Hybrid power sources have attracted much attention in the electric vehicle area. Particularly, electric-electric hybrid powertrain system consisting of supercapacitor modules and lithium-ion batteries has been widely ...Hybrid power sources have attracted much attention in the electric vehicle area. Particularly, electric-electric hybrid powertrain system consisting of supercapacitor modules and lithium-ion batteries has been widely applied because of the high power density of supercapacitors. In this study, we design a hybrid powertrain system containing two porous carbon electrode-based supercapacitor modules in parallel and one lithium ion battery pack. With the construction of the testing station, the performance and stability of the used supercapacitor modules are investigated in correlation with the structure of the supercapacitor and the nature of the electrode materials applied. It has been shown that the responding time for voltage vibration from 20 V to 48.5 V during charging or discharging process decreases from about 490 s to 94 s with the increase in applied current from 20 A to 100 A. The capacitance of the capacitor modules is nearly independent on the applied current. With the designed setup, the energy efficiency can reach as high as 0.99. The results described here provide a guidance for material selection of supercapacitors and optimized controlling strategy for hybrid power system applied in electric vehicles.展开更多
Continuous transient impact(CTI)frequently occurs in power split(PS)hybrid powertrain system when the mode transition torque crossing zero,which affects overall vehicle ride comfort.To study the CTI mechanism,a transi...Continuous transient impact(CTI)frequently occurs in power split(PS)hybrid powertrain system when the mode transition torque crossing zero,which affects overall vehicle ride comfort.To study the CTI mechanism,a transient torsional vibration(TTV)coupling model of a hybrid powertrain test system is established based on the test bench with double feedforward correction load emulation compensation control,and realize the CTI performance prediction along the power transfer path.Firstly,the time-domain and frequency-domain characteristics of CTI during the mode transition process(MTP)test are introduced.Secondly,the external excitation model including bench load,engine resistance torque and motor torque ripple,and the internal excitation model including the torsional vibration of planetary coupling(PC)and two stage reducer are established.Then,the MTP coordinated control method of power split hybrid powertrain test system are introduced,and the gear torque zero crossing model which considering time-varying stiffness,damping and gear backlash is integrated into the TTV model.Finally,the CTI mechanism is simulated and analyzed.The results show that the front planet gear of Ravigneaux-PC is the main source of high-frequency gear knocking.Moreover,the frequent torque crossing zero at the dedicated hybrid transmission(DHT)power output end after the torque coordinated control of each power source is the main cause of continuous mesh impact during MTP,and the coupling effect with the gear backlash intensifies the CTI of DHT output end at frequency band 100–200 Hz,and the CTI can reduce the overall efficiency of PS-DHT system and vehicle comfort.The research results are useful for the development of CTI suppression optimization algorithm.展开更多
The single-shaft parallel hybrid powertrain with the automatic mechanical transmission(AMT)is an efficient hybrid driving system in the hybrid electric bus(HEB),while the electromechanical coupling driving control bec...The single-shaft parallel hybrid powertrain with the automatic mechanical transmission(AMT)is an efficient hybrid driving system in the hybrid electric bus(HEB),while the electromechanical coupling driving control becomes a complicated question to find a transient optimal control method to distribute the power between the engine and the electric machine(EM).This paper proposes an innovative control method to deal with the complicated transient coupling driving process of the electromechanical coupling driving system,considering the accelerating condition and the cruising condition mostly in the city driving cycle of HEB.The EM might be operated at driving mode or generating mode to assist the diesel engine to work in its high-efficiency area.Therefore,the adaptive torque tracking controller has been brought forward to ensure that the EM implements the demand torque as well as compensate the torque fluctuation of diesel engine.The d?q axis mathematical model and back stepping method are employed to deduce the adaptive controller and its adaptive laws.Simulation results demonstrate that the proposed control scheme can make the output torque of two power sources respond rapidly to the demand torque from the powertrain in the given driving condition.The proposed method could be adopted in the real control of HEB to improve the efficiency of the hybrid driving system.展开更多
Given that energy conservation and environmental protection are two important goals for the automotive industry, the application of a hybrid electric powertrain can improve vehicle energy efficiency while decreasing f...Given that energy conservation and environmental protection are two important goals for the automotive industry, the application of a hybrid electric powertrain can improve vehicle energy efficiency while decreasing fuel consumption and engine emissions. Planetary gear-based power-split hybrid powertrains have become widely used in passenger vehicles, but remain rarely employed on transit buses. This study proposes a novel hybrid powertrain based on two planetary gear sets(CHS) and presents its operating principles along with development of a control strategy for the powertrain. The CHS hybrid powertrain operates in electric mode when the driving power demand is low, and changes to a hybrid electric mode according to the power-split principle of the planetary gear set. To validate the feasibility of the designed CHS hybrid powertrain, a prototype transit bus equipped with the designed hybrid powertrain system was built, and the operating characteristics of the system were analyzed through a performance test conducted on a chassis dynamometer. Compared with a conventional powertrain, the CHS hybrid powertrain can reduce fuel consumption by 39%. Thus, the CHS hybrid powertrain is a good solution for heavy-duty applications such as hybrid transit buses because of its simple structure and excellent fuel efficiency.展开更多
According to bench test results of fuel economy and engine emission for thereal power-train system of EQ7200HEV car. a 3-D performance map oriented quasi-linear model isdeveloped for the configuration of the powertrai...According to bench test results of fuel economy and engine emission for thereal power-train system of EQ7200HEV car. a 3-D performance map oriented quasi-linear model isdeveloped for the configuration of the powertrain components such as internal combustion engine,traction electric motor, transmission, main retarder and energy storage unit. A genetic algorithmbased on optimization procedure is proposed and applied for parametric optimization of the keycomponents by consideration of requirements of some driving cycles. Through comparison of numericalresults obtained by the genetic algorithm with those by traditional optimization methods, it isshown that the present approach is quite effective and efficient in emission reduction and fueleconomy for the design of the hybrid electric car powertrain.展开更多
This paper focuses on comparing the performance of the embedded control of a hybrid powertrain with the original and downsized engine. The main idea is to store the normally wasted mechanical regenerative energy in en...This paper focuses on comparing the performance of the embedded control of a hybrid powertrain with the original and downsized engine. The main idea is to store the normally wasted mechanical regenerative energy in energy storage devices for later usage. The regenerative energy recovery opportunity exists in any condition where the speed of motion is in the opposite direction to the applied force or torque. A rule based optimal robust control algorithm is developed and is tuned for different work cycles. A comparison of the fuel savings using the hybrid system with the original and downsized engines is performed.展开更多
The goal of this work is to develop a hybrid electric vehicle model that is suitable for use in a dynamic programming algorithm that provides the benchmark for optimal control of the hybrid powertrain. The benchmark a...The goal of this work is to develop a hybrid electric vehicle model that is suitable for use in a dynamic programming algorithm that provides the benchmark for optimal control of the hybrid powertrain. The benchmark analysis employs dynamic programming by backward induction to determine the globally optimal solution by solving the energy management problem starting at the final timestep and proceeding backwards in time. This method requires the development of a backwards facing model that propagates the wheel speed of the vehicle for the given drive cycle through the driveline components to determine the operating points of the powertrain. Although dynamic programming only searches the solution space within the feasible regions of operation, the benchmarking model must be solved for every admissible state at every timestep leading to strict requirements for runtime and memory. The backward facing model employs the quasi-static assumption of powertrain operation to reduce the fidelity of the model to accommodate these requirements. Verification and validation testing of the dynamic programming algorithm is conducted to ensure successful operation of the algorithm and to assess the validity of the determined control policy against a high-fidelity forward-facing vehicle model with a percent difference of fuel consumption of 1.2%. The benchmark analysis is conducted over multiple drive cycles to determine the optimal control policy that provides a benchmark for real-time algorithm development and determines control trends that can be used to improve existing algorithms. The optimal combined charge sustaining fuel economy of the vehicle is determined by the dynamic programming algorithm to be 32.99 MPG, a 52.6% increase over the stock 3.6 L 2019 Chevrolet Blazer.展开更多
Energy management strategy (EMS) is the core of the real-time controlalgorithm of the hybrid electric vehicle (HEV). A novel EMS using the logic threshold approach withincorporation of a stand-by optimization algorith...Energy management strategy (EMS) is the core of the real-time controlalgorithm of the hybrid electric vehicle (HEV). A novel EMS using the logic threshold approach withincorporation of a stand-by optimization algorithm is proposed. The aim of it is to minimize theengine fuel consumption and maintain the battery state of charge (SOC) in its operation range, whilesatisfying the vehicle performance and drivability requirements. The hybrid powertrain bench testis carried out to collect data of the engine, motor and battery pack, which are used in the EMS tocontrol the powertrain. Computer simulation model of the HEV is established in the MATLAB/Simulinkenvironment according to the bench test results. Simulation results are presented for behaviors ofthe engine, motor and battery. The proposed EMS is implemented for a real parallel hybrid carcontrol system and validated by vehicle field tests.展开更多
With an increasing number of vehicles with alternative powertrains, the choice of the most appropriate powertrain system for a vehicle class or a load cycle is challenging. This paper introduces a method to design an ...With an increasing number of vehicles with alternative powertrains, the choice of the most appropriate powertrain system for a vehicle class or a load cycle is challenging. This paper introduces a method to design an optimal alternative powertrain based on a longitudinal dynamic simulation. The objective function of the minimization problem describes the characteristic map of the traction system. The goal of the optimization is to minimize fuel consumption respectively energy demand. Different types of propulsion systems are investigated. The results show that the proposed method delivers useful alternative powertrains by applying an optimization with reasonable restrictions.展开更多
Energy management（EM） is a core technique of hybrid electric bus（HEB） in order to advance fuel economy performance optimization and is unique for the corresponding configuration. There are existing algorithms of c...Energy management（EM） is a core technique of hybrid electric bus（HEB） in order to advance fuel economy performance optimization and is unique for the corresponding configuration. There are existing algorithms of control strategy seldom take battery power management into account with international combustion engine power management. In this paper, a type of power-balancing instantaneous optimization（PBIO） energy management control strategy is proposed for a novel series-parallel hybrid electric bus. According to the characteristic of the novel series-parallel architecture, the switching boundary condition between series and parallel mode as well as the control rules of the power-balancing strategy are developed. The equivalent fuel model of battery is implemented and combined with the fuel of engine to constitute the objective function which is to minimize the fuel consumption at each sampled time and to coordinate the power distribution in real-time between the engine and battery. To validate the proposed strategy effective and reasonable, a forward model is built based on Matlab/Simulink for the simulation and the dSPACE autobox is applied to act as a controller for hardware in-the-loop integrated with bench test. Both the results of simulation and hardware-in-the-loop demonstrate that the proposed strategy not only enable to sustain the battery SOC within its operational range and keep the engine operation point locating the peak efficiency region, but also the fuel economy of series-parallel hybrid electric bus（SPHEB） dramatically advanced up to 30.73% via comparing with the prototype bus and a similar improvement for PBIO strategy relative to rule-based strategy, the reduction of fuel consumption is up to 12.38%. The proposed research ensures the algorithm of PBIO is real-time applicability, improves the efficiency of SPHEB system, as well as suite to complicated configuration perfectly.展开更多
The electrification of powertrains leads to an increasing diversification of powertrain configurations. Each single configuration has its specific advantages which appear depending on the usage profile. To find the us...The electrification of powertrains leads to an increasing diversification of powertrain configurations. Each single configuration has its specific advantages which appear depending on the usage profile. To find the usage based optimal powertrain in consideration of a variety of evaluation criteria, the powertrains have to be optimized for the usage profile and characteristics have to be extracted from the usage profile. The carbon dioxide emissions of the optimized powertrains and usage based criteria are used in a multi-criteria decision analysis to determine the optimal powertrain for a specific usage profile. The description of characteristic maps forms the objective function of a minimization problem. The determined carbon dioxide emissions are one criterion in a multi-criteria decision process. All considered criteria are at least partly objective so that subjective ratings are eliminated as far as possible. The result is an optimized powertrain for a desired usage under the consideration of objective criteria that are extracted from the usage profile.展开更多
飞轮混合动力系统(planetary gear set based flywheel hybrid electric powertrain,PGS-FHEP)在提高车辆性能和能源利用率方面具有巨大优势。本文研究对其主要部件进行了设计和匹配,并在等效能耗最小控制策略(equivalent consumption m...飞轮混合动力系统(planetary gear set based flywheel hybrid electric powertrain,PGS-FHEP)在提高车辆性能和能源利用率方面具有巨大优势。本文研究对其主要部件进行了设计和匹配,并在等效能耗最小控制策略(equivalent consumption minimization strategy,ECMS)的基础上,引入动态规划(dynamic programming,DP)控制策略获取最优电池荷电状态(state of charge,SOC)轨迹,通过实时调整遗传算法(genetic algorithm,GA)求得的初始最优等效因子,确保实际SOC轨迹与最优轨迹相符,从而搭建了一种可实时控制的自适应等效能耗最小控制策略(adaptive equivalent consumption minimization strategy,A-ECMS),最终在中国轻型商用车行驶工况(China light-duty commercial vehicle test cycle,CLTC-C)工况下对三种控制策略进行了仿真对比。结果表明,在A-ECMS控制下,较传统ECMS相比,加装PGS-FHEP的飞轮混合动力汽车(flywheel hybrid electric vehicle,FHEV)综合能耗降低了2.51%,控制效果更接近DP控制策略;系统能量回收率可达57.72%,其中,飞轮以机械能形式回收占比23.64%。此外,能量回收过程中,飞轮的参与使电池的峰值功率显著降低。展开更多
基金Funded by the National Key Basic Research Development Program of China(973 Plan)(No.2013CB632505)the National Natural Science Foundation of China(51477125)the Scientific Research Foundation for the Returned Overseas Chinese Scholars
文摘Hybrid power sources have attracted much attention in the electric vehicle area. Particularly, electric-electric hybrid powertrain system consisting of supercapacitor modules and lithium-ion batteries has been widely applied because of the high power density of supercapacitors. In this study, we design a hybrid powertrain system containing two porous carbon electrode-based supercapacitor modules in parallel and one lithium ion battery pack. With the construction of the testing station, the performance and stability of the used supercapacitor modules are investigated in correlation with the structure of the supercapacitor and the nature of the electrode materials applied. It has been shown that the responding time for voltage vibration from 20 V to 48.5 V during charging or discharging process decreases from about 490 s to 94 s with the increase in applied current from 20 A to 100 A. The capacitance of the capacitor modules is nearly independent on the applied current. With the designed setup, the energy efficiency can reach as high as 0.99. The results described here provide a guidance for material selection of supercapacitors and optimized controlling strategy for hybrid power system applied in electric vehicles.
基金funded by National Natural Science Foundation of China,under grand number 51675381Science and Technology Innovation Plan Of Shanghai Science and Technology Commission under grand number 21DZ1209700.
文摘Continuous transient impact(CTI)frequently occurs in power split(PS)hybrid powertrain system when the mode transition torque crossing zero,which affects overall vehicle ride comfort.To study the CTI mechanism,a transient torsional vibration(TTV)coupling model of a hybrid powertrain test system is established based on the test bench with double feedforward correction load emulation compensation control,and realize the CTI performance prediction along the power transfer path.Firstly,the time-domain and frequency-domain characteristics of CTI during the mode transition process(MTP)test are introduced.Secondly,the external excitation model including bench load,engine resistance torque and motor torque ripple,and the internal excitation model including the torsional vibration of planetary coupling(PC)and two stage reducer are established.Then,the MTP coordinated control method of power split hybrid powertrain test system are introduced,and the gear torque zero crossing model which considering time-varying stiffness,damping and gear backlash is integrated into the TTV model.Finally,the CTI mechanism is simulated and analyzed.The results show that the front planet gear of Ravigneaux-PC is the main source of high-frequency gear knocking.Moreover,the frequent torque crossing zero at the dedicated hybrid transmission(DHT)power output end after the torque coordinated control of each power source is the main cause of continuous mesh impact during MTP,and the coupling effect with the gear backlash intensifies the CTI of DHT output end at frequency band 100–200 Hz,and the CTI can reduce the overall efficiency of PS-DHT system and vehicle comfort.The research results are useful for the development of CTI suppression optimization algorithm.
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(Grant No.51275557)the National Science-technology Support Plan Projects of China(Grant No.2013BAG14B01)
文摘The single-shaft parallel hybrid powertrain with the automatic mechanical transmission(AMT)is an efficient hybrid driving system in the hybrid electric bus(HEB),while the electromechanical coupling driving control becomes a complicated question to find a transient optimal control method to distribute the power between the engine and the electric machine(EM).This paper proposes an innovative control method to deal with the complicated transient coupling driving process of the electromechanical coupling driving system,considering the accelerating condition and the cruising condition mostly in the city driving cycle of HEB.The EM might be operated at driving mode or generating mode to assist the diesel engine to work in its high-efficiency area.Therefore,the adaptive torque tracking controller has been brought forward to ensure that the EM implements the demand torque as well as compensate the torque fluctuation of diesel engine.The d?q axis mathematical model and back stepping method are employed to deduce the adaptive controller and its adaptive laws.Simulation results demonstrate that the proposed control scheme can make the output torque of two power sources respond rapidly to the demand torque from the powertrain in the given driving condition.The proposed method could be adopted in the real control of HEB to improve the efficiency of the hybrid driving system.
文摘Given that energy conservation and environmental protection are two important goals for the automotive industry, the application of a hybrid electric powertrain can improve vehicle energy efficiency while decreasing fuel consumption and engine emissions. Planetary gear-based power-split hybrid powertrains have become widely used in passenger vehicles, but remain rarely employed on transit buses. This study proposes a novel hybrid powertrain based on two planetary gear sets(CHS) and presents its operating principles along with development of a control strategy for the powertrain. The CHS hybrid powertrain operates in electric mode when the driving power demand is low, and changes to a hybrid electric mode according to the power-split principle of the planetary gear set. To validate the feasibility of the designed CHS hybrid powertrain, a prototype transit bus equipped with the designed hybrid powertrain system was built, and the operating characteristics of the system were analyzed through a performance test conducted on a chassis dynamometer. Compared with a conventional powertrain, the CHS hybrid powertrain can reduce fuel consumption by 39%. Thus, the CHS hybrid powertrain is a good solution for heavy-duty applications such as hybrid transit buses because of its simple structure and excellent fuel efficiency.
文摘According to bench test results of fuel economy and engine emission for thereal power-train system of EQ7200HEV car. a 3-D performance map oriented quasi-linear model isdeveloped for the configuration of the powertrain components such as internal combustion engine,traction electric motor, transmission, main retarder and energy storage unit. A genetic algorithmbased on optimization procedure is proposed and applied for parametric optimization of the keycomponents by consideration of requirements of some driving cycles. Through comparison of numericalresults obtained by the genetic algorithm with those by traditional optimization methods, it isshown that the present approach is quite effective and efficient in emission reduction and fueleconomy for the design of the hybrid electric car powertrain.
文摘This paper focuses on comparing the performance of the embedded control of a hybrid powertrain with the original and downsized engine. The main idea is to store the normally wasted mechanical regenerative energy in energy storage devices for later usage. The regenerative energy recovery opportunity exists in any condition where the speed of motion is in the opposite direction to the applied force or torque. A rule based optimal robust control algorithm is developed and is tuned for different work cycles. A comparison of the fuel savings using the hybrid system with the original and downsized engines is performed.
文摘The goal of this work is to develop a hybrid electric vehicle model that is suitable for use in a dynamic programming algorithm that provides the benchmark for optimal control of the hybrid powertrain. The benchmark analysis employs dynamic programming by backward induction to determine the globally optimal solution by solving the energy management problem starting at the final timestep and proceeding backwards in time. This method requires the development of a backwards facing model that propagates the wheel speed of the vehicle for the given drive cycle through the driveline components to determine the operating points of the powertrain. Although dynamic programming only searches the solution space within the feasible regions of operation, the benchmarking model must be solved for every admissible state at every timestep leading to strict requirements for runtime and memory. The backward facing model employs the quasi-static assumption of powertrain operation to reduce the fidelity of the model to accommodate these requirements. Verification and validation testing of the dynamic programming algorithm is conducted to ensure successful operation of the algorithm and to assess the validity of the determined control policy against a high-fidelity forward-facing vehicle model with a percent difference of fuel consumption of 1.2%. The benchmark analysis is conducted over multiple drive cycles to determine the optimal control policy that provides a benchmark for real-time algorithm development and determines control trends that can be used to improve existing algorithms. The optimal combined charge sustaining fuel economy of the vehicle is determined by the dynamic programming algorithm to be 32.99 MPG, a 52.6% increase over the stock 3.6 L 2019 Chevrolet Blazer.
基金This project is supported by Electric Vehicle Key Project of National 863 Program of China (No.2001AA501200, 2001AA501211).
文摘Energy management strategy (EMS) is the core of the real-time controlalgorithm of the hybrid electric vehicle (HEV). A novel EMS using the logic threshold approach withincorporation of a stand-by optimization algorithm is proposed. The aim of it is to minimize theengine fuel consumption and maintain the battery state of charge (SOC) in its operation range, whilesatisfying the vehicle performance and drivability requirements. The hybrid powertrain bench testis carried out to collect data of the engine, motor and battery pack, which are used in the EMS tocontrol the powertrain. Computer simulation model of the HEV is established in the MATLAB/Simulinkenvironment according to the bench test results. Simulation results are presented for behaviors ofthe engine, motor and battery. The proposed EMS is implemented for a real parallel hybrid carcontrol system and validated by vehicle field tests.
文摘With an increasing number of vehicles with alternative powertrains, the choice of the most appropriate powertrain system for a vehicle class or a load cycle is challenging. This paper introduces a method to design an optimal alternative powertrain based on a longitudinal dynamic simulation. The objective function of the minimization problem describes the characteristic map of the traction system. The goal of the optimization is to minimize fuel consumption respectively energy demand. Different types of propulsion systems are investigated. The results show that the proposed method delivers useful alternative powertrains by applying an optimization with reasonable restrictions.
基金supported by National Natural Science Foundation of China(Grant No. 51075410)
文摘Energy management（EM） is a core technique of hybrid electric bus（HEB） in order to advance fuel economy performance optimization and is unique for the corresponding configuration. There are existing algorithms of control strategy seldom take battery power management into account with international combustion engine power management. In this paper, a type of power-balancing instantaneous optimization（PBIO） energy management control strategy is proposed for a novel series-parallel hybrid electric bus. According to the characteristic of the novel series-parallel architecture, the switching boundary condition between series and parallel mode as well as the control rules of the power-balancing strategy are developed. The equivalent fuel model of battery is implemented and combined with the fuel of engine to constitute the objective function which is to minimize the fuel consumption at each sampled time and to coordinate the power distribution in real-time between the engine and battery. To validate the proposed strategy effective and reasonable, a forward model is built based on Matlab/Simulink for the simulation and the dSPACE autobox is applied to act as a controller for hardware in-the-loop integrated with bench test. Both the results of simulation and hardware-in-the-loop demonstrate that the proposed strategy not only enable to sustain the battery SOC within its operational range and keep the engine operation point locating the peak efficiency region, but also the fuel economy of series-parallel hybrid electric bus（SPHEB） dramatically advanced up to 30.73% via comparing with the prototype bus and a similar improvement for PBIO strategy relative to rule-based strategy, the reduction of fuel consumption is up to 12.38%. The proposed research ensures the algorithm of PBIO is real-time applicability, improves the efficiency of SPHEB system, as well as suite to complicated configuration perfectly.
文摘The electrification of powertrains leads to an increasing diversification of powertrain configurations. Each single configuration has its specific advantages which appear depending on the usage profile. To find the usage based optimal powertrain in consideration of a variety of evaluation criteria, the powertrains have to be optimized for the usage profile and characteristics have to be extracted from the usage profile. The carbon dioxide emissions of the optimized powertrains and usage based criteria are used in a multi-criteria decision analysis to determine the optimal powertrain for a specific usage profile. The description of characteristic maps forms the objective function of a minimization problem. The determined carbon dioxide emissions are one criterion in a multi-criteria decision process. All considered criteria are at least partly objective so that subjective ratings are eliminated as far as possible. The result is an optimized powertrain for a desired usage under the consideration of objective criteria that are extracted from the usage profile.
文摘飞轮混合动力系统(planetary gear set based flywheel hybrid electric powertrain,PGS-FHEP)在提高车辆性能和能源利用率方面具有巨大优势。本文研究对其主要部件进行了设计和匹配,并在等效能耗最小控制策略(equivalent consumption minimization strategy,ECMS)的基础上,引入动态规划(dynamic programming,DP)控制策略获取最优电池荷电状态(state of charge,SOC)轨迹,通过实时调整遗传算法(genetic algorithm,GA)求得的初始最优等效因子,确保实际SOC轨迹与最优轨迹相符,从而搭建了一种可实时控制的自适应等效能耗最小控制策略(adaptive equivalent consumption minimization strategy,A-ECMS),最终在中国轻型商用车行驶工况(China light-duty commercial vehicle test cycle,CLTC-C)工况下对三种控制策略进行了仿真对比。结果表明,在A-ECMS控制下,较传统ECMS相比,加装PGS-FHEP的飞轮混合动力汽车(flywheel hybrid electric vehicle,FHEV)综合能耗降低了2.51%,控制效果更接近DP控制策略;系统能量回收率可达57.72%,其中,飞轮以机械能形式回收占比23.64%。此外,能量回收过程中,飞轮的参与使电池的峰值功率显著降低。
