升高,Treg、Treg/Th17、PI3K、Akt、mTOR蛋白、IL-4、PLT降低,差异具有统计学意义(t=2.510~54.899,均P<0.05);与模型组比较,低剂量组、高剂量组lncRNA PVT1(1.99±0.14、1.25±0.11 vs 2.39±0.15)、Th17(1.76%±0.32%、0.87%±0.04%vs 5.28%±1.21%)、IFN-γ(7.65±0.28pg/ml、6.84±0.33pg/ml vs 8.45±0.36 pg/ml)均降低(t_(低剂量组)=8.718、8.782、3.292,t_(高剂量组)=27.408、9.789、6.542),Treg(3.46%±0.43%、4.77%±0.51%vs 2.41%±0.44%)、Treg/Th17(1.98±0.16、4.24±1.02 vs 0.45±0.05)、PI3K(0.88±0.08、1.22±0.21 vs 0.45±0.05)、Akt(0.66±0.07、1.11±0.11 vs 0.21±0.02)、mTOR蛋白(0.70±0.08、1.21±0.13 vs 0.45±0.06)、IL-4(12.28±1.28pg/ml、13.08±1.01pg/ml vs 11.45±1.05pg/ml)、PLT[(526.99±50.34)×10^(9)/L、(880.37±52.78)×10^(9)/L vs(218.58±50.35)×10^(9)/L]均升高(t_(低剂量组)=4.943~27.643,t_(高剂量组)=7.766~40.818),差异具有统计学意义(均P<0.05)。与低剂量组比较,高剂量组lncRNA PVT1、Th17、IFN-γ降低,Treg、Treg/Th17、PI3K、Akt、mTOR蛋白、IL-4、PLT升高,差异具有统计学意义(t=2.411~21.667,均P<0.05)。结论银杏内酯B可通过激活mTOR信号通路,调节lncRNA PVT1促进Treg/Th17免疫平衡,抑制ITP小鼠炎症反应,提升血小板数量。展开更多
Strokes include both ischemic stroke,which is mediated by a blockade or reduction in the blood supply to the brain,and hemorrhagic stroke,which comprises intracerebral hemorrhage and subarachnoid hemorrhage and is cha...Strokes include both ischemic stroke,which is mediated by a blockade or reduction in the blood supply to the brain,and hemorrhagic stroke,which comprises intracerebral hemorrhage and subarachnoid hemorrhage and is characterized by bleeding within the brain.Stroke is a lifethreatening cerebrovascular condition characterized by intricate pathophysiological mechanisms,including oxidative stress,inflammation,mitochondrial dysfunction,and neuronal injury.Critical transcription factors,such as nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor 2 and nuclear factor kappa B,play central roles in the progression of stroke.Nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor 2 is sensitive to changes in the cellular redox status and is crucial in protecting cells against oxidative damage,inflammatory responses,and cytotoxic agents.It plays a significant role in post-stroke neuroprotection and repair by influencing mitochondrial function,endoplasmic reticulum stress,and lysosomal activity and regulating metabolic pathways and cytokine expression.Conversely,nuclear factor-kappa B is closely associated with mitochondrial dysfunction,the generation of reactive oxygen species,oxidative stress exacerbation,and inflammation.Nuclear factor-kappa B contributes to neuronal injury,apoptosis,and immune responses following stroke by modulating cell adhesion molecules and inflammatory mediators.The interplay between these pathways,potentially involving crosstalk among various organelles,significantly influences stroke pathophysiology.Advancements in single-cell sequencing and spatial transcriptomics have greatly improved our understanding of stroke pathogenesis and offer new opportunities for the development of targeted,individualized,cell typespecific treatments.In this review,we discuss the mechanisms underlying the involvement of nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor 2 and nuclear factor-kappa B in both ischemic and hemorrhagic stroke,with an emphasis on their roles in oxidative stress,inflammation,and neuroprotection.展开更多
In tomato,early fruit development involves rapid cell division and expansion,which are highly dependent on sugar availability(Huang et al.,2025;Yuan et al.,2025).After fruit set,soluble sugars are loaded into pericarp...In tomato,early fruit development involves rapid cell division and expansion,which are highly dependent on sugar availability(Huang et al.,2025;Yuan et al.,2025).After fruit set,soluble sugars are loaded into pericarp cells through the symplasmic(cytosol)or apoplasmic pathway(cell wall and extracellular matrix)(Patrick and Offler,1996).Sucrose,as the major form of carbon translocated to tomato fruit,can be directly unloaded into fruit cells.However,some sucrose can be hydrolyzed by extracellular invertase,producing glucose and fructose for metabolism and biosynthesis in pericarp cells(Ruan,2014).展开更多
基金supported by grants from the Guangxi Natural Science Foundation(2024GXNSFAA010150)the Guangdong Basic and Applied Basic Research Foundation(2022A1515111167).
文摘Background:A significant proportion of patients still cannot benefit from existing targeted therapies and immunotherapies,making the search for new treatment strategies extremely urgent.In this study,we combined integrate public data analysis with experimental validation to identify novel prognostic biomarkers and therapeutic targets for lung adenocarcinoma(LUAD).Methods:We analyzed RNA and protein databases to assess the expression levels of cytochrome C oxidase 5B(COX5B)in LUAD.Several computational algorithms were employed to investigate the relationship between COX5B and immune infiltration in LUAD.To further elucidate the role of COX5B in LUAD,we utilized multiple experimental approaches,including quantitative reverse transcription PCR assays,western blot,immunohistochemistry,electron microscopy,flow cytometry,and EdU proliferation assays.Results:We revealed that COX5B was significantly elevated in LUAD and positively correlated with poor prognosis of LUAD patients.Analysis of co-expression network indicated that COX5B may take part in the intracellular adenosine triphosphate(ATP)synthesis through the oxidative phosphorylation pathway.There was a negative correlation between COX5B expression and immune infiltration in LUAD.Furthermore,we validated that COX5B levels were significantly elevated in both LUAD tissues and cell lines.Specifically,immunohistochemistry(IHC)assays revealed a 2.32-fold increase of COX5B in tumor tissues compared to that in adjacent normal tissues(p=0.0044).Additionally,COX5B knockdown disrupted the redox homeostasis,ultimately suppressed the proliferation of LUAD cells.Subsequent investigations demonstrated that berberine effectively targeted COX5B,diminishing its protein expression and consequently inhibiting cell proliferation and tumor growth in LUAD.Conclusions:This study established that upregulated COX5B was positive associated with poor patient prognosis in LUAD,elucidating the mechanisms by which berberine targets COX5B to inhibit tumor growth,thereby providing a novel therapeutic target and strategy for the clinical management of LUAD.
文摘Objective:To analyse the prevalence of serotypes,antibiotic resistance,and virulence genes of Group B Streptococcus(GBS)strains isolated from pregnant women at 35-37 weeks of gestation in Ho Chi Minh City,Vietnam,from January 2022 to January 2023.Methods:GBS strains were isolated through selective culture methods and confirmed by PCR.Serotyping,virulence gene detection,and antibiotic susceptibility testing were performed using PCR,gel electrophoresis techniques and Kirby-Bauer test.Results:Totally,61 GBS isolated from 300 participants have been identified including seven GBS serotypes(Ⅰa,Ⅰb,Ⅱ,Ⅲ,Ⅳ,Ⅴ,andⅥ).SerotypesⅦ,Ⅷ,andⅨwere not detected in the study population.Antibiotic resistance patterns varied:13.1%of isolates were fully susceptible,while the majority showed multi-drug resistance,with 34.4%resistant to three antibiotics.SerotypeⅠa demonstrated high susceptibility(35.7%),while serotypeⅢshowed extensive resistance,with 87.5%being resistant to at least three antibiotics.All strains are susceptible to vancomycin andβ-lactams susceptibility also remained high,but resistance to clindamycin,erythromycin,and tetracycline was high(>65%).The virulence genes scpB,cylB,fbsB,and cfb were highly prevalent(90%-100%),indicating their potential for vaccine and diagnostic development.Conclusions:Our findings provide valuable insights into GBS serotypes,resistance,and virulence factors,contributing to community monitoring,preventive measures,diagnostics,and vaccine development.However,the limited sample size necessitates further research.
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(No.32170121).
文摘Benzalkonium chloride(BAC)is widely employed as a broad-spectrum biocide and has emerged as a significant environmental pollutant.Polymyxin B(PB)serves as the last-line defense for the treatment of Gram-negative pathogens.Previous studies reported that BAC-adapted Pseudomonas aeruginosa increased the tolerance to PB.Herein,we present the novel finding that the combination of BAC and PB exhibited synergistic antibacterial effects against P.aeruginosa.Time-killing assay demonstrated a significant reduction in bacterial cell viability.Scanning electron microscopy,zeta potential analysis,hydrophobicity measurements,and fluorescence probe analyses collectively revealed severe disruption of the cell envelope and membrane potential induced by the combination of BAC and PB.Transcriptomic analysis revealed that the BAC-PB combination notably downreg-ulated the expression of genes involved in lipid A modification and cell envelope production,including phoPQ,pmrAB,bamABCDE,lptABCDEG,lolB,yidC,and murJ.Additionally,the combination group exhibited augmented production of reactive oxygen species and diminished ATP synthesis.The expression of the genes associated with substance metabolism and energy generation was significantly impeded.This study provides significant implica-tions for the interactions of biocides and antibiotics on Gram-negative pathogens,while also addressing antibiotic resistance and developing the external treatment strategy for Pseudomonas-infected wounds and burns.
文摘The published article titled“MicroRNA-133b Inhibits Proliferation,Cellular Migration,and Invasion via Targeting LASP1 in Hepatocarcinoma Cells”has been retracted from Oncology Research,Vol.25,No.8,2017,pp.1269–1282.
基金supported by China International Medical Foundation(Z-2019-42-1908-4)Natural Science Basic Research Program of Shaanxi Province(2019JM-440).
文摘Objective:To investigate the antifibrotic effects of curcumin in a transverse aortic constriction(TAC)mouse model and elucidate its molecular mechanisms.Methods:Male C57BL/6 mice underwent TAC and received vehicle,low-dose curcumin(50 mg/kg),high-dose curcumin(200 mg/kg),high-dose curcumin plus a scrambled control antagomir,or high-dose curcumin plus anti-miR-29b treatments.Cardiac function was assessed by echocardiography.Fibrosis was evaluated by histology,collagen volume fraction,and hydroxyproline content.Expression of miR-29b,HDAC4,and fibrosis-related markers(Col1a1,Col3a1,TGF-β1)was measured by quantitative RT-PCR and Western blotting assays.Myocardial procollagen type I carboxy-terminal propeptide was determined by ELISA,and HDAC4-specific enzymatic activity was assayed using a fluorogenic kit.Results:Curcumin improved cardiac function,reduced fibrosis,restored miR-29b expression,and suppressed HDAC4 expression and activity in a dose-dependent manner.Furthermore,curcumin decreased myocardial procollagen type I carboxy-terminal propeptide levels,confirming reduced collagen synthesis.Anti-miR-29b administration partially abrogated the antifibrotic and cardioprotective effects of curcumin.Conclusions:Curcumin attenuates pressure overload-induced cardiac fibrosis and dysfunction in a TAC mouse model via modulation of the miR-29b/HDAC4 axis and suppression of collagen synthesis.
文摘目的探讨银杏内酯B通过激活免疫性血小板减少症(ITP)哺乳动物雷帕霉素靶蛋白(mTOR)信号通路调节长链非编码RNA人浆细胞瘤转化迁移基因1(lncRNA PVT1)促进调节性T淋巴细胞/辅助性T淋巴细胞17(Treg/Th17)免疫平衡而抑制炎症反应的机制。方法选用80只雄性SD小鼠,采用腹腔注射抗小鼠血小板血清方法建立模型,随机分为正常组、模型组、低剂量组、高剂量组,每组20只,连续给药14天。实时荧光定量PCR(qRT-PCR)检测血清lncRNA PVT1表达,流式细胞仪检测Treg/Th17细胞,Western Blot检测磷脂酰肌醇-3-激酶(PI3K)、Akt、mTOR蛋白表达。检测血清白细胞介素-4(IL-4)、干扰素-γ(IFN-γ)和全血血小板计数(PLT)。结果与正常组比较,模型组小鼠血清lncRNA PVT1、Th17、IFN-γ升高,Treg、Treg/Th17、PI3K、Akt、mTOR蛋白、IL-4、PLT降低,差异具有统计学意义(t=2.510~54.899,均P<0.05);与模型组比较,低剂量组、高剂量组lncRNA PVT1(1.99±0.14、1.25±0.11 vs 2.39±0.15)、Th17(1.76%±0.32%、0.87%±0.04%vs 5.28%±1.21%)、IFN-γ(7.65±0.28pg/ml、6.84±0.33pg/ml vs 8.45±0.36 pg/ml)均降低(t_(低剂量组)=8.718、8.782、3.292,t_(高剂量组)=27.408、9.789、6.542),Treg(3.46%±0.43%、4.77%±0.51%vs 2.41%±0.44%)、Treg/Th17(1.98±0.16、4.24±1.02 vs 0.45±0.05)、PI3K(0.88±0.08、1.22±0.21 vs 0.45±0.05)、Akt(0.66±0.07、1.11±0.11 vs 0.21±0.02)、mTOR蛋白(0.70±0.08、1.21±0.13 vs 0.45±0.06)、IL-4(12.28±1.28pg/ml、13.08±1.01pg/ml vs 11.45±1.05pg/ml)、PLT[(526.99±50.34)×10^(9)/L、(880.37±52.78)×10^(9)/L vs(218.58±50.35)×10^(9)/L]均升高(t_(低剂量组)=4.943~27.643,t_(高剂量组)=7.766~40.818),差异具有统计学意义(均P<0.05)。与低剂量组比较,高剂量组lncRNA PVT1、Th17、IFN-γ降低,Treg、Treg/Th17、PI3K、Akt、mTOR蛋白、IL-4、PLT升高,差异具有统计学意义(t=2.411~21.667,均P<0.05)。结论银杏内酯B可通过激活mTOR信号通路,调节lncRNA PVT1促进Treg/Th17免疫平衡,抑制ITP小鼠炎症反应,提升血小板数量。
基金supported by grants from the Zhejiang Provincial TCM Science and Technology Plan Project,No.2023ZL156(to YH)Ningbo Top Medical and Health Research Program,No.2022020304(to XG)+1 种基金the Natural Science Foundation of Ningbo,No.2023J019(to YH)Key Laboratory of Precision Medicine for Atherosclerotic Diseases of Zhejiang Province,No.2022E10026(to YH)。
文摘Strokes include both ischemic stroke,which is mediated by a blockade or reduction in the blood supply to the brain,and hemorrhagic stroke,which comprises intracerebral hemorrhage and subarachnoid hemorrhage and is characterized by bleeding within the brain.Stroke is a lifethreatening cerebrovascular condition characterized by intricate pathophysiological mechanisms,including oxidative stress,inflammation,mitochondrial dysfunction,and neuronal injury.Critical transcription factors,such as nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor 2 and nuclear factor kappa B,play central roles in the progression of stroke.Nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor 2 is sensitive to changes in the cellular redox status and is crucial in protecting cells against oxidative damage,inflammatory responses,and cytotoxic agents.It plays a significant role in post-stroke neuroprotection and repair by influencing mitochondrial function,endoplasmic reticulum stress,and lysosomal activity and regulating metabolic pathways and cytokine expression.Conversely,nuclear factor-kappa B is closely associated with mitochondrial dysfunction,the generation of reactive oxygen species,oxidative stress exacerbation,and inflammation.Nuclear factor-kappa B contributes to neuronal injury,apoptosis,and immune responses following stroke by modulating cell adhesion molecules and inflammatory mediators.The interplay between these pathways,potentially involving crosstalk among various organelles,significantly influences stroke pathophysiology.Advancements in single-cell sequencing and spatial transcriptomics have greatly improved our understanding of stroke pathogenesis and offer new opportunities for the development of targeted,individualized,cell typespecific treatments.In this review,we discuss the mechanisms underlying the involvement of nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor 2 and nuclear factor-kappa B in both ischemic and hemorrhagic stroke,with an emphasis on their roles in oxidative stress,inflammation,and neuroprotection.
基金supported by The National Natural Science Foundation of China(Grant Nos.32120103010,32341045,and 32272729).
文摘In tomato,early fruit development involves rapid cell division and expansion,which are highly dependent on sugar availability(Huang et al.,2025;Yuan et al.,2025).After fruit set,soluble sugars are loaded into pericarp cells through the symplasmic(cytosol)or apoplasmic pathway(cell wall and extracellular matrix)(Patrick and Offler,1996).Sucrose,as the major form of carbon translocated to tomato fruit,can be directly unloaded into fruit cells.However,some sucrose can be hydrolyzed by extracellular invertase,producing glucose and fructose for metabolism and biosynthesis in pericarp cells(Ruan,2014).
