The use of broadband laser technology is a novel approach for inhibiting processes related to laser plasma interactions(LPIs).In this study,several preliminary experiments into broadband-laser-driven LPIs are carried ...The use of broadband laser technology is a novel approach for inhibiting processes related to laser plasma interactions(LPIs).In this study,several preliminary experiments into broadband-laser-driven LPIs are carried out using a newly established hundreds-of-joules broadband second-harmonic-generation laser facility.Through direct comparison with LPI results for a traditional narrowband laser,the actual LPI-suppression effect of the broadband laser is shown.The broadband laser had a clear suppressive effect on both back-stimulated Raman scattering and back-stimulated Brillouin scattering at laser intensities below 1×10^(15) W cm^(−2).An abnormal hot-electron phenomenon is also investigated,using targets of different thicknesses.展开更多
This paper discusses the important role of science and technology commissioners in the high-quality development of hundreds of counties,thousands of towns,and myriads of villages in the context of rural revitalization...This paper discusses the important role of science and technology commissioners in the high-quality development of hundreds of counties,thousands of towns,and myriads of villages in the context of rural revitalization,including building bridges,accelerating the transformation of achievements,promoting the value-added of the whole agricultural industry chain,and promoting the rapid development of rural industrial economy.It also discusses the working achievements of science and technology commissioners,in order to promote further development of rural revitalization in Guangdong Province.展开更多
Since the Hundreds, of Talents Program was put into operation at the CAS in 1994, nearly 400 young scholars at home and abroad have participated in the public bidding. Among them, 59 applicants have won the support fr...Since the Hundreds, of Talents Program was put into operation at the CAS in 1994, nearly 400 young scholars at home and abroad have participated in the public bidding. Among them, 59 applicants have won the support from the Program as a result of competition based on publicity, equality, fairness and the enrollment of the most outstanding. The followings are profiles of the winners in the program in 1996.展开更多
The fabrication of three-dimensional(3D)microscale structures is critical for many applications,including strong and lightweight material development,medical device fabrication,microrobotics,and photonic applications....The fabrication of three-dimensional(3D)microscale structures is critical for many applications,including strong and lightweight material development,medical device fabrication,microrobotics,and photonic applications.While 3D microfabrication has seen progress over the past decades,complex multicomponent integration with small or hierarchical feature sizes is still a challenge.In this study,an optical positioning and linking(OPAL)platform based on optical tweezers is used to precisely fabricate 3D microstructures from two types of micron-scale building blocks linked by biochemical interactions.A computer-controlled interface with rapid on-the-fly automated recalibration routines main tains accuracy eve n after placi ng many buildi ng blocks.OPAL achieves a 60-nm positional accuracy by optimizing the molecular functionalization and laser power.A two-component structure consisting of 4481-pm building blocks is assembled,representing the largest number of building blocks used to date in 3D optical tweezer microassembly.Although optical tweezers have previously been used for microfabrication,those results were generally restricted to single-material structures composed of a relatively small number of larger-sized building blocks,with little discussion of critical process parameters.It is anticipated that OPAL will enable the assembly,augmentation,and repair of microstructures composed of specialty micro/nanomaterial building blocks to be used in new photonic,microfluidic,and biomedical devices.展开更多
‘Nihao!China’——China Ice and Snow Tourism Overseas Promotion Season 2025 in Harbin“Nihao!China”——The China Ice and Snow Tourism Overseas Promotion Season 2025 kicked off on January 1 in Harbin,Northeast China...‘Nihao!China’——China Ice and Snow Tourism Overseas Promotion Season 2025 in Harbin“Nihao!China”——The China Ice and Snow Tourism Overseas Promotion Season 2025 kicked off on January 1 in Harbin,Northeast China’s Heilongjiang Province.The event brought together hundreds of tourism industry professionals,cultural ambassadors and media representatives from around the globe to promote China’s high-quality ice and snow tourism resources while establishing Heilongjiang as a hub for the ice and snow economy.展开更多
1.No global progress on youth physical activity prevalenceTagedEnd TagedPDespite hundreds of intervention studies over decennia that have been dedicated to developing and testing programs and strategies to promote phy...1.No global progress on youth physical activity prevalenceTagedEnd TagedPDespite hundreds of intervention studies over decennia that have been dedicated to developing and testing programs and strategies to promote physical activity(PA)in adolescents,14 global inactivity levels remain persistently high.Based on self-report data from 1.6 million schoolgoing adolescents from 146 countries,Guthold et al.5 confirmed previous urgent calls to get adolescents more active.Researchers from the World Health Organization(WHO)recently published global prevalence rates and the first ever global time trends for insufficient PA in youth.They reported that more than 80%of school-going adolescents globally did not meet the current recommendations of at least 1 h of PA per day.展开更多
Osteoporosis is a common skeletal disease,affecting-200 million people around the world.As a complex disease,osteoporosis is influenced by many factors,including diet(e.g.calcium and protein intake),physical activity,...Osteoporosis is a common skeletal disease,affecting-200 million people around the world.As a complex disease,osteoporosis is influenced by many factors,including diet(e.g.calcium and protein intake),physical activity,endocrine status,coexisting diseases and genetic factors.In this review,we first summarize the discovery from genome-wide association studies(GWASs)in the bone field in the last 12 years.To date,GWASs and meta-analyses have discovered hundreds of loci that are associated with bone mineral density(BMD),osteoporosis,and osteoporotic fractures.However,the GWAS approach has sometimes been criticized because of the small effect size of the discovered variants and the mystery of missing heritability,these two questions could be partially explained by the newly raised conceptual models,such as omnigenic model and natural selection.Finally,we introduce the clinical use of GWAS findings in the bone field,such as the identification of causal clinical risk factors,the development of drug targets and disease prediction.Despite the fruitful GWAS discoveries in the bone field,most of these GWAS participants were of European descent,and more genetic studies should be carried out in other ethnic populations to benefit disease prediction in the corresponding population.展开更多
1.Introduction 2020 is an unusual year in which the COVID-19 pandemic has raged through the globe,infecting tens of millions of people and killing hundreds of thousands.The pandemic has not only wreaked havoc on publi...1.Introduction 2020 is an unusual year in which the COVID-19 pandemic has raged through the globe,infecting tens of millions of people and killing hundreds of thousands.The pandemic has not only wreaked havoc on public health systems,economic activities,and people's lives,but also has greatly affected and will continue to reshape the world's political,economic,and trade patterns.展开更多
TagedPIn February and March 2022,China will host the Beijing 2022 Olympic and Paralympic Winter Games.The vision for this landmark event promises a“joyful rendezvous upon pure ice and snow uniting the passion of hund...TagedPIn February and March 2022,China will host the Beijing 2022 Olympic and Paralympic Winter Games.The vision for this landmark event promises a“joyful rendezvous upon pure ice and snow uniting the passion of hundreds of millions for winter sports”.1 Themes have been developed to create a positive environmental impact with new development for the northern region of the country and to promote winter sports and improve the health and well-being of the Chinese people.The key messages for the winter games include inspiring youth with the Olympic spirit and encouraging millions to embrace winter sports.Notably,the Chinese government aims to mobilize at least 300 million of its citizens to engage in winter sports as an outcome of hosting the Winter Olympic Games.展开更多
Hydrogen(H)is the most abundant element in the known universe,and on the Earth’s surface it bonds with oxygen to form water,which is a distinguishing feature of this planet.In the Earth’s deep mantle,His stored hydr...Hydrogen(H)is the most abundant element in the known universe,and on the Earth’s surface it bonds with oxygen to form water,which is a distinguishing feature of this planet.In the Earth’s deep mantle,His stored hydroxyl(OH−)in hydrous or nominally anhydrous minerals.Despite its ubiquity on the surface,the abundance ofHin the Earth’s deep interior is uncertain.Estimates of the totalHbudget in the Earth’s interior have ranged from less than one hydrosphere,which assumes an H-depleted interior,to hundreds of hydrospheres,which assumes thatHis siderophile(iron-loving)in the core.This discrepancy raises the questions of how H is stored and transported in the Earth’s deep interior,the answers to which will constrain its behavior in the deep lower mantle,which is defined as the layer between 1700 km depth and the core–mantle boundary.展开更多
The brain is a marvel of biological evolution,a highly complex organ including hundreds of different types of about 100 billion neurons.Understanding the structure and function of the brain is one of the most challeng...The brain is a marvel of biological evolution,a highly complex organ including hundreds of different types of about 100 billion neurons.Understanding the structure and function of the brain is one of the most challenging scientific questions in the 21st century.Crucially,the structure of neural circuits and the mechanisms of neuronal information processing related to brain function are still poorly understood[1].A neural circuit is composed of a large number of synaptically connected neurons of different types and characteristics.It is the structural basis for the execution of various functions,such as perception,emotion,memory,and imagination,as well as other activities.Revealing the structure of neural circuits is the basic premise for understanding the mechanism of information processing in the brain[2].展开更多
The 1,4-naphthoquinones(1,4-NQs)are a diverse group of natural products found in every kingdom of life.Plants,including many horticultural species,collectively synthesize hundreds of specialized 1,4-NQs with ecologica...The 1,4-naphthoquinones(1,4-NQs)are a diverse group of natural products found in every kingdom of life.Plants,including many horticultural species,collectively synthesize hundreds of specialized 1,4-NQs with ecological roles in plant–plant(allelopathy),plant–insect and plant–microbe interactions.Numerous horticultural plants producing 1,4-NQs have also served as sources of traditional medicines for hundreds of years.As a result,horticultural species have been at the forefront of many basic studies conducted to understand the metabolism and function of specialized plant 1,4-NQs.Several 1,4-NQ natural products derived from horticultural plants have also emerged as promising scaffolds for developing new drugs.In this review,the current understanding of the core metabolic pathways leading to plant 1,4-NQs is provided with additional emphasis on downstream natural products originating from horticultural species.An overview on the biochemical mechanisms of action,both from an ecological and pharmacological perspective,of 1,4-NQs derived from horticultural plants is also provided.In addition,future directions for improving basic knowledge about plant 1,4-NQ metabolism are discussed.展开更多
Bitcoin is just over a decade old,and estimates suggest it already consumes more energy than many countries[1].The electricity use and potential environmental impact of Bitcoin and similar cryptocurrency systems alarm...Bitcoin is just over a decade old,and estimates suggest it already consumes more energy than many countries[1].The electricity use and potential environmental impact of Bitcoin and similar cryptocurrency systems alarm some experts and in 2019 prompted China to propose a ban on cryptocurrency mining—although the Chinese government later decided not to follow through[2].However,a well-publicized paper recently posted(August 2019)on the pre-print server arXiv describes a novel algorithm for securing digital transactions that would require little energy[3,4].It is just one of hundreds of proposals for cutting cryptocurrencies’electricity demand.展开更多
The SpaceX rocket that lifted off from the Kennedy Space Center in Florida on 22 April carried a payload that worries many astronomers[1].The 60 satellites that the rocket transported into space added to a population ...The SpaceX rocket that lifted off from the Kennedy Space Center in Florida on 22 April carried a payload that worries many astronomers[1].The 60 satellites that the rocket transported into space added to a population explosion of objects in low-Earth orbit.The number of orbiting satellites visible to the unaided eye has already doubled in just over a year,according to calculations by astrophysicist Jonathan McDowell of the Harvard–Smithsonian Center for Astrophysics in Cambridge,MA,USA.And the number of objects in low-Earth orbit could grow more than 10-fold this decade if SpaceX and other companies follow through on their plans to launch "mega-constellations"of hundreds or thousands of satellites[2].展开更多
In 2010,a major scientific milestone was achieved for tree fruit crops:publication of the first draft whole genome sequence(WGS)for apple(Malus domestica).This WGS,v1.0,was valuable as the initial reference for sequen...In 2010,a major scientific milestone was achieved for tree fruit crops:publication of the first draft whole genome sequence(WGS)for apple(Malus domestica).This WGS,v1.0,was valuable as the initial reference for sequence information,fine mapping,gene discovery,variant discovery,and tool development.A new,high quality apple WGS,GDDH13 v1.1,was released in 2017 and now serves as the reference genome for apple.Over the past decade,these apple WGSs have had an enormous impact on our understanding of apple biological functioning,trait physiology and inheritance,leading to practical applications for improving this highly valued crop.Causal gene identities for phenotypes of fundamental and practical interest can today be discovered much more rapidly.Genome-wide polymorphisms at high genetic resolution are screened efficiently over hundreds to thousands of individuals with new insights into genetic relationships and pedigrees.High-density genetic maps are constructed efficiently and quantitative trait loci for valuable traits are readily associated with positional candidate genes and/or converted into diagnostic tests for breeders.We understand the species,geographical,and genomic origins of domesticated apple more precisely,as well as its relationship to wild relatives.The WGS has turbo-charged application of these classical research steps to crop improvement and drives innovative methods to achieve more durable,environmentally sound,productive,and consumer-desirable apple production.This review includes examples of basic and practical breakthroughs and challenges in using the apple WGSs.Recommendations for“what’s next”focus on necessary upgrades to the genome sequence data pool,as well as for use of the data,to reach new frontiers in genomics-based scientific understanding of apple.展开更多
In a previous transcriptomic analysis,abscisic acid(ABA)was found to affect the abundance of a number of transcripts in leaves of Cabernet Sauvignon grapevines with roots that had been exposed to 10μM ABA for 2 h.Oth...In a previous transcriptomic analysis,abscisic acid(ABA)was found to affect the abundance of a number of transcripts in leaves of Cabernet Sauvignon grapevines with roots that had been exposed to 10μM ABA for 2 h.Other work has indicated that ABA affects protein abundance and protein phosphorylation as well.In this study we investigated changes in protein abundance and phosphorylation of Cabernet Sauvignon grapevine leaves.Protein abundance was assessed by both label-free and isobaric-label quantitive proteomic methods.Each identified common proteins,but also additional proteins not found with the other method.Overall,several thousand proteins were identified and several hundred were quantified.In addition,hundreds of phosphoproteins were identified.Tens of proteins were found to be affected in the leaf after the roots had been exposed to ABA for 2 h,more than half of them were phosphorylated proteins.Many phosphosites were confirmed and several new ones were identified.ABA increased the abundance of some proteins,but the majority of the proteins had their protein abundance decreased.Many of these proteins were involved in growth and plant organ development,including proteins involved in protein synthesis,photosynthesis,sugar and amino-acid metabolism.This study provides new insights into how ABA regulates plant responses and acclimation to water deficits.展开更多
We present a general machine learning based scheme to optimize experimental control.The method utilizes the neural network to learn the relation between the control parameters and the control goal,with which the optim...We present a general machine learning based scheme to optimize experimental control.The method utilizes the neural network to learn the relation between the control parameters and the control goal,with which the optimal control parameters can be obtained.The main challenge of this approach is that the labeled data obtained from experiments are not abundant.The central idea of our scheme is to use the active learning to overcome this difficulty.As a demonstration example,we apply our method to control evaporative cooling experiments in cold atoms.We have first tested our method with simulated data and then applied our method to real experiments.It is demonstrated that our method can successfully reach the best performance within hundreds of experimental runs.Our method does not require knowledge of the experimental system as a prior and is universal for experimental control in different systems.展开更多
基金supported by the National Science Foundation of China under Award Nos.12074353 and 12075227.
文摘The use of broadband laser technology is a novel approach for inhibiting processes related to laser plasma interactions(LPIs).In this study,several preliminary experiments into broadband-laser-driven LPIs are carried out using a newly established hundreds-of-joules broadband second-harmonic-generation laser facility.Through direct comparison with LPI results for a traditional narrowband laser,the actual LPI-suppression effect of the broadband laser is shown.The broadband laser had a clear suppressive effect on both back-stimulated Raman scattering and back-stimulated Brillouin scattering at laser intensities below 1×10^(15) W cm^(−2).An abnormal hot-electron phenomenon is also investigated,using targets of different thicknesses.
文摘This paper discusses the important role of science and technology commissioners in the high-quality development of hundreds of counties,thousands of towns,and myriads of villages in the context of rural revitalization,including building bridges,accelerating the transformation of achievements,promoting the value-added of the whole agricultural industry chain,and promoting the rapid development of rural industrial economy.It also discusses the working achievements of science and technology commissioners,in order to promote further development of rural revitalization in Guangdong Province.
文摘Since the Hundreds, of Talents Program was put into operation at the CAS in 1994, nearly 400 young scholars at home and abroad have participated in the public bidding. Among them, 59 applicants have won the support from the Program as a result of competition based on publicity, equality, fairness and the enrollment of the most outstanding. The followings are profiles of the winners in the program in 1996.
基金The SEM image appearing in Fig.5a was collected in the W.M.Keck Center for Nano-Scale Imaging in the Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry at the University of Arizona with funding from the W.M.Keck Foundation GrantWe acknowledge NASA grants#NNX12AL47G,#NNX15AJ22G and#NNX07AI520 and NSF grants#1531243 and#EAR-0841669 for funding of the instrumentation in the Kuiper Materials Imaging and Characterization Facility at the University of Arizona(SEM images in Figs.5c and 6a)+1 种基金We also acknowledge the Optical Sciences Micro/Nano Fabrication Cleanroom at the University of Arizona for use of the critical point dryer.The authors acknowledge the support of the National Science Foundation grant ECCS-1807590the Defense Threat Reduction Agency grant HDTRA1-18-1-0044.
文摘The fabrication of three-dimensional(3D)microscale structures is critical for many applications,including strong and lightweight material development,medical device fabrication,microrobotics,and photonic applications.While 3D microfabrication has seen progress over the past decades,complex multicomponent integration with small or hierarchical feature sizes is still a challenge.In this study,an optical positioning and linking(OPAL)platform based on optical tweezers is used to precisely fabricate 3D microstructures from two types of micron-scale building blocks linked by biochemical interactions.A computer-controlled interface with rapid on-the-fly automated recalibration routines main tains accuracy eve n after placi ng many buildi ng blocks.OPAL achieves a 60-nm positional accuracy by optimizing the molecular functionalization and laser power.A two-component structure consisting of 4481-pm building blocks is assembled,representing the largest number of building blocks used to date in 3D optical tweezer microassembly.Although optical tweezers have previously been used for microfabrication,those results were generally restricted to single-material structures composed of a relatively small number of larger-sized building blocks,with little discussion of critical process parameters.It is anticipated that OPAL will enable the assembly,augmentation,and repair of microstructures composed of specialty micro/nanomaterial building blocks to be used in new photonic,microfluidic,and biomedical devices.
文摘‘Nihao!China’——China Ice and Snow Tourism Overseas Promotion Season 2025 in Harbin“Nihao!China”——The China Ice and Snow Tourism Overseas Promotion Season 2025 kicked off on January 1 in Harbin,Northeast China’s Heilongjiang Province.The event brought together hundreds of tourism industry professionals,cultural ambassadors and media representatives from around the globe to promote China’s high-quality ice and snow tourism resources while establishing Heilongjiang as a hub for the ice and snow economy.
文摘1.No global progress on youth physical activity prevalenceTagedEnd TagedPDespite hundreds of intervention studies over decennia that have been dedicated to developing and testing programs and strategies to promote physical activity(PA)in adolescents,14 global inactivity levels remain persistently high.Based on self-report data from 1.6 million schoolgoing adolescents from 146 countries,Guthold et al.5 confirmed previous urgent calls to get adolescents more active.Researchers from the World Health Organization(WHO)recently published global prevalence rates and the first ever global time trends for insufficient PA in youth.They reported that more than 80%of school-going adolescents globally did not meet the current recommendations of at least 1 h of PA per day.
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(81871831 and 32061143019).
文摘Osteoporosis is a common skeletal disease,affecting-200 million people around the world.As a complex disease,osteoporosis is influenced by many factors,including diet(e.g.calcium and protein intake),physical activity,endocrine status,coexisting diseases and genetic factors.In this review,we first summarize the discovery from genome-wide association studies(GWASs)in the bone field in the last 12 years.To date,GWASs and meta-analyses have discovered hundreds of loci that are associated with bone mineral density(BMD),osteoporosis,and osteoporotic fractures.However,the GWAS approach has sometimes been criticized because of the small effect size of the discovered variants and the mystery of missing heritability,these two questions could be partially explained by the newly raised conceptual models,such as omnigenic model and natural selection.Finally,we introduce the clinical use of GWAS findings in the bone field,such as the identification of causal clinical risk factors,the development of drug targets and disease prediction.Despite the fruitful GWAS discoveries in the bone field,most of these GWAS participants were of European descent,and more genetic studies should be carried out in other ethnic populations to benefit disease prediction in the corresponding population.
基金Thanks for the support of the Special Fund for Global Green Development and Climate Change of Tsinghua University Education Foundation and the Energy Foundation.
文摘1.Introduction 2020 is an unusual year in which the COVID-19 pandemic has raged through the globe,infecting tens of millions of people and killing hundreds of thousands.The pandemic has not only wreaked havoc on public health systems,economic activities,and people's lives,but also has greatly affected and will continue to reshape the world's political,economic,and trade patterns.
文摘TagedPIn February and March 2022,China will host the Beijing 2022 Olympic and Paralympic Winter Games.The vision for this landmark event promises a“joyful rendezvous upon pure ice and snow uniting the passion of hundreds of millions for winter sports”.1 Themes have been developed to create a positive environmental impact with new development for the northern region of the country and to promote winter sports and improve the health and well-being of the Chinese people.The key messages for the winter games include inspiring youth with the Olympic spirit and encouraging millions to embrace winter sports.Notably,the Chinese government aims to mobilize at least 300 million of its citizens to engage in winter sports as an outcome of hosting the Winter Olympic Games.
基金We thank Yanhao Lin for helpful discussions.Q.H.is supported by a CAEP Research Project(Grant No.CX20210048)a Tencent Xplorer prize.The work is also partially supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(NSFC)Grant No.U1930401.
文摘Hydrogen(H)is the most abundant element in the known universe,and on the Earth’s surface it bonds with oxygen to form water,which is a distinguishing feature of this planet.In the Earth’s deep mantle,His stored hydroxyl(OH−)in hydrous or nominally anhydrous minerals.Despite its ubiquity on the surface,the abundance ofHin the Earth’s deep interior is uncertain.Estimates of the totalHbudget in the Earth’s interior have ranged from less than one hydrosphere,which assumes an H-depleted interior,to hundreds of hydrospheres,which assumes thatHis siderophile(iron-loving)in the core.This discrepancy raises the questions of how H is stored and transported in the Earth’s deep interior,the answers to which will constrain its behavior in the deep lower mantle,which is defined as the layer between 1700 km depth and the core–mantle boundary.
基金the Youth Innovation Promotion Association of the Chinese Academy of Sciences(Y6Y0021004).
文摘The brain is a marvel of biological evolution,a highly complex organ including hundreds of different types of about 100 billion neurons.Understanding the structure and function of the brain is one of the most challenging scientific questions in the 21st century.Crucially,the structure of neural circuits and the mechanisms of neuronal information processing related to brain function are still poorly understood[1].A neural circuit is composed of a large number of synaptically connected neurons of different types and characteristics.It is the structural basis for the execution of various functions,such as perception,emotion,memory,and imagination,as well as other activities.Revealing the structure of neural circuits is the basic premise for understanding the mechanism of information processing in the brain[2].
基金This work was supported by start-up funds from Purdue University to JRW.
文摘The 1,4-naphthoquinones(1,4-NQs)are a diverse group of natural products found in every kingdom of life.Plants,including many horticultural species,collectively synthesize hundreds of specialized 1,4-NQs with ecological roles in plant–plant(allelopathy),plant–insect and plant–microbe interactions.Numerous horticultural plants producing 1,4-NQs have also served as sources of traditional medicines for hundreds of years.As a result,horticultural species have been at the forefront of many basic studies conducted to understand the metabolism and function of specialized plant 1,4-NQs.Several 1,4-NQ natural products derived from horticultural plants have also emerged as promising scaffolds for developing new drugs.In this review,the current understanding of the core metabolic pathways leading to plant 1,4-NQs is provided with additional emphasis on downstream natural products originating from horticultural species.An overview on the biochemical mechanisms of action,both from an ecological and pharmacological perspective,of 1,4-NQs derived from horticultural plants is also provided.In addition,future directions for improving basic knowledge about plant 1,4-NQ metabolism are discussed.
文摘Bitcoin is just over a decade old,and estimates suggest it already consumes more energy than many countries[1].The electricity use and potential environmental impact of Bitcoin and similar cryptocurrency systems alarm some experts and in 2019 prompted China to propose a ban on cryptocurrency mining—although the Chinese government later decided not to follow through[2].However,a well-publicized paper recently posted(August 2019)on the pre-print server arXiv describes a novel algorithm for securing digital transactions that would require little energy[3,4].It is just one of hundreds of proposals for cutting cryptocurrencies’electricity demand.
文摘The SpaceX rocket that lifted off from the Kennedy Space Center in Florida on 22 April carried a payload that worries many astronomers[1].The 60 satellites that the rocket transported into space added to a population explosion of objects in low-Earth orbit.The number of orbiting satellites visible to the unaided eye has already doubled in just over a year,according to calculations by astrophysicist Jonathan McDowell of the Harvard–Smithsonian Center for Astrophysics in Cambridge,MA,USA.And the number of objects in low-Earth orbit could grow more than 10-fold this decade if SpaceX and other companies follow through on their plans to launch "mega-constellations"of hundreds or thousands of satellites[2].
文摘In 2010,a major scientific milestone was achieved for tree fruit crops:publication of the first draft whole genome sequence(WGS)for apple(Malus domestica).This WGS,v1.0,was valuable as the initial reference for sequence information,fine mapping,gene discovery,variant discovery,and tool development.A new,high quality apple WGS,GDDH13 v1.1,was released in 2017 and now serves as the reference genome for apple.Over the past decade,these apple WGSs have had an enormous impact on our understanding of apple biological functioning,trait physiology and inheritance,leading to practical applications for improving this highly valued crop.Causal gene identities for phenotypes of fundamental and practical interest can today be discovered much more rapidly.Genome-wide polymorphisms at high genetic resolution are screened efficiently over hundreds to thousands of individuals with new insights into genetic relationships and pedigrees.High-density genetic maps are constructed efficiently and quantitative trait loci for valuable traits are readily associated with positional candidate genes and/or converted into diagnostic tests for breeders.We understand the species,geographical,and genomic origins of domesticated apple more precisely,as well as its relationship to wild relatives.The WGS has turbo-charged application of these classical research steps to crop improvement and drives innovative methods to achieve more durable,environmentally sound,productive,and consumer-desirable apple production.This review includes examples of basic and practical breakthroughs and challenges in using the apple WGSs.Recommendations for“what’s next”focus on necessary upgrades to the genome sequence data pool,as well as for use of the data,to reach new frontiers in genomics-based scientific understanding of apple.
基金This work was funded by the College of Agriculture and Natural Resources at the University of NevadaReno with a Nevada Agriculture Experimental Station Multi-State Hatch Grant(Grant#NEV00345).
文摘In a previous transcriptomic analysis,abscisic acid(ABA)was found to affect the abundance of a number of transcripts in leaves of Cabernet Sauvignon grapevines with roots that had been exposed to 10μM ABA for 2 h.Other work has indicated that ABA affects protein abundance and protein phosphorylation as well.In this study we investigated changes in protein abundance and phosphorylation of Cabernet Sauvignon grapevine leaves.Protein abundance was assessed by both label-free and isobaric-label quantitive proteomic methods.Each identified common proteins,but also additional proteins not found with the other method.Overall,several thousand proteins were identified and several hundred were quantified.In addition,hundreds of phosphoproteins were identified.Tens of proteins were found to be affected in the leaf after the roots had been exposed to ABA for 2 h,more than half of them were phosphorylated proteins.Many phosphosites were confirmed and several new ones were identified.ABA increased the abundance of some proteins,but the majority of the proteins had their protein abundance decreased.Many of these proteins were involved in growth and plant organ development,including proteins involved in protein synthesis,photosynthesis,sugar and amino-acid metabolism.This study provides new insights into how ABA regulates plant responses and acclimation to water deficits.
基金Supported by the Beijing Outstanding Young Scientist Program(HZ)the National Key R&D Program of China(Grant Nos.2016YFA0301600, 2016YFA0301602, and 2018YFA0307600)the National Natural Science Foundation of China(Grant Nos.11734010 and 11804203)
文摘We present a general machine learning based scheme to optimize experimental control.The method utilizes the neural network to learn the relation between the control parameters and the control goal,with which the optimal control parameters can be obtained.The main challenge of this approach is that the labeled data obtained from experiments are not abundant.The central idea of our scheme is to use the active learning to overcome this difficulty.As a demonstration example,we apply our method to control evaporative cooling experiments in cold atoms.We have first tested our method with simulated data and then applied our method to real experiments.It is demonstrated that our method can successfully reach the best performance within hundreds of experimental runs.Our method does not require knowledge of the experimental system as a prior and is universal for experimental control in different systems.
