Although a number of cases of hepatotoxicity are associated with the use of Hydroxycut weight management products, it has been alleged that their effects are primarily due to the presence of hydroxycitric acid (HCA, a...Although a number of cases of hepatotoxicity are associated with the use of Hydroxycut weight management products, it has been alleged that their effects are primarily due to the presence of hydroxycitric acid (HCA, as Super CitriMax) in the formulations. However, while these products contain up to 20 different ingredients, some do not contain HCA. Case studies reported to date have not considered in depth the literature on the numerous animal and human studies that have been conducted on the safety and effi cacy of HCA. No HCA-associated hepatotoxicity or treatment-related adverse effects have been reported in these studies, and thus it is premature to make the assumptions presented in the recent case studies regarding Hydroxycut. If it is established in well controlled studies that the use of these formulations with and/or without HCA can result in the occurrence or progression of hepatotoxicity, additional studies should be conducted to characterize the causative factor(s).展开更多
Garcinia cambogia extract(GC)with its active component consisting of hydroxycitric acid(HCA)is widely utilized for weight loss.Various HCA salts are available,including calcium,magnesium,potassium and mixtures of thes...Garcinia cambogia extract(GC)with its active component consisting of hydroxycitric acid(HCA)is widely utilized for weight loss.Various HCA salts are available,including calcium,magnesium,potassium and mixtures of these.Experimentally,these salts exhibit different properties with some,but not all,improving glucose tolerance and blood pressure.Recently,obesity-prone C57BL/6J mice were fed a high-fat diet(HFD,45 kcal%fat)with or without GC(1%,w/w)for 16 wk.The active arm reduced visceral fat,adipocyte size and serum glucose,yet purportedly also exhibited hepatic collagen accumulation,lipid peroxidation and increased mRNA levels of genes related to oxidative stress.The latter findings are at odds with a large body of animal and human studies that have been conducted on the safety and efficacy of HCA.This literature shows HCA to be protective against the liver toxicity associated with ethanol and dexamethasone administration,and to maintain serum aspartate aminotransferase,alanine aminotransferase and alkaline phosphatase at near normal levels.In both animal and clinical literature,elevated intakes of HCA per se have not led to signs of inflammation or hepatotoxicity.The compound has been found to reduce markers of inflammation in brain,intestines,kidney and serum.展开更多
Rising rates of obesity has increased the global use of herbal supplements intended to control weight.However,taking these preparations without appropriate medical supervision could increase the risk of manifestation ...Rising rates of obesity has increased the global use of herbal supplements intended to control weight.However,taking these preparations without appropriate medical supervision could increase the risk of manifestation of side effects,especially at the hepatic level.In literature,different cases of acute liver injury consequent to the use of food supplements containing Garcinia cambogia and hydroxycitric acid are reported.This letter aims to review the most recent literature that analysed the herb-induced liver disease due to the use of hydroxycitric acid,from the first alert coming from the European Food and Drug Administration in 2009,to the last recent European food alerts from 2020 to 2021.It is noteworthy that in some cases it demonstrated the relationship between hydroxycitric acid and hepatotoxicity.Therefore,there is a need to draw more attention to the relationship between a safe use and a more awareness in the intake of these supplements,to preserve the safety of the consumers who increasingly purchase food supplements,products that have only nutritive properties and are never curative.展开更多
Hydroxycitric acid （HCA） is derived primarily from the Garcinia plant and is widely used for its anti-in- flammatory effects. Multiple sclerosis can cause an inflammatory demyelination and axonal damage. In this stu...Hydroxycitric acid （HCA） is derived primarily from the Garcinia plant and is widely used for its anti-in- flammatory effects. Multiple sclerosis can cause an inflammatory demyelination and axonal damage. In this study, to validate the hypothesis that HCA exhibits therapeutic effects on multiple sclerosis, we established female C57BL/6 mouse models of multiple sclerosis, i.e., experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis, using Complete Freund＇s Adjuvant （CFA） emulsion containing myelin oligodendrocyte glycoprotein （35-55）. Treatment with HCA at 2 g/kg/d for 3 weeks obviously improved the symptoms of nerve injury of experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis mice, decreased serum interleulin-6, tumor necrosis factor alpha, nitric oxide, and malondialdehyde levels, and increased superoxide dismutase and glutathione reduc- tase activities. These findings suggest that HCA exhibits neuroprotective effects on multiple sclerosis-caused nerve injury through ameliorating inflammation and oxidative stress.展开更多
This review evaluates hydroxycitric acid(HCA),a compound derived from Garcinia cambogia,for its potential in preventing calcium oxalate nephrolithiasis,a common kidney stone disorder.This review aims to clarify HCA’s...This review evaluates hydroxycitric acid(HCA),a compound derived from Garcinia cambogia,for its potential in preventing calcium oxalate nephrolithiasis,a common kidney stone disorder.This review aims to clarify HCA’s multifaceted mechanisms and its applications in functional foods.HCA inhibits calcium oxalate crystallization by binding calcium ions and reducing crystal adhesion to renal tubular epithelial cells.HCA mitigates oxidative stress and inhibits ferroptosis,a lipid peroxidation-driven cell death,through the nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor 2(Nrf2)and glutathione peroxidase 4(GPX4)pathways,thereby protecting kidney tissue.Incorporating HCA into functional foods,combined with probiotics and dietary fiber,may reduce intestinal oxalate absorption,thereby lowering the risk of stone formation.Preclinical studies demonstrate HCA’s potential to inhibit calcium oxalate crystal formation and mitigate oxidative stress,providing novel insights into its synergistic Nrf2/GPX4-mediated ferroptosis inhibition and its potential in functional foods combined with probiotics and dietary fiber.However,the limited number of human clinical trials hinders its translational application,requiring rigorous clinical validation of its efficacy,optimal dosing,and long-term safety to establish HCA as a viable dietary strategy for kidney stone prevention.展开更多
Being the most abundant non-macromolecular organic component of bone,the role of citrate(Cit)in hydroxyapatite(HA)crystallization is of high relevance.In this work we have investigated the influence of hydroxycitrate(...Being the most abundant non-macromolecular organic component of bone,the role of citrate(Cit)in hydroxyapatite(HA)crystallization is of high relevance.In this work we have investigated the influence of hydroxycitrate(CitOH)and glutarate(Glr)on HA crystallization in terms of particle growth,composition,and morphology in comparison to Cit.CitOH and Glr have been selected for this work because they share the same backbone structure of Cit but bear different functional groups in the central region.Our data has revealed that CitOH strongly inhibits HA crystallization more efficiently than Cit.CitOH-HA nanoparticles are composed of platy,elongated particles similar to those of Cit-HA but they are ca.twice smaller and have a lower crystal order.On the other hand,Glr does not inhibit HA crystallization as Cit,but leads to the formation of OCP platelets that convert with maturation time to HA nanorods with larger aspect ratio than Cit-HA.In comparison to Cit-HA samples,Glr-HA nanoparticles have bigger dimensions,and higher structural order.Overall,our data reveal that the central carboxyl group of Cit is involved in the selective binding with HA crystal surface and in regulating HA crystal growth.The results of this work highlight new possibilities to control the formation of HA for designing advanced bioactive materials and give new insights on the role of the structure of Cit in regulating the HA morphology.展开更多
The most frequent cause of gastrointestinal disorders characterized by inflammation and disturbance of the gastrointestinal system,is infection from various bacterial strains.Garcinia morella(Gaertn.)Desr.(Clusiaceae)...The most frequent cause of gastrointestinal disorders characterized by inflammation and disturbance of the gastrointestinal system,is infection from various bacterial strains.Garcinia morella(Gaertn.)Desr.(Clusiaceae)a well-known traditional food is also used in healing digestive disorders for centuries.However,its protective activity in the pathogenesis of pathogen-induced gut disruption remains unclear.This study investigated the beneficial effect of G.morella fruits in remediating pathogen-induced intestinal disruption in Caco-2 cells.The antimicrobial activity of G.morella hydroalcoholic fruit extract with known chemical composition against the opportunistic pathogens,Escherichia coli and Enterococcus faecalis were evaluated.Transepithelial electrical resistance and dextran permeability assay were performed to evaluate the permeability in Caco-2 monolayers.Western blot assays were performed to detect the expression of the intestinal tight junction proteins:zonula occludens-1,claudin-1,occludin,and E-cadherin;and phosphorylation of inflammatory markers:ERK(Extracellular signal-regulated kinase),and JNK(Jun N-terminal kinase).Three bioactive compounds:garcinol,hydroxycitric acid,and hydroxycitric acid lactone were identified,qualitatively and quantitatively assessed with HPLC(high performance liquid chromatography).G.morella hydroalcoholic extract and its compounds prevented the decrease in transepithelial electrical resistance caused by pathogen infection in Caco-2 cells.G.morella and compounds also decreased permeability in Caco-2 monolayer,increased by pathogen infection.G.morella and garcinol enhanced tight junction protein expression.A decrease in extracellular-signal-regulated kinase and c-Jun N-terminal kinase phosphorylation was observed in G.morella and garcinol-treated cells.Overall,the results showed the potential of G.morella and its compounds in maintaining intestinal integrity and validate its traditional claims in ameliorating stomach ailments.The study also provided new guidance in development of nutraceuticals that aid in curing leaky gut.展开更多
文摘Although a number of cases of hepatotoxicity are associated with the use of Hydroxycut weight management products, it has been alleged that their effects are primarily due to the presence of hydroxycitric acid (HCA, as Super CitriMax) in the formulations. However, while these products contain up to 20 different ingredients, some do not contain HCA. Case studies reported to date have not considered in depth the literature on the numerous animal and human studies that have been conducted on the safety and effi cacy of HCA. No HCA-associated hepatotoxicity or treatment-related adverse effects have been reported in these studies, and thus it is premature to make the assumptions presented in the recent case studies regarding Hydroxycut. If it is established in well controlled studies that the use of these formulations with and/or without HCA can result in the occurrence or progression of hepatotoxicity, additional studies should be conducted to characterize the causative factor(s).
文摘Garcinia cambogia extract(GC)with its active component consisting of hydroxycitric acid(HCA)is widely utilized for weight loss.Various HCA salts are available,including calcium,magnesium,potassium and mixtures of these.Experimentally,these salts exhibit different properties with some,but not all,improving glucose tolerance and blood pressure.Recently,obesity-prone C57BL/6J mice were fed a high-fat diet(HFD,45 kcal%fat)with or without GC(1%,w/w)for 16 wk.The active arm reduced visceral fat,adipocyte size and serum glucose,yet purportedly also exhibited hepatic collagen accumulation,lipid peroxidation and increased mRNA levels of genes related to oxidative stress.The latter findings are at odds with a large body of animal and human studies that have been conducted on the safety and efficacy of HCA.This literature shows HCA to be protective against the liver toxicity associated with ethanol and dexamethasone administration,and to maintain serum aspartate aminotransferase,alanine aminotransferase and alkaline phosphatase at near normal levels.In both animal and clinical literature,elevated intakes of HCA per se have not led to signs of inflammation or hepatotoxicity.The compound has been found to reduce markers of inflammation in brain,intestines,kidney and serum.
文摘Rising rates of obesity has increased the global use of herbal supplements intended to control weight.However,taking these preparations without appropriate medical supervision could increase the risk of manifestation of side effects,especially at the hepatic level.In literature,different cases of acute liver injury consequent to the use of food supplements containing Garcinia cambogia and hydroxycitric acid are reported.This letter aims to review the most recent literature that analysed the herb-induced liver disease due to the use of hydroxycitric acid,from the first alert coming from the European Food and Drug Administration in 2009,to the last recent European food alerts from 2020 to 2021.It is noteworthy that in some cases it demonstrated the relationship between hydroxycitric acid and hepatotoxicity.Therefore,there is a need to draw more attention to the relationship between a safe use and a more awareness in the intake of these supplements,to preserve the safety of the consumers who increasingly purchase food supplements,products that have only nutritive properties and are never curative.
基金supported by Vice Chancellor for Research,Alborz University of Medical Sciences,No.1394-01-01-1050
文摘Hydroxycitric acid （HCA） is derived primarily from the Garcinia plant and is widely used for its anti-in- flammatory effects. Multiple sclerosis can cause an inflammatory demyelination and axonal damage. In this study, to validate the hypothesis that HCA exhibits therapeutic effects on multiple sclerosis, we established female C57BL/6 mouse models of multiple sclerosis, i.e., experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis, using Complete Freund＇s Adjuvant （CFA） emulsion containing myelin oligodendrocyte glycoprotein （35-55）. Treatment with HCA at 2 g/kg/d for 3 weeks obviously improved the symptoms of nerve injury of experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis mice, decreased serum interleulin-6, tumor necrosis factor alpha, nitric oxide, and malondialdehyde levels, and increased superoxide dismutase and glutathione reduc- tase activities. These findings suggest that HCA exhibits neuroprotective effects on multiple sclerosis-caused nerve injury through ameliorating inflammation and oxidative stress.
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(Grant No.82260155)the National Natural Science Founda-tion of China[NO:82460155]+3 种基金Yunnan Health Training Project of High Level Talents[NO:D-2024027]the Second Affiliated Hospital of Kunming Medical University External Cooperation Projects[NO:2022dwhz10]Yunnan Fundamental Research Kunming Medical Uni-versity Projects[NO:202501AY070001-035]Zhou Li-qun Expert Workstation of the Yunnan Provincial Department of Science and Technology[NO:202505AF350061].
文摘This review evaluates hydroxycitric acid(HCA),a compound derived from Garcinia cambogia,for its potential in preventing calcium oxalate nephrolithiasis,a common kidney stone disorder.This review aims to clarify HCA’s multifaceted mechanisms and its applications in functional foods.HCA inhibits calcium oxalate crystallization by binding calcium ions and reducing crystal adhesion to renal tubular epithelial cells.HCA mitigates oxidative stress and inhibits ferroptosis,a lipid peroxidation-driven cell death,through the nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor 2(Nrf2)and glutathione peroxidase 4(GPX4)pathways,thereby protecting kidney tissue.Incorporating HCA into functional foods,combined with probiotics and dietary fiber,may reduce intestinal oxalate absorption,thereby lowering the risk of stone formation.Preclinical studies demonstrate HCA’s potential to inhibit calcium oxalate crystal formation and mitigate oxidative stress,providing novel insights into its synergistic Nrf2/GPX4-mediated ferroptosis inhibition and its potential in functional foods combined with probiotics and dietary fiber.However,the limited number of human clinical trials hinders its translational application,requiring rigorous clinical validation of its efficacy,optimal dosing,and long-term safety to establish HCA as a viable dietary strategy for kidney stone prevention.
基金supported by the CERIC-ERIC Consortium for financial support and for giving access to ELETTRA SAXS beamline(proposal CERIC-ERIC-20175403).
文摘Being the most abundant non-macromolecular organic component of bone,the role of citrate(Cit)in hydroxyapatite(HA)crystallization is of high relevance.In this work we have investigated the influence of hydroxycitrate(CitOH)and glutarate(Glr)on HA crystallization in terms of particle growth,composition,and morphology in comparison to Cit.CitOH and Glr have been selected for this work because they share the same backbone structure of Cit but bear different functional groups in the central region.Our data has revealed that CitOH strongly inhibits HA crystallization more efficiently than Cit.CitOH-HA nanoparticles are composed of platy,elongated particles similar to those of Cit-HA but they are ca.twice smaller and have a lower crystal order.On the other hand,Glr does not inhibit HA crystallization as Cit,but leads to the formation of OCP platelets that convert with maturation time to HA nanorods with larger aspect ratio than Cit-HA.In comparison to Cit-HA samples,Glr-HA nanoparticles have bigger dimensions,and higher structural order.Overall,our data reveal that the central carboxyl group of Cit is involved in the selective binding with HA crystal surface and in regulating HA crystal growth.The results of this work highlight new possibilities to control the formation of HA for designing advanced bioactive materials and give new insights on the role of the structure of Cit in regulating the HA morphology.
基金supported by Council of Scientific&Industrial Research(CSIR),India,File No.09/835(0029)/2019-EMR-I,IASST in-house core funded research project no.IASST/R&D/LSD/IHP-4/2023-24/1275-1283 for funding.
文摘The most frequent cause of gastrointestinal disorders characterized by inflammation and disturbance of the gastrointestinal system,is infection from various bacterial strains.Garcinia morella(Gaertn.)Desr.(Clusiaceae)a well-known traditional food is also used in healing digestive disorders for centuries.However,its protective activity in the pathogenesis of pathogen-induced gut disruption remains unclear.This study investigated the beneficial effect of G.morella fruits in remediating pathogen-induced intestinal disruption in Caco-2 cells.The antimicrobial activity of G.morella hydroalcoholic fruit extract with known chemical composition against the opportunistic pathogens,Escherichia coli and Enterococcus faecalis were evaluated.Transepithelial electrical resistance and dextran permeability assay were performed to evaluate the permeability in Caco-2 monolayers.Western blot assays were performed to detect the expression of the intestinal tight junction proteins:zonula occludens-1,claudin-1,occludin,and E-cadherin;and phosphorylation of inflammatory markers:ERK(Extracellular signal-regulated kinase),and JNK(Jun N-terminal kinase).Three bioactive compounds:garcinol,hydroxycitric acid,and hydroxycitric acid lactone were identified,qualitatively and quantitatively assessed with HPLC(high performance liquid chromatography).G.morella hydroalcoholic extract and its compounds prevented the decrease in transepithelial electrical resistance caused by pathogen infection in Caco-2 cells.G.morella and compounds also decreased permeability in Caco-2 monolayer,increased by pathogen infection.G.morella and garcinol enhanced tight junction protein expression.A decrease in extracellular-signal-regulated kinase and c-Jun N-terminal kinase phosphorylation was observed in G.morella and garcinol-treated cells.Overall,the results showed the potential of G.morella and its compounds in maintaining intestinal integrity and validate its traditional claims in ameliorating stomach ailments.The study also provided new guidance in development of nutraceuticals that aid in curing leaky gut.
